2010 AHMAD HUMAIZI BIN MAT NOOR, STUDENT ID: 804239 ASRAF BIN ABDUL RAHMAN, STUDENT ID: 805432 MOHD FADZLY BIN MAHYUDDIN, STUDENT ID: 804274 NOOR HIDAYAH BINTI ABD RAHMAN, STUDENT ID: 804976 The Emergence of Corporate University
2010
AHMAD HUMAIZI BIN MAT NOOR, STUDENT ID: 804239
ASRAF BIN ABDUL RAHMAN, STUDENT ID: 805432
MOHD FADZLY BIN MAHYUDDIN, STUDENT ID: 804274
NOOR HIDAYAH BINTI ABD RAHMAN, STUDENT ID: 804976
The Emergence of Corporate University
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 2
2 Definition of University Corporate University 2
3 History of Corporate University 3
4 Concepts of Corporate University 5
5 What constitutes corporate university 6
6 Growth of Corporate University 7
7 Typology of Corporate University 8
8 Key Features of Corporate University 12
9 Business Case for Setting Up Corporate University 13
10 Five important concepts to consider 14
11 Success Factors for a Corporate University 16
12 Goals and Mission of Corporate University 22
13 Planning for Corporate University 24
14 Examples of Corporate University 26
15 Comparison between Traditional Training Department, Corporate University,
and Traditional University
31
16 The Future of Corporate Universities 32
17 Conclusion 34
18 Reference 35
EMERGENCE OF CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
1 INTRODUCTION1
In the human resources literature of past years a “new” trend in human resources training and
development is described: the corporate university. This concept is rooted in the USA, where
the label first appeared in 1955 with the foundation of the Disney University (Solomon,
1989), and has been continued in Europe and Asia. According to official statistics in the USA
more than 1,800 corporate universities are now in existence; 40 per cent of the Fortune 500
companies have implemented a corporate university (AACSB, 1999).
In recent years the corporate university has become an increasingly significant aspect of
contemporary corporate training and development in Europe (Walton, 1999). In the US, the
development of corporate universities has been widespread, with their current rate of growth
leading researchers to estimate that they will outnumber traditional universities within the
next decade (Prince & Beaver, 2001). This objective of this paper is to explore the
surrounding the emerging role of the corporate university worldwide.
2 DEFINITION OF UNIVERSITY AND CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic
degrees in a variety of subjects. A university provides both undergraduate education and
postgraduate education. The word university is derived from the Latin universitas
magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of teachers and scholars.
A corporate university is an organizational entity dedicated to turning business led learning
into action. It is designed, driven and intricately linked to the company’s business strategy
with the aim of achieving corporate excellence through improved staff performance and a
company-wide culture in which innovation can thrive.
2
The handbook of Corporate University Development (Paton et al; 2000) defines corporate
universities as all initiatives which:
Are wholly owned by a parent work organization
Have as their primary focus the provision of learning opportunities for employees of
the parent organization (even though it may also offer learning to suppliers of
customers)
Utilize symbols and language from the educational sector
In other words, a corporate university is any educational entity that is a strategic tool
designed to assist its parent organization in achieving its goals by conducting activities that
foster individual and organizational learning and knowledge.
3 HISTORY OF CORPORATE UNIVERSITIES
General Motors and General Electric and other large manufacturing firms were some of the
forerunners in the workforce education movement. As early at 1914, companies like these
developed internal training functions to provide workers with the skills necessary to perform
routine jobs. These corporation schools continued throughout the mid-point of the twentieth
century with additional movements toward corporate accreditation for training. All kinds of
industries focused on internal training and development.
While the focus on workplace training continued, the world started to change. Technology
advancements, globalization, the shift from an industrial- to a knowledge-based economy,
3
and increased competition all influenced the way that we worked. Training had to change,
too.
The first corporate universities were conceived in the mid-1950’s as responses to these
changes and today serve as the underpinnings of the corporate university, or strategic
learning, industry. The movement started slowly and gained momentum around 1980 in the
United States. Increased awareness around the concept of strategic learning emerged as the
forerunners were sharing their stories more opening as the initial competitive advantages
were achieved.
In the late 80’s and the early 90’s, American companies began to recognize that a
commitment to lifelong learning with practices in systems thinking and cross-functionality as
introduced by Senge (1990) and explored by Nolan, Goodstein and Pfeiffer (1993) and
Beckhard and Pritchard (1992) among others, was a way to keep up with technological
advancement and global competition. Becoming a learning organization became the desired
status throughout Corporate America.
Achieving that goal meant rethinking the corporate philosophy toward employee
development. Corporate managers accepted the need to educate and continuously re-educate
their employees, but actually making organizational change happen seemed to be an uphill
challenge complicated with union needs and demands, pressures to remain competitive
during the transition periods, and desires to turn profits. Terms like re-engineering, re-
inventing, and organizational change dominated Corporate America. The centralized and
controlled employee development programs of the past would not meet those corporate goals.
4
The choice to become a learning organization coupled with the need to stay competitive
sparked, at least in part, the corporate university movement.
