Bacteria GPR or Gram Var. Peptiglycan in cell wall of bacteria Bacteria doesn’t contain chitin or cellulose Acid fast bacilli 1. Microbacterium 2. Nocardia Non-Acid fast 1. Corynebacterium 2. Listeria 3. Erysipelothrix 4. Bacillus 5. Atinomyces 6. Gardenella 7. Lactobacillus Corynebacterium 1. “Coryne” → Greek for Club → Club shaped cells 2. Ferments glucose & maltose 3. Reduces Nitrate to nitrite (Nitrate +) C. diptheria 1. A.k.a Respiratory dip. a. Spread by droplet or hand to mouth contact b. Incubation period → 2-5 days c. Treatment → horse serum w/ antitoxins 2. Manifestation a. Pharyngitis b. Dysphagia c. Low fever
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BacteriaGPR or Gram Var.
Peptiglycan in cell wall of bacteria
Bacteria doesn’t contain chitin or cellulose
Acid fast bacilli
1. Microbacterium2. Nocardia
Non-Acid fast
1. Corynebacterium
2. Listeria
3. Erysipelothrix
4. Bacillus
5. Atinomyces
6. Gardenella
7. Lactobacillus
Corynebacterium
1. “Coryne” → Greek for Club → Club shaped cells2. Ferments glucose & maltose3. Reduces Nitrate to nitrite (Nitrate +)
C. diptheria
1. A.k.a Respiratory dip.a. Spread by droplet or hand to mouth contactb. Incubation period → 2-5 daysc. Treatment → horse serum w/ antitoxins
4. Removal of the systemic membrane would cause suffocation5. Virulence factors
a. Caused by diphtheria toxinb. Bacteriophage gene → Tox gene
i. Strains that make it → toxigenic1. Blocks synthesis of Eukaryotic cells2. C. ulcers & C. pseudo tuberculosis can also become toxigenic when infec.
6. Cellsa. Curvedb. Chinese letters (when in clusters)c. Pickett fences (when in a line)d. “V”e. Non-Motile & Non capsulatedf. “Metachromasia” when stained with methylene blue
7. Mediaa. Loeffler serum media
i. Contains beef, serum, & eggsb. Phosphomycin makes BAP selective for corynebacteriumc. To ID
i. Tinsdale media1. Most preferred2. Black (↓ telluride) w/ brown halo (↓ cystinase)
a. Nontoxic strains don’t have the “halo”ii. CTBA (cysteine tellurite)
1. Blacka. Staph and Strep also grow black (differentiated by gram stain)
iii. CNA1. Least preferred
iv. Main ID items1. Reduced cystinase2. Absence of pyrazinamidase3. Most important → demonstration of toxin
8. Testsa. ELEK (diffusion test)b. PCR
9. Polypeptidesa. Frag. A
i. responsible for Toxicityb. Frag B
i. for mediation
c. NAD is involved
C. Jeikeium
1. A.k.a → Prosthetic Valve disease2. Susceptible only to Vancomycin
a. May also be sus. to terramycin or erythromycin
C. Urealyticum
1. In urinary track2. Needs 48hr incubation before growth3. Mac → NLF4. Use cysteine urea slant5. Resistant to aminoglycosides & macrolides 6. Tests
a. Urease → Pos (within mins)
C. ulserum
1. Causes mastitis in cows & other animalsa. Human infec. → animal contact
2. Speciesa. N. asteroidesb. N. brasiliensisc. N. canidae
3. Samplesa. Sputum or wound
4. 25-30˚C5. Produces a superoxide dismutase & catalase → gives resistance to oxidative killing. And a
nocobactin6. Routes
a. Pulmonaryi. Cause → Broncho Pneumonitis
ii. Fatal in ppl w/ SS disease & SC traitiii. Rapid progressioniv. Initial lesion in lung → pneumonitis advances to necrosisv. Little encapsulation, granuloma formation
vi. Disseminates to brain & other organsvii. Sputum → thick & sticky
viii. No sulfur granulesb. Cutaneous (inoculation)
i. Cause → N. Brasiliensisii. Seen in hands/feet
