Cost Behaviour: Part 1 of 2 Sections 1 and 2 January 30, 2013 Professor: Khim Kelly Office: HH386B Office Hours: Mon/Wed 11:30am – 12:30pm and Appointment Email: [email protected] TA: Kun Huo Email: [email protected] Ch. 6 Assignment due Feb 4(Mon), 11.59pm Make sure i-clicker is flashing green to ensure that vote is registered. Frequency is ‘CB’.
Cost Behaviour: Part 1 of 2 Sections 1 and 2 January 30, 2013 Professor: Khim Kelly Office: HH386B Office Hours: Mon/Wed 11:30am – 12:30pm and Appointment.
Dec 25, 2015
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Cost Behaviour: Part 1 of 2
Sections 1 and 2January 30, 2013
Professor: Khim KellyOffice: HH386B
Office Hours: Mon/Wed 11:30am – 12:30pm and AppointmentEmail: [email protected]
TA: Kun HuoEmail: [email protected]
Ch. 6 Assignment due Feb 4(Mon), 11.59pm
Make sure i-clicker is flashing green to ensure that vote is
registered. Frequency is ‘CB’.
2
30 Jan 2013 Overview
• Study tip– Do your self-study problems without looking at
the solutions! (solutions are posted on LEARN) • Last lecture …– Finishing touches to Chapter 5 ABC– A complete ABC example
• Today’s lecture …– Introduction to cost behaviour (Chapter 6)– How to use costs behaviour to predict costs– Analyze mixed costs
• Fixed costs vs. Variable costs
• Fixed costs– Committed– Discretionary
• Step-variable costs
• Mixed costs
Cost Categories
From Chapter 2: Fixed vs. Variable Costs
• Total costs …– Total costs = Fixed costs + Variable costs
• Fixed costs (i.e. rent, insurance, etc.) – Costs that remain unchanged within a relevant range, regardless of
the level of activity– Caveat: Most fixed costs will change if there is a large enough change
in activity– Costs per unit of activity decreases as activity level increases
• Variable costs (i.e. DM, DL, sales commissions, shipping, etc.):– Costs that changes in direct proportion to changes in the level of
activity within a relevant range– Costs per unit of activity is constant as activity level changes
From Chapter 2: Fixed vs. Variable Cost
Activity
$ Variable Cost
Fixed Cost
Relation Between Total Cost and the Level of Activity
Activity
$/Ac
tivity
Fixed Cost
Variable Cost
Relation Between Cost per Activity and the Level of Activity
It is Clicker Time!!
Feel Free to Work Together on Clicker Questions
Clicker Question #1
Q: Which of the following does NOT describe a variable cost?
A. Variable costs are ALWAYS indirect costs to the cost objectB. Variable costs increase in total when the actual level of
activity increases.C. Variable costs (with respect to volume of goods produced)
include direct labour costsD. Variable costs include costs that can be traced directly to the
cost objectE. Variable cost per unit does not change with activity level
Clicker Question #1: Answer
Q: Which of the following does NOT describe a variable cost?
Answer:A. Variable costs are ALWAYS indirect costs to the
cost object
• Otherwise known as capacity costs
• Constant in total dollars within the relevant range– Committed• Particularly difficult to
adjust, long-term: plants, major equipment, etc.
– Discretionary• More flexible, short-term:
R&D, insurance, advertising
More on Fixed Cost …
• Costs that are incurred in ‘chunks’– Fixed within a particular
range, step in increments.
– Be careful to prevent ‘fat’ build-up
• Examples– Salaried staff– Space– Delivery truck
Step-Variable Cost
• Fixed costs will change with a substantial change in volume/activity.– Isn’t this just a step-variable
cost?
• Two key differences:– Width (volume of activity) of
the step– Ease of making the step
Fixed Cost vs. Step Variable
• Elements of both fixed and variable– Some fixed cost even with no
activity or regardless of activity level (intercept “a”)
– Increasing per unit cost as activity climbs (slope “b”)
• Y = a + bXa = Fixed Costb = per unit Variable CostX = units of activityY = Total mixed cost
Mixed Cost
Fixed (a)
Variable (b)
Y
X
It is Clicker Time!!
Feel Free to Work Together on Clicker Questions
Example: Mama Khim’s KioskRemember Mama Khim’s Kiosk (diapers and baby
snack packs)? She needs your help classifying various costs as fixed or variable with respect to the volume of goods (diapers and snack packs) sold. Calculate the portion of variable and fixed costs.
