COST 271 Action Effects of the Upper Atmosphere on Terrestrial and Earth-space Communications: Introduction (EACOS) BRUNO ZOLESI (1) and LJILJANA R. CANDER (2) (1) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma, Italy (2) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Erice 24-29 September 2004 2004
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CO
ST 2
71 A
ctio
n
Eff
ects
of t
he U
pper
Atm
osph
ere
on T
erre
stri
al a
nd E
arth
-spa
ceC
omm
unic
atio
ns: I
ntro
duct
ion
(EA
CO
S)
BR
UN
O Z
OL
ESI
(1) a
nd L
JIL
JAN
A R
. CA
ND
ER
(2)
(1) I
stitu
to N
azio
nale
di G
eofis
ica
e V
ulca
nolo
gia,
Rom
a, It
aly
(2) R
uthe
rfor
d A
pple
ton
Lab
orat
ory
Eri
ce 2
4-29
Sep
tem
ber 2
004
2004
CO
ST :
Eur
opea
n C
oope
ratio
n in
the
Fiel
d o
f Sci
entif
ic a
nd T
echn
ical
Res
earc
h
A fr
amew
ork
for
scie
ntifi
c an
d te
chni
cal c
oope
ratio
n,al
low
ing
the
coor
dina
tion
of n
atio
nal r
esea
rch
onE
urop
ean
leve
l
Bas
ic a
nd p
reco
mpe
titiv
e re
sear
ch a
s wel
l as a
ctiv
ities
of p
ublic
util
ity
CO
ST A
ctio
n 27
1 : E
ffec
ts o
f the
Upp
erA
tmos
pher
e on
Ter
rest
rial
and
Ear
th-S
pace
Com
mun
icat
ions
( E
AC
OS
)
•
TC
Rec
omm
enda
tion:
29
Oct
ober
199
9•
CSO
App
rova
l: 10
Dec
embe
r 199
9•
Firs
t MC
mee
ting:
9 O
ctob
er 2
000
•St
art d
ate:
16
Aug
ust 2
000
•D
urat
ion:
48
mon
ths
•E
nd d
ate:
15
Aug
ust 2
004
CO
ST A
ctio
n 27
1 : E
ffec
ts o
f the
Upp
erA
tmos
pher
e on
Ter
rest
rial
and
Ear
th-S
pace
Com
mun
icat
ions
Aus
tria
7 J
une
2000
Gre
ece
31
May
200
0Po
land
10
May
200
0H
unga
ry 2
3 M
ay 2
000
Bul
gari
a 16
Aug
ust 2
000
Ital
y
3 Ju
ly 2
000
Cze
ch R
ep. 2
6 Ju
ne 2
000
Spai
n 1
0 M
ay 2
000
Port
ugal
26
Oct
ober
200
0
Lat
via
9 J
une
2000
Finl
and
6
Sep
tem
ber
2000
Tur
key
26 M
ay 2
000
Fran
ce
1
0 M
ay 2
000
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
29
June
200
0G
erm
any
17
May
200
0Se
rbia
and
Mon
tene
gro
1st
Mar
ch 2
002
Bel
gium
1st
Sep
tem
ber
2002
Sign
ator
ies a
nd d
ate
of si
gnat
ure
•Uni
vers
idad
e do
Alg
arve
, Por
tuga
l
•Pol
ish
Aca
dem
y of
Sci
ence
s, Sp
ace
Res
earc
h C
entre
,Po
land
•Ist
ituto
Naz
iona
le d
i Geo
fisic
a e
Vul
cano
logi
a, It
aly
•Ist
ituto
di F
isic
a A
pplic
ata,
CN
R, I
taly
•Int
erna
tiona
l Cen
ter f
or T
heor
etic
al P
hysi
cs “
Abd
us S
alam
”,Ita
ly
•Dep
artm
ent o
f Tel
ecom
mun
icat
ions
, Aris
tote
lian
Uni
vers
ityof
The
ssal
onik
i, G
reec
e
•Nat
iona
l Obs
erva
tory
of A
then
s, G
reec
e
•Geo
detic
& G
eoph
ysic
al R
esea
rch
Inst
itute
, Hun
garia
nA
cade
my
of S
cien
ces
•Uni
vers
ity o
f Bat
h, U
nite
d K
ingd
om
•Uni
vers
ity o
f Wal
es, A
bery
stw
yth,
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
•Uni
vers
ity o
f Lee
ds, U
nite
d K
ingd
om
•Uni
vers
ity o
f Lei
cest
er, U
nite
d K
ingd
om
•Mid
dle
East
Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
, Ank
ara,
Tur
key
• Geo
mag
netic
Inst
itute
, Bel
grad
e, S
erbi
a-M
onte
negr
o
•Ins
itute
fur M
eteo
rolo
gie
und
Geo
phys
ik, U
nive
rsita
t Gra
z,A
ustri
a
•Bul
garia
n A
cade
my
of S
cien
ces,
Geo
phys
ical
Inst
itute
,B
ulga
ria
•Ins
titut
e of
Atm
osph
eric
Phy
sics
, Aca
dem
y of
Sci
ence
s of
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
•Geo
phys
ical
Obs
erva
tory
, Sod
anky
la, F
inla
nd
•DLR
/DFD
Fer
nerk
undu
ngss
tatio
n, N
eust
relit
z, G
erm
any
•Uni
vers
ite P
aris
-SU
D 1
1, L
abor
atoi
re d
'Etu
de d
esTr
ansm
issi
ons I
onos
pher
ique
s, Fr
ance
•Uni
vers
ite d
e R
enne
s, Fr
ance
•Rut
herf
ord
App
leto
n La
bora
tory
, Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
•DER
A, M
alve
rn, U
nite
d K
ingd
om
•Ist
anbu
l Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
(İTÜ
) Fac
ulty
of A
eron
autic
san
d A
stro
naut
ics,
Turk
ey
•IN
TA, A
tmos
pher
ic S
ound
ing
Part
icip
atin
g In
stitu
tions
CO
ST 2
71 A
CT
ION
OB
JEC
TIV
ES
CO
ST 2
71 i
s an
Act
ion
for
the
prom
otio
n, s
timul
atio
n an
d co
-or
dina
tion
of
the
Euro
pean
re
sear
ch
in
iono
sphe
ric
and
plas
mas
pher
ic
area
s. A
ccor
ding
to
th
e M
emor
andu
m
ofun
ders
tand
ing
the
mai
n ob
ject
ives
of
the
CO
ST 2
71 A
ctio
n ar
eto
:
– Pe
rfor
m s
tudi
es t
o in
fluen
ce t
he t
echn
ical
dev
elop
men
t an
dim
plem
enta
tion
of n
ew c
omm
unic
atio
n se
rvic
es, p
artic
ular
ly f
orth
e G
NSS
and
oth
er a
dvan
ced
Earth
-spa
ce a
nd s
atel
lite
tosa
telli
te a
pplic
atio
ns.
