Continuing Occupational Therapy Education on “Translating Research into Publication & its Application in Occupational Therapy Practice” Ms. Punita V. Solanki, MSc (O.T.), YFT-ISSA, Level I PIA Consultant Occupational Therapist, Mumbai Ex-Assistant Professor & Ex-CARE Member (Seth G. S. Medical College & K. E. M Hospital, Mumbai) Editorial Board Member of IJOT Email id: [email protected]26 th February 2013, Tuesday OTICON 2013 at Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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COTE Presentation. 26th Feb 2013 By Punita V. Solanki. Brief & Final
A Continuing Occupational Therapy Education on "Translating Research into Publication and its Application to Occupational Therapy Practice." presented on 26th February 2013 at Trivandrum, Kerala, India, during the 50th Annual National Conference of All India Occupational Therapist's Association - OTICON 2013 by Punita V. Solanki a Consultant Occupational Therapist in Orthopaedic Rehabilitation & a Youth Fitness Trainer in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. (Ex - Assistant Professor & Ex - IRB Member of Seth G. S. Medical College & King Edward VII Memorial Hospital at Mumbai, since the past 14 & 1/2 years)
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Continuing Occupational Therapy Education on
“Translating Research into Publication & its Application in Occupational
Therapy Practice”
Ms. Punita V. Solanki, MSc (O.T.), YFT-ISSA, Level I PIA
Consultant Occupational Therapist, Mumbai Ex-Assistant Professor & Ex-CARE Member (Seth G. S. Medical College & K. E. M Hospital, Mumbai) Editorial Board Member of IJOT Email id: [email protected]
26th February 2013, Tuesday OTICON 2013 at Trivandrum,
Kerala, India
Table of Contents:
1. Clinical Research and Evidence Based Occupational Therapy.
2. Retrieving Evidence Based Literature from various Databases.
3. Essential Components of Publication: IMRaD structure overview.
4. Guidelines/Statements for Reporting Research.
5. About Occupational Therapy Journals.
6. Application of Research Findings in Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice.
“Research means: • a systematic investigation, • including research development, testing and evaluation, • designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.”
Definition By Department of Health & Human Services Regulations, USA.
Jacobs JA, Jones E, Gabella BA, Spring B, Brownson RC. Tools for Implementing an Evidence-Based Approach in Public Health Practice. Prev Chronic Dis 2012;9:110324. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110324
George Tomlin, Bernhard Borgetto: Research Pyramid: A New Evidence Based Practice Model for Occupational Therapy. Am J Occup Ther. Mar/Apr 2011; 65(2):189-196
The Research Pyramid of Borgetto et. al. 2007 & Clinical Reasoning
Procedural Reasoning
Interactive Reasoning
Conditional Reasoning
George Tomlin, Bernhard Borgetto: Research Pyramid: A New Evidence Based Practice Model for Occupational Therapy. Am J Occup Ther. Mar/Apr 2011; 65(2):189-196
PICO E.g. Does Pre Operative (TJR) Exercise (I) improve function and reduce stiffness (O) for people with osteoarthritis (P) compared with patients without pre operative (TJR) Exercise (C)? Study Design: Experimental, Prospective, Comparative NRCT/RCT with or without blinding. Clinical Reasoning: Procedural Reasoning
Why: it helps conducting the best research and answers the unanswered questions.
Where: Electronic Databases, Hand Search in Books & Journal Articles (Primary Research & Systematic Reviews +/- Meta-analysis), Grey Literature
When: Beginning, During and End of the Research.
How: Follow Search Tips and Guidelines provided in each Databases.