Mama Khim’s Kiosk ExampleMonthly Costs Variable Fixed
1. Mama Khim’s salary and benefits $3,800
2. Cost of diapers and snacks $14,100
3. Depreciation on the kiosk $5,9004. Cost of packaging for diapers and snack packs $2565. Cost of lubricant for machine used to seal snack packs (more lubricant needed when I seal more snack packs) $12
Total Costs $24,068 ? ?
Clicker Question #2
Q: Calculate the total variable and total fixed costs for the month
A. Joe Mamma!B. Variable $14,100; Fixed $9,968C. Variable $14,356; Fixed $9,712D. Variable $14,368; Fixed $9,700E. Variable $14,112; Fixed $9,956
Mama Khim’s Kiosk ExampleMonthly Costs Variable Fixed
1. Mama Khim’s salary and benefits $3,800 $3,800
2. Cost of diapers and snacks $14,100 $14,100
3. Depreciation on the kiosk $5,900 $5,9004. Cost of packaging for diapers and snack packs $256 $2565. Cost of lubricant for machine used to seal snack packs (more lubricant needed when I seal more snack packs) $12 $12
Total Costs $24,068 $14,368 $9,700
Clicker Question #2: Answer
Calculate the total variable and total fixed costs for the month?
Answer:D. Variable $14,368; Fixed $9,700
Mama Khim’s Kiosk Example #2
Mama Khim’s “Healthy” Baby Snack Pack is so popular that it is now shipped all over the world. Mama Khim is relying on you to determine whether the following expenses on her company’s income statement are variable, fixed, or mixed?
Mama Khim’s Kiosk Example #2 (P6-12)
April May June
# of Sales units 3,000 3,750 4,500
1. Cost of Goods Sold $168,000 $210,000 $252,000
2. Shipping Expense $44,000 $50,000 $56,000
3. Advertising Expense $70,000 $70,000 $70,000
4. Salaries and commissions $107,000 $125,000 $143,000
5. Insurance expense $9,000 $9,000 $9,000
6. Depreciation on kiosk $42,000 $42,000 $42,000
Information for the last 3 months:
Mama Khim’s Kiosk Example #2 (P6-12)
Variable Fixed Mixed
1. Cost of Goods Sold
2. Shipping Expense
3. Advertising Expense
4. Salaries and commissions
5. Insurance expense
6. Depreciation on kiosk
X
X
Note: Variable cost per unit is constant as activity level increases. Mixed cost per unit tends to decrease as activity level increases due to the fixed cost component.
It is Clicker Time!!
Feel Free to Work Together on Clicker Questions
Mama Khim’s Kiosk Example #2 Clicker Question #3
Q: What type of costs are 1) Advertising and 2) Salaries & Commissions?
A. 1) Fixed; 2) Variable B. 1) Variable; 2) Variable C. 1) Fixed; 2) MixedD. 1) Mixed; 2) MixedE. 1) Mixed; 2) Variable
Mama Khim’s Kiosk Example #2 Clicker Question #3: Answer
Variable Fixed Mixed
1. Cost of Goods Sold
2. Shipping Expense
3. Advertising Expense
4. Salaries and commissions
5. Insurance expense
6. Depreciation on kiosk
X
X
X
X
Answer:C. 1) Fixed; 2) Mixed
Mama Khim’s Kiosk Example #2 (P6-12)
Variable Fixed Mixed
1. Cost of Goods Sold
2. Shipping Expense
3. Advertising Expense
4. Salaries and commissions
5. Insurance expense
6. Depreciation on kiosk
X
X
X
X
X
X
• How does management estimate both the fixed and variable components of costs?– High-low method– Least-squares regression
• Both …– Require repeated observations of activity level and cost– Result in an equation that contains a fixed cost and per-unit
of activity variable cost– Assume linearity relationship between cost and activity
Mixed Cost Analysis
High-Low Method
Cost at highest activity level - Cost at lowest activity level
Highest activity level - Lowest activity level
1. Identify the highest and lowest activity levels (NOT the highest and lowest costs)
2. Calculate variable cost component (b)3. Use the variable cost component (b) with either the
highest or lowest data point to calculate fixed cost component (a)
VC per Unit
=
Mixed Cost: Y = a + b*X
Example: High-Low Method
Cost at highest activity level - Cost at lowest activity level
Highest activity level - Lowest activity level
VC per Unit =
Month X-Rays Cost
Jan 6,250 $28,000Feb 7,000 29,000Mar 5,000 23,000Apr 4,250 20,000May 4,500 22,000Jun 3,000 17,000Jul 3,750 18,000Aug 5,500 24,000Sep 5,750 26,000
It is Clicker Time!!