With the end of the Cold War and the relaxing of global trade barriers, globalization became
a dominant factor in corporate learning. What started as an American practice became a
global phenomenon. Corporate universities emerged in companies around the globe. New
thinking around learning models that aligned with particular industries and particular cultures
likewise followed. The corporate university was no longer a movement; it was a critical
business practice.
Thus, changing industry and technology factors as well as new thinking about workplace
learning catalyzed the corporate university concept and movement. This historical
perspective provides a basis for understanding and conceptualizing the corporate university
as it exists today. In its current state, the corporate university is a process by which
organizations integrate strategic, continuous, and results-oriented learning throughout their
entire workforce chains.
4 THE CONCEPTS OF CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
In most cases, corporate universities are not universities in the strict sense of the word. The
traditional university is an educational institution which grants both undergraduate and
postgraduate degrees in a variety of subjects, as well as conducting original scientific
research. In contrast, a corporate university typically limits scope to providing job-specific,
indeed company-specific, training for the managerial personnel of the parent corporation.
Corporate universities are most commonly found in the United States, a nation which has no
5
official legal definition of the term "university". Perhaps the best known corporate university
is the Hamburger University operated by McDonald's Corporation in Chicago.
5 WHAT CONSTITUTES OF A CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
Despite increasing attention being given to the role and development of corporate
universities, the debate as to what constitutes a corporate university remains. A review of the
literature reveals the two broad themes which can be identified.
The first is the functional approach, where the corporate university focuses on day-to-day
training issues. As Meister (1998: 29) notes that corporate universities are essentially the 'in-
house' training facilities that have sprung up because of the frustration of business with the
quality and content of post-secondary education on the one hand, and the need for life-long
learning on the other. They have evolved at many organisations into strategic umbrellas for
educating not only employees, but also secondary customers and suppliers.
The key elements drawn from this approach are the focus on basic skills and the need to
develop consistent and uniform knowledge, skills and ability across an organisation and its
network of customers and suppliers to ensure consistent quality of product and/or service.
The second theme is the strategic approach linked to the long-term development of the
organisation’s human capital. Walton’s (1999: 412) definition emphasises the strategic focus
of knowledge creation and management across the whole organisation when defining
corporate universities. He states: The notion of a corporate university is becoming
6
increasingly fashionable as an overarching designation for formal learning and knowledge
creation activities and processes in an organisation.
There are a number of common elements to both constitution, including a focus on formal in-
house training and development and an on-going investment to improve an organisation’s
human capital.
This second approach fits with a key theory in the area of human resource development; that
of human capital theory, which links investment in the organisation’s key asset, employees,
to increased productivity and sustained competitive advantage (Schultz, 1959; Becker, 1964;
Smith,1998). Because such investment can lead to the employee adding value and being
retained by the organisation through incentives such as career progression, increased security
and higher remuneration, the firm's resource base is enhanced. This can be linked to the
resource based view of the firm where an organisation develops these resources in such a way
that they become rare, valuable and difficult to imitate, further developing the organisations
competitive advantage.
6 GROWTH OF CORPORATE UNIVERSITIES
Organizations around the globe continue to adopt the corporate university concept. The
corporate university concept involves a process not necessarily a place by which all levels of
employees (and sometimes customers and suppliers) participate in learning experiences
necessary to improve job performance and enhance business impact. Although the actual
number of corporate universities is difficult to pinpoint, some estimate that more than 2,000
exist in the United States.
7
More importantly, the trend continues to grow. It began in North America and has spread to
Europe, Asia, and the rest of the world in a limited manner. Organizations have invested
heavily in this concept, sometimes with a price as high as 5 percent of payroll compensation.
This heavy investment has brought increased concerns and demands for account-ability.
Consequently, a corporate university must show how it impacts the organization. If its value
is questionable and it is not perceived as an important part of the strategic and operational
framework of the organization, it could very well disappear.
7 TYPOLOGY OF CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
Attempts have been made to categorise the corporate university in order to understand their
role and focus. Walton (1999) has categorised corporate universities by placing them in an
evolutionary or generational context, linking the development of corporate universities to the
changing work environment.
This generational structure, describes a ‘First-Generation’ corporate university as
characterised by formal, narrow training, specific to the organisation, uniform products, and a
standardised approach to work organisation.
‘Second-Generation’ corporate universities, Walton argues, emerged as a response to the
increasing competition and market volatility in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as
organisations sought ways to increase organisational flexibility and responsiveness. The
subsequent 'delayering' of hierarchies enabled decision making to be pushed down the
8
organisation, thus empowering employees to become responsible for the work, broadening
the approach to training and development.
Finally, Walton (1999) describes the development of ‘Third-Generation’ corporate
universities, which are a reflection of technology advancements and the move to a virtual
mode of communicating training.
Whilst Walton's typology is useful in linking the development of corporate universities to the
changing environment, for analysis purposes, this evolutionary framework is one dimensional
and too static in its assumption of uniformity in type and development. The dynamic
environment within which many organisations operate requires a variety of responses to
training, development and knowledge management across different organisational levels.
