Biology guide 25 25 Syllabus Syllabus content Recommended teaching hours Core 95 hours Topic 1: Cell biology 15 1.1 Introduction to cells 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells 1.3 Membrane structure 1.4 Membrane transport 1.5 The origin of cells 1.6 Cell division Topic 2: Molecular biology 21 2.1 Molecules to metabolism 2.2 Water 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids 2.4 Proteins 2.5 Enzymes 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA 2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation 2.8 Cell respiration 2.9 Photosynthesis Topic 3: Genetics 15 3.1 Genes 3.2 Chromosomes 3.3 Meiosis 3.4 Inheritance 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
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Biology guide 2525
Syllabus
Syllabus content
Recommended
teaching hours
Core 95 hours
Topic 1: Cell biology 15
1.1 Introduction to cells
1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
1.3 Membrane structure
1.4 Membrane transport
1.5 The origin of cells
1.6 Cell division
Topic 2: Molecular biology 21
2.1 Molecules to metabolism
2.2 Water
2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
2.4 Proteins
2.5 Enzymes
2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
2.8 Cell respiration
2.9 Photosynthesis
Topic 3: Genetics 15
3.1 Genes
3.2 Chromosomes
3.3 Meiosis
3.4 Inheritance
3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
Syllabus content
Biology guide26
Recommended
teaching hours
Topic 4: Ecology 12
4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
4.2 Energy flow
4.3 Carbon cycling
4.4 Climate change
Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity 12
5.1 Evidence for evolution
5.2 Natural selection
5.3 Classification of biodiversity
5.4 Cladistics
Topic 6: Human physiology 20
6.1 Digestion and absorption
6.2 The blood system
6.3 Defence against infectious disease
6.4 Gas exchange
6.5 Neurons and synapses
6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction
Additional higher level (AHL) 60 hours
Topic 7: Nucleic acids 9
7.1 DNA structure and replication
7.2 Transcription and gene expression
7.3 Translation
Topic 8: Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis 14
8.1 Metabolism
8.2 Cell respiration
8.3 Photosynthesis
Topic 9: Plant biology 13
9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants
9.2 Transport in the phloem of plants
Syllabus content
Biology guide 27
Recommended
teaching hours
9.3 Growth in plants
9.4 Reproduction in plants
Topic 10: Genetics and evolution 8
10.1 Meiosis
10.2 Inheritance
10.3 Gene pools and speciation
Topic 11: Animal physiology 16
11.1 Antibody production and vaccination
11.2 Movement
11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation
11.4 Sexual reproduction
Options 15 hours (SL)/25 hours (HL)
A: Neurobiology and behaviour
Core topics
A.1 Neural development
A.2 The human brain
A.3 Perception of stimuli
Additional higher level topics
A.4 Innate and learned behaviour
A.5 Neuropharmacology
A.6 Ethology
B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics
Core topics
B.1 Microbiology: organisms in industry
B.2 Biotechnology in agriculture
B.3 Environmental protection
Additional higher level topics
B.4 Medicine
B.5 Bioinformatics
Syllabus content
Biology guide28
C: Ecology and conservation
Core topics
C.1 Species and communities
C.2 Communities and ecosystems
C.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
C.4 Conservation of biodiversity
Additional higher level topics
C.5 Population ecology
C.6 Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles
D: Human physiology
Core topics
D.1 Human nutrition
D.2 Digestion
D.3 Functions of the liver
D.4 The heart
Additional higher level topics
D.5 Hormones and metabolism
D.6 Transport of respiratory gases
29Biology guide 29
Co
re
Top
ic 1
: Ce
ll b
iolo
gy
15
ho
urs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: T
he
ev
olu
tio
n o
f m
ult
ice
llula
r o
rga
nis
ms
all
ow
ed
ce
ll sp
eci
aliz
ati
on
an
d c
ell
rep
lace
me
nt.
1.1
In
tro
du
cti
on
to
ce
lls
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Loo
kin
g f
or
tre
nd
s a
nd
dis
cre
pa
nci
es—
alt
ho
ug
h m
ost
org
an
ism
s co
nfo
rm t
o c
ell
the
ory
, th
ere
are
exc
ep
tio
ns.
(3
.1)
Eth
ica
l im
plic
ati
on
s o
f re
sea
rch
—re
sea
rch
inv
olv
ing
ste
m c
ells
is g
row
ing
in im
po
rta
nce
an
d r
ais
es
eth
ica
l iss
ue
s. (4
.5)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Acc
ord
ing
to
th
e c
ell
the
ory
, liv
ing
org
an
ism
s a
re c
om
po
sed
of
cells
.
Org
an
ism
s co
nsi
stin
g o
f o
nly
on
e c
ell
carr
y o
ut
all
fun
cti
on
s o
f li
fe in
th
at
cell
.
Su
rfa
ce a
rea
to
vo
lum
e r
ati
o is
imp
ort
an
t in
th
e li
mit
ati
on
of
cell
size
.
Mu
ltic
ellu
lar
org
an
ism
s h
ave
pro
pe
rtie
s th
at
em
erg
e f
rom
th
e in
tera
cti
on
of
the
ir c
ellu
lar
com
po
ne
nts
.
Sp
eci
aliz
ed
tis
sue
s ca
n d
ev
elo
p b
y ce
ll d
iffe
ren
tia
tio
n in
mu
ltic
ellu
lar
org
an
ism
s.
Dif
fere
nti
ati
on
inv
olv
es
the
exp
ress
ion
of
som
e g
en
es
an
d n
ot
oth
ers
in a
cell
’s g
en
om
e.
Th
e c
ap
aci
ty o
f st
em
ce
lls t
o d
ivid
e a
nd
dif
fere
nti
ate
alo
ng
dif
fere
nt
pa
thw
ays
is n
ece
ssa
ry in
em
bry
on
ic d
ev
elo
pm
en
t a
nd
als
o m
ake
s st
em
ce
lls
suit
ab
le f
or
the
rap
eu
tic
use
s.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Ste
m c
ell
rese
arc
h h
as
de
pe
nd
ed
on
th
e w
ork
of
tea
ms
of
scie
nti
sts
in m
an
y
cou
ntr
ies
wh
o s
ha
re r
esu
lts
the
reb
y s
pe
ed
ing
up
th
e r
ate
of
pro
gre
ss.
Ho
we
ve
r, n
ati
on
al g
ov
ern
me
nts
are
infl
ue
nce
d b
y lo
cal,
cult
ura
l an
d r
elig
iou
s
tra
dit
ion
s th
at
imp
ac
t o
n t
he
wo
rk o
f sc
ien
tist
s a
nd
th
e u
se o
f st
em
ce
lls in
the
rap
y.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
ere
is a
dif
fere
nce
be
twe
en
th
e li
vin
g a
nd
th
e n
on
-liv
ing
en
vir
on
me
nt.