iii. Destructive to tissue & bone1. Called “mycetoma”
iv. Puss → pigmented, contains sulfur granulesv. Granules → white/cream color
1. Eumycotic gran → Fungal Granules2. Atinogranules → Actinomyce Granules
vi. Treatment1. Drain it2. Surgery3. Antimicrobials
a. Res to Penicillinb. Sus to sulfonamides
vii. Sample1. Tissue2. Puss
viii. Best isolation → Paraffi-bate techniquec. Aerobic
i. A. pelletieri1. Was part of Nocardia
a. Most everything is the same2. Only diff → it’s Cellulose & Xylose Pos
ii. Streptomyces1. S. Griseus
a. 3rd most common aerobic Actinomycei. After A. Bracillis & Streptomyces
b. Doesn’t show aerial filamentsc. Chain of sporesd. Is a soil mycosis
Mycobacterium
1. Bio-chemicalsa. Septi-check AFB
i. Is for Recovery time & Growth rateii. Recovery → 3-60 days
1. Rapid growers → < 7 days2. Slow → > 7 days
iii. Temp → 30-32˚C1. Up to 35˚C2. Only 42˚C mycobacterium → Xenopi
MTB (M. tuberculosis)
1. Organisma. Is inhaledb. Consists of MTB, M. bovis, M. canidi, M. africanum, M. microti, M. canettii, M. leprea, MOT
(M. Other Than TB)i. M. bovis & MTB → the main cause of TB
ii. M. canettii → cause lymphadenitis & TB in aids patientc. All are a strong acid fastd. Have waxes and lipids in cell walle. GS → ghost cellsf. Optimal growth → 30-45˚C
i. Best → 37˚Cg. Target organ → lungsh. Specimen of choice → bronchial lavage
i. Fecal spec. → M. avium → Aids patientsi. Generation time → 3-6 weeksj. Patient must stay in isolation for 72hrsk. All tests are Pos except Catalasel. Cat → = at 68˚C
2. Runyon classificationa. Photochromogens
i. Bright yellow pigment in presence of lightii. M. marinum, M. kansasii, M. samyii, M. asiaticum
b. Schotochromogensi. Deep yellow color in presence of light or dark
1. The longer it’s in light the deeper the yellowii. M. scrofulaceum, M. gordonae, M. szulgai
c. Non-Photochromogensi. No pigment in light or dark
ii. Usually light yellow or tan coloriii. MTB, M. avium, and all the rest
3. Staining techniquesa. Ziehl-Neelsen
i. Carbol fusion stainii. Heat at 68˚C
1. Allows die to penetrate cell walliii. Acid-alcohol decolorizeriv. Malachite & methylene blue…
1. Non-acid fast → blue-green2. Acid fast → pink
b. Kinyouni. A.k.a → Cold acid fast stain
ii. Primary stain → ↑fusion & phenol than in Neelsen
1. Dissolves cell wall allowing for penetrationiii. No heativ. Modified kinyoun
1. Weaker decolorizer2. Sulfuric acid
c. Auraminei. The mycobacterium fluoresce bright yellow
ii. Need a florescent microscope4. Classification
a. Primary Pulmonary TBi. Usually asymptomatic
ii. May have a non-productive cough, fever, or shortness of breathb. Chronic pulmonary TB
i. Fever, chills, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, chest pain, sputum productionc. Advanced chronic TB
i. Hemoptysis (spitting up blood)d. Systemic
i. A.k.a → Miliary-TBii. Hemoginase dissemination via blood stream
iii. Organs involved → spleen, liver, lungs, BM, kidney, adrenal gland, eyes1. May also include central nervous system, GI track, pericardial
5. To get ready for processinga. NACL
i. A TB based digestion1. Contains sodium Hydroxide
a. A decontaminate agent (helps isolate)ii. 50 ml conical tube
iii. Add sterile distilled water or 0.067 M Phosphate buffer w/ a PH of 6.8iv. Use the sediment at the bottom for staining
-Most common MTM in humans-cause infections in AIDS pat.
