Corruption in India

Corruption in INDIA: The Emperor of all Maladies

PUSPESH KASHYAP.

Success Stories

Anti-Corruptions Movements

Major Corruption Scams

Causes & Symptoms

Introduction

Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Agenda

Success Stories

Anti-Corruptions Movements

Major Corruption Scams

Causes & Symptoms

Introduction

Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Agenda

“Corruption” comes from Latin corrupts, meaning utterly broken.

Monetary corruption in the limited sense of bribes, kickbacks and skimming are easily identified than policies that are deliberately skewed (Patel, 2011)

Corruption was always in the news ever since Independence

Introduction

Political

Corporate

Legal &Intellectual

Police

Forms of Corruption

India & Corruption

State-Wise Distribution of Corruption

20.23 Trillion USD Lost Through Corruption in India - Still Counting.mp4

Success Stories

Anti-Corruptions Movements

Major Corruption Scams

Causes & Symptoms

Introduction

Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Agenda

Payment of Bribe Black Money

Presence of Corrupt

Government Officers

No Accountabilit

y

Corruption – Low Risk Activity

No Monitoring

System

Lack of Transparency

Reasons for Corruption - Govt

Improper Accounting of

Sales & Purchases

Political Donations - To Win Contracts

SEZ & Land Acquisitions

Lack of Corporate

Values

High Competition Tax Evasion

Reasons for Corruption – Private Sector

Success Stories

Anti-Corruptions Movements

Major Corruption Scams

Causes & Symptoms

Introduction

Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Agenda

Indian Black Money Scam :

Hassan Ali Khan

CWG :Suresh Kalmadi

2g Spectrum : A Raja

Scorpene Submarine :Ravi

Shankaran

Bofors Arms Deal :Ottavio

Quattrocchi

Coal Gate Satyam :Ramalingam Raju

Adarsh Housing Scam

Major Corruption Scams in INDIA

Case of Driving Licensing Process in DelhiWithout Agent

With Agent

Total Expenditure

Rs.625.88 Rs.1246.92

Know driving

89% 23%

Failed the test

25% 53%

Procedure days

47.64 40.37

CWG Scam

BiddingImproper allocation of contracts Unaccounted money sent to AM films & AM care Hire

Excessive Budget Overrun

Increase taxesRoll back on subsidiesUnnecessary increase in budget for communication, security and traffic

Construction Delays of Games Venues

Prices shot up due to shorter deadlines

PWG Village - Poor Living Conditions

Unhygienic bathrooms, animal, footprints on bedsExposed wiringWater flooding in the buildings

Infrastructural Deficiency

Falling of the over bridgeCanopy erected at the stadium fell

Involvement of Civic Authorities

Sports Authority of India, Organizing CommitteeSuresh Kalmadi(Chairman), Delhi Development Authority

Success Stories

Anti-Corruptions Movements

Major Corruption Scams

Causes & Symptoms

Introduction

Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Agenda

• Jayaprakash Narayan

Total Revolution (1974-77)

• Anna Hazare

India Against Corruption (2011-12)

Anti-Corruption Movements in Independent India

Similarities Differences

Engagement in socially unacceptable and

unconventional behavior

Social Movements Collective Behavior

Organized Unorganized

One individual’s participation influenced by

other’s behaviorIntentional Unplanned

Relieves the tension in society or community or

organizationsLong-Lasting Brief

Social Movement vs. Collective Behaviour

• Nav Nirman Andolan in Gujarat▫ Middle Class and Students against

Corruption▫ Nav Nirman Yuvak Samiti – Lawyers &

Students▫ Elected Government by Chimanbhai Patel

dissolved• Bihar Movement

▫ Political Student Outfits –SYS, AISF, ABVP▫ Corruption and Educational Facilities

• Sampurna Kranti (Total Revolution)▫ Students asked to boycott examination by

Jayaprakash Narayan ▫ Protests to ouster the state government▫ MLAs resigned

Total Revolution Movement

Total Revolution MovementJayaprakash Narayan travelled all across India

Hunger strike by Morarji Desai

Congress lost 1975 Election

Allahabad High Court declared Lok Sabha 1971 election which Indira Gandhi won as void due to electoral malpractice (State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain)

State of EmergencyEmergency declared on midnight of 25 June 1975Janata Party formedFirst non-Congress government in 1977