Shifting responses and strategies are required by a corporate university to remain effective
and relevant, as a wide range of learning experiences for both employees and management
are developed. This is essential if the corporate university is to be a central part of human
resource development strategies.
In this context, Taylor and Patton (2002) have developed a typology which provides a more
dynamic approach to understanding corporate universities. Taylor and Paton (2002) have
framed the development of corporate universities along two dimensions: learning continuum
and spatial organisation. The spatial organisation axis defines the 4 location of the corporate
university as a physical entity, like a traditional university campus, or a 'virtual' campus',
delivering training and learning to the workplace online. The second axis or continuum of
learning ranges from a narrow training focus (for example firm specific and vocational
9
training), through to broader developmental programs (for example professional development
and research). These latter organisations will seek a longer-term approach to managing and
investing in their human resources, using for example, management development centres and
traditional universities, as the focus of such development and exchange. The two dimensions
offered by Taylor and Paton provide a clear insight into the role and function of the corporate
university, and thus allow for a clearer interpretation of the corporate university focus.
Taylor and Paton (2002) combined these two dimensions in a model, to develop a (quadrant)
typology of corporate universities. Both Type and 1 and 2 corporate universities could be
described as taking a functional approach. The emphasis is on cost effective training delivery,
and the ability to incorporate training into work schedules at appropriate times with minimal
disruption. In other words, it is subordinate to the organisation of work.
10
Taylor and Paton describe the Type 3 style of corporate university as 'The 'Chateau
Experience'. This is in effect, the traditional management college, where face-to-face courses
are run. Often in partnership with accredited universities this approach provides an
opportunity for more in-depth development of staff, detached from the everyday work
environment for time periods of days, up to weeks at a time. Often associated with
management courses, they are linked to long-term developmental skills. The final type - Type
4 - is described as the 'Polymorphous University'.
The name reflects the dynamic environment within which many organisations operate, and
thus, the shifting responses and strategies required by this type of corporate university to
remain effective and relevant. This approach attempts to include a wide range of learning
experiences for both employees and management, and is the most strategic of all the
approaches, as it actively seeks to engage all levels of the organisation. To achieve this, in-
house training is blended with the building of alliances with centres of higher education to
provide professional and independent input.
Taylor and Paton's approach provides a dynamic framework in which organisation can move,
change and develop their position in the matrix to reflect a transformation in the focus of their
corporate university. More significantly, it allows for testing and analysis of corporate
universities to determine their focus as either functional or strategic.
11
8 KEY FEATURES OF CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
Since the early 80’s quite a number of blue chips companies have set up their own corporate
universities in the US and more and more European large companies have followed this trend
with the setting up of various kinds of "corporate training centers", "corporate learning
centers", "corporate universities or campuses". The main purpose of these in house facilities
is to provide the managers with the adequate and specific professional training , but also to
improve internal communications and networking, to build the corporate identity and culture,
to explain and to justify the corporate strategy, etc.
This movement appeared as a response to a real need for big companies with a large number
of managers and executives scattered in various geographical areas and with different cultural
backgrounds, who must act along the same corporate values, professional know how and
aligned leadership.
The corporate university plays the role of a powerful "unifying" tool for the managers. Its
main functions are the internal communication, the dissemination of the corporate culture and
of the professional knowledge. It also has a very important "integration" function for the
young or recently recruited managers (as well as in case of another company acquisition) for
the alignment of the type of management and leadership.
We must notice that corporate universities are also a HRD tools which may allow, besides
their classical professional training role, to identify the "high potential" managers as well as
to improve the internal mobility of the managers. The corporate university appears more and
12
more as a powerful and efficient instrument to facilitate the necessary managerial and
organisational changes resulting from the global corporate strategy implementation.
9 BUSINESS CASE FOR SETTING UP CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
A Corporate University is a portal within a company through which all education takes place.
Corporate universities link an organization’s strategies to the learning goals of its audiences.
It functions as the umbrella for a company’s total education requirements – for employees
and the entire business chain, including customers and suppliers.
How is a Corporate University different from a traditional company training department? By
nature of the way each operates. Training departments tend to deliver training in a
fragmented, decentralized way – and it is usually reactionary. Training departments usually
offer a wide array of open enrollment courses, but with different departments participating
sporadically based on their own ‘perceived’ needs. The Corporate University philosophy is
very different from this, pulling together all learning in an organization by managing
education as a business initiative. It has clear goals and long-term strategic plans. It is
proactive. Most important: a corporate university’s activities are linked to business goals. The
"best practice" of creating a Corporate University can shape the culture of a company by
fostering leadership, creative thinking, and problem solving. Corporate universities are
designed to provide employees with practical business knowledge, managerial competence,
and task-oriented education – all aimed at making an organization more competitive.
13
10 FIVE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS TO CONSIDER
The most successful employers realize the need to invest corporate resources in maintaining
the skills of their employees. Establishing a Corporate University is one of the best ways to
manage employee development as a needed business function. Steps to Success: Five ideas
for starting a Corporate University at YOUR organization
a. Work with management to create a long-term educational vision.