– D
evel
op m
etho
ds a
nd a
lgor
ithm
s to
pre
dict
and
min
imis
e th
eef
fect
s of
io
nosp
heric
pe
rturb
atio
ns
and
varia
tions
on
com
mun
icat
ions
and
to e
nsur
e th
at th
e be
st m
odel
s ov
er E
urop
ear
e m
ade
avai
labl
e to
the
ITU
-R.
– C
olle
ct
addi
tiona
l an
d ne
w
iono
sphe
ric
and
plas
mas
pher
ic d
ata
for
now
cast
ing
and
fore
cast
ing
purp
oses
.
– St
imul
ate
furth
er c
o-op
erat
ion
in t
he d
omai
n of
iono
sphe
ric
and
plas
mas
pher
ic
pred
ictio
n an
dfo
reca
stin
g fo
r te
rres
trial
an
d Ea
rth-s
pace
com
mun
icat
ions
, in
clud
ing
inte
ract
ive
repe
rcus
sion
son
the
corr
espo
ndin
g st
anda
rds i
n th
is fi
eld,
taki
ng in
toac
coun
t the
pre
sent
and
futu
re n
eeds
of
user
s.
CO
ST 2
71 A
CT
ION
WO
RK
ING
ME
TH
OD
AN
D S
TR
UC
TU
RE
Initi
ally
16
tech
nica
l que
stio
ns w
ere
cons
ider
ed a
nd a
stat
e-of
-the
art s
peci
al is
sue
of th
e jo
urna
l Qua
dern
i di
Geo
fisic
a C
ande
r and
Zol
esi,
2001
) was
sta
rted
early
in th
e A
ctio
n w
ith e
mph
asis
on
the
resu
lts a
vaila
ble
inth
e w
ork
area
s of
the
CO
ST 2
71 A
ctio
n in
eac
hpa
rtici
patin
g co
untry
w
ith
an
indi
catio
n of
th
eir
sign
ifica
nce.
The
wor
k, s
ettle
d in
15
area
s, it
was
ar
rang
ed u
nder
four
wor
king
gro
ups a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d w
ork
pack
ages
.
A
stat
e-of
-the-
art
docu
men
ts o
f the
cur
rent
activ
ities
an
d re
sults
avai
labl
e in
th
e w
ork
area
s of
the
Act
ion
inea
ch
parti
cipa
tion
coun
try
with
an
indi
catio
n of
th
eir
sign
ifica
nce
was
publ
ishe
d in
200
1 .
Wor
king
Gro
up 1
: im
pact
of v
aria
bilit
y of
spac
een
viro
nmen
t on
com
mun
icat
ions
Lea
ders
: I. S
tani
slaw
ska
, G. S
ole,
P.W
into
ft a
ndA
. Bel
ehak
i
WP1
. Im
pact
of s
pace
wea
ther
on
com
mun
icat
ion
Led
by Y
.Tul
unay
WP2
. Rea
l-tim
e sa
telli
te a
nd te
rres
trial
mea
sure
men
tsfo
r now
cast
ing,
fore
cast
ing
and
war
ning
pur
pose
sLe
d by
R.S
tam
per I
.Kut
iev
and
Lj.C
ande
r
WP3
. Lon
g-te
rm tr
ends
in th
e io
nosp
here
and
upp
er a
tmos
pher
e pa
ram
eter
sLe
d by
J.B
rem
er
WP4
. Upp
er a
tmos
pher
e pa
ram
eter
s mon
itorin
g fo
r now
cast
ing
and
fore
cast
ing
purp
oses
Led
by A
. Mik
hailo
v
Impa
ct o
f sp
ace
wea
ther
on
com
mun
icat
ion
– to
def
ine/
iden
tify
the
pres
ent a
nd fu
ture
ant
icip
ated
terr
estri
al a
nd E
arth
spac
e ra
dio
syst
ems,
to id
entif
y pr
opag
atio
n ph
enom
ena
whi
ch c
an le
ad to
impa
irmen
ts o
fth
ese
radi
o sy
stem
s th
at n
eed
to b
e m
odel
ed, t
o id
entif
y th
ose
spac
ew
eath
er p
aram
eter
s th
at c
reat
e im
pact
adv
erse
ly a
nd s
igni
fican
tly o
npr
opag
atio
n co
nditi
ons a
nd to
dev
elop
miti
gatio
n te
chni
ques
.R
eal-t
ime
sate
llite
and
ter
rest
rial
mea
sure
men
ts f
or n
owca
stin
g,fo
reca
stin
g an
d w
arni
ng p
urpo
ses
– to
est
ablis
h a
spac
e w
eath
erda
taba
se c
onsi
stin
g of
bot
h pa
st a
nd n
ew m
easu
rem
ents
and
to
use
thes
e m
easu
rem
ents
to
de
velo
p no
wca
stin
g an
d fo
reca
stin
gpr
opag
atio
n pr
oced
ures
and
softw
are
tool
s.Lo
ng-te
rm
tren
ds
in
the
iono
sphe
re
and
uppe
r at
mos
pher
epa
ram
eter
s –
to in
vest
igat
e an
d un
ders
tand
the
natu
re o
f the
long
-term
beha
viou
r of
all
iono
sphe
ric r
egio
ns a
nd p
oten
tial e
ffec
t of
the
long
-te
rm tr
ends
on
pred
ictio
n m
odel
s.U
pper
at
mos
pher
e pa
ram
eter
s m
onito
ring
fo
r no
wca
stin
g an
dfo
reca
stin
g pu
rpos
es –
to
deve
lop
met
hods
to
extra
ct t
herm
osph
eric
para
met
ers
usin
g ro
utin
e io
nosp
heric
obs
erva
tions
and
to
deve
lop
ave
rsio
n of
th
e Se
lf-C
onsi
sten
t m
etho
d w
hich
w
ould
us
e ro
utin
eel
ectro
n de
nsity
ion
oson
de p
rofil
es t
o m
onito
r th
e up
per
neut
ral
atm
osph
ere
abov
e Eu
rope
.