Ho
w a
re w
e a
ble
to
kn
ow
th
e d
iffe
ren
ce?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Th
e u
se o
f st
em
ce
lls in
th
e t
rea
tme
nt
of
dis
ea
se is
mo
stly
at
the
exp
eri
me
nta
l
sta
ge
, wit
h t
he
exc
ep
tio
n o
f b
on
e m
arr
ow
ste
m c
ells
. Sci
en
tist
s, h
ow
ev
er,
an
tici
pa
te t
he
use
of
ste
m c
ell
the
rap
ies
as
a s
tan
da
rd m
eth
od
of
tre
ati
ng
a w
ho
le r
an
ge
of
dis
ea
ses
in t
he
ne
ar
futu
re, i
ncl
ud
ing
he
art
dis
ea
se a
nd
dia
be
tes.
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide30
1.1
In
tro
du
cti
on
to
ce
lls
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Qu
est
ion
ing
th
e c
ell
the
ory
usi
ng
aty
pic
al e
xam
ple
s, in
clu
din
g
stri
ate
d m
usc
le, g
ian
t a
lga
e a
nd
ase
pta
te f
un
ga
l hy
ph
ae
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: In
ve
stig
ati
on
of
fun
cti
on
s o
f li
fe in
Pa
ram
eciu
m a
nd
on
e n
am
ed
ph
oto
syn
the
tic
un
ice
llula
r o
rga
nis
m.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
ste
m c
ells
to
tre
at
Sta
rga
rdt’
s d
ise
ase
an
d o
ne
oth
er
na
me
d c
on
dit
ion
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Eth
ics
of
the
th
era
pe
uti
c u
se o
f st
em
ce
lls f
rom
sp
eci
all
y cr
ea
ted
em
bry
os,
fro
m t
he
um
bili
cal c
ord
blo
od
of
a n
ew
-bo
rn b
ab
y a
nd
fro
m a
n
ad
ult
’s o
wn
tis
sue
s.
Sk
ill: U
se o
f a
lig
ht
mic
rosc
op
e t
o in
ve
stig
ate
th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f ce
lls a
nd
tiss
ue
s, w
ith
dra
win
g o
f ce
lls. C
alc
ula
tio
n o
f th
e m
ag
nif
ica
tio
n o
f d
raw
ing
s
an
d t
he
ac
tua
l siz
e o
f st
ruc
ture
s a
nd
ult
rast
ruc
ture
s sh
ow
n in
dra
win
gs
or
mic
rog
rap
hs.
(P
rac
tica
l 1)
Gu
ida
nce
:
Stu
de
nts
are
exp
ec
ted
to
be
ab
le t
o n
am
e a
nd
bri
efl
y e
xpla
in t
he
se f
un
cti
on
s
of
life
: nu
trit
ion
, me
tab
olis
m, g
row
th, r
esp
on
se, e
xcre
tio
n, h
om
eo
sta
sis
an
d
rep
rod
uc
tio
n.
Ch
lore
lla o
r Sc
ened
esm
us
are
su
ita
ble
ph
oto
syn
the
tic
un
ice
lls, b
ut
Eug
len
a
sho
uld
be
av
oid
ed
as
it c
an
fe
ed
he
tero
tro
ph
ica
lly.
Sca
le b
ars
are
use
ful a
s a
way
of
ind
ica
tin
g a
ctu
al s
ize
s in
dra
win
gs
an
d
mic
rog
rap
hs.
Aim
s:
Aim
8: T
he
re a
re e
thic
al i
ssu
es
inv
olv
ed
in s
tem
ce
ll re
sea
rch
, wh
eth
er
hu
ma
ns
or
oth
er
an
ima
ls a
re u
sed
. Use
of
em
bry
on
ic s
tem
ce
lls in
vo
lve
s
the
de
ath
of
ea
rly
-sta
ge
em
bry
os,
bu
t if
th
era
pe
uti
c cl
on
ing
is s
ucc
ess
full
y
de
ve
lop
ed
th
e s
uff
eri
ng
of
pa
tie
nts
wit
h a
wid
e v
ari
ety
of
con
dit
ion
s co
uld
be
re
du
ced
.
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide 31
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Eu
ka
ryo
tes
hav
e a
mu
ch m
ore
co
mp
lex
cell
stru
ctu
re t
ha
n p
rok
ary
ote
s.
1.2
Ult
rast
ruc
ture
of
cell
s
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
ve
lop
me
nts
in s
cie
nti
fic
rese
arc
h f
oll
ow
imp
rov
em
en
ts in
ap
pa
ratu
s—th
e in
ve
nti
on
of
ele
ctr
on
mic
rosc
op
es
led
to
gre
ate
r u
nd
ers
tan
din
g o
f ce
ll st
ruc
ture
. (1.
8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Pro
ka
ryo
tes
hav
e a
sim
ple
ce
ll st
ruc
ture
wit
ho
ut
com
pa
rtm
en
taliz
ati
on
.
Eu
ka
ryo
tes
hav
e a
co
mp
art
me
nta
lize
d c
ell
stru
ctu
re.
Ele
ctr
on
mic
rosc
op
es
hav
e a
mu
ch h
igh
er
reso
luti
on
th
an
lig
ht
mic
rosc
op
es.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Str
uc
ture
an
d f
un
cti
on
of
org
an
ell
es
wit
hin
exo
crin
e g
lan
d c
ells
of
the
pa
ncr
ea
s a
nd
wit
hin
pa
lisa
de
me
sop
hy
ll ce
lls o
f th
e le
af.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Pro
ka
ryo
tes
div
ide
by
bin
ary
fis
sio
n.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
of
the
ult
rast
ruc
ture
of
pro
ka
ryo
tic
cells
ba
sed
on
ele
ctr
on
mic
rog
rap
hs.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
of
the
ult
rast
ruc
ture
of
eu
ka
ryo
tic
cells
ba
sed
on
ele
ctr
on
mic
rog
rap
hs.
Sk
ill: I
nte
rpre
tati
on
of
ele
ctr
on
mic
rog
rap
hs
to id
en
tify
org
an
ell
es
an
d
de
du
ce t
he
fu
nc
tio
n o
f sp
eci
aliz
ed
ce
lls.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Dra
win
gs
of
pro
ka
ryo
tic
cells
sh
ou
ld s
ho
w t
he
ce
ll w
all,
pili
an
d f
lag
ella
, an
d
pla
sma
me
mb
ran
e e
ncl
osi
ng
cy
top
lasm
th
at
con
tain
s 7
0S
rib
oso
me
s a
nd
a
nu
cle
oid
wit
h n
ake
d D
NA
.