The process of starting a Corporate University is a collaborative one. Gather together all
levels of management at your organization and create a shared vision of the future. What sort
of company do you want to be? Will your core business change? What about your employee
base? Communicate your vision to the entire organization and keep on communicating it. Let
employees know about future plans for the Corporate University and get them excited about
it.
b. Link the proposed training strategy with corporate business goals.
Use the vision to draft outlines of the needed employee skills and share with corporate
leaders. Stress the need to align skills with corporate goals and objectives. Traditionally the
relationship between training and specific business goals has been weak. Companies invest
thousands of dollars in training programs without any idea of how the training will improve
their bottom line or achieve business goals. Aligning your company’s business initiatives
with an annual training plan is essential in creating a successful Corporate University
program.
14
c. Decide on your delivery method.
Technology has enabled training to be delivered in a number of different ways, from video-
based and multimedia CD-ROM courses to teleconferencing and distance learning.
Sometimes traditional classroom-based training is the best and most cost effective method –
sometimes not. Investigate all of your options, and think about the requirements of your
employee-base. Also consider where training will be conducted. For example, at employee
workstations, in a company classroom, offsite, etc.
d. Partner with training vendors and traditional colleges for maximum results.
Partnering with outside sources of education is a great way to get the most out your training
dollars to create dynamic training programs. Calling on assistance from local community
colleges, universities, and outside training organizations can open the door to innovative
educational solutions. For example, a large Call Center and their local Community College
teamed up to create an associate’s degree program in customer service – benefiting the
company and the college. To potentially save money, choose specific ‘key’ learning
institutions to partner with to deliver your long-range training. If you partner with just a few
training vendors they will get to know your organizations needs better and most likely will
provide you extra services if you treat them as a strategic partner. Consider including them in
your annual training planning process.
e. Prepare a funding strategy and budget.
Because funding a Corporate University can be very costly upon startup, some companies
expect that the Corporate University will become self-funded or even generate income. How?
By setting up training programs like a traditional university and charging tuition to their
15
internal business clients, as in the ‘fee-for-services’ strategy. Another way to create a self-
funded Corporate University is to copyright and market your in-company training programs
to your outside customers and suppliers. Your local consultant can assist you with this type of
planning. Of course, a well thought-out preliminary budget will determine what funding
initiatives your organization needs to pursue. And if your training programs meet the
company’s business goals, the Corporate University will pay for itself many times over in
increased profits and employee morale and well being.
11 SUCCESS FACTORS FOR A CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
a. Clarify Role and Strategy
Corporate universities are created for different purposes. Some are developed to bring fresh
life to the old training and development department. Others are designed to bring change and
embrace a variety of new strategies and initiatives. Still others are meant to sustain a
successful and effective culture. Disney University, one of the oldest corporate universities,
was created to sustain a culture created by Walt Disney.
Whatever the reason, the specific role of the corporate university needs to be clarified so the
organization recognizes its purpose, mission, vision, values and strategic focus. More
importantly, the strategic plan must clearly connect and link to organizational strategy.
Sometimes there is confusion as to the products and services provided by a corporate
university when compared to other learning units. When there are unclear expectations, roles
and objectives, the corporate university is perceived as just another channel for training and
not a strategic player in the organization game.
16
b. Always Have a Champion
As with any major change process or highly visible entity, the corporate university should
have a visible, high-level champion. The champion is an executive or top administrator who
is willing to support the corporate university in achieving its mission. This support includes
providing input into the strategy, communicating the strategy and, when necessary, bringing
less supportive members of the upper echelon into the field. Without this true champion who
can influence genuine support from other managers and executives, long-term sustainability
is difficult. During the development and growth of Motorola University in the 1980s and
1990s, the champion was the Motorola CEO, Robert Galvin. Since Galvin’s departure,
Motorola University has all but disappeared and is now outsourced.
c. Establish Proper Governance
This issue is more difficult to address if the corporate university has been in existence for
some time.In the early stages of development, corporate university leadership must decide on
reporting relationships and the operating board. Should it report to HR, the COO, a marketing
executive, the CFO or the CEO? Because traditional training and development is perceived as
part of HR, the corporate university often reports directly to the human resources function.
However, it may be more appropriate for the corporate university to report to a higher-level
executive to provide more visibility. The second issue involves the direction or overall
governance through a board of advisors, trustees or directors. While a board can sometimes
be created to demonstrate perceived support, it is more important to have a board that can
actually provide input.
17
d. Align With Business Needs
The programs, solutions and services of the corporate university must be aligned with the
business. This alignment is developed during the initial analysis leading to the
implementation of the learning solution. The analysis ensures that a business need can be met
with the solution. Appropriate performance analyses develop the connection between the
business need and the learning solution. If this alignment is not made, it is difficult to connect
the corporate university to business value and ultimately show the success of the university.
e. Address Performance Improvement
Closely related to the alignment issue is the process of addressing non-training/non-learning
solutions. When a request for a learning solution is made, how the corporate university
addresses the issue is extremely important, though it often creates a variety of problems. For
example, corporate universities are often perceived as learning providers, offering a specific
type of solution for a need.
