Cosmology Astronomy 315 Professor Lee Carkner Lecture 22 "In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move." -- Douglas Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe
Dec 19, 2015
Cosmology
Astronomy 315Professor Lee
CarknerLecture 22
"In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move."
-- Douglas Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe
Upcoming Extra Credit Events
Thursday, May 4, 7pm, Olin Auditorium Kjell Lundquist “Stars Above, Stars Below and Stars Within:
On Tycho Brahe, Uraniborg and a Garden Reconstruction”
Saturday, May 6, Planetarium Planetarium Open House
Will receive 10 points extra credit on the observing project for each you go to (up to a maximum of 20 points)
See me there to sign in
Exercise #21 Supernova Type Ia supernova with flux = 1X10-17 J/s/m2
All type Ia supernova have luminosity = 1.5X1036 J/s
F = L/4d2
4d2F = L d2 = L/4F d = (1.5X1036/[(4)()(1X10-17)])½
How long ago did supernova occur?
1 light year = 9.5X1015
Supernova happened 11.5 billion years ago
Key Questions
Is the universe infinite?
If the universe is not infinite: How and when did it begin? Where and what are its boundaries?
Caution
We shouldn’t think of the universe as just being a larger ordinary thing
We will often use analogy to get an idea of what the universe is like, but we shouldn’t take it literally
Types of Universes Static
Infinite in time
Static and Infinite
Infinite in Space Universe extends endlessly in all directions
Infinite? The universe is not infinite in space or
time
If the universe was infinite, everywhere you look you would see a star
Universe must be finite in space (run out of stars) or in time (light from some stars hasn’t reached us yet)
Expansion We see all galaxies moving away from us, the
most distant ones moving faster How are distance and velocity related?
This is the Hubble Law:
As the universe is stretching, the space between
each galaxy increases, making them look as if they were moving
Geometry
What is the universe expanding into?
Not just matter, but spacetime is expanding
Speed of light is absolute limit
The universe may be finite but unbounded
Like the surface of a balloon
The Big Bang
The universe was hotter and denser in the past Called a hot Big Bang
Big Bang is a process, not an event
The Cosmic Microwave Background
The early universe was very hot and thus filled with high energy radiation
This is detectable with radio telescopes as the cosmic microwave background (CMB)
CMB is a blackbody with a temperature of about 3 K
After the Big Bang
The early universe was an extremely strange place
As universe cooled, our present universe took shape
After about a billion years the material started to
clump together to form stars and galaxies Early universe must have been non-uniform for this to
happen
The Age of the Universe We can find the age of the universe by
extrapolating backwards
Since v = d/t, t = d/v, but H = v/d, so:
If we can find H, we can easily get the age of the universe
For H = 73, age = 13.7 billion years
The Fate of the Universe How will the universe end? Depends on if their enough mass in the universe to
gravitationally halt the expansion
Three options: Open
Closed
Flat Universe just barely expands
Dark Energy
Some force is resisting gravity’s attempts to slow the expansion
Best candidate is energy stored in the fabric of spacetime
Dark energy and dark matter may be principle components of the universe
End of the Universe
The best observations indicate: Dark energy is trying to increase the
expansion of the universe Universe is effectively infinite in
time in the forward direction Beginning but no end
The End The universe may eventually die a
heat death Left with white dwarfs, neutron
stars and radiation Can live off of compact objects, but
eventually will convert them all to heat