Emergence of other eminent leaders like

Raj NarainAtal Bihari VajpayeeLal Krishna Advani

Lalu Prasad YadavGeorge FernandesH. D. Deve Gowda

India Against Corruption – A Prelude

•A study conducted by Transparency International in 2005 found that 62% of Indians

had payed bribe

•75% of the participants felt that the corruption trend was increasing

•Annual bribe amount s to the tune of $5 billion

•Most corrupt department is the Police, closely followed by Judiciary and Land

administration

Increasing Reasons/Pressure to Protest

15% of the 542 Lok Sabha and 245 Rajya Sabha MPs face serious criminal charges (Pinto, 2011)Growing no.of corruption scams - 2G scam & CWG 2010, Adarsh Housing Society Scam

Accusations against judiciary

Soumitra Sen, High Court judge of West Bengal faced impeachment by Parliament P. D. Dinakaran, the Chief Justice of Sikkim took voluntary retirement

MPs increasing their salaries, perks and allowances

Almost all politicians involved in land deals, oil scandals, financial scams, mining operations and fraudulent business deals

Company descriptionName

India Against Corruption

Location India

Staff People of India

Website http://www.indiaagainstcorruption.com/

Motto

To rid the Greater Indian nation of corruption wherever it is found by whatever means necessary

History

Inspired by the Hong Kong Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC)

Registered body originally associated with the Hindustan Republican Association founded in 1923

Lokpal bill was initially introduced by Shanti Bhushan in 1968 and passed by Lok Sabha in 1969, but lapsed due to dissolution of the parliament

Nine further versions were introduced in 1971, 1977, 1985, 1989, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2005 and in 2008

Further Information

Social activists like Aruna Roy, Arvind Kejriwal, Prashanti Bhushan, Kiran Bedi, Swami Agnivesh, Mujibur Rehman, Sarbajit Roy, Veeresh Malik and Anna Hazare

Organized mass protests to enact Jan Lokpal Bill in 2011 and 2012

India Against Corruption

Key People Anna Hazare, Sarbajit Roy, Veeresh Malik

29/10/2010

Anti-Corruption Press Conference

IAC Timeline

Protest in Parliament Street Police Station against CWG Corruption

14/11/2010

"Drive around Delhi" protest organized by India Against Corruption

13/03/2011

All India marc h against Corruption

30/01/2011

17/03/2011

Wikileaks' Cash-for-Votes Scandal

05/04/2011

Anna Hazare began his Indefinite Fast at Jantar Mantar for passing Jan Lokpal Bill

07/04/2011

Hazare's strike led to the resignation of Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar from the Group of Ministers on corruption

IAC Timeline

Government agreed to have a 50:50 distribution in the Lokpal bill drafting committee

09/04/2011

Anna Hazare joined the fast

29/07/2012

Team Anna members started an indefinite fast at Jantar Mantar

25/07/2012

03/08/2012

The fast ended. Arvind Kejriwal and Prashant Bhushan announced the formation a new political party

Hazare dissolved the core committee, stating as the Govt is not ready to enact Jan Lokpal Bill, it was decided not to hold any more talks with them

06/08/201106/08/2012

Key Features of Jan Lokpal Bill

To establish a central Lokpal, supported by state Lokayukta

Independent of the government and free from ministerial influence

Members appointed by judges, IAS officers with a clean record, private citizens and constitutional authorities

Investigations of case must be completed in one year

Government work required by a citizen not completed within a prescribed time will result in Lokpal imposing penalties

Losses by a corrupt individual will be recovered at the time of conviction

Complaints against any officer of Lokpal will be investigated and completed within one month and if found guilty, will result in the officer being dismissed within two monthsAnti-corruption agencies such as CVC and the anti-corruption branch of CBI will be merged into Lokpal which will have authority to investigate and prosecute anyoneWhistle-blowers are to be provided with protection

Jan Lokpal Bill (Citizen's Ombudsman Bill) Draft Lokpal Bill (2010)

Lokpal will have powers to initiate suo motu action or receive complaints of corruption from the general public.

Lokpal will have no power to initiate suo motu action or receive complaints of corruption from the general public. It can only probe complaints forwarded by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha or the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Lokpal will have the power to initiate prosecution of anyone found guilty.

Lokpal will only be an Advisory Body with a role limited to forwarding reports to a "Competent Authority".

Lokpal will have police powers as well as the ability to register FIRs.

Lokpal will have no police powers and no ability to register an FIR or proceed with criminal investigations.