Feel Free to Work Together on Clicker Questions
Q: Use the high-low method to develop the equation for the cost data (select option that is closest to your answer).
Clicker Question #4
MonthPatient Days Mixed Cost
Jan 3,700 27,750
Feb 3,200 22,000
March 4,400 31,000
April 5,000 34,500
May 2,700 28,000
June 2,500 22,500
July 3,600 26,500
Aug 1,800 18,750
Sept 4,650 36,500
Oct 3,900 24,000
Nov 2,100 22,500
Dec 4,500 26,750
A. Y = $5,412 + $10.98XB. Yellow = Go Karts + 9-irons C. Y = $8,887 + $5.12XD. Y = $9,891 + $4.92XE. Y = $11,556 + $2.67X
Clicker Question #4: Answer
$34,500 - $18,750
5,000 - 1,800=
$15,750
3,200=
$4.92 per Patient-Day=
MonthPatient Days Mixed Cost
Jan 3,700 27,750
Feb 3,200 22,000
March 4,400 31,000
April 5,000 34,500
May 2,700 28,000
June 2,500 22,500
July 3,600 26,500
Aug 1,800 18,750
Sept 4,650 36,500
Oct 3,900 24,000
Nov 2,100 22,500
Dec 4,500 26,750
$34,500 a + ($4.92 * 5,000)=a $9,891=
Answer: D. Y = $9,891 +$4.92X
Then:
Predicting Costs …
MonthPatient Days Mixed Cost
Jan 3,700 27,750
Feb 3,200 22,000
March 4,400 31,000
April 5,000 34,500
May 2,700 28,000
June 2,500 22,500
July 3,600 26,500
Aug 1,800 18,750
Sept 4,650 24,500
Oct 3,900 24,000
Nov 2,100 22,500
Dec 4,500 26,750
What costs do we expect if patient days = 3,900 units?
Y = $9,891 + $4.92X Y = $9,891 + $4.92*3,900Y = $29,079
How did the hospital do?
Summary
• Today’s lecture …– Fixed costs, variable costs, step variable costs,
mixed costs– How to use costs behaviour to predict costs– Analyze mixed costs (High-Low Method)
• Next lecture …– Analyze mixed costs (Regression)– Another example of High-Low method– Contribution margin approach
Additional Practice
Try this question without using your notes. It is a good test of whether you understand the basics of using the high-low method to predict costs.
E6-10
Northern lights Inns have a total of 2,000 rooms. On average, 70% of them are occupied each day. On average, operating costs per room per day are $21 (assuming 30 day months). This contains both variable and fixed cost elements. During Oct, the occupancy rate dropped to 45%. A total of $792,000 in operating cost was incurred during Oct. Estimate variable cost per occupied room per day.
E6-10
Monthly operating costs at 70% occupancy:2,000 rooms x 70% = 1,400 rooms1,400 rooms x $21/day = $882,000
Monthly operating costs at 45% occupancy (given):= $792,000
Change in monthly costs = $ 90,000
E6-10
Rooms occupied at 70% occupancy:2,000 rooms x 70% = 1,400 rooms
Rooms occupied at 45% occupancy:2,000 rooms x 45% = 900 rooms
Change in monthly activity = 500 rooms
E6-10
Variable Costs = Change in CostChange in Activity
=500 rooms$90,000
= $180 per room per month
$180 per room30 days in a month
= $6 per room per day
Related Documents
![Yong Shao Keat v Foo Jock Khim - Supreme Court of Singapore · Yong Shao Keat v Foo Jock Khim [2012] SGHC 107 Case Number :Divorce Transfer No 1074 of 2008 Decision Date :18 May 2012](https://static.cupdf.com/doc/110x72/60a1d1a06750e5772e44a4d1/yong-shao-keat-v-foo-jock-khim-supreme-court-of-singapore-yong-shao-keat-v-foo.jpg)