Dra
win
gs
of
eu
ka
ryo
tic
cells
sh
ou
ld s
ho
w a
pla
sma
me
mb
ran
e e
ncl
osi
ng
cy
top
lasm
th
at
con
tain
s 8
0S
rib
oso
me
s a
nd
a n
ucl
eu
s, m
ito
cho
nd
ria
an
d
oth
er
me
mb
ran
e-b
ou
nd
org
an
ell
es
are
pre
sen
t in
th
e c
yto
pla
sm. S
om
e
eu
ka
ryo
tic
cells
hav
e a
ce
ll w
all
.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Mic
rosc
op
es
we
re in
ve
nte
d s
imu
lta
ne
ou
sly
in d
iffe
ren
t p
art
s o
f th
e w
orl
d a
t
a t
ime
wh
en
info
rma
tio
n t
rav
ell
ed
slo
wly
. Mo
de
rn-d
ay c
om
mu
nic
ati
on
s h
ave
all
ow
ed
fo
r im
pro
ve
me
nts
in t
he
ab
ility
to
co
llab
ora
te, e
nri
chin
g s
cie
nti
fic
en
de
avo
ur.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
e w
orl
d t
ha
t w
e in
ha
bit
is li
mit
ed
by
th
e w
orl
d t
ha
t w
e s
ee
. Is
the
re a
ny
dis
tin
cti
on
to
be
dra
wn
be
twe
en
kn
ow
led
ge
cla
ims
de
pe
nd
en
t u
po
n
ob
serv
ati
on
s m
ad
e b
y se
nse
pe
rce
pti
on
an
d k
no
wle
dg
e c
laim
s d
ep
en
de
nt
up
on
ob
serv
ati
on
s a
ssis
ted
by
tech
no
log
y?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Ph
ysi
cs
Top
ic 4
.4 W
ave
be
hav
iou
r
Top
ic C
.1 In
tro
du
cti
on
to
ima
gin
g
Top
ic C
.3 F
ibre
op
tics
Aim
s:
Aim
8: D
ev
elo
pm
en
ts in
sci
en
ce, s
uch
as
ele
ctr
on
mic
rosc
op
y, c
an
hav
e
eco
no
mic
be
ne
fits
as
the
y g
ive
co
mm
erc
ial c
om
pa
nie
s o
pp
ort
un
itie
s to
ma
ke p
rofi
ts, b
ut
this
ca
n a
ffe
ct
coo
pe
rati
on
be
twe
en
sci
en
tist
s.
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide32
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f b
iolo
gic
al m
em
bra
ne
s m
ake
s th
em
flu
id a
nd
dy
na
mic
.
1.3
Me
mb
ran
e s
tru
ctu
re
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Usi
ng
mo
de
ls a
s re
pre
sen
tati
on
s o
f th
e r
ea
l wo
rld
—th
ere
are
alt
ern
ati
ve
mo
de
ls o
f m
em
bra
ne
str
uc
ture
. (1.
11)
Fals
ific
ati
on
of
the
ori
es
wit
h o
ne
th
eo
ry b
ein
g s
up
ers
ed
ed
by
an
oth
er—
ev
ide
nce
fa
lsif
ied
th
e D
avso
n-D
an
ielli
mo
de
l. (1
.9)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ph
osp
ho
lipid
s fo
rm b
ilaye
rs in
wa
ter
du
e t
o t
he
am
ph
ipa
thic
pro
pe
rtie
s o
f
ph
osp
ho
lipid
mo
lecu
les.
Me
mb
ran
e p
rote
ins
are
div
ers
e in
te
rms
of
stru
ctu
re, p
osi
tio
n in
th
e
me
mb
ran
e a
nd
fu
nc
tio
n.
Ch
ole
ste
rol i
s a
co
mp
on
en
t o
f a
nim
al c
ell
me
mb
ran
es.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ch
ole
ste
rol i
n m
am
ma
lian
me
mb
ran
es
red
uce
s m
em
bra
ne
flu
idit
y a
nd
pe
rme
ab
ility
to
so
me
so
lute
s.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
of
the
flu
id m
osa
ic m
od
el.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f e
vid
en
ce f
rom
ele
ctr
on
mic
rosc
op
y th
at
led
to
th
e p
rop
osa
l
of
the
Dav
son
-Da
nie
lli m
od
el.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f th
e f
als
ific
ati
on
of
the
Dav
son
-Da
nie
lli m
od
el t
ha
t le
d t
o t
he
Sin
ge
r-N
ico
lso
n m
od
el.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Am
ph
ipa
thic
ph
osp
ho
lipid
s h
ave
hyd
rop
hili
c a
nd
hyd
rop
ho
bic
pro
pe
rtie
s.
Dra
win
gs
of
the
flu
id m
osa
ic m
od
el o
f m
em
bra
ne
str
uc
ture
ca
n b
e t
wo
dim
en
sio
na
l ra
the
r th
an
th
ree
dim
en
sio
na
l. In
div
idu
al p
ho
sph
olip
id
mo
lecu
les
sho
uld
be
sh
ow
n u
sin
g t
he
sy
mb
ol o
f a
cir
cle
wit
h t
wo
pa
rall
el
line
s a
tta
che
d. A
ra
ng
e o
f m
em
bra
ne
pro
tein
s sh
ou
ld b
e s
ho
wn
incl
ud
ing
gly
cop
rote
ins.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
e e
xpla
na
tio
n o
f th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f th
e p
lasm
a m
em
bra
ne
ha
s ch
an
ge
d o
ve
r
the
ye
ars
as
ne
w e
vid
en
ce a
nd
way
s o
f a
na
lysi
s h
ave
co
me
to
lig
ht.
Un
de
r
wh
at
circ
um
sta
nce
s is
it im
po
rta
nt
to le
arn
ab
ou
t th
eo
rie
s th
at
we
re la
ter
dis
cre
dit
ed
?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.3 C
arb
oh
ydra
tes
an
d li
pid
s
Top
ic 2
.6 S
tru
ctu
re o
f D
NA
an
d R
NA
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide 33
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Me
mb
ran
es
con
tro
l th
e c
om
po
siti
on
of
cells
by
ac
tiv
e a
nd
pa
ssiv
e t
ran
spo
rt.
1.4
Me
mb
ran
e t
ran
spo
rt
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Exp
eri
me
nta
l de
sig
n—
acc
ura
te q
ua
nti
tati
ve
me
asu
rem
en
t in
osm
osi
s e
xpe
rim
en
ts a
re e
sse
nti
al.
(3.1
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Pa
rtic
les
mo
ve
acr
oss
me
mb
ran
es
by
sim
ple
dif
fusi
on
, fa
cilit
ate
d d
iffu
sio
n,
osm
osi
s a
nd
ac
tiv
e t
ran
spo
rt.