Non-photo
M. Kansasii -2nd to M. avium as a cause of MTM -Cause chronic pneumonia & cervical lympintitis, cutaneous abscesses,Cellulitis, arthritis, fasciitis, osteomyelitis
Photo * -Long beaded bacilli on acid fast stain
M. Marinum(marina)
-Chronic skin lesions,-Corticoid mycobacteriosis
Photo * -Requires 30-32°C Incubation to recover In-vitro
M ulcerins -Chronic deforming skin ulcers, buruli ulcer(in Africa)
Non-photo
Xenopi -Pulmonary dis.,Disseminated infec.
Non-photo -Pale pigment (may change) *is Thermophilic (42-45C)-Recovered from hot water systems
RAPID Growers
Species Clinical sig.Pigment
productionOther
characteristics
M. Fortuitum -Everything but pulmonary disease
Non-photo
M. abscess -Chronic lung dis, Post traumatic wound infec, Otitis medium cutaneous infec, Catheter associated bacteremia
Non-photo
M. chelonae -Disseminated nodular dis,Post fram. Skin infec,Catheter infec.
1. Founded the vagina and rectal area of male and female2. Causes bacteria vaginalis3. A synergetic bacteria (uses many bacteria to make infection worse)4. Can cause premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, chorioamnionitis, neonatal
infections5. Clue cells seen
a. Squamish epithelial cells6. Absence of lactobacillus seen in smear 7. Diagnosis
a. BD panelb. Amsel & Nugent criteria
i. Age, sexual history, reset STDs, vaginal discharge (anal rectal discharge in men)8. Media
a. V agari. 37°C
ii. 5% CO₂b. If its human or rabbit blood → beta hemolyticc. If not → Non-hemolytic
9. Cat → =10. Inhibited by 50mg of metronidazole or 5mg of trimethoprim
Lactobacillus
1. In every body site. Mainly:a. Oral cavityb. GIc. Vagina
i. Called “good guys”1. Makes hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) which helps keep pathogenic bacteria in check
1. Organismsa. E. Colib. Klebsiella c. Citrobacterd. Serratiae. Salmonellaf. Shigellag. Proteush. Morganellai. Providenciaj. Yersiniak. Enterobacterl. Edwardsiella
2. Klebsiella & Enterobacter are encapsulateda. So is Pantoea but it’s no longer an Enterobacteriaceae
E. coli
1. Most common cause of the UTI 2. 2ND most common and nosocomial infection & septicemia3. Not encapsulated
1. If it is → has an O Ag, H Ag, & a K Aga. O → lipopolysaccharideb. H → Figgeliumc. K → capsule
Klebsiella
1. All Kleb.a. Hodge test ??
2. K. pneumoniaa. Usually lower respiratoryb. Lung disease, UTI, nosocomial infection, ENT infection (ear, nose, throat)
3. K. oxytoca a. Isolated from blood, urine, respiratory tract infections, school
Pantoea
1. used to be an Enterobacteriaceae (Isn’t anymore)2. nosocomial infects (hosp. required)
3. Isolated from urine, blood…
Citrobacter
1. Intestinal flora2. Cause disease to debilitate patient3. Urinary tract, ….., meningitis
Serratia
1. Soil & water2. Nosocomial infects.3. Non-pig or bright red
Salmonella
1. 2 speciesa. S. entericab. S. bongori
2. S. enterica
a. S. typhi i. Causes typhoid fever
1. Death usually from septic shock2. Transmitted → p-p, & fecal cont. food and water3. Serotype- S. paratyphi A, B, & C4. Antigen → VI antigen (capsule)
3. S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis4. Characteristics
a. Aerobic or facultative anaerobe b. Typhi → orthinine = …..
