Counseling or Psychotherapy? Both Counseling and Psychotherapy Rely on the Same Theoretical Underpinnings How Practitioners Implement Them May Vary With More Education and Training You Can Do Counseling and Eventually Psychotherapy CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Counseling or Psychotherapy? Both Counseling and Psychotherapy Rely on the Same Theoretical Underpinnings How Practitioners Implement Them May Vary.
Dec 23, 2015
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Counseling or Psychotherapy?
Both Counseling and Psychotherapy Rely on the Same Theoretical Underpinnings
How Practitioners Implement Them May Vary
With More Education and Training You Can Do Counseling and Eventually Psychotherapy
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Individual Versus Systems Approach to Clients
Individual Approach: Person Can Change e.g., Viktor Frankl, William Glasser
Systems Approach: Lives Are Seen Contextually e.g., Social and Family Systems
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Why Have a Theory?
Offers Us a Comprehensive System of Doing Counseling
Helps Us Understand Clients, Offers Techniques, and Predicts Change
Theories Are Heuristic: They Are Researchable and Testable.
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Views of Human Nature
Basis for Our Understanding of Theory
Major Orientations: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic, & Cognitive
Offers Explanations for Why People Are Motivated to Do the Things They Do.
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Deterministic Versus Antideterministic View of Human Nature Deterministic View Asserts That There is Little
Ability for the Person to Change
Determinism: Early Childhood, Biology, Genetics Determine Later Psychological Makeup Often Adheres to Medical Model
Antideterministic View Has Belief in the Ability of the Individual to Change
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Directive Versus Nondirective Approach to Clients
Directive View Believes Clients Need Guidance in the Change Process
Nondirective View Has Trust in the Client's Own Ability to Make Change
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Integrative Approach
Few Are Strictly Deterministic, Antideterministic, Directive, or Nondirective
Most People Today Take On an Integrative Approach Which Reflects Their Own Views of Human Nature
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Major Theoretical Orientations Psychodynamic Approach
Originated by the Psychoanalytic Approach of Sigmund Freud
Freud Started Using Hypnosis: E.g., Conversion Reaction in Patients
Freud Developed a Complex Theory of Development See Chapter 5
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
The Psychodynamic View of Human Nature
More Deterministic than Other Approaches: Freud, Others e.g., Kohut, Erikson, Adler, Jung
Believes That Drives Motivate Behavior and are Somewhat Unconscious
Believes Perceptions of our Childhood and Actual Events in Combination with Our Drives Affects Our Psyche and our Later Adult Development
Purpose: To Help the Person Understand Childhood Experiences, and How, in Combination with the Individual's Drives, They Motivate the Person.
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Key Concepts of the Psychodynamic Approach
Developmental Stages Especially Freud
Early Patterns of Behaviors Are Repeated with our Significant Others
Transference
The Human Service Professional's Use of the Psychodynamic Approach
Offers a Developmental Model to Understand the Individual
Helps Us Particularly to Understand Deviant Behavior
Gives Us an Understanding of the Importance of “Countertransference”
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Behavioral Approach Three Main Orientations
Classical Conditioning Pavlov: CS Paired with UCS yields UCR Operant Conditioning Skinner: Skinner Box
Social‑learning, or Modeling Bandura: Bobo Dolls
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
The Behavioral View of Human Nature
All Behavior is Learned
We are Conditioned by Reinforcers in our Environment
Antideterministic: What was Learned Can Be Relearned
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Some Applications of the Behavioral Approach
Token Economy
Treatment of Phobias
Learning of Assertive Behavior The Human Service Professional's Use of the Behavioral
Approach
One of the Most Commonly Used Approaches
E.g., Token Economies with the Mentally Retarded
E.g., Use of Reinforcement e.g., Weight Loss, Behavior Change, Stop Smoking
E.g., Modeling via Role‑playing
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Humanistic Approach
Some Key People: Carl Rogers, Rollo May, and Abraham Maslow
Highlights the Strengths and Positive Aspects of the Individual
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
The Humanistic View of Human Nature
Origins in Existential Philosophy and Phenomenology
Antideterministic: We Have Choices and We Constantly Create Our Existence
Born with Some Type of Actualizing Tendency
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Key Concepts of the Humanistic Approach
Person‑centered Approach of Carl Rogers
Empathy, Unconditional Positive Regard, & Genuineness
Maslow: Hierarchical Approach of Needs
The Human Service Professional's Use of the Humanistic Approach
Maslow's Hierarchy: A way of understanding the development of the person
Empathy, Being Nonjudgmental, & Being Genuine: Essential Qualities & Skills
Importance of the Helper/Client Relationship has Become Key
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Cognitive Approach
Two Key Theorists: Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck
Stresses How Cognitions Affect our Behaviors and How we Feel
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
The Cognitive View of Human Nature
Not Born with Innate Goodness or Evil, Rational or Irrational Beings
Thinking Can Be Changed Through Counterconditioning
Antideterministic: We can Change Thinking, and Ultimately Behaviors and Feelings
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Key Concepts of the Cognitive Approach
Less Emphasis on Qualities of the Helper/Client Relationship
Stresses Importance of Extinguishing Past Destructive Ways of Thinking
Stresses Importance of Practicing New, Positive Ways of Thinking
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
The Human Service Professional's Use of the Cognitive Approach
Have Not Been Widely Adopted, but Could Be Beneficial For Clients
Helping Clients Understand the Connection Between Thinking, Behaving, and Feeling Can Dramatically Impact How They Interact in the World
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Cross Theoretical Approaches
Eclecticism or Integrative Approaches to CounselingDraws from a Number of Different Orientations
Not “Shooting from the Hip”: Must Carefully Reflect on View of Human Nature
Formation of an Eclectic Approach Is a Developmental Process: 1 - Chaos Stage
2 - Coalescent Stage
3 - Theoretical Integration Stage
4 - Metatheory Stage
Brief and Solution‑focused CounselingDefined as Anywhere from a 2 to 50 Sessions
Garfield Suggests Four Stages:
1 Building the Relationship and Assessing the Problem
2 Developing a Plan for the Client and Working on the Problem
3 Reformulating Plan Based on New Info & Client Feedback
4 Termination
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Gender Aware ApproachesFeminist Therapy and Men’s Issues Therapy
Considers Gender Central to the Helping Relationship
Views Problems Within Social Context & Examines Gender Injustices
Encourages Collaborative and Equal Relationship with Client
Client’s Choose Gender Roles Regardless of Political Correctness
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Ethical and Professional Issues The Importance of Supervision for the Human Service
ProfessionalHelps You Review: 1 View of Human Nature, 2 Theoretical Approach,
3 Effectiveness
Should Continue as Long as One Is Working with Clients
Supervisor Roles:
1 Assuring the Welfare of the Client
2 Assuring Ethical, Legal, and Professional Standards are Upheld
3 Overseeing Development of and Evaluating the Supervisee
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
Confidentiality and the Helping Relationship When to Keep Confidentiality and When to Break it see p. 82-83 of
book Tarasoff Case and Breaking Confidentiality Refer to NOHSE Ethical Guidelines Difference Between Confidentiality and Privileged Communication
Dual Relationships and the Human Service Professional
Refers to things like: Social, Work, Sexual Relationships with Clients
Unethical and May Be Illegal See NOHSE Ethical Guidelines
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
The Developmentally Mature Human Service Professional: Committed to a Counseling Approach and Willing to Change
Commitment with Relativism: Reflecting on Different Approaches, Choosing an Approach, Being Willing to Change as You Receive New Info
CHAPTER 3THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN SERVICE WORK
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