Who: Principal Investigator , Co-Investigator, Librarian, Trial Search Co-ordinator David Sharp. Kipling’s Guide to Writing a Scientific Paper. Croat Med J. 2002;43: 262-267
A Knowledge Database: classified according to types of content:
Bibliographic: EBSCO, EMBASE, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, ISI Web of Knowledge, ISI JCR, PsycINFO, CINAHL, AMED, APA PsycNET, System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe etc
Full-text: BioOne, ProQuest, OvidSP, BioMedCentral, PubMedCentral, IOS Press, Multi-Science, Bandolier, Clinical Key, Directory of Open Access Journals etc
Reference Work: Cochrane Library, COS Funding Opportunities, ISI Web of Science, DARE, Clinical Evidence, NHS Economic Evaluation Database etc
Monographs/Books: OECD Health Data, PsycBooks, Springer eBooks, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Books and e-Books, OverDrive Digital Library, etc
Internet Sources: UpToDate, Medi-Span, ProVation Medical, Facts & Comparisons, Lexicomp, Clin-e-guide, GALE Health Reference Centre, Science Direct, etc
Factual/Statistical Files: COS Papers Invited, Marquis Who is Who, etc
Evidence Based Databases for Occupational Therapy Literature
OT Search – American Occupational Therapy Association OT Education Finder - Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists OTCATs - Occupational Therapy Critically Appraised Topics OTseeker: Occupational Therapy Systematic Evaluation of Evidence OTDBASE University of Ottawa School of Rehabilitation - EBP Website PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects) Turning Research Into Practice (TRIP) Effective Health Care ACP Journal Club Evidence Based Medicine Reviews
1. NML: National Medical Library - ERMED Consortium: http://www.nmlermed.in 2. INFLIBNET: Information and Library Network Centre: An Inter University Centre of University Grants Commission (UGC): www.inflibnet.ac.in 3. INDEST: Indian National Digital Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology: http://paniit.iitd.ac.in/indest/ 4. ICMR Union Catalog: http://www.icmr.nic.in/
Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness, and its value and relevance in a particular context. (Burls 2009). Critical appraisal assesses the validity of the research and statistical techniques employed in studies and generates clinically useful information from them.
The Doctor’s Guide to Critical Appraisal by Dr. Narinder Kaur Gosall & Dr. Gurpal Singh Gosall. 3rd Edition, 2012 PasTest Ltd.
To critically appraise a journal article, you would have to start by assessing the research methods used in the study. This is done using checklists which are specific to the study design.
The following checklists are commonly used:
1. CASP: The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme: www.sph.nhs.uk/what-we-do/public-health-workforce/resources.
5. Centre for Evidence Based Medicine : http://www.cebm.net
6. CLIST Resources for Critical Appraisal: http://www.londonlinks.nhs.uk/groups/clinical-librarians-informationskills-trainers-group/trainers-toolkit/resources-for-critical-appraisal
7. SCHARR: The School of Health and Related Research at the University of Sheffield: http://www.shef.ac.uk/scharr/sections/ir/links Reference: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ich/services/library/services_and_facilities/training/critical-appraisal
The PRAISES Model (5 major Phases & 18 different steps): PHASE I. PRe-Intervention
PHASE II. Assessment
PHASE III. Intervention
PHASE IV. Systematic Evaluation
PHASE V. Stabilize From Bloom, M, Fischer, J. & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating practice: Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. [Chapter 21: Evidence Based Practice. Pg: 451-468]
Once implemented, do a thorough, systematic and careful monitoring and evaluation of that application.
From Bloom, M, Fischer, J. & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating practice: Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. [Chapter 21: Evidence Based Practice. Pg: 451-468]
“Without publication, science is dead.” ~ Gerard Piel
A scientific paper is a written and published report describing original research results.
Council of Biology Editors defined Primary Publication as: 1. The first publication of original research results. 2. In a form whereby peers can repeat the experiments and test the conclusions, & 3. In a journal (peer-reviewed) or other source document readily available within the scientific community.
A scientific paper is organized with distinctive and clearly evident component parts such as IMRaD. IMRaD system was prescribed as a standard by American National Standards Institute, 1st in 1972.
4. Sufficient participation & Direct responsibility for the manuscript.
5. Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group alone does not constitute authorship. Authorder: http://www.authorder.com/
An abstract is a summary of the information in a document. A well prepared abstract enables readers to: a. View the basic contents of a document quickly & accurately.
b. Determines its relevance to their interests and thus helps in deciding to read the document in its entirety.
~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.
Schulz et al.: CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials 2010, 11:32. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32
Methodology should be written in subheadings and in past tense; should give details of new methods and should cite the reference for established methods in the literature.
Write Results in subheadings and in past tense, write in present tense whilst referring to tables and figures. Do not explain the results Do not duplicate data among figures, tables and text Write what did you find? Findings should answer all Q’s raised in Methodology There should be NO new parameters NO mismatch in numbers between text and tables or figures. Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india - Presentation by Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz
End: Restate major conclusion(s) – In summary … or In conclusion …
Possible applications and implications Generalisability (external validity, applicability) of the trial/study findings)
Suggestions for future work
Schulz et al.: CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials 2010, 11:32. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32 Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india - Presentation by Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz
“Life is not so short but that there is always time enough for courtesy.”
~ Ralph Waldo Emerson.
1st. Thank any significant technical help.
2nd. Acknowledge any outside financial assistance.
