Cost-minimized design for Hyperloop network with heuristically optimized location and number of the stations 1 Hansol Yoo, 1 Ikki Kim , 2 B. Brian Park, 3 Jong-hak Kim 1 Hanyang University at Ansan, South Korea 2 University of Virginia at Charlottesville, VA., U.S.A. 3 Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KHRIS), South Korea 5th Annual Summer Conference on Livable Communities (ACLC) Hosted by the Transportation Research Center for Livable Communities (TRCLC) June 21 - 22, 2018 at Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 1
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Cost-minimized design for Hyperloop networkwith heuristically optimized
location and numberof the stations
1Hansol Yoo, 1Ikki Kim , 2B. Brian Park, 3Jong-hak Kim1 Hanyang University at Ansan, South Korea
2 University of Virginia at Charlottesville, VA., U.S.A.
3 Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KHRIS), South Korea
5th Annual Summer Conference on Livable Communities (ACLC)
Hosted by the Transportation Research Center for Livable Communities (TRCLC)
June 21 - 22, 2018 at Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
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1 Research motivationNew technology / Needs of Infrastructure
2Characteristics of Hyperloop and other transportation modes
Speed / Vehicle capacity / Line capacity / Acceleration and deceleration
3 Type of transit network systemOne-to-one / Many-to-many system
4 The process of heuristic optimized network designMinimum spanning tree problem / Heuristic network design process
7 Mode choice analysis and share of HyperloopMultinomial Logit model / Mode shift analysis
5 Minimum spanning tree analysis with various number of citiesFinding a set of major corridors with given travel demand
6 Heuristic refinement and simplification of the networkCombining the MSP results of all corridors / Refinement and Simplification
Hanyang University2
Hanyang University
Research motivation
• Hyperloop technology has become more and more actualized and
applicable into real world since Elon Musk suggested in 2012.
• Many scientists have concentrated their researches mostly on
vehicle technologies and mechanical structure of the vacuum
tube itself based on the assumption of completion of a network.
• However, a network plan for effective and convenient usage
should be preceded. The network plan will be followed by the
infrastructure plan and its construction including land acquisition
which is expected to take about 10 to 20 years.
• That is why the research on the Hyperloop network design is
needed in advance before the Hyperloop technology completion.
1 HCM20102 LOS E, pedestrians per minute per foot of walkway width,3 Freeway, LOS E4 hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/MeredithBarricella.shtml5 Vuchic, V. R. (2007)6 Suh, Sunduck D. et al. (2005), en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV
7 Emery, D. (2011)8 Airbus318, Airbus380, en.wikipedia.org9 Hourly capacity of runway, Horonjeff, R., et al. (2010)10 Musk, E. (2013). 11 Taylor, C. L ., et al. (2016)
Characteristics of Hyperloop and others
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Hanyang University
• Super-high speed as a ground transport mode
▷ Broader regions can be served with high accessibility to a CBD.
▷ Safety issues need to be seriously considered (The line radius should be
sufficiently large).
• Fully automated operation
▷ smaller-capacity vehicles can be adoptable safely even in high speed.
▷ Very frequent dispatch (short headway) can be possible.
• Relatively small capacity of a vehicle
▷ It can serve OD pairs having relatively small travel demand where the
service was not available by a mass transit mode such as train or airplane.
• Exclusive right-of-way from other type of vehicles
▷ There in no vehicle congestion by interruption of other type of vehicles
Characteristics of Hyperloop service
and network design
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Hanyang University
• Requirement of relatively shorter distance to reach the maximum speed
▷ It can keep higher operating speed because it reach quickly to the maximum
speed after departure.
▷ Safe operation is possible in case of an unexpected accident due to
relatively short stopping distance.
• Relatively small passenger’s space of the vehicle inside for stretching and
walking
▷ It is very difficult to travel between OD pairs that are very distant from each
other without any intermediate rest places.
▷ The maximum travel time, that a traveler tolerates, might be two to three
hours (about 2,400 – 3,600 Km (1,500 – 2,250 miles) by Hyperloop)
Characteristics of Hyperloop service
and network design
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Hanyang University
Hyperloop station concept and network design
These graphics came from : https://www.archdaily.com/799341/rb-systems-proposes-cutting-edge-hyperloop-station
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Hanyang University
Travel time by a Hyperloop in the United States
Los Angels – Chicago (1 hr. 44 min.)2,085 Km (1743 miles), 104 minutes
New York – Los Angels ( 3 hr. 15 min.)3,940 Km (2,448 miles), 195 minutes
Los Angels – San FranciscoElon Musk estimated 35 minutes560 Km (348 miles), 29 minutes
New York – Chicago1,147 Km (713 miles), 58 minutes
※ The travel times were ideally calculated with the maximum speed of 2,200 Kim/h (763 miles/h)
while considering the acceleration and deceleration at both ends of OD.
Musk, E., "Hyperloop alpha.“, SpaceX. August 13, 2013
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Hanyang University
Basic concept of transit network design :
One-to-one system
A
B
C
D
E
H
I
J
K
L
Origin city Destination city
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Hanyang University
Basic concept of transit network design :
Many-to-many (hub-and-spoke) system
A
B
C
D
E
H
I
J
K
L
NM
Collecting process Line-haul process Distributing process
SMALL
CITIES
SMALL
CITIES
Departure Hub Arrival Hub
LARGE CITY LARGE CITY
Modes : Walk, bicycle, car, bus Modes : regional bus, rail, HSR, airplane Modes : Walk, bicycle, car, bus
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Hanyang University
Accessibility and speed :
Number of stops/stations within a line
M B C EN
Express line
Normal line
LARGE CITY
SMALL CITY SMALL CITY SMALL CITY
LARGE CITY
Express line : Less accessibility, higher speed, less travel time
Normal line : higher accessibility, Lower speed, more travel time
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Hanyang University
Proposed one-to-one network
by separating access branch from by-pass tube
By-pass
By-pass
CityStation
CityStation
Access branch
Access branch
Fully automated operation makes it possible to have a small capacity vehicle. As a
result, direct service of a Hyperloop without intermediate stops and transfer is
possible for each OD pair having relatively small demand if the station of each city
has a egress and ingress access branch separately from the main by-pass tube.
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Hanyang University
Proposed Hyperloop network system :
Satisfaction in both of accessibility and speed
M B C EN
LARGE CITY SMALL CITY SMALL CITY SMALL CITYLARGE CITY
= Station
The proposed network system provided a direct connection service without transfer for each
OD pair even in case of a small city if the demand is sufficient for its economic operation.
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Hanyang University
Process of the heuristic optimized network design
The set of major corridors were combined
all together into as a whole network, and it
was refined and simplified with
professional knowledge.
Step 1
Selecting candidate sets
of cities to be served
Step 2
Running minimum spanning
tree(MST) algorithm and
finding a set of major corridors
The alternative sets of cities, which will be
served by Hyperloop, was selected by
ordering cities from the biggest population.
The MST analysis was performed for each
candidate set of cities to find a cost-
minimized network. Then, a set of major
corridors was selected heuristically.
Step 3
Combining all of major corridors
and refining and simplifying the
combined network
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Hanyang University
Cities of the top 60 in the population, South Korea(Selecting candidate sets of cities )