Th
e f
luid
ity
of
me
mb
ran
es
all
ow
s m
ate
ria
ls t
o b
e t
ake
n in
to c
ells
by
en
do
cy
tosi
s o
r re
lea
sed
by
exo
cy
tosi
s. V
esi
cle
s m
ov
e m
ate
ria
ls w
ith
in c
ells
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Str
uc
ture
an
d f
un
cti
on
of
sod
ium
–p
ota
ssiu
m p
um
ps
for
ac
tiv
e
tra
nsp
ort
an
d p
ota
ssiu
m c
ha
nn
els
fo
r fa
cilit
ate
d d
iffu
sio
n in
axo
ns.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Tis
sue
s o
r o
rga
ns
to b
e u
sed
in m
ed
ica
l pro
ced
ure
s m
ust
be
ba
the
d in
a s
olu
tio
n w
ith
th
e s
am
e o
smo
lari
ty a
s th
e c
yto
pla
sm t
o p
rev
en
t
osm
osi
s.
Sk
ill: E
stim
ati
on
of
osm
ola
rity
in t
issu
es
by
ba
thin
g s
am
ple
s in
hy
po
ton
ic a
nd
hy
pe
rto
nic
so
luti
on
s. (
Pra
cti
cal 2
)
Gu
ida
nce
:
Osm
osi
s e
xpe
rim
en
ts a
re a
use
ful o
pp
ort
un
ity
to s
tre
ss t
he
ne
ed
fo
r a
ccu
rate
ma
ss a
nd
vo
lum
e m
ea
sure
me
nts
in s
cie
nti
fic
exp
eri
me
nts
.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Kid
ne
y d
ialy
sis
art
ific
iall
y m
imic
s th
e f
un
cti
on
of
the
hu
ma
n k
idn
ey
by
usi
ng
ap
pro
pri
ate
me
mb
ran
es
an
d d
iffu
sio
n g
rad
ien
ts.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 6
.5 N
eu
ron
s a
nd
sy
na
pse
s
Aim
s:
Aim
8:
Org
an
do
na
tio
n r
ais
es
som
e in
tere
stin
g e
thic
al i
ssu
es,
incl
ud
ing
th
e
alt
ruis
tic
na
ture
of
org
an
do
na
tio
n a
nd
co
nce
rns
ab
ou
t sa
le o
f h
um
an
org
an
s.
Aim
6:
Dia
lysi
s tu
bin
g e
xpe
rim
en
ts c
an
ac
t a
s a
mo
de
l of
me
mb
ran
e a
cti
on
.
Exp
eri
me
nts
wit
h p
ota
to, b
ee
tro
ot
or
sin
gle
-ce
lle
d a
lga
e c
an
be
use
d t
o
inv
est
iga
te r
ea
l me
mb
ran
es.
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide34
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Th
ere
is a
n u
nb
roke
n c
ha
in o
f li
fe f
rom
th
e f
irst
ce
lls o
n E
art
h t
o a
ll ce
lls in
org
an
ism
s a
liv
e t
od
ay.
1.5
Th
e o
rig
in o
f ce
lls
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Test
ing
th
e g
en
era
l pri
nci
ple
s th
at
un
de
rlie
th
e n
atu
ral w
orl
d—
the
pri
nci
ple
th
at
cells
on
ly c
om
e f
rom
pre
-exi
stin
g c
ells
ne
ed
s to
be
ve
rifi
ed
. (1.
9)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ce
lls c
an
on
ly b
e f
orm
ed
by
div
isio
n o
f p
re-e
xist
ing
ce
lls.
Th
e f
irst
ce
lls m
ust
hav
e a
rise
n f
rom
no
n-l
ivin
g m
ate
ria
l.
Th
e o
rig
in o
f e
uk
ary
oti
c ce
lls c
an
be
exp
lain
ed
by
the
en
do
sym
bio
tic
the
ory
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ev
ide
nce
fro
m P
ast
eu
r’s
exp
eri
me
nts
th
at
spo
nta
ne
ou
s
ge
ne
rati
on
of
cells
an
d o
rga
nis
ms
do
es
no
t n
ow
occ
ur
on
Ea
rth
.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Ev
ide
nce
fo
r th
e e
nd
osy
mb
ioti
c th
eo
ry is
exp
ec
ted
. Th
e o
rig
in o
f e
uk
ary
ote
cilia
an
d f
lag
ella
do
es
no
t n
ee
d t
o b
e in
clu
de
d.
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld b
e a
wa
re t
ha
t th
e 6
4 c
od
on
s in
th
e g
en
eti
c co
de
hav
e
the
sa
me
me
an
ing
s in
ne
arl
y a
ll o
rga
nis
ms,
bu
t th
at
the
re a
re s
om
e m
ino
r
va
ria
tio
ns
tha
t a
re li
kely
to
hav
e a
ccru
ed
sin
ce t
he
co
mm
on
ori
gin
of
life
on
Ea
rth
.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Bio
log
y is
th
e s
tud
y o
f li
fe, y
et
life
is a
n e
me
rge
nt
pro
pe
rty.
Un
de
r w
ha
t
circ
um
sta
nce
s is
a s
yst
em
s a
pp
roa
ch p
rod
uc
tiv
e in
bio
log
y a
nd
un
de
r
wh
at
circ
um
sta
nce
s is
a r
ed
uc
tio
nis
t a
pp
roa
ch m
ore
ap
pro
pri
ate
? H
ow
do
scie
nti
sts
de
cid
e b
etw
ee
n c
om
pe
tin
g a
pp
roa
che
s?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 5
.1 E
vid
en
ce f
or
ev
olu
tio
n
Aim
s:
Aim
6: P
ast
eu
r’s
exp
eri
me
nt
can
be
re
pe
ate
d u
sin
g m
od
ern
ap
pa
ratu
s.
Topic 1: Cell biology
Biology guide 35
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Ce
ll d
ivis
ion
is e
sse
nti
al b
ut
mu
st b
e c
on
tro
lle
d.
1.6
Ce
ll d
ivis
ion
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Se
ren
dip
ity
an
d s
cie
nti
fic
dis
cov
eri
es—
the
dis
cov
ery
of
cyc
lins
wa
s a
ccid
en
tal.
(1.4
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Mit
osi
s is
div
isio
n o
f th
e n
ucl
eu
s in
to t
wo
ge
ne
tica
lly id
en
tica
l dau
gh
ter
nu
cle
i.
Ch
rom
oso
me
s co
nd
en
se b
y su
pe
rco
ilin
g d
uri
ng
mit
osi
s.
Cy
tok
ine
sis
occ
urs
aft
er
mit
osi
s a
nd
is d
iffe
ren
t in
pla
nt
an
d a
nim
al c
ells
.
Inte
rph
ase
is a
ve
ry a
cti
ve
ph
ase
of
the
ce
ll c
ycle
wit
h m
an
y p
roce
sse
s
occ
urr
ing
in t
he
nu
cle
us
an
d c
yto
pla
sm.
Cyc
lins
are
inv
olv
ed
in t
he
co
ntr
ol o
f th
e c
ell
cyc
le.