Wor
king
Gro
up 2
: Ass
essm
ent o
f spa
ce p
lasm
a ef
fect
s for
sate
llite
sap
plic
atio
nsL
eade
rs: R
. Lei
tinge
r an
d N
.Jak
owsk
i
WP1
. P
lasm
a ef
fect
s on
GN
SS a
pplic
atio
ns
Led
by
N.J
akow
ski
WP2
. A
sses
smen
t of
pl
asm
a pr
opag
atio
n er
rors
in
navi
gatio
n sy
stem
s an
d m
erits
and
sho
rtco
min
gs o
f no
vel
data
sour
ces.
L
ed b
y R
.Lei
tinge
r
WP3
. I
nves
tigat
ion
of e
xtre
mes
of i
oniz
atio
n
Led
by
P.Sp
alla
Plas
ma
effe
cts
on G
NSS
app
licat
ions
– t
o ex
plor
e th
e am
plitu
de a
nddy
nam
ics
of h
oriz
onta
l stru
ctur
es in
TEC
by
com
bini
ng d
ata
deriv
ed f
rom
diff
eren
t m
easu
ring
tech
niqu
es (
grou
nd a
nd s
pace
bas
ed G
PS,
NN
SS,
Sate
llite
alti
met
ry),
in p
artic
ular
und
er p
ertu
rbed
ion
osph
eric
con
ditio
ns.
Sinc
e TI
D’s
and
pha
se fl
uctu
atio
ns d
egra
de a
ccur
acy
in G
NSS
app
licat
ions
,th
ese
phen
omen
a sh
all b
e de
tect
ed a
nd a
naly
sed
unde
r var
ious
geo
phys
ical
cond
ition
s.
Ass
essm
ent
of p
lasm
a pr
opag
atio
n er
rors
in
navi
gatio
n sy
stem
s an
dm
erits
and
sho
rtco
min
gs o
f no
vel
data
sou
rces
– t
o as
sess
ion
osph
eric
effe
cts
in n
on-io
nosp
heric
app
licat
ions
of
GN
SS s
igna
ls,
a) i
onos
pher
icin
fluen
ces
in t
he u
se o
f G
NSS
occ
ulta
tion
for
stra
tosp
here
/trop
osph
ere
appl
icat
ions
, b) t
he e
ffec
ts o
f hig
her o
rder
iono
sphe
ric p
ropa
gatio
n er
rors
inad
vanc
ed g
roun
d ba
sed
appl
icat
ions
, lik
e w
ater
vap
our r
etrie
val.
Inve
stig
atio
n of
ext
rem
es o
f io
niza
tion
– to
dea
l with
obs
erva
tions
aim
edto
com
e up
with
reas
onab
le o
ccur
renc
e st
atis
tics w
hen
poss
ible
, to
guid
e th
eda
ta c
olle
ctio
n, to
col
lect
wel
l doc
umen
ted
extre
mes
and
to p
rovi
de a
list
of
crite
ria to
def
ine
the
type
and
nat
ure
of e
xtre
me
case
s.
Wor
king
Gro
up 3
: Ion
osph
eric
eff
ects
on
terr
estr
ial
com
mun
icat
ions
Lea
ders
: J. L
asto
wck
a an
d A
.Bou
rdill
on W
P1.
Eff
ects
of
larg
e-sc
ale
fluct
uatio
ns o
n te
rres
tria
lco
mm
unic
atio
ns L
ed b
y D
.Alta
dill
WP2
. E
ffec
ts o
f sm
all-s
cale
ion
osph
eric
irr
egul
ariti
es,
inte
rfer
ence
an
d no
ise
on
terr
estr
ial
com
mun
icat
ion,
incl
udin
g re
mot
e se
nsin
g, r
adio
loca
lizat
ion
and
rada
r
L
ed b
y C
.Gou
tlard
W
P3.
Mid
-latit
ude
iono
sphe
ric
feat
ures
in
ra
dio
prop
agat
ion
mod
els
Led
by P
.Ben
cze
WP4
. D
evel
opm
ent o
f met
hods
and
alg
orith
ms
to m
inim
ize
the
effe
cts
of s
mal
l and
larg
e sc
ale
fluct
uatio
ns o
n te
rres
tria
lco
mm
unic
atio
ns L
ed b
y M
.War
ring
ton
Eff
ects
of
la
rge-
scal
e flu
ctua
tions
on
te
rres
tria
l co
mm
unic
atio
ns
– to
dete
rmin
e at
reg
iona
l/glo
bal s
cale
the
perc
enta
ge c
ontri
butio
n to
the
varia
bilit
yof
mai
n io
nosp
heric
par
amet
ers.
Eff
ects
of
smal
l-sca
le i
onos
pher
ic i
rreg
ular
ities
, in
terf
eren
ce a
nd n
oise
on
terr
estr
ial
com
mun
icat
ion,
inc
ludi
ng r
emot
e se
nsin
g, r
adio
loc
aliz
atio
n an
dra
dar
– to
giv
e a
defin
ition
of
the
clas
ses
of i
rreg
ular
ities
to
be t
aken
int
oac
coun
t, an
ana
lysi
s of
the
ir ef
fect
s on
the
per
form
ance
s of
the
sys
tem
s, th
ees
tabl
ishm
ent o
f a c
atal
ogue
of t
he k
now
n ch
arac
teris
tics
and
of th
e eq
uipm
ent
avai
labl
e fo
r the
stud
ies.
Mid
-latit
ude
iono
sphe
ric
feat
ures
in r
adio
pro
paga
tion
mod
els
– to
ass
ess
the
role
of
iono
sphe
ric a
nd p
lasm
asph
eric
irr
egul
ariti
es o
f va
rious
dim
ensi
ons
inra
dio
prop
agat
ion
at m
iddl
e la
titud
es.