A simple courtesy; there isn’t anything really scientific about it.
Obtain permission from the concerned person, to include in Acknowledgement.
Be simple, short and specific. e.g. “I thank John Jones for his help in statistical analysis.”
Acknowledgements does not denote endorsement. ~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.
Provides relevant information to the readers Avoid Self-citations Avoid Old references 75% of references from last 5 years Accurate & Complete reference details. Follow the citation style as suggested by the journal.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/120820-india - Presentation by Dr. Warren Raye, Senior Editor at Edanz
Do not construct a table unless repetitive data must be presented. (↑ Cost & Not a good science to regurgitate reams of data)
A Table: should be well constructed with title, headings, footnotes explaining the abbreviations, be simple, easy to read & understand & small. (↓ Cost)
Median Nerve Palsy following Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing of a Monteggia Fracture: An Unusual Case and Review of the Literature. Lidder S, Heidari N, Amerstorfer F, Grechenig S, Weinberg AM - Case Report Med (2011)
Keep it simple Use correct tense (past, present or future) Use nine parts of speech appropriately. Active Vs Passive voice Singulars and Plurals Avoid Jargon A sentence has no sense without punctuation marks Do a Grammar and Spell check ~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.
Legal right to reproduce, publish & sell literary or art work. It protects original forms of expression but not the ideas being expressed. You can own it for life time + 50 years, if not done for the employer. It is divisible and can be transferred. It prevents unauthorized use of published work (plagiarism) Always reproduce, if need be, with prior written permission.
~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.
“Great journals are born in the hands of the editors; they die in the hands of businessmen.”
~ Bernard De Voto
Follow Journal Instructions & Guidelines for Authors
Electronic Submissions
Conventional Submissions
The Cover Letter (Conventional or Electronic)
Confirmation of Receipt of manuscript ~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.
~ How to write and Publish a Scientific Paper – Robert A. Day & Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011, Published by Greenwood, California.
“It Usually is a Positive Experience & improves the Manuscript”
Editors and Reviewers look for:
Novelty and Addition to Existing Knowledge. High Quality Research as per Reporting Guidelines. Clear and Concise English. Of Interest to Journal Readers & within the Scope of the Journal’s Area of Research. Timely Submissions and Following Journal’s Instructions.
“Reporting guidelines are statements that provide advice on how to report research methods and findings.
Usually in the form of a checklist, flow diagram or explicit text.
They specify a minimum set of items required for a clear and transparent account of what was done and what was found in a research study, reflecting in particular issues that might introduce bias into the research.”
Most medical journals, often require compliance to all or some of the following reporting guidelines:
CONSORT Statement (reporting of randomized controlled trials) STARD (reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies) STROBE (reporting of observational studies in epidemiology) PRISMA (reporting of systematic reviews), which replaced QUOROM MOOSE (reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies)
Decide Early and Decide Well. Decide where to publish.
Consider:
Prestige. Access. Bibliometrics (especially Journal Impact factor) Speed of publication. Quality of Printing. Likelihood of Acceptance. Choose as regards journal’s subject matter, audience, selectivity. Manuscripts as per Journals Instructions Consult an expert in the field or a colleague.
Detailed Parametrical analysis The following groups of parameters are evaluated:
Scientific quality: 580 base points (58.0%) Editorial quality: 200 base points (20.0%) International availability: 135 base points (13.5%) Frequency-Regularity-Stability: 50 base points (5.0%) Technical quality: 35 base points (3.5%) Total: 1000 base points (100.0%)
Index Copernicus International: http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/
Bibliometrics is a set of methods to quantitatively analyze scientific and technological literature. The term was coined by Alan Pritchard 1969. Some of the Journal Quality Metrics are:
1. Thomson Reuters: JCR Impact Factor & Immediacy Index 2. Eigenfactor Score. 3. Article Influence Score. 4. H Index or Hirsch number. 5. SCImago Journal Rank. (SJR). 6. Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP). Ted Brown. Journal Quality Metrics: Options to Consider other than Impact Factors. Am Jr Occup Ther. May/June 2011, Vol 65, No.3, Page: 346-350.
Journal Name (Full & Abbreviations), Editor-in-chief, Publishers, Frequency, Journal Impact Factor (JIF), ERA Ranking, Peer Review Process?, Indexed & Abstracted in which Database?, Access, Authors Instructions: Style Manual & Citation Style, Submission Process & Time taken to Publish, Acceptance Rate, Quality of Printing.