Mu
tag
en
s, o
nco
ge
ne
s a
nd
me
tast
asi
s a
re in
vo
lve
d in
th
e d
ev
elo
pm
en
t o
f
pri
ma
ry a
nd
se
con
da
ry t
um
ou
rs.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Th
e c
orr
ela
tio
n b
etw
ee
n s
mo
kin
g a
nd
inci
de
nce
of
can
cers
.
Sk
ill: I
de
nti
fica
tio
n o
f p
ha
ses
of
mit
osi
s in
ce
lls v
iew
ed
wit
h a
mic
rosc
op
e o
r in
a m
icro
gra
ph
.
Sk
ill: D
ete
rmin
ati
on
of
a m
ito
tic
ind
ex
fro
m a
mic
rog
rap
h.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Th
e s
eq
ue
nce
of
ev
en
ts in
th
e f
ou
r p
ha
ses
of
mit
osi
s sh
ou
ld b
e k
no
wn
.
Pre
pa
rati
on
of
tem
po
rary
mo
un
ts o
f ro
ot
squ
ash
es
is r
eco
mm
en
de
d b
ut
ph
ase
s in
mit
osi
s ca
n a
lso
be
vie
we
d u
sin
g p
erm
an
en
t sl
ide
s.
To a
vo
id c
on
fusi
on
in t
erm
ino
log
y, t
ea
che
rs a
re e
nco
ura
ge
d t
o r
efe
r to
th
e
two
pa
rts
of
a c
hro
mo
som
e a
s si
ste
r ch
rom
ati
ds,
wh
ile
th
ey
are
att
ach
ed
to
ea
ch o
the
r b
y a
ce
ntr
om
ere
in t
he
ea
rly
sta
ge
s o
f m
ito
sis.
Fro
m a
na
ph
ase
on
wa
rds,
wh
en
sis
ter
chro
ma
tid
s h
ave
se
pa
rate
d t
o f
orm
ind
ivid
ua
l
stru
ctu
res,
th
ey
sho
uld
be
re
ferr
ed
to
as
chro
mo
som
es.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Bio
log
ists
in la
bo
rato
rie
s th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e w
orl
d a
re r
ese
arc
hin
g in
to t
he
cau
ses
an
d t
rea
tme
nt
of
can
cer.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
A n
um
be
r o
f sc
ien
tifi
c d
isco
ve
rie
s a
re c
laim
ed
to
be
inci
de
nta
l or
sere
nd
ipit
ou
s. T
o w
ha
t e
xte
nt
mig
ht
som
e o
f th
ese
sci
en
tifi
c d
isco
ve
rie
s b
e
the
re
sult
of
intu
itio
n r
ath
er
tha
n lu
ck?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Th
e m
ito
tic
ind
ex
is a
n im
po
rta
nt
pro
gn
ost
ic t
oo
l fo
r p
red
icti
ng
th
e r
esp
on
se
of
can
cer
cells
to
ch
em
oth
era
py.
Aim
s:
Aim
8: T
he
to
ba
cco
ind
ust
ry c
ou
ld b
e d
iscu
sse
d. S
up
pre
ssio
n o
f th
e r
esu
lts
of
rese
arc
h b
y to
ba
cco
co
mp
an
ies
into
th
e h
ea
lth
eff
ec
ts o
f sm
ok
ing
to
ba
cco
wa
s u
ne
thic
al.
Sm
ok
ing
ca
use
s co
nsi
de
rab
le s
oci
al h
arm
, bu
t, w
ith
th
e
exc
ep
tio
n o
f la
ws
on
pro
du
cti
on
an
d s
up
ply
in B
hu
tan
, ha
s n
ev
er
be
en
ma
de
ille
ga
l.
Biology guide36
Co
re
Top
ic 2
: Mo
lecu
lar
bio
log
y
21 h
ou
rs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: L
ivin
g o
rga
nis
ms
con
tro
l th
eir
co
mp
osi
tio
n b
y a
co
mp
lex
we
b o
f ch
em
ica
l re
ac
tio
ns.
2.1
Mo
lecu
les
to m
eta
bo
lism
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Fals
ific
ati
on
of
the
ori
es—
the
art
ific
ial s
yn
the
sis
of
ure
a h
elp
ed
to
fa
lsif
y v
ita
lism
. (1.
9)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Mo
lecu
lar
bio
log
y e
xpla
ins
liv
ing
pro
cess
es
in t
erm
s o
f th
e c
he
mic
al
sub
sta
nce
s in
vo
lve
d.
Ca
rbo
n a
tom
s ca
n f
orm
fo
ur
cov
ale
nt
bo
nd
s a
llo
win
g a
div
ers
ity
of
sta
ble
com
po
un
ds
to e
xist
.
Lif
e is
ba
sed
on
ca
rbo
n c
om
po
un
ds
incl
ud
ing
ca
rbo
hyd
rate
s, li
pid
s, p
rote
ins
an
d n
ucl
eic
aci
ds.
Me
tab
olis
m is
th
e w
eb
of
all
the
en
zym
e-c
ata
lyse
d r
ea
cti
on
s in
a c
ell
or
org
an
ism
.
An
ab
olis
m is
th
e s
yn
the
sis
of
com
ple
x m
ole
cule
s fr
om
sim
ple
r m
ole
cule
s
incl
ud
ing
th
e f
orm
ati
on
of
ma
cro
mo
lecu
les
fro
m m
on
om
ers
by
con
de
nsa
tio
n
rea
cti
on
s.
Ca
tab
olis
m is
th
e b
rea
kdo
wn
of
com
ple
x m
ole
cule
s in
to s
imp
ler
mo
lecu
les
incl
ud
ing
th
e h
ydro
lysi
s o
f m
acr
om
ole
cule
s in
to m
on
om
ers
.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Ch
em
istr
y
Top
ic 4
Ch
em
ica
l bo
nd
ing
an
d s
tru
ctu
re
Op
tio
n B
Bio
che
mis
try
Aim
s:
Aim
7: I
CT
ca
n b
e u
sed
fo
r m
ole
cula
r v
isu
aliz
ati
on
of
carb
oh
ydra
tes,
lip
ids
an
d p
rote
ins
in t
his
su
b-t
op
ic a
nd
in 2
.3 a
nd
2.4
.
Aim
6: F
oo
d t
est
s su
ch a
s th
e u
se o
f io
din
e t
o id
en
tify
sta
rch
or
Be
ne
dic
t’s
rea
ge
nt
to id
en
tify
re
du
cin
g s
ug
ars
co
uld
be
ca
rrie
d o
ut.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 37
2.1
Mo
lecu
les
to m
eta
bo
lism
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ure
a a
s a
n e
xam
ple
of
a c
om
po
un
d t
ha
t is
pro
du
ced
by
liv
ing
org
an
ism
s b
ut
can
als
o b
e a
rtif
icia
lly
syn
the
size
d.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
mo
lecu
lar
dia
gra
ms
of
glu
cose
, rib
ose
, a s
atu
rate
d f
att
y a
cid
an
d a
ge
ne
raliz
ed
am
ino
aci
d.