In reality, the need may be better addressed with a non-learning solution. In most cases, the
corporate university does not have a charter to offer a mix of solutions. Some corporate
universities attempt to utilize a results-based approach, exploring the non-training issues, and
then hand off potential solutions to other providers
f. Pursue a Variety of Learning-Transfer Strategies
One of the disappointments for learning organizations is the limited transfer of learning to the
job. This problem often stems from dysfunctional processes in work environments that inhibit
18
transfer of learning into workplace performance. Creating a variety of practices to enhance
the transfer of learning can help overcome this challenge.
The process usually begins with analysis of the work environment as new learning initiatives
are undertaken. This analysis can translate into design issues, delivery processes and even
appropriate communications to the participants in learning solutions. A variety of
stakeholders must understand their role and take necessary action to support the transfer of
learning. Saturn Corp.’s corporate university involves up to 11 stakeholder groups to
determine if the learning-transfer process is successful.
g. Develop Partnerships With Key Executives
The corporate university exists at the pleasure of the management team. While corporate
universities may have initial support from top executives, a critical group of managers are
those in the middle— those who allocate resources, provide funding, allow individuals to
participate in programs and generally support the corporate university concept. Too often,
corporate university staff members shun operating managers—particularly those at middle to
upper levels. They prefer to operate in their isolated roles, developing programs to meet
specific learning needs. The challenge, therefore, is to develop positive relationships so that
they can work effectively to help resolve issues and business problems confronting this key
group, even when managers do not want to partner.
h. Manage the Corporate University as a Business
The corporate university has an operating budget just as other functions in the organization.
Fiscal management is just as important as delivering a variety of world-class programs. Top
executives seek accountability and responsibility from every department head, not just those
19
in sales and operation. Operating within the budget, delivering programs efficiently,
managing vendor relationships productively and ensuring that the function provides excellent
customer service to all parties is an important aspect of running the corporate university. This
also includes allocating the appropriate resources to analysis, design, development,
implementation and evaluation, and streamlining the “make versus buy” decision.
i. Demonstrate the Value of the Corporate University
Top executives are asking corporate universities to thoroughly demonstrate their value to the
organization. A typical approach is to develop a corporate university scorecard, showing the
value of all programs using qualitative and quantitative data. The challenge is to move
beyond the traditional approach of counting “inputs”—such as the number of people served,
the number of hours, costs, etc.—to show the contribution in terms of application, impact and
occasional ROI studies. An effective evaluation system allows a micro-level scorecard to be
developed around each program, even if only reaction is measured, and to roll up the data to a
macro-level scorecard, showing the contribution of the corporate university on a weekly,
monthly, quarterly or annual basis (or even instantaneously).
j. Stay Relevant to the Customer
Corporate university leaders must avoid becoming out of touch with the customer. Corporate
university clients need content delivered locally, with products and services that are relevant
to the participants’ and the organization’s needs. Programs need to be unique and customized,
using “just in time,” “just enough” and “just for me” as a guide. While this is difficult, it is
achievable with today’s technology and modular formats.
20
k. Involve Managers and Specialists in the Learning Cycle
The higher the level of executive involvement, the more the corporate university appears to
be a part of the organization. Managers should be involved in all phases of the learning
process, with some serving in active roles, such as facilitating programs or in review and
advisory roles. Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric, is a classic role model for this
level of involvement. For years, he devoted several days each month to work at GE’s
management institute. This effort not only enriched the programs, but also provided the
impetus for other executives to become involved. The key point is to get executives and
managers involved without consuming much of their time.
l. Market the Corporate University in a Strategic and Subtle Way
Every entity needs marketing and branding for visibility, acceptance and success, and a
corporate university is no different. Marketing communicates the purpose, role, scope and
success. Branding is important so that the internal stakeholders understand what the corporate
university represents. A consistent and subtle approach is needed. Problems can surface when
marketing too much, turning off managers or even participants, or when marketing too little,
choosing instead to be the organization’s best-kept secret. A balance between the two
extremes is necessary.
Corporate universities can be a driving force in an organization. They can add value, drive
change and contribute to the growth and development of the overall enterprise, but only if the
corporate university is connected to the business, relevant, managed in a productive, efficient
manner and valuable to the organization. The success factors identified in this article are
21
review points to judge the success of the corporate university and provide the impetus for
sustained improvement, change and growth.
12 GOALS AND MISSION OF A CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
Corporate universities are set up for a variety of reasons, but most organizations have the
same basic needs. These are to:
Organize training
Start and support change in the organization
Get the most out of the investment in education
Bring a common culture, loyalty, and belonging to a company
Remain competitive in today's economy
Retain employees
Corporate Universities offer valuable training and education to employees, but they also help
organizations retain and promote key employees. Although a CU may sound attractive, there
is a lot of work that goes into the planning and implementation of such a project.