5. Virulence factora. Pilib. endotoxin—cause of death
6. Based on O Ag, VI Ag 1 & H ag (H is the same )a. O → somaticb. Vi → capsulec. H → Flagellum
Shigella
1. Most Bio-chemically Non-reactive 2. Serogroups
a. A → S. dysenteriai. doesn’t ferments mannitol (the rest do)
b. B → S. flexner
c. C → S. bongorid. D → S. sonnei
i. Most diarrhea commonly caused by A & B1. In the US → B & D
3. Causes shigellosisa. A.k.a bacillary dysenteryb. Bloody or non-bloody diarrheac. common in “developing countries” (is an epidemic)
4. Trans → P - P or fecal cont. H2O5. Virulence factors
a. Surface proteins i. Invasive plasmid Agsii. Adherence & phagocytes of epithelial cellsiii. Where the shiga toxins are produced
1. Cause Huss.
Proteus
1. Found in G.I, soil, H₂O & sewage2. Nosocomial 3. If indole = & ampicillin sens. → P. Mirabilis
a. If ampicillin is res. → more tests → maltose & ornithine → M =, O+, → P. Mirabilis
Morganella
1. Used to belong to proteus 2. Nosocomial
Providencia
1. Nosocomial
Yersinia
1. virulence factors a. possess adhesions b. anti-phagocytic proteins and capsules c. produces coagulase & fibrinolysisd. can bind or store hemine. motile at 22˚C
2. Mediaa. Cin → target colonies
i. Aeromonas also grows, but is OX +
GNRs that are NLFs
1. Usually cause hospital infection, swimmers ear, UTI, burns and pneumonia2. Differentiate from Enterobacteriaceae
a. Oxidase → Vb. Mac → Vc. Glucose → =
3. OF glucose testa. Helps see if the organism breaks down carbohydrateb. O → Oxidativec. F → Fermentatived. Sugars used → glucose, maltose, lactose and mannitole. Tubes start green
Open tube Closed tube Interp.
Yellow Green Glucose Oxidizer
Yellow Yellow Glucose Fermenter
Green Green Glucose Non-oxidizer
Pseudomonas
1. Most common aerobic organisma. most isolated spp. P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter
b. Not normal florac. Cause community acquired infection
i. Folliculitisii. Eye infection
iii. Burnsiv. Endocarditis
d. Virulence factori. Pilli
ii. Exopolysaccarides (slime)iii. Exotoxins and exoenzyme (hemalycin and protease)
e. Treatment → Gentamicinf. Test
i. TSI: K/Kii. Growth: 42˚C
iii. Spot indole =1. Differs Pseudomonas & Aeromonas
Burkholderia
1. Characteristics
a. non-spore formingb. motile (except B. malei)c. catalase +
2. B. cepaciaa. affect people with indwelling catheters, surgical and burn woundsb. causes lower resp. infec. in patients with Cystic Fibrosisc. CGD → deficiency in PMN’s i.e. neutrophilsd. Drug resistant
i. only one tested for SXTii. weak Ox+
e. resemble pseudomonasf. Dark pink to red colonies after 4-7 days (ferment lactose)g. Dirt-like odor
3. B. pseudomalleia. cause Melioidosisb. Pneumonia is the most common symptom
c. Resp. infection resembles TBd. can lay dormant for years then become reactivee. Geographic locations
i. SE Asia ii. North Australia
f. potential bio warfare agentsg. Treatment → SXT & Fluoroquinolonesh. Tests
i. Ox+ii. Produce gas from nitrate
iii. Arginine dehydroxinase =iv. Motilev. Gram stain → safety pin
i. Earthy odor (dirt-like)
S. maltophilia
1. Most common opportunistic infectiona. Conjunctivitisb. Parativitis
2. Susceptible to SXT (read at 24hr)3. Tests/Media
a. BAP → yellow, tan or green (smell like ammonia)b. DNase +
i. pink coloniesc. glucose Oxidative → = or Lated. Lysine decarb +e. Maltose +
Alcaligenes
1. Isolated more from clinical spp.2. Water, soil, moist areas of hospital3. Nosocomial4. Has CDC Alcaligenes (they don’t have official names yet )5. Isolated from: blood, urine, knee joint, brain abscess and bronchial washing6. Drug resistant
a. Aztreonamb. Genemycinec. amplicillin,
7. testsa. BAP → greenish discolorationb. Oxidase +c. Indole =d. Is a Asaccharolytic Non-fermenter e. Reduce nitrate and nitrite
Chryseobacterium
1. Soil, vegetation, water (including tap water)
2. C. Indologenesa. causes septicemia in people with indwelling devices
3. C. meningosepticuma. causes septicemia in neonatesb. resistant `to Gram negative antibioticc. Susceptible to Gram positive antibiotics
i. Rifampinii. Clindamycin
iii. Erythromyciniv. SXTv. Vancomycin
4. Testsa. Motility
i. M. septicum =ii. Indologenes +
b. BAP: yellowc. MAC: poorly grown or not at alld. Indole +e. Cat +f. Ox +g. Esculin +h. Gelatinase +i. H₂s +
Fastidious GNRs
1. Organismsa. The HACEK group
i. Haemophilusii. Actinobacillus
iii. Cardiobacteriumiv. Eikenella
v. Kingella
b. Pasteurella
c. Bartonella
d. Legionella
e. Francisella
f. Capnocytophaga
g. Mis.