Dev
elop
men
t of
met
hods
and
alg
orith
ms
to m
inim
ize
the
abov
e-re
ferr
edef
fect
s on
te
rres
tria
l co
mm
unic
atio
ns,
incl
udin
g re
mot
e se
nsin
g,
radi
olo
caliz
atio
n an
d ra
dar
– to
iden
tify
and
esta
blis
h a
list o
f th
e m
ost i
mpo
rtant
prob
lem
s du
e to
the
ion
osph
eric
cha
ract
eris
tics
and
varia
bilit
y. T
he p
ossi
ble
met
hods
, if
any,
to m
inim
ize
the
dele
terio
us e
ffec
ts o
f th
e io
nosp
here
will
be
deve
lope
d. W
hen
poss
ible
, spe
cific
alg
orith
ms w
ill b
e pr
opos
ed.
Wor
king
Gro
up 4
: Spa
ce p
lasm
a ef
fect
s on
Ear
th-s
pace
and
sate
llite
to sa
telli
te c
omm
unic
atio
ns.
Lea
ders
: S. R
adic
ella
and
E. T
ulun
ay
WP1
. E
ffec
ts o
f sp
ace
plas
ma
vari
abili
ty a
nd i
rreg
ular
ities
on
Ear
th-s
pace
and
sat
ellit
e to
sat
ellit
e co
mm
unic
atio
n ch
anne
lsLe
d by
Y. B
enig
uel
WP2
. D
evel
opm
ent
of a
lgor
ithm
s an
d so
ftw
are
to t
reat
with
dist
urba
nces
in
E
arth
-spa
ce
and
sate
llite
to
sa
telli
teco
mm
unic
atio
ns L
ed b
y E
.Tul
unay
WP3
. A
pplic
atio
n of
the
oret
ical
con
side
ratio
ns t
o th
e st
udy
ofsp
ace
plas
ma
effe
cts
Led
by H
. Rot
hkae
l
WP4
. E
ffec
ts o
f th
e el
ectr
on d
ensi
ty v
ertic
al a
nd h
oriz
onta
lgr
adie
nts
on
the
sate
llite
-sat
ellit
e co
mm
unic
atio
ns
Led
byS.
Rad
icel
la
Eff
ects
of
spac
e pl
asm
a va
riab
ility
and
irr
egul
ariti
es o
n E
arth
-spa
ce a
ndsa
telli
te t
o sa
telli
te c
omm
unic
atio
n ch
anne
ls –
to
deve
lop
a da
taba
se o
fsp
ace
plas
ma
varia
bilit
y an
d irr
egul
ariti
es
char
acte
ristic
s, us
ing
both
mea
sure
men
ts a
nd r
esul
ts f
rom
theo
retic
al m
odel
s an
d to
rev
iew
the
effe
cts
of v
aria
bilit
y an
d irr
egul
ariti
es o
n co
mm
unic
atio
ns,
cons
ider
ing
diff
eren
tlo
catio
ns o
f tra
nsm
itter
and
rece
iver
.D
evel
opm
ent
of a
lgor
ithm
s an
d so
ftwar
e to
tre
at w
ith d
istu
rban
ces
inE
arth
-spa
ce a
nd s
atel
lite
to s
atel
lite
com
mun
icat
ions
– to
for
ecas
t TEC
intim
e an
d sp
ace
1 to
24
h in
adv
ance
by
usin
g N
eura
l N
etw
orks
, si
gnal
proc
essi
ng
and
othe
r re
leva
nt
tech
niqu
es
and
to
obta
in
a qu
antit
ativ
ede
scrip
tion
of t
he T
EC v
aria
bilit
y an
d de
velo
pmen
t of
alg
orith
ms
for
now
cast
ing
and
fore
cast
ing.
App
licat
ion
of t
heor
etic
al c
onsi
dera
tions
to
the
stud
y of
spa
ce p
lasm
aef
fect
s –
to
stud
y th
e io
nosp
heric
di
stur
banc
es
gene
rate
d by
na
tura
lel
ectro
mag
netic
and
ele
ctro
stat
ic in
stab
ilitie
s.E
ffec
ts o
f th
e el
ectr
on d
ensi
ty v
ertic
al a
nd h
oriz
onta
l gr
adie
nts
on t
hesa
telli
te-s
atel
lite
com
mun
icat
ions
– t
o as
sess
the
eff
ect
of e
lect
ron
dens
itygr
adie
nts
in t
he s
lant
to
verti
cal
time
dela
y co
nver
sion
in
Earth
-spa
ceco
mm
unic
atio
ns, t
o as
sess
the
eff
ect
of e
lect
ron
conc
entra
tion
grad
ient
s in
sate
llite
to s
atel
lite
com
mun
icat
ion,
to v
alid
ate
and
impr
ove
exis
ting
tops
ide
elec
tron
conc
entra
tion
mod
els
usin
g th
e la
rge
Rus
sian
top
side
pro
files
data
base
and
to v
alid
ate
mod
els o
f ele
ctro
n co
ncen
tratio
n pr
ofile
s..
MA
IN R
ESU
LT
S
1 The
impa
ct o
f spa
ce w
eath
er o
nco
mm
unic
atio
nY
.K. T
UL
UN
AY
(1) a
nd P
. A. B
RA
DL
EY
(2)
(1) F
acul
ty o
f Aer
onau
tics a
nd A
stro
naut
ics,
Ista
nbul
Tec
hnic
alU
nive
rsity
(˙IT
Ü),
Mas
lak,
Ista
nbul
, Tur
key
(2) P
ando
ra, S
cotla
nds D
rive
, Fer
nham
Com
mon
, Slo
ugh,
Ber
ks, U
.K.
2 Now
cast
ing,
fore
cast
ing
and
war
ning
for
iono
sphe
ric
prop
agat
ion:
supp
ortin
g da
taba
ses
R. S
TAM
PER
(1),
J. LI
LEN
STEN
(2)
and
N. J
AK
OW
SKI (
3)(1
) Rut
herf
ord
Appl
eton
Lab
orat
ory,
Chi
lton,
Did
cot,
Oxo
n, U
.K.