22
Mission of Corporate University
1. Participant satisfaction
2. Cognitive acquired knowledge
3. Technical skill acquisition
4. Attitude and perception change
5. Individual behavioral change
6. Individual behavioral change regarding application of new knowledge
7. Critical mass change
8. Culture change
For Example:
At McDonald’s, their training mission is to be the best talent developer of people with the
most committed individuals to Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value (QSC&V) in the
world. Our strong commitment to the training and development of their People has resulted in
many “firsts” and honours, including below:
The first restaurant company to develop a global training centre
The only active QSR currently to receive college credit recommendations from the
American Council on Education (ACE), the United States’ oldest and most
recognized unifying body for higher education
Continually recognized for excellence in training
23
13 PLANNING FOR A CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
Before planning a Corporate University a corporation should conduct a full learning audit and
assessment, a series of design workshops, the creation of a business case and
recommendations to senior management, implementation, and finally, further
recommendations and review. One of the most important goals is to ensure that the project
has support from the CEO down.
There are ten steps to implementing and sustaining a successful corporate university. These
steps are:
i. Executives or top management of an organization must form a governing body for the
corporate university, much like that of a traditional university, which will establish
and profess the organization's commitment to the program.
ii. The vision or strategic plan of the corporate university must be crafted;
thereby,determining the organization's goals for the program.
iii. The organization must then recommend a funding strategy. Most commonly,
corporate universities are either funded through corporate allocations or through
charges placed on individual business unit budgets.
iv. Next the organization must determine its audience or stakeholders who will use the
corporate university service.
v. In addition to determining the audience, the organization must also determine how the
needs of the audience will be met while continually pursuing the strategic goal of the
corporate university.
24
vi. Following the completion of the above tasks, corporate university organizers must
develop a template for how products and services will be designed to achieve
university goals.
vii. The organization must also select suppliers, consultants, traditional universities and
for-profit firms who will act as learning partners, if appropriate.
viii. The use of technology and resources to be used by the corporate university must then
be determined.
ix. Additionally, a measurement system should be developed that will allow the
organization to continually monitor its progress against the university's strategic
goals.
x. Lastly, the governing body must communicate the vision of the corporate university
constantly and consistently. All stakeholders should be made aware of the mission,
products and programs that make up their organization's corporate university.
These steps may need to be tweaked to align with the size or goals of your organization.
Corporate Universities can be outsourced to a consulting firm or planned and implemented in
house. It is a growing trend for organizations to partner with traditional universities. A
traditional university brings organization, structure, and faculty. Universities are often
interested in Corporate Universities opportunities because of the economic gain. There are a
number of consulting firms that will help you to set up you Corporate University, but that can
become very expensive. This process can also take a long time, sometimes up to a two years.
Forming a cross functional team of business stakeholders can be used to launch the corporate
university.
25
14 EXAMPLES OF CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
i. Walt Disney
ii. Boeing,
iii. Motorola.
iv. Hamburger University
Hamburger University is a 130,000 square foot (12,000 m²) training facility of McDonald's
Corporation, located at 2815 Jorie Boulevard in Oak Brook, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.
This corporate university was designed to instruct personnel employed by McDonald's in the
various aspects of the business. Over 70,000 managers have graduated from the institution
and it has 30 resident professors.
Today, Hamburger University is on an 80 acre (320,000 m²) campus with 19 full-time
international resident instructors to teach students from more than 119 countries. The state-
of-the-art facility includes 13 teaching rooms, a 300 seat auditorium, 12 interactive education
team rooms, and 3 kitchen labs. Hamburger University translators can provide simultaneous
translation, and the faculty has the ability to teach in 28 different languages. Restaurant
employees receive about 32 hours of training in their first month with McDonald's and more
than 5,000 students attend Hamburger University each year.
Hamburger University was founded in 1961, at a McDonald's restaurant in Elk Grove
Village, Illinois. In the early 1960s, the first students had to complete strictly required courses
such as chemistry, marketing, and cooking so that when they graduated, they would be able
to create formulas to increase the profit of the company. Many of those with a "McDegree"
26
were able to get jobs in a lab where they could invent new ways to enhance the food in an
economical way.
Curriculum
They have three different types of courses: Business specific courses, organizational learning
and communication classes, and management and executive training. What your company
decides to offer will depend on your needs (such as sales training, marketing, or soft skills)
and your company's business (like manufacturing, consulting, or technology).
Most CUs offer a blended curriculum of online and in person classes. Some organizations
offer courses during the workday while other offer them at varying times. Courses can be
short workshops or longer, more traditional courses.
Unlike traditional universities, CUs demand a return on their investment. There must be
concrete evidence that the classroom is delivering results. Many CUs provide hands-on and
team learning as a more effective alternative to lecture-based courses, but all CUs agree that
what is learned in the classroom should be directly applicable to the work environment.
For example:
Their curriculum is delivered using a combination of classroom instruction, hands-on lab
activities, goal-based scenarios and computer e-learning modules.
Like the UN, we have interpreters working with them, and they have the ability to teach in 28
languages including Spanish, German, French, Japanese and Mandarin Chinese.
27
McDonald’s employees align training with their specific career paths, including development
paths for crew, restaurant managers, mid-managers and Executives.
The Crew Development curriculum is developed and supported by the professionals at
Hamburger University and facilitated in the restaurant. For crew, this serves as a
foundation for management and support-staff career paths.