i. Aeromonas
ii. Plesiomonas
iii. Brucella
h. Pretty much all the “ellas”
The HACEK group
1. In Oral cavity 2. Cause endocarditis3. Very slow growers
a. Cause Bacterial Meningitisb. Vaccine → HIBc. Has capsular-Bd. Causes Pink eye, conjunctivitis, meningitis in kids, & acute epiglottitise. 2nd most common of otitis media
iii. BAP → satellitism in presence of staph aureusiv. Also Require X & V → H. aegyptius & H. hemolyticusv. Porphyrin test
1. Organisms that require X &V can’t break down porphyrin2. H. hem → porphyrin =
a. H. parainfluenza is the only +vi. Grows in 5% CO₂
3. H. parainfluenza4. H. aegyptius
5. H. hemolyticus6. H. para hemolyticus
a. Lower respiratory infecs.i. Is upper res. Normal flora
7. H. ducreyi a. An STD
i. chancroid b. mostly Asia, Africa, & Latin Americac. Grows best 33°Cd. GS school of fish
Pasteurella
1. In gingiva (gums) & nasopharynx of animals 2. P. multocida most common human isolate 3. Transmitted infect. dog/cat into wound or scratch 4. Peritonitis in home care dialysis pat. 5. Small, coccoid, non-motile 6. GS bi polar
a. So is Yersinia, burkholderia 7. Encapsulated8. Musty odor9. Bap Glisten 10. MAC NG ( still WB) 11. Ox, Cat, Indole, Nitrate +12. Use ornithine decarboxylase to differ
Actinobacillus
1. Animal pathogen2. In humans urea hominis, actinomyces chromatins 3. Isolated from blood, CSF, peroneal fluid4. Virulence factor
a. Leukotoxins, endotoxins, b- lactamase producedb. Res penicillin, macrolides,…c. GS → coccoidd. Non motilee. don’t grow on MACf. OX → Vg. Cat +h. Urease, nitrate, indole =i. Confused with Pasteurella, Yersinia, …
Bartonella
1. Causes trench fever & cat scratch disease a. B. quintana → Trench feverb. B. henselae → Cat scratch
2. Cephalitis (brain)3. Hepatitis 4. Antibiotics help liver and spleen infec.5. GS slightly curved6. Aerobic 7. Grow on Bap & Choc.8. Produces two colonies
a. Irregular, rough, molar tooth lookb. Small, tan, pits into agar, Carmel smell
9. ox =10. Cat =11. Urease=12. Indole =
Bordetella
1. Cause of whooping cough a. Cause cyanosis, hernias, mid ear infection, pneumonia, CNS dysfunctions, … b. Virulence Factors
i. Has adhesionsii. Protein toxins ??