Sk
ill: I
de
nti
fica
tio
n o
f b
ioch
em
ica
ls s
uch
as
sug
ars
, lip
ids
or
am
ino
aci
ds
fro
m
mo
lecu
lar
dia
gra
ms.
Gu
ida
nce
:
On
ly t
he
rin
g f
orm
s o
f D
-rib
ose
, alp
ha
–D
-glu
cose
an
d b
eta
-D-g
luco
se a
re
exp
ec
ted
in d
raw
ing
s.
Su
ga
rs in
clu
de
mo
no
sacc
ha
rid
es
an
d d
isa
cch
ari
de
s.
On
ly o
ne
sa
tura
ted
fa
t is
exp
ec
ted
an
d it
s sp
eci
fic
na
me
is n
ot
ne
cess
ary
.
Th
e v
ari
ab
le r
ad
ica
l of
am
ino
aci
ds
can
be
sh
ow
n a
s R
. Th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f
ind
ivid
ua
l R-g
rou
ps
do
es
no
t n
ee
d t
o b
e m
em
ori
zed
.
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld b
e a
ble
to
re
cog
niz
e f
rom
mo
lecu
lar
dia
gra
ms
tha
t
trig
lyce
rid
es,
ph
osp
ho
lipid
s a
nd
ste
roid
s a
re li
pid
s. D
raw
ing
s o
f st
ero
ids
are
no
t e
xpe
cte
d.
Pro
tein
s o
r p
art
s o
f p
oly
pe
pti
de
s sh
ou
ld b
e r
eco
gn
ize
d f
rom
mo
lecu
lar
dia
gra
ms
sho
win
g a
min
o a
cid
s lin
ked
by
pe
pti
de
bo
nd
s.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide38
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Wa
ter
is t
he
me
diu
m o
f li
fe.
2.2
Wa
ter
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Use
th
eo
rie
s to
exp
lain
na
tura
l ph
en
om
en
a—
the
th
eo
ry t
ha
t h
ydro
ge
n b
on
ds
form
be
twe
en
wa
ter
mo
lecu
les
exp
lain
s th
e p
rop
ert
ies
of
wa
ter.
(2
.2)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Wa
ter
mo
lecu
les
are
po
lar
an
d h
ydro
ge
n b
on
ds
form
be
twe
en
th
em
.
Hyd
rog
en
bo
nd
ing
an
d d
ipo
lari
ty e
xpla
in t
he
co
he
siv
e, a
dh
esi
ve
, th
erm
al
an
d s
olv
en
t p
rop
ert
ies
of
wa
ter.
Su
bst
an
ces
can
be
hyd
rop
hili
c o
r h
ydro
ph
ob
ic.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
mp
ari
son
of
the
th
erm
al p
rop
ert
ies
of
wa
ter
wit
h t
ho
se o
f
me
tha
ne
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
wa
ter
as
a c
oo
lan
t in
sw
ea
t.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Mo
de
s o
f tr
an
spo
rt o
f g
luco
se, a
min
o a
cid
s, c
ho
lest
ero
l, fa
ts,
ox
yge
n a
nd
so
diu
m c
hlo
rid
e in
blo
od
in r
ela
tio
n t
o t
he
ir s
olu
bili
ty in
wa
ter.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld k
no
w a
t le
ast
on
e e
xam
ple
of
a b
en
efi
t to
liv
ing
org
an
ism
s
of
ea
ch p
rop
ert
y o
f w
ate
r.
Tra
nsp
are
nc
y o
f w
ate
r a
nd
ma
xim
um
de
nsi
ty a
t 4
°C d
o n
ot
ne
ed
to
be
incl
ud
ed
.
Co
mp
ari
son
of
the
th
erm
al p
rop
ert
ies
of
wa
ter
an
d m
eth
an
e a
ssis
ts in
th
e
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
of
the
sig
nif
ica
nce
of
hyd
rog
en
bo
nd
ing
in w
ate
r.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Th
ere
are
ch
all
en
ge
s fo
r th
e in
cre
asi
ng
hu
ma
n p
op
ula
tio
n in
sh
ari
ng
wa
ter
reso
urc
es
eq
uit
ab
ly f
or
dri
nk
ing
an
d ir
rig
ati
on
, ele
ctr
icit
y g
en
era
tio
n a
nd
a
ran
ge
of
ind
ust
ria
l an
d d
om
est
ic p
roce
sse
s.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Cla
ims
ab
ou
t th
e “
me
mo
ry o
f w
ate
r” h
ave
be
en
ca
teg
ori
zed
as
pse
ud
osc
ien
tifi
c. W
ha
t a
re t
he
cri
teri
a t
ha
t ca
n b
e u
sed
to
dis
tin
gu
ish
scie
nti
fic
cla
ims
fro
m p
seu
do
scie
nti
fic
cla
ims?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 4
.3 C
arb
on
cyc
ling
Top
ic 4
.4 C
lima
te c
ha
ng
e
Ph
ysi
cs
Top
ic 3
.1 T
he
rma
l co
nce
pts
Aim
s:
Aim
6:
Pro
be
s ca
n b
e u
sed
to
de
term
ine
th
e e
ffe
ct
of
dif
fere
nt
fac
tors
like
ly
to in
flu
en
ce c
oo
ling
wit
h w
ate
r.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 39
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: C
om
po
un
ds
of
carb
on
, hyd
rog
en
an
d o
xyg
en
are
use
d t
o s
up
ply
an
d s
tore
en
erg
y.
2.3
Ca
rbo
hy
dra
tes
an
d l
ipid
s
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ev
alu
ati
ng
cla
ims—
he
alt
h c
laim
s m
ad
e a
bo
ut
lipid
s in
die
ts n
ee
d t
o b
e a
sse
sse
d. (
5.2
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Mo
no
sacc
ha
rid
e m
on
om
ers
are
lin
ked
to
ge
the
r b
y co
nd
en
sati
on
re
ac
tio
ns
to
form
dis
acc
ha
rid
es
an
d p
oly
sacc
ha
rid
e p
oly
me
rs.
Fatt
y a
cid
s ca
n b
e s
atu
rate
d, m
on
ou
nsa
tura
ted
or
po
lyu
nsa
tura
ted
.
Un
satu
rate
d f
att
y a
cid
s ca
n b
e c
is o
r tr
an
s is
om
ers
.