Restaurant Managers progress their way through Shift Management and Systems
Management courses while attending one of our 22 regional training centers. Once these
courses have been completed, managers attend Hamburger University where they learn
the additional knowledge and skills they need to run a multi-million dollar restaurant.
The Mid-Management learning path at Hamburger University is for business consultants
and department heads. It builds on their leadership and consulting skills, teaching
individuals how to effectively operate a business and how to coach and consult with
others to run great restaurants.
The Executive Development learning path helps reinforce ongoing business and
leadership skills for top management. The courses available at Hamburger University
build upon the leadership competencies needed to support employees, owner/operators
and sales growth.
Cutler-Hammer University
Cutler-Hammer University (CHU), the corporate university of Milwaukee-based Cutler-
Hammer—a division of the Eaton Corporation, which manufactures electrical distribution
equipment controls components—is quite aggressive in its approach to marketing. In addition
to standard marketing vehicles (email announcements, posters, a brochure, a
printed/electronic course catalog, and a web site), CHU also markets its programs through
28
trade shows, open houses, videos, CD-ROMs, extensive branding, and PR targeted to both
specific industry publications and universities from which it recruits. CHU is also regularly
promoted through a column in two company newsletters—one for employees, and one for
distributors.
“We make sure that we’re included in all of our corporate marketing programs,” says Molly
Murphy education manager of Cutler-Hammer University. This type of “co-op marketing”—
with both internal and external (vendors,etc.) business partners—is becoming increasingly
common as corporate universities establish relationships across parent organizations’
business units and the entire value chain.
A joint marketing approach is important to a corporate university like CHU that serves four
different audiences—employees, channel partners (distributors), industry (trade associations
and customers), and academia (faculty who use CHU’s online programs and campus
recruiting offices). Such an approach allows the corporate university to expand its reach and
more effectively tailor its marketing message to different audiences. The marketing vehicles
used to communicate to these different groups vary because the message varies; also, access
to the different groups varies, so some tools work better than others. For example, CHU has
more access to Cutler-Hammer employees, so posters found throughout company facilities
and the firm’s intranet are effective vehicles. For the distributors, ads and articles in their
newsletters have proven to be a successful marketing vehicle.
(http://www.corpu.com/site_media/journal/2000/may_june00.pdf)
NCR University
29
NCR University, a division of the Global Learning organization of Dayton’s NCR (which
manufactures ATMs, scanners, and provides data warehousing solutions), is a globally
focused corporate university whose marketing strategy is appropriately broad in its scope and
methodologies. One of NCR University’s most notable marketing vehicles is its satellite
broadcasts of self-produced commercials. These one- to two-minute spots employ scenarios
that begin with titles and end with tag lines that communicate the corporate university’s
values, such as “Work Smarter”; “You’ve Got Plans, That’s Why We’re Here”; and “Success
Through Sharing.” The company screens these commercials on monitors deployed
throughout its facilities around the world. In addition to commercials, the broadcasts include
schedules of upcoming events and other training information. NCR University also holds
open houses around the world where representatives demonstrate the online component of the
university NCR University, like some other corporate universities, makes extensive use of
other marketing resources at the company that are not directly related to learning. “We
leverage all of the company’s communication vehicles,” says Bradley Luckhaupt, vice
president of global learning. “We have our own newsletter, The Learning Curve, that we
customize for each business unit, but we also do a lot of cross-linkage. We’re a part of human
resources and we’re linked—through a database—to all HR communications, so programs
we’re doing are automatically put into HR communications as they go out.”
( http://www.corpu.com/site_media/journal/2000/may_june00.pdf)
15 COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL TRAINING DEPARTMENT, CORPORATE UNIVERSITY, AND TRADITIONAL UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY CHARACTERISTICS: REMARKS
30
CORPORATE UNIVERSITY
Board of governance link learning to business strategies Speed and reach competency leaders Supply virtual network/ capability partnership with strategic alliances
An engine for knowledge capital that creates and enhances value for the Corporation. It is often deployed by an organization to enhance learning to respond to the future business challenges. Primary vehicle to develop and grow future leaders for the corporation. Often headed by the Chief Learning Officer who is directed by a high level Board and responsible for the realization of the “Learning Vision”.
CORPORATE LEARNING CENTRE
“Business Heads” council proactively build courses develops individual and team competencies leadership developmentLearning centre facility partnership with learning solutions providers
Provides specific requested and planned “ Courses” and supports specific On Job Training activities. Often acts as the coordinator for employees to acquire “Learning” for career development and job performance proactively. Often headed by a Training Manager who Is driven by Annual Training Calendar and Budget. Cover the whole Corporation to promote integration.
TRAINING CENTRE or DEPT.
Scattered training units reactively source courses addresses skill issues coordinate request for external courses
Provides generic requested short-term “ Courses” and supports specific “Job Skills Training” activities. Often the coordinator for employees who request for “External Program”. Part of an Organization that view Training as a expense and handle performance issues reactively. Often headed by a Training Officer who is driven by “Training Budget”.