iii. Piliiv. Endotoxins v. Survives within macrophages
2. Treatment erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin 3. Don’t use cotton swabs to collect
1. Dog/cat bite infecs2. Usually isolate with Act. israelii 3. Res astrininame, aminoglycosides, vancomycin …4. GS fusiform with thin pointed ends 5. … pleomorphic or
6. Falcutalive anerobes a. 5-10 % Co₂
7. MAC =8. if org is moved yellow pigment9. Sliding/ gliding motility on plate
a. Looks like sweating10. Indole, urease = 11. Decarb =12. Cat, ox +
Cardiobacterium
1. Cause endocarditis2. C. Hominis
a. GS → Rosette Clustersi. Appears GP but is a pleomorphic GNR
b. Cultured on Media with yeast extract c. Requires 5-10% Co₂d. Pits into agare. Hold blood cultures 2-3 weeks
Francella
1. Cause tularensisa. Cause tularemia
2. In small mammals and arthropods3. Transmitted air, H₂O, soil, vegetation, handling ill or dead animals, or infec. Insect bites 4. Mechanical & biological vector animals5. Subspecies
a. F. tularensisi. A.k.a → Bio vars
ii. Most virulentiii. Hunters get it from tick/ deer tick bite, rabbitsiv. Common names tick fever, deer fly fever, rabbit feverv. A facultative intracellular (lives & multiples in macrophage)
vi. Symptoms chills, fever, generalized malaise vii. 6 forms
7. Vurulance a. Encapsulatedb. Can live in phagocytes
8. Res penicillin and cephalosporin’s 9. SES. strepitnomycine10. Tests
a. Non motileb. GNBc. Media cysteine thio sulfate infused media d. Choc. raised, butyraceous (fat) after 10-14 days e. Produces sheen from utilizationf. weak Cat +g. Ox =h. Uses glucose, maltose, sucrose…i. Doesn’t produce gas
Legionella
1. L. pneumophiliaa. Most common one in humansb. In soil & H₂O (including chlorinated H₂O)
i. Mostly likes hot H₂O tanks (40-50°C)c. Primary Cause of Legionellosis
i. A.k.a legionnaries diseasesii. A flu like illness (Pontiac fever)
d. Survives in temps from 0-60°C & PH from 5-8.5e. Reservoir → Aquatic and soil dwelling ameba’sf. Virulence factors
i. Piliii. Endotoxin
iii. Cytotoxiciv. Long filamentsv. …
vi. Facultative intracellularvii. Stimulates phagocytosis & replicates within ovular macrophages & epithial cells
viii. Drugs of choice1. Erythromycin2. Rifampin3. Tetracycline All used together4. fluoroquinolone5. Imacruli azilites???
ix. Tests
1. Urinary antigen test2. Motile3. GS → faint GNR
a. Use carbol fuchsin or crystal violate stainx. Media
1. BCYE (Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract)xi. To ID
i. Extreamly small colonies1. Must examine under microscope
3. Can pass through pores & effect the mucus membranes of the genital & upper res. Track4. Cause cell damage by releasing H₂O₂5. M. genitalium & U. urealyticum
a. Cause NGU (Non-gonococcal urethritis)i. Treatment → Doxycycline
6. M. pneumonia a. Sus to
i. Chloroquinilonesii. Tetracyclines
7. Ureaplasmaa. Common in genital urinary trackb. Ass w BV (bacterial vaginosis) & PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)c. Sus to
i. Doxycyclineii. Tetracycline
8. Distinguished by Urea (release of ammonia)
Glucose Arginine(only for These 2 &
Plesiomonas )
Urea
M. pneumonia + = =M. hominis = + =
M. genitalium + = =U. urealyticum = = +
Misc. GNRs
Aeromonas
1. Found in fresh H₂O2. Transmitted → Food, meat, dairy3. A. caviae
a. Ass w diarrhea & dysenteryb. Symptoms
i. Fever, vomiting, Ab. Pain, nauseac. Don’t “fit” into any specific groupd. Tests
i. Ox, nitrate, indole, VP, Lysine, + (+ or most anything )ii. Ferment w or w/o gas
e. Mediai. Bap → hemolytic
ii. CIN → Pink center1. Look like Yersinia
Plesiomonas Shigelloides
1. Part of Enterobacteriaceaea. Only diff → its OX +
2. Cause diarrehea, fever, dehydration3. Media
a. NLF & Non-sucrose fermentorb. CIN → Clear