Trig
lyce
rid
es
are
form
ed
by
con
de
nsa
tio
n f
rom
th
ree
fat
ty a
cid
s an
d o
ne
gly
cero
l.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Str
uc
ture
an
d f
un
cti
on
of
cellu
lose
an
d s
tarc
h in
pla
nts
an
d
gly
cog
en
in h
um
an
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Sci
en
tifi
c e
vid
en
ce f
or
he
alt
h r
isk
s o
f tr
an
s fa
ts a
nd
sa
tura
ted
fatt
y a
cid
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Lip
ids
are
mo
re s
uit
ab
le f
or
lon
g-t
erm
en
erg
y st
ora
ge
in h
um
an
s
tha
n c
arb
oh
ydra
tes.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ev
alu
ati
on
of
ev
ide
nce
an
d t
he
me
tho
ds
use
d t
o o
bta
in t
he
ev
ide
nce
fo
r h
ea
lth
cla
ims
ma
de
ab
ou
t lip
ids.
Sk
ill: U
se o
f m
ole
cula
r v
isu
aliz
ati
on
so
ftw
are
to
co
mp
are
ce
llulo
se, s
tarc
h a
nd
gly
cog
en
.
Sk
ill: D
ete
rmin
ati
on
of
bo
dy
ma
ss in
de
x b
y ca
lcu
lati
on
or
use
of
a n
om
og
ram
.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f st
arc
h s
ho
uld
incl
ud
e a
my
lose
an
d a
my
lop
ec
tin
.
Na
me
d e
xam
ple
s o
f fa
tty
aci
ds
are
no
t re
qu
ire
d.
Su
cro
se, l
ac
tose
an
d m
alt
ose
sh
ou
ld b
e in
clu
de
d a
s e
xam
ple
s o
f
dis
acc
ha
rid
es
pro
du
ced
by
com
bin
ing
mo
no
sacc
ha
rid
es.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Va
ria
tio
n in
th
e p
rev
ale
nce
of
dif
fere
nt
he
alt
h p
rob
lem
s a
rou
nd
th
e w
orl
d
cou
ld b
e d
iscu
sse
d in
clu
din
g o
be
sity
, die
tary
en
erg
y d
efi
cie
nc
y, k
wa
shio
rko
r,
an
ore
xia
ne
rvo
sa a
nd
co
ron
ary
he
art
dis
ea
se.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
ere
are
co
nfl
icti
ng
vie
ws
as
to t
he
ha
rms
an
d b
en
efi
ts o
f fa
ts in
die
ts. H
ow
do
we
de
cid
e b
etw
ee
n c
om
pe
tin
g v
iew
s?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Po
tato
es
hav
e b
ee
n g
en
eti
call
y m
od
ifie
d t
o r
ed
uce
th
e le
ve
l of
am
ylo
se t
o
pro
du
ce a
mo
re e
ffe
cti
ve
ad
he
siv
e.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Op
tio
n B
: Bio
tech
no
log
y a
nd
bio
info
rma
tics
Aim
s:
Aim
8:
Th
ere
are
so
cia
l im
plic
ati
on
s o
f o
be
sity
.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide40
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: P
rote
ins
hav
e a
ve
ry w
ide
ra
ng
e o
f fu
nc
tio
ns
in li
vin
g o
rga
nis
ms.
2.4
Pro
tein
s
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Loo
kin
g f
or
pa
tte
rns,
tre
nd
s a
nd
dis
cre
pa
nci
es—
mo
st b
ut
no
t a
ll o
rga
nis
ms
ass
em
ble
pro
tein
s fr
om
th
e s
am
e a
min
o a
cid
s. (
3.1
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Am
ino
aci
ds
are
lin
ked
to
ge
the
r b
y co
nd
en
sati
on
to
fo
rm p
oly
pe
pti
de
s.
Th
ere
are
20
dif
fere
nt
am
ino
aci
ds
in p
oly
pe
pti
de
s sy
nth
esi
zed
on
rib
oso
me
s.
Am
ino
aci
ds
can
be
lin
ked
to
ge
the
r in
an
y se
qu
en
ce g
ivin
g a
hu
ge
ra
ng
e o
f
po
ssib
le p
oly
pe
pti
de
s.
Th
e a
min
o a
cid
se
qu
en
ce o
f p
oly
pe
pti
de
s is
co
de
d f
or
by
ge
ne
s.
A p
rote
in m
ay c
on
sist
of
a s
ing
le p
oly
pe
pti
de
or
mo
re t
ha
n o
ne
po
lyp
ep
tid
e
linke
d t
og
eth
er.
Th
e a
min
o a
cid
se
qu
en
ce d
ete
rmin
es
the
th
ree
-dim
en
sio
na
l co
nfo
rma
tio
n o
f
a p
rote
in.
Liv
ing
org
an
ism
s sy
nth
esi
ze m
an
y d
iffe
ren
t p
rote
ins
wit
h a
wid
e r
an
ge
of
fun
cti
on
s.
Ev
ery
ind
ivid
ua
l ha
s a
un
iqu
e p
rote
om
e.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ru
bis
co, i
nsu
lin, i
mm
un
og
lob
ulin
s, r
ho
do
psi
n, c
olla
ge
n a
nd
spid
er
silk
as
exa
mp
les
of
the
ra
ng
e o
f p
rote
in f
un
cti
on
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: De
na
tura
tio
n o
f p
rote
ins
by
he
at
or
by
de
via
tio
n o
f p
H f
rom
th
e
op
tim
um
.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
mo
lecu
lar
dia
gra
ms
to s
ho
w t
he
fo
rma
tio
n o
f a
pe
pti
de
bo
nd
.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Pro
teo
mic
s a
nd
th
e p
rod
uc
tio
n o
f p
rote
ins
by
ce
lls c
ult
ure
d in
fe
rme
nte
rs
off
er
ma
ny
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
for
the
fo
od
, ph
arm
ace
uti
cal a
nd
oth
er
ind
ust
rie
s.
Aim
s:
Aim
7: I
CT
ca
n b
e u
sed
fo
r m
ole
cula
r v
isu
aliz
ati
on
of
the
str
uc
ture
of
pro
tein
s.
Aim
8: O
bta
inin
g s
am
ple
s o
f h
um
an
blo
od
fo
r im
mu
no
log
ica
l,
ph
arm
ace
uti
cal a
nd
an
thro
po
log
ica
l stu
die
s is
an
inte
rna
tio
na
l en
de
avo
ur
wit
h m
an
y e
thic
al i
ssu
es.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 41
2.4
Pro
tein
s
Gu
ida
nce
:
Th
e d
eta
ile
d s
tru
ctu
re o
f th
e s
ix p
rote
ins
sele
cte
d t
o il
lust
rate
th
e f
un
cti
on
s
of
pro
tein
s is
no
t n
ee
de
d.
Eg
g w
hit
e o
r a
lbu
min
so
luti
on
s ca
n b
e u
sed
in d
en
atu
rati
on
exp
eri
me
nts
.