16 THE FUTURE OF CORPORATE UNIVERSITIES
Corporate universities, like other lines of business within an enterprise, have customers and
other stakeholders whose wants need to be satisfied. They operate in an environment subject 31
to demographic, technological, and political trends that could affect their business. The
leaders of corporate universities need to define the business situation they face so as to
leverage their university’s strengths, minimize its problems, actively seek out and select
opportunities, and protect against threats. To treat a corporate university as a staff function or
support activity is likely to lead to the demise of the university. Corporate universities - if
they are to persist past a faddish stage of lip service to “learning organizations” - should be
managed as lines of business serving the learning needs of internal, and at times external,
personnel.
a) The corporate university business
The production of talent in every organization has become a business - a business that we
should examine as such. In order to determine the success factors in a business, an
environmental assessment is typically conducted and the current business situation is
examined. This information is used to identify alternative strategies to accomplish key
objectives. Alternatives are then examined in light of those critical factors that analysis, logic,
and intuition suggest are key in moving the organization toward its vision (Stumpf, 1993).
We begin by examining the corporate university environment.
b) The corporate university environment
A business, like a fish in the ocean, has many different environments. Fish may see their
environment as water, or water and photoplankton (food for many fish), or water,
photoplankton, other fish, predators, sunken ships, algae, and so on.
The “right” definition of the corporate university’s environment, much like the fish’s
environment, depends on what external factors affect the university over time as it attempts to
32
achieve its objectives. The environment will change for many reasons, most of which are
outside of the control of the university. Some changes will adversely affect it, others may
have no effect on it, and still others may benefit it.
Three areas of the corporate university environment require particular attention: stakeholder
wants, competitive alternatives, and trends that could affect business education. Failure to
assess and reassess these aspects of the environment will hamper the analyses which follow
and lower the quality of decisions based on such analyses.
c) Corporate university stakeholder wants
The stakeholders in a corporate university are many, but four stakeholder groups are critical
to its survival and effectiveness: participants (typically company employees), instructors,
senior management (through their resources and ongoing sponsorship), and past participants
(those who have attended previous programs or programs at the corporate university). While
the wants of individual stakeholders may change over time as one moves from a participant
role, to a past participant role, to possibly a senior management role, the wants of each
stakeholder group are fairly well known. Some of these wants are widely shared across
stakeholder groups - for example, all stakeholders want the corporate university to provide its
participants with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) necessary for individuals and
the organization to perform at high levels of efficiency and effectiveness as a result of
participation in the program.
d) The corporate university threats
33
Threats, things that could go wrong within the corporate university, are as numerous as are
the corporate university opportunities. To list them all would be demoralizing. However,
identifying a few might stimulate thought and change. Consider the following threats which
could materialize by the year 2000:
• the price-value relationship offered is not accepted by senior management;
• the proliferation of specialized programs cannibalizes the corporate university core
curriculum concept; resources get spread too thin and enrollments decrease;
• economic conditions become severe – educational efforts are curtailed.
• senior instructors do not retire and younger hopefuls are denied this career path – the
quality of education suffers as the more senior instructors lose touch with new educational
techniques or the changing business environment.
CONCLUSION
Corporate universities can be a driving force in an organization. They can add value, drive
change and contribute to the growth and development of the overall enterprise, but only if the
corporate university is connected to the business, relevant, managed in a productive, efficient
manner and valuable to the organization. The success factors identified in this article are
review points to judge the success of the corporate university and provide the impetus for
sustained improvement, change and growth.
REFERENCE
34
AACSB (1999), “Corporate universities emerge as pioneers in market-driven education –
1999 survey of corporate university future directions”, AACSB Newsline, Spring,
available at: wwwaacsbedu/publications/printnewsline/NL1999/
Becker, G.S. (1964), Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis with Special Reference to
Education,Colombia University Press, New York, NY.
Meister, J.C. (1998), Corporate Universities – Lessons in Building a World-class Workforce,
McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
Paton, R., Peters, g. Storey, J Taylor, S. (20050 Handbook of Corporate University
Development, Gower, USA
Paton, Rob; Geoff Peters, John Storey and Scott Taylor (2005). Handbook of Corporate
University Development: Managing Strategic Learning Initiatives in Public and Private
Domains. Gower Publishing, Ltd.
Price, C. and Beaver, G. (2001), “The rise and rise of the CU: the emerging corporate
learning agenda”, The International Journal of Management Education, Vol. 1 No. 3,
pp. 17-26.
Solomon, C.M. (1989), “How does Disney do it?”, Personnel Journal, Vol. 68 No. 12, pp. 50
Schultz, T. (1959), “Investment in man: an economist’s view”, The Social Service Review.,
Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 109-17.
Smith, A. (1998), Training and Development in Australia, 2nd ed., Butterworth.
Taylor, S. and Paton, R. (2002), Corporate Universities – Historical Development,
Conceptual Analysis and Relations with Public-Sector Higher Education, The
Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, London.
Walton, J. (1999), “Human resource development and the CU”, in Walton, J. (Ed.), Strategic
35
Human Resource Development, Pearson Education, London, pp. 412-37.
36