4. Testsa. Lysine, ornithine, arginine +’
Brucella
1. Causes Brucellosis
2. 4 Speciesa. B. abortus
i. Cows ii. Only one in humans
b. B. melitensisc. B. suis
i. swined. B. canis
i. Dogs3. Transmitted → Food, contact4. Potential bio-warfare agent5. Ass w granulomas
a. WBC abscesses in the primary lymphoid organs 6. A common lab acquired infection7. Intracellular8. Resist destruction within the phagocyte9. Virulence factors
1. L. interrogans2. Cause leptospirosis (A.k.a Weils disease)3. Transmitted → Contact with infec animal urine4. Occupational hazard for ppl in contact with animal urine
a. Such as ppl. In rice or sugarcane fields5. Entry → abrasions, cuts, or the eye
6. Symptoms look like aseptic meningitis7. Enteric biceric infec8. Treatment penicillin, doxycycline9. GS → tightly coiled spirals with pointed ends (shepherds hook, or crook)10. Motile
a. In blood, urine, CSF, peritoneal fluid11. Obligated aerobe12. 28˚-30˚C13. Media
a. EMJH (ellen-hausen, mccullen Johnson, harris) b. PLM – 5c. Both → .1% Agar olaic acid, albumin, 5 flouracil d. Sealed in darke. Growth → dingers ring ( a band)f. Incubated for 13 weeks
i. Looked at once a week under darkfield mircroscopy14. Anti- enterogans are detected by Pat. Serum with suspension of live or killed bacteria
a. +→ seen→ agglutination aka microagglutination test
Borrelia
1. Causes Lyme disease2. Flagella lie between cell membrane and outer membrane 3. Motility → cork screw or oscillating4. Trans → IXODEX deer tick 5. Babesia (Maltese cross)6. Human infection→ called Borrelia
Species Disease Arthropod vector Animal reservoir
B. burgdorferi Lyme dis. Hard ticks RodentsB. recurrentis Louse-borne relapse
fever Human body lice Humans
B. duttonii Tick-borne relapse fever
Soft ticks Humans
B. hermsii,B. venezuelensis,B. mazzottii
American tick-borne relapse fever
Soft ticks Rodents
Other Tick-borne relapse fever (in countries other than N & S
Soft ticks Rodents
America
Burgdorferi
... Left room for a min…
1. Lyme disease mostly in NA2. 2 IV injection3. Drugs → chephlosporin4. B. Bodorfif → res to trymephyl , sulfur, refambin, aminoglycocydes5. Cause Relapse fevers, treat →tetramycin, & erythromycin6. Loosely coiled7. Gs→ pale pink8. Use dark field microspy
a. Acradine orange9. Media
a. Modified Kelly i. Inc. in dark at 30-33˚C
10. Rotational motility
11.To detect Ab → anti… procedure
Treponema
1. Cause of syphilis 2. + poladium3. Some cause gingivitis4. Virulence factors
a. Can coat itself with host proteins to protect itself from the immune system b. Attach endotheial cells that line blood cells c. Can pass through placenta causing congenital syphilisd. Treat → penicillin e. Very thinf. Used dark field or phase contrast
Species Disease Location
T. Pallidum Venereal Syphilis World wide
T. Pertenue Yaws Caribbean, Indonesia, SA
(Cutaneous lesions) (Tropical regions )T. endemicum Bejel
(oral Pharyngeal & cutaneous lesions)
ARID regions
T. carroteum Pinta(Skin lesions)
Central & South America
Obligate intracellular bacteria
Chlamydia
1. Sexually transmitted 2. Have elemtary bodies ( EB) → metabolicly inactive and infectious 3. Ritic bodies (RBs)
a. Active and non-infectious4. Biphacic elements
EB
1. Survive in extracellular environment (RBs cant)
Stages
a. EB is taken up in the host cellb. EB → RBc. RB combined by bionary fusion forming inclusion bodies d. After 48 hours the multiplication stops and they combine together to form new EBse. Ebs are released from cell by cytolysis
ID’d by
a. Transport media → keep coldb. Cell culture (hella, cell cult)c. PCR → does clam. & gonorreha → uses urine d. Considered energy parasites e. Cause trichimona, inclusion conjunctivitis non gonnicoccal urethritisf. C. pneumonia