(2) L
abor
atoi
re d
e Pl
anét
olog
ie d
e G
reno
ble,
Bâtim
ent D
de
phys
ique
, Gre
nobl
e, F
ranc
e(3
) Ger
man
Aer
ospa
ce C
ente
r (D
LR),
Inst
itute
of C
omm
unic
atio
ns a
nd N
avig
atio
n,N
eust
relit
z, G
erm
any
3 Now
cast
ing,
fore
cast
ing
and
war
ning
for
iono
sphe
ric
prop
agat
ion:
tool
s and
met
hods
R. S
TAM
PER
(1),
A. B
ELEH
AK
I (2)
, D. B
UR
ESO
VA
(3),
Lj. R
.C
AN
DER
(1),
I. K
UTI
EV (4
), M
. PIE
TREL
LA (5
), I.
STA
NIS
LAW
SKA
(6),
S. S
TAN
KO
V (4
), I..
TSA
GO
UR
I (2)
, Y. T
ULU
NA
Y (7
)an
d B
. ZO
LESI
(5)
(1) R
uthe
rfor
d Ap
plet
on L
abor
ator
y, C
hilto
n, D
idco
t, O
xon,
U.K
.(2
) Nat
iona
l Obs
erva
tory
of A
then
s, G
reec
e(3
) Aca
dem
y of
Sci
ence
of C
zech
Rep
ublic
, Pra
gue,
Cze
ch R
epub
lic(4
) Bul
gari
an A
cade
my
of S
cien
ces,
Sofia
, Bul
gari
a(5
) Ist
ituto
Naz
iona
le d
i Geo
fisic
a e
Vulc
anol
ogia
, Rom
a, It
aly
(6) S
pace
Res
earc
h C
entr
e, W
arsa
w, P
olan
d(7
) Ist
anbu
l Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
, Ins
tanb
ul, T
urke
y
4 A r
evis
ed m
etho
d to
ext
ract
ther
mos
pher
ic p
aram
eter
sfr
om
inco
here
nt
scat
ter
obse
rvat
ions
A.
V.
MIK
HA
ILO
V
(1)
and
J.LI
LEN
STEN
(2)
(1)
Inst
itute
of
Terr
estr
ial
Mag
netis
m,
Iono
sphe
rean
d Ra
dio
Wav
e Pr
opag
atio
n (I
ZMIR
AN),
Russ
ian
Acad
emyo
f Sc
ienc
es,
Troi
tsk
(Mos
cow
Re
gion
),Ru
ssia
(2)
Labo
rato
ire
de
Plan
étol
ogie
de
G
reno
ble,
Bâtim
ent D
de
phys
ique
, Gre
nobl
e, F
ranc
e
5 Lon
g-te
rm tr
ends
in th
e io
nosp
here
and
uppe
r at
mos
pher
e pa
ram
eter
sJ.
BR
EMER
(1),
L. A
LFO
NSI
(2),
P. B
ENC
ZE (3
), J.
LAST
OV
ICK
A(4
), A
. MIK
HA
ILO
V (5
) and
N. R
OG
ERS
(6)
(1) L
eibn
iz-I
nstit
ute
of A
tmos
pher
ic P
hysi
cs, K
ühlu
ngsb
orn,
Ger
man
y(2
) Ist
ituto
Naz
iona
le d
i Geo
fisic
a e
Vulc
anol
ogia
, Rom
a, It
aly
(3) G
eode
tic a
nd G
eoph
ysic
al R
esea
rch
Inst
itute
of t
he H
unga
rian
Aca
dem
y of
Sci
ence
s, So
pron
, Hun
gary
(4) I
nstit
ute
of A
tmos
pher
ic P
hysi
cs, A
cade
my
of S
cien
ces o
f Cze
ch R
epub
lic, P
ragu
e, C
zech
Rep
ublic
(5) I
nstit
ute
of T
erre
stri
al M
agne
tism
, Ion
osph
ere
and
Radi
o W
ave
Prop
agat
ion
(IZM
IRAN
), Ru
ssia
n Ac
adem
yof
Sci
ence
, Tro
itsk
(Mos
cow
Reg
ion)
, Rus
sia
(6) C
entr
e fo
r Pro
paga
tion
and
Atm
osph
eric
Res
earc
h, Q
inet
iQ, M
alve
rn, U
.K.
6 Beh
avio
ur
of
larg
e sc
ale
stru
ctur
es
of
the
elec
tron
con
tent
as
a ke
y pa
ram
eter
for
ran
geer
rors
in G
NSS
app
licat
ions
.N
. JA
KO
WSK
I (1)
, R. L
EITI
NG
ER (2
) and
L. C
IRA
OLO
(3)
(1) D
euts
ches
Zen
trum
für
Luft
und
Raum
fahr
t (D
LR),
Inst
itut f
ür K
omm
unik
atio
n un
d N
avig
atio
n (I
KN
), N
eust
relit
z,G
erm
any
(2) I
nstit
ut fü
r Geo
phys
ik A
stro
phys
ik u
nd M
eteo
rolo
gie
(IG
AM),
Kar
l-Fra
nzen
s-U
nive
rsitä
t, G
raz,
Aust
ria
(3) I
stitu
to d
i Fis
ica
Appl
icat
a «N
ello
Car
rara
» (I
FAC
), Fi
renz
e, It
aly
7 Rad
io o
ccul
tatio
nte
chni
ques
fo
rpr
obin
g th
eio
nosp
here
N. J
AK
OW
SKI (
1), R
.LE
ITIN
GER
(2) a
nd M
.A
NG
LIN
G (3
)(1
) D
euts
ches
Zen
trum
für
Luf
tun
d Ra
umfa
hrt (
DLR
), In
stitu
t für
Kom
mun
ikat
ion
und
Nav
igat
ion,
Neu
stre
litz,
Ger
man
y(2
) In
stitu
t fü
r G
eoph
ysik
Astr
ophy
sik
und
Met
eoro
logi
e(I
GAM
), K
arl-F
ranz
ens-
Uni
vers
ität,
Gra
z, Au
stri
a(3
) C
entr
e fo
r RF
Pro
paga
tion
and
Atm
osph
eric
Re
sear
ch,
Qin
etiQ
, Mal
vern
, U.K
.
8 Tot
al
elec
tron
co
nten
t –
A
key
para
met
er
inpr
opag
atio
n: m
easu
rem
ent
and
use
in i
onos
pher
icim
agin
gL.
KER
SLEY
(1),
D. M
ALA
N (1
), S.