Translation of Clinical Research Into Practice Translation of Clinical Research Into Practice
Three Phase Translational Research Model by Westfall et al.
T1 is the traditional pathway of National Institutes of Health (NIH) - supported academically based discovery and clinical trials (Phase 1 & 2 Trials)
T2 is Practice Based Research: Phase 3 & 4 Trials, Systematic Reviews & Meta-analysis, Guidelines development.
T3 is dissemination and implementation of research into clinical practice.
William Trochim, Cathleen Kane, Mark J. Graham, Harold A. Pincus, Evaluating Translational Research: A Process Marker Model. CTS Journal. VOL 4 , ISSUE 3, Page 153 -162. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00291.x
Application of Research Findings in Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice
Clinical Scientists: How should they apply and disseminate research findings:
1. Appraise primary research or systematic reviews and apply in clinical practice (after a brief period of learning; if the discovery is novel and not a standard of care).
2. Read Critically Appraised Articles or Reviews from clinical summaries, clinical guidelines e.g. Clin-e-guide online resources, Clinical Key Summaries, OvidSP & then apply in clinical practice. (after a brief period of learning; if the discovery is novel and not a standard of care).
Do Not apply findings of individual studies without critical appraisal.
Application of Research Findings in Occupational Therapy Clinical Practice
Where do Clinicians & Academicians apply evidence based & new findings of research: Choosing interventions in clinical practice. Printed patient educational materials. Academic teachings. Educational meetings. Educational outreach. Local opinion leaders.
Grimshaw et al.: Knowledge translation of research findings. Implementation Science . 2012 , 7:50. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-50
• Write to express not impress. • Consider your audience - their native language may not be English. • Prepare well & Search enough, before you start your research. • Select the Journal well before you write your manuscript. • Take opinions & reviews from experts and colleagues. • Strictly Follow & abide by the Journal Instructions, just as you follow the Bible or Bhagwat Gita. • Respect and Politely communicate with your Editors. • Apply research findings in clinical practice with caution and only after critical appraisal.
I thank my mentors to review my presentation & for their valuable suggestions:
Dr. Sandeep B. Bavdekar (Prof. & HOD - Paediatric Dept. TNMC & BYL Nair Hospital)
Dr. Bibhas DasGupta (Prof. & Unit Chief - Orthopaedics Dept. SGSMC & KEM Hospital)
Dr. Nithya Gogtay (Addl. Prof. in Clinical Pharmacology & Editor of JPGM. SGSMC & KEMH)
I also would thank:
Dr. Anil K. Srivastava for providing IJOT details, as requested by me.
Last but not the least, I thank Dr.
Jyothika N. Bijlani Madam, my teacher for, giving me an opportunity to speak as a faculty for COTE.
References
BOOKS:
1. The Doctor’s Guide to Critical Appraisal by Dr. Narinder Kaur Gosall, Dr. Gurpal Singh Gosall. 3rd Edition, 2012. Published by PasTest Ltd. Cheshire (UK)
2. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper by Robert A. Day and Barbara Gastel. Seventh Edition, 2011; Published by Greenwood, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, California (USA)
3. Scientific English: A Guide for Scientists and Other Professionals by Robert A. Day and Nancy Sakaduski. Third Edition, 2011; Published by Greenwood, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, California (USA)
4. Chapter 5: How to Write a Scientific Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal by Phil Lange. In Publishing Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed. Page 70 - 81.
5. Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB: Evidence based Medicine: How to Practise and Teach Evidence-based Medicine. London, Churchill Livingstone, 1997.
6. From Bloom, M, Fischer, J. & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating practice: Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. [Chapter 21: Evidence Based Practice. Pg: 451-468]
1. Jacobs JA, Jones E, Gabella BA, Spring B, Brownson RC. Tools for Implementing an Evidence-Based Approach in Public Health Practice. Prev Chronic Dis 2012;9:110324. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110324.
2. George Tomlin, Bernhard Borgetto: Research Pyramid: A New Evidence Based Practice Model for Occupational Therapy. Am J Occup Ther. Mar/Apr 2011; 65(2):189-196.
3. Evidence-Based Medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. Evidence-based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1992;268:2420-2425.
4. DiCenso A, Bayley L, Haynes RB: Accessing pre-appraised evidence: Fine tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. Evid Based Nurs 2009, 12: 99-101.
5. Andrew Booth ‘‘Brimful of STARLITE’’: toward standards for reporting literature searches. J Med Libr Assoc 94(4) October 2006.
6. Schulz et al.: CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Trials 2010, 11:32. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32