Lokpal and the anti corruption wing of the CBI will be one independent body. The CBI and Lokpal will be unconnected.

Punishments will be a minimum of 1 year and a maximum of up to life imprisonment.

Punishment for corruption will be a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of up to 7 years.

Covers all public servants including govt. employees, judges, MPs, Ministers and PM

Covers MPs, Ministers, Officers but excludes PM, judiciary & any action of an MP in the Parliament

ProsCons

• People’s movement• Tracking and Tracing of Black

Money• Forfeiting benami property,

foreign bribery, money laundering, and whistle-blowing bills

• Investigations to complete within a year

• Incentives for successful complaints

• Independent body• Effective usage of social media

• Concentrates on symptoms rather than root cause

• Doesn’t address opaque management of political activities

• False complaints to defame people

• Extremely dangerous to give autonomy to single body

IAC Movement

•Arvind Kejriwal had split with Anna Hazare and launched his political party

“Right to Reject"

law

"Right to Recall"

law

Jan Lokpal to be passed within 15

days

Corrupt ministers be jailed within six months

AAP has promised to bring following changes once it is voted to power

Aam Aadmi Party(Team Kejriwal)

Reasons for Failure

Success Story

Anti-Corruptions Movements

Major Corruption Scams

Causes & Symptoms

Introduction

Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Agenda

Case of Karnataka Lokayukta

Instated under the Karnataka Lokayukta Act 1984

Endowed under Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 with suo moto powers

Lessons for the Lokpal Bill: -Necessity of a strong investigation and prosecution arm-Failure to complete investigations -Presumption of a strong criminal conviction body

Bhoomi, e-governance project in Karnataka

Computer-Aided

Administration of

Registration Department:

AP

Computerized Inter-State

check posts in: Gujarat

Success Stories

Features• Fully online system• Biometric authentication• Accountability• Land record centre• Synchronization• Touch Screen Kiosks

Features• Transparent system• Speedy, efficient, consistent &

reliable• Replacing manual system

Electronic search• Electronic document writing

Features• Electronic weighbridges, video

cameras & computers• 10 remote inter state check posts

computerized• Pre paid card system for payments at

check posts• Minimum intervention by RTO

officers

Success Stories

Anti-Corruptions Movements

Major Corruption Scams

Causes & Symptoms

Introduction

Corrective Measures & Recommendations

Agenda

Measures to Curb Corruption

Government Initiative

Step 1•Adoption of major electoral reforms •Use of existing laws to mandate governments and local authorities so as to empower people with adequate information

Step 2•Greater transparency in the decision-making process to safeguard against ill-pratices•Severe punishment for the guilty •Ineffective Prevention of Corruption Act as number of high level officials punished under this Act is negligible – so strengthening of Anti-Corruption laws

Step 3•Citizen-friendly and people centric public services •Limits on electoral expenditure•Timely audit and its disclosure to help control corruption

Committed political leaders

Business and civil

society that resists

corruption.

Norms and values of society at

large

Preventive measures in

fighting corruption

Strengthen people to

fight corruption.

Role of Society Greater

Transparency &

Public Empowerment

Effective

Punishment

Simplification of Rules &

Procedures

Corruption Mitigation

Effective grievance redress mechanisms

Delivery at all levels of government

Using new technologies where appropriate

Transparency in public governance

Civil society should strive to present actionable ideas and influence institutions

The Way Forward

And the Best Way to STOP Corruption…

ReferencesPatel, G. (2011). What we talk about when we talk about corruption. Economic & Political Weekly, 46(17), pp. 13-16http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/, accessed on 10-03-2013https://globalsociology.pbworks.com/w/page/14711254/Social%20MovementsPinto, A. S. J. (2011). Anna Hazare’s movement and India’s middle class. Social Action, 61(4), pp. 337-349Tummala, K. K. (2009). Combating corruption: lessons out of India, International Public Management Review, 10(1), pp. 34-58Kiran Karnik(6 Nov, 2012). Combating corruption: Try technology as it can be transformationalMarianne Bertrand, Simeon Djankov, Rema Hanna, Sendhil Mullainathan. Corruption in Driving Licensing Process in Delhi, pp. 71-76 Narayana A, Sudhir Krishnaswamy, Vikas Kumar. Lokpal Bill: Lessons from the Karnataka Lokayukta’s Performance, pp.12-16Prashant Bhushan; The Hindu, January 2, 2012 , The saga of the Lokpal Bill

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