E. P
RY
SE (1
), LJ
. R. C
AN
DER
(2),
R.A
.B
AM
FOR
D (2
), A
. BEL
EHA
KI (
3),
R L
EITI
NG
ER (
4), S
.M. R
AD
ICEL
LA (
5), C
.N. M
ITC
HEL
L (6
) an
d P.
S.J.
SPEN
CER
(6)
(1) U
nive
rsity
of W
ales
, Abe
ryst
wyt
h, U
.K.
(2) R
uthe
rfor
d Ap
plet
on L
abor
ator
y, C
hilto
n, U
.K.
(3) N
atio
nal O
bser
vato
ry, A
then
s, G
reec
e(4
) Uni
vers
ity o
f Gra
z, Au
stri
a(5
) The
Abd
us S
alam
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cen
tre
for T
heor
etic
al P
hysi
cs, A
eron
omy
and
Radi
opro
paga
tion
Labo
rato
ry, T
ries
te, I
taly
(6) U
nive
rsity
of B
ath,
U.K
.
9 Rel
atio
ns
betw
een
elec
tron
cont
ent
and
peak
den
sity
–re
gula
r an
d ex
trem
ebe
havi
our
R. L
EITI
NG
ER (
1), L
. CIR
AO
LO (
2), L
.K
ERSL
EY (
3),
S.S.
KO
UR
IS (
4) a
nd P
.SP
ALL
A (2
)(1
) In
stitu
te f
or G
eoph
ysic
s, As
trop
hysi
cs a
ndM
eteo
rolo
gy (I
GAM
), U
nive
rsity
Gra
z, Au
stri
a(2
) Ist
ituto
di F
isic
a Ap
plic
ata
(IFA
C),
Fire
nze,
Italy
(3) U
nive
rsity
of W
ales
, Abe
ryst
wyt
h, U
.K.
(4)
Aris
tote
lian
Uni
vers
ity
of
Thes
salo
niki
,G
reec
e
10 Plan
etar
y an
d gr
avity
wav
e si
gnat
ures
in
the
Fre
gion
iono
sphe
re w
ith im
pact
to r
adio
pro
paga
tion
pred
ictio
ns a
nd v
aria
bilit
yD
. ALT
AD
ILL
(1),
E.M
. APO
STO
LOV
(2),
J. B
OSK
A (3
), J.
LAST
OV
ICK
A (3
) and
P. S
AU
LI (3
)(1
) Obs
erva
tori
o de
l Ebr
o, (U
RL-C
SIC
), H
orta
Alta
38,
E43
520
Roqu
etes
, Spa
in(2
) Geo
phys
ical
Inst
itute
, Bul
gari
an A
cade
my
of S
cien
ces,
Sofia
, Bul
gari
a(3
) Ins
titut
e of
Atm
osph
eric
Phy
sics
, Aca
dem
y of
Sci
ence
s of C
zech
Rep
ublic
, Pra
gue,
Cze
chRe
publ
icP
roho
nice
Jan
uary
-Dec
embe
r 198
0
Day
Day
foF2 (0.1 MHz) Period (day)
11 Inve
stig
atio
n in
to
the
prob
lem
of
char
acte
riza
tion
of
the
HF
iono
sphe
ric
fluct
uatin
g ch
anne
l of
prop
agat
ion:
con
stru
ctio
n of
a ph
ysic
ally
ba
sed
HF
chan
nel s
imul
ator
V.E
. GH
ERM
(1),
N.N
. ZER
NO
V (1
) and
H.J.
STR
AN
GEW
AY
S (2
)(1
) The
Uni
vers
ity o
f St.
Pete
rsbu
rg, R
ussi
a(2
) Sch
ool o
f Ele
ctro
nic
and
Elec
tical
Engi
neer
ing,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Lee
ds, U
.K.
12 Beh
avio
ur
of
the
F1-
regi
on, a
nd E
s an
d sp
read
F p
heno
men
a at
Eur
opea
nm
iddl
e la
titud
es,
part
icul
arly
un
der
geom
agne
tic
stor
mco
nditi
ons
P. B
ENC
ZE (1
), D
. BU
RES
OV
Á (2
), J.
LAST
OV
ICK
A (2
) and
F. M
ÄR
CZ
(1)
(1)
Geo
detic
and
Geo
phys
ical
Res
earc
h In
stitu
teof
the
Hun
gari
an A
cade
my
of S
cien
ces,
Sopr
on,
Hun
gary
(2)
Inst
itute
of
At
mos
pher
ic
Phys
ics
of
the
Acad
emy
of S
cien
ces
of t
he C
zech
Rep
ublic
,Pr
ague
, Cze
chRe
publ
ic
13 A w
ay t
o in
crea
se t
he b
itra
te
in
iono
sphe
ric
radi
olin
ksC
. PER
RIN
E (1
), Y
.M. E
RH
EL (2
), D
.LE
MU
R (1
), L.
BER
TEL
(1)
and
A. B
OU
RD
ILLO
N (1
)(1
) Ins
titut
d’E
lect
roni
que
etTé
léco
mm
unic
atio
ns d
e Re
nnes
, Uni
vers
ité d
eRe
nnes
, Fra
nce
(2) I
nstit
ut d
’Ele
ctro
niqu
e et
Télé
com
mun
icat
ions
de
Renn
es, C
entr
e de
Rech
erch
es d
es E
cole
s de
Coë
tqui
dan,
Gue
r,Fr
ance
14 Prop
agat
ion
of
HF
radi
ow
aves
ove
r no
rthe
rly
path
s:m
easu
rem
ents
, si
mul
atio
nan
d sy
stem
s asp
ects
E.M
. WA
RR
ING
TON
, A.J.
STO
CK
ER,
N.Y
. ZA
ALO
V, D
.R. S
IDD
LE a
nd I.
A.
NA
SYR
OV
Dep
artm
ent o
f Eng
inee
ring
, Uni
vers
ity o
fLe
ices
ter,
U.K
.
15 Scin
tilla
tions
eff
ects
on
eart
h te
rres
tria
l lin
ks f
orte
leco
mm
unic
atio
n an
d na
viga
tion
purp
oses
Y. B
ÉNIG
UEL
(1),
B. F
OR
TE (2
), S.
RA
DIC
ELLA
(2),
H. S
TRA
NG
EWA
YS
(3),
V. G
HER
M (4
), an
d N
. ZER
NO
V (4
)(1
) IEE
A, C
ourb
evoi
e, F
ranc
e(2
) The
Abd
us S
alam
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cen
tre
for T
heor
etic
al P
hysi
cs, A
eron
omy
and
Radi
opro
paga
tion
Labo
rato
ry, T
ries
te, I
taly
(3) U
nive
rsity
of L
eeds
, U.K
.(4
) St.
Pete
rsbu
rg U
nive
rsity
, Rus
sia
16 Dev
elop
men
t of
A
lgor
ithm
s an
d so
ftw
are
for
fore
cast
ing,
now
cast
ing
and
vari
abili
ty o
f TE
CE.
TU
LUN
AY
(1) (
2), E
.T. S
ENA
LP (1
), LJ
.R. C
AN
DER
(3),Y
. TU
LUN
AY
(4),
A.H
. BIL
GE
(5),
E. M
IZR
AH
I (5)
, S.S
. KO
UR
IS (6
) and
N. J
AK
OW
SKI (
7)(1
) Dep
artm
ent o
f Ele
ctri
cal a
nd E
lect
roni
cs E
ngin
eeri
ng, M
iddl
e Ea
st T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity, B
alga
t, An
kara
, Tur
key
(2) T
UBI
TAK
Mar
mar
a Re
sear
ch C
ente
r, In
form
atio
n Te
chno
logi
es R
esea
rch
Inst
itute
, Geb
ze, K
ocae
li, T
urke
y(3
) Rut
herf
ord
Appl
eton
Lab
orat
ory,
Chi
lton,
Did
cot,
Oxo
n, U
.K.
(4) F
acul
ty o
f Aer
onau
tics a
nd A
stro
naut
ics,
Ista
nbul
Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
, Mas
lak,
Ista
nbul
, Tur
key
(5) D
epar
tmen
t of M
athe
mat
ics,
Ista
nbul
Tec
hnic
al U
nive
rsity
, Mas
lak,
Ista
nbul
, Tur
key
(6) D
epar
tmen
t of E
lect
rica
l and
Com
pute
r Eng
inee
ring
, Ari
stot
elia
n U
nive
rsity
of T
hess
alon
iki,
Gre
ece
(7) G
erm
an A
eros
pace
Cen
ter,
Inst
itute
of C
omm
unic
atio
ns a
nd N
avig
atio
n, N
eust
relit
z, G
erm
any
17 Iono
sphe
ric
dist
urba
nces
gene
rate
d by
diff
eren
t na
tura
l pr
oces
ses
and
by
hum
an
activ
ity
in
eart
hpl
asm
a en
viro
nmen
tH
. RO
THK
AEH
L (1
), N
. IZO
HK
INA
(2),
I.PR
UTE
NSK
Y (2
) S. P
ULI
NET
S (2
) (3)
,M
.PA
RR
OT
(4),
G. L
IZU
NO
V (5
), J.
BLE
CK
I (1)
and
I. ST
AN
ISLA
WSK
A (1
)(1
) Spa
ce R
esea
rch
Cen
tre,
War
saw
, Pol
and.
(2) I
nstit
ute
of T
erre
stri
al M
agne
tism
, Ion
osph
ere
and
Radi
oW
ave
Prop
agat
io (I
ZMIR
AN),
Russ
ian
Acad
emy
of S
cien
ces,
Troi
tsk
(Mos
cow
Reg
ion)
, Rus
sia.
(3) I
nstit
uto
de G
eofís
ica,
UN
AM, C
iuda
d U
ni, D
eleg
ació
n de
Coy
oacá
n, M
éxic
o D
.F.
(4) L
PCE/
CN
RS, O
rlea
ns, F
ranc
e.(5
) Kyi
v Sh
evch
enko
Uni
vers
ity, U
krai
ne
18 Eff
ects
of
grad
ient
s of
the
elec
tron
de
nsity
on
ea
rth-
spac
e co
mm
unic
atio
nsS.
M. R
AD
ICEL
LA (1
), B
. NA
VA
(1),
P.C
OÏS
SON
(1),
L. K
ERSL
EY (2
) and
G.J.
BA
ILEY
(3)
( 1) A
bdus
Sal
am In
tern
atio
nal C
entr
e fo
rTh
eore
tical
Phy
sics
, Aer
onom
y an
dRa
diop
ropa
gatio
n La
bora
tory
,Tr
iest
e, It
aly
(2) U
nive
rsity
of W
ales
, Abe
ryst
wyt
h, U
.K.
(3) U
nive
rsity
of S
heffi
eld,
U.K
.
1st C
OST
271
Wor
ksho
p Pr
ocee
ding
s C
D“I
onos
pher
ic
Mod
ellin
g an
dV
aria
bilit
y st
udie
s fo
rT
elec
omm
unic
atio
n A
pplic
atio
ns
”,25
-27
Sept
embe
r 20
01,
Sopr
on,
Hun
gary
.
2nd
CO
ST27
1 W
orks
hop
Proc
eedi
ngs
CD
“Pro
duct
s fo
r IT
U-R
and
oth
er R
adio
com
mun
icat
ion
appl
icat
iono
ns”,
1-
6O
ctob
er 2
002,
Far
o, P
ortu
gal.
DIS
SEM
INA
TIO
N O
F R
ESU
LT
S
Maj
or P
ublic
atio
n
Mos
t of t
he p
aper
s rep
ortin
g ac
tiviti
es o
f the
CO
ST27
1 A
ctio
nha
ve b
een
publ
ishe
d in
the
follo
win
g sp
ecia
l iss
ues:
Spec
ial
volu
me
of A
cta
Geo
phys
ica
Hun
gari
ca o
n th
eC
OST
271
Wor
ksho
p “I
onos
pher
ic
Mod
ellin
g an
dV
aria
bilit
y st
udie
s fo
r T
elec
omm
unic
atio
nA
pplic
atio
ns”,
Vol
ume
37, N
. 2-3
,200
2
Spec
ial
volu
me
of
Ann
als
of
Geo
phys
ics
dedi
cate
d to
the
XX
VI
EG
S G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
Sess
ion
on
Sola
r-T
erre
stri
al
Scie
nces
:’’
Iono
sphe
ric
vari
abili
ty a
nd m
odel
ling”
, Vol
. 45,
N.1
, Feb
ruar
y 20
02
3rd
CO
ST
271
Wor
ksho
p Pr
ocee
ding
s on
“Sig
nific
ant
resu
lts in
CO
ST27
1 A
ctio
n, 2
3 –
27Se
ptem
ber
2003
, Sp
etse
s, G
reec
e, p
ublis
hed
onlin
e at
the
CO
ST27
1 w
eb si
te.
Spec
ial v
olum
e of
Ann
als
of G
eoph
ysic
s de
vote
dto
th
e se
lect
ed
pape
rs
from
th
e E
GS/
AG
UG
ener
al A
ssem
bly
Sess
ion
on “
Eff
ects
of
the
Iono
sphe
re
on
Ter
rest
rial
an
d E
arth
-Spa
ceC
omm
unic
atio
ns”,
in p
ress
200
4.
CO
ST 2
71 F
inal
Rep
ort :
Sup
plem
ent t
o A
nnal
s of
Geo
phys
ics,
in p
ress
.
Scie
ntifi
c an
d T
echn
ical
Coo
pera
tion
The
rese
arch
link
s es
tabl
ishe
d as
par
t of
prev
ious
CO
ST23
8 an
d 25
1 ac
tions
hav
e le
d to
a n
umbe
r of b
ilate
ral a
ndm
ulti-
late
ral
colla
bora
tion,
whi
ch h
ave
cont
inue
d in
the
CO
ST 2
71 A
ctio
n as
wel
l.
In a
dditi
on,
parti
cipa
nts
of t
his
actio
n ha
ve b
een
very
activ
e in
diff
eren
t int
erna
tiona
l pro
ject
s.
The
pilo
t pr
ojec
t in
volv
ing
Italia
n, G
reek
and
UK
partn
ers
nam
ed G
eom
agne
tic I
ndic
es F
orec
astin
g an
dIo
nosp
heric
Now
cast
ing
Tool
s (G
IFIN
T) a
nd th
e D
LRpi
lot
proj
ect
have
bee
n fin
anci
ally
sup
porte
d by
the
ESA
the
fram
ewor
k of
the
SWEN
ET (
Spac
e W
eath
erEu
rope
an N
etw
ork)
pro
gram
.
Ther
e is
a s
igni
fican
t par
ticip
atio
n of
Act
ion
mem
bers
from
W
orki
ng
Gro
up
1 in
ES
A
Spac
e W
eath
erPr
ogra
m,
in p
artic
ular
in
its S
pace
Wea
ther
Wor
king
Team
(SW
WT)
and
the
Pilo
t Pro
ject
s sch
eme.
The
UR
SI B
eaco
n Sa
telli
te G
roup
clo
sely
lin
ked
toth
e w
ork
of th
e se
cond
and
four
th W
orki
ng G
roup
of
this
ac
tion,
pr
ovid
es
impo
rtant
lin
ks
betw
een
iono
sphe
re,
plas
mas
pher
e an
d up
per
atm
osph
ere
scie
ntis
ts,
engi
neer
s an
d us
ers
of s
atel
lite
beac
onap
plic
atio
ns.
Sev
eral
CO
ST27
1 G
roup
mem
bers
are
adv
iser
s an
dob
serv
ers
in t
he I
nter
natio
nal
Geo
dyna
mic
s Se
rvic
e(I
GS)
and
som
e of
its
offs
prin
g or
gani
satio
ns li
ke th
eG
PS-I
ON
O g
roup
.
D
esig
ned
to m
eet t
he n
eeds
of E
urop
e, th
is a
ctio
nal
so m
ade
an im
pact
to th
e in
tern
atio
nal w
ork
of IT
U-R
Stud
y G
roup
3L
th
roug
h m
ajor
co
ntrib
utio
ns
toR
ecom
men
datio
ns,
prov
isio
n of
dat
a fo
r va
lidat
ion
ofpr
edic
tion
mod
els
for
Euro
pe a
nd b
y a
lead
ing
role
in
Wor
king
Par
ty S
G3L
(Ion
osph
eric
Pro
paga
tion)
.
Ther
e is
a s
trong
inv
olve
men
t of
Act
ion
mem
bers
in
ESA
/EST
EC p
roje
cts:
in c
onne
ctio
n w
ith E
GN
OS
and
GA
LILE
OSA
T an
d in
co
nnec
tion
with
as
sess
men
tst
udie
s fo
r the
use
of G
NSS
occ
ulta
tion
for a
tmos
pher
ican
d io
nosp
heric
rese
arch
.
Mor
eove
r pa
rtici
pant
s of
thi
s ac
tion
have
giv
en a
cons
ider
able
con
tribu
tion
to t
he i
nter
natio
nal
HIg
hR
Ate
Cam
paig
n (H
IRA
C)
of t
he I
nter
natio
nal
GPS
and
in v
alid
atio
n of
the
CH
AM
P re
sults
.
They
ar
e in
volv
ed
in
the
DIA
S (D
igita
l U
pper
Atm
osph
ere
Serv
er)
eCon
tent
fra
mew
ork
activ
ityan
d th
e R
OSE
pro
ject
on
esta
blis
hing
Eur
ope
anin
tern
atio
nal g
eoph
ysic
al o
bser
vato
ry a
t Gau
dos.
Ther
e is
an
activ
e co
llabo
ratio
n of
Act
ion
grou
pm
embe
rs i
n IN
TAS
proj
ects
with
Rus
sian
and
Ukr
aini
an p
artic
ipat
ion.
Fina
lly,
it sh
ould
be
men
tione
d a
colla
bora
tion
with
the
Int
erna
tiona
l R
efer
ence
Ion
osph
ere
(IR
I)W
orki
ng G
roup
by
carr
ying
out
inte
rnat
iona
l Tas
kFo
rce
Act
iviti
es a
t th
e A
bdus
Sal
am I
CTP
on
impr
ovem
ents
of t
he IR
I mod
el.
Web
site
T
he W
eb s
ite o
f th
e C
OST
271
actio
n is
activ
e on
th
e fo
llow
ing
addr
ess:
http
://w
ww
.cos
t271
.rl.a
c.uk
/
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