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld k
no
w t
ha
t m
ost
org
an
ism
s u
se t
he
sa
me
20
am
ino
aci
ds
in t
he
sa
me
ge
ne
tic
cod
e a
lth
ou
gh
th
ere
are
so
me
exc
ep
tio
ns.
Sp
eci
fic
exa
mp
les
cou
ld b
e u
sed
fo
r ill
ust
rati
on
.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide42
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: E
nzy
me
s co
ntr
ol t
he
me
tab
olis
m o
f th
e c
ell
.
2.5
En
zy
me
s
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Exp
eri
me
nta
l de
sig
n—
acc
ura
te, q
ua
nti
tati
ve
me
asu
rem
en
ts in
en
zym
e e
xpe
rim
en
ts r
eq
uir
e r
ep
lica
tes
to e
nsu
re r
elia
bili
ty. (
3.2
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
En
zym
es
hav
e a
n a
cti
ve
sit
e t
o w
hic
h s
pe
cifi
c su
bst
rate
s b
ind
.
En
zym
e c
ata
lysi
s in
vo
lve
s m
ole
cula
r m
oti
on
an
d t
he
co
llisi
on
of
sub
stra
tes
wit
h t
he
ac
tiv
e s
ite
.
Tem
pe
ratu
re, p
H a
nd
su
bst
rate
co
nce
ntr
ati
on
aff
ec
t th
e r
ate
of
ac
tiv
ity
of
en
zym
es.
En
zym
es
can
be
de
na
ture
d.
Imm
ob
ilize
d e
nzy
me
s a
re w
ide
ly u
sed
in in
du
stry
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Me
tho
ds
of
pro
du
cti
on
of
lac
tose
-fre
e m
ilk a
nd
its
ad
va
nta
ge
s.
Sk
ill: D
esi
gn
of
exp
eri
me
nts
to
te
st t
he
eff
ec
t o
f te
mp
era
ture
, pH
an
d
sub
stra
te c
on
cen
tra
tio
n o
n t
he
ac
tiv
ity
of
en
zym
es.
Sk
ill: E
xpe
rim
en
tal i
nv
est
iga
tio
n o
f a
fa
cto
r a
ffe
cti
ng
en
zym
e a
cti
vit
y.
(Pra
cti
cal 3
)
Gu
ida
nce
:
La
cta
se c
an
be
imm
ob
ilize
d in
alg
ina
te b
ea
ds
an
d e
xpe
rim
en
ts c
an
th
en
be
carr
ied
ou
t in
wh
ich
th
e la
cto
se in
milk
is h
ydro
lyse
d.
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld b
e a
ble
to
ske
tch
gra
ph
s to
sh
ow
th
e e
xpe
cte
d e
ffe
cts
of
tem
pe
ratu
re, p
H a
nd
su
bst
rate
co
nce
ntr
ati
on
on
th
e a
cti
vit
y o
f e
nzy
me
s.
Th
ey
sho
uld
be
ab
le t
o e
xpla
in t
he
pa
tte
rns
or
tre
nd
s a
pp
are
nt
in t
he
se
gra
ph
s.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
De
ve
lop
me
nt
of
som
e t
ech
niq
ue
s b
en
efi
ts p
art
icu
lar
hu
ma
n p
op
ula
tio
ns
mo
re t
ha
n o
the
rs. F
or
exa
mp
le, t
he
de
ve
lop
me
nt
of
lac
tose
-fre
e m
ilk
ava
ilab
le in
Eu
rop
e a
nd
No
rth
Am
eri
ca w
ou
ld h
ave
gre
ate
r b
en
efi
t in
Afr
ica
/
Asi
a w
he
re la
cto
se in
tole
ran
ce is
mo
re p
rev
ale
nt.
Th
e d
ev
elo
pm
en
t o
f
tech
niq
ue
s re
qu
ire
s fi
na
nci
al i
nv
est
me
nt.
Sh
ou
ld k
no
wle
dg
e b
e s
ha
red
wh
en
te
chn
iqu
es
de
ve
lop
ed
in o
ne
pa
rt o
f th
e w
orl
d a
re m
ore
ap
plic
ab
le in
an
oth
er?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
En
zym
es
are
ex
ten
siv
ely
use
d in
ind
ust
ry f
or
the
pro
du
cti
on
of
ite
ms
fro
m
fru
it ju
ice
to
wa
shin
g p
ow
de
r.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 8
AH
L M
eta
bo
lism
, ce
ll re
spir
ati
on
an
d p
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 43
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: T
he
str
uc
ture
of
DN
A a
llo
ws
eff
icie
nt
sto
rag
e o
f g
en
eti
c in
form
ati
on
.
2.6
Str
uc
ture
of
DN
A a
nd
RN
A
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Usi
ng
mo
de
ls a
s re
pre
sen
tati
on
of
the
re
al w
orl
d—
Cri
ck a
nd
Wa
tso
n u
sed
mo
de
l ma
kin
g t
o d
isco
ve
r th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f D
NA
. (1.
10)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Th
e n
ucl
eic
aci
ds
DN
A a
nd
RN
A a
re p
oly
me
rs o
f n
ucl
eo
tid
es.
DN
A d
iffe
rs f
rom
RN
A in
th
e n
um
be
r o
f st
ran
ds
pre
sen
t, t
he
ba
se
com
po
siti
on
an
d t
he
ty
pe
of
pe
nto
se.
DN
A is
a d
ou
ble
he
lix
ma
de
of
two
an
tip
ara
lle
l str
an
ds
of
nu
cle
oti
de
s lin
ked
by
hyd
rog
en
bo
nd
ing
be
twe
en
co
mp
lem
en
tary
ba
se p
air
s.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Cri
ck a
nd
Wa
tso
n’s
elu
cid
ati
on
of
the
str
uc
ture
of
DN
A u
sin
g
mo
de
l ma
kin
g.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
sim
ple
dia
gra
ms
of
the
str
uc
ture
of
sin
gle
nu
cle
oti
de
s o
f D
NA
an
d R
NA
, usi
ng
cir
cle
s, p
en
tag
on
s a
nd
re
cta
ng
les
to r
ep
rese
nt
ph
osp
ha
tes,
pe
nto
ses
an
d b
ase
s.
Gu
ida
nce
:
In d
iag
ram
s o
f D
NA
str
uc
ture
, th
e h
elic
al s
ha
pe
do
es
no
t n
ee
d t
o b
e s
ho
wn
,
bu
t th
e t
wo
str
an
ds
sho
uld
be
sh
ow
n a
nti
pa
rall
el.
Ad
en
ine
sh
ou
ld b
e s
ho
wn
pa
ire
d w
ith
th
ym
ine
an
d g
ua
nin
e w
ith
cy
tosi
ne
, bu
t th
e r
ela
tiv
e le
ng
ths
of
the
pu
rin
e a
nd
py
rim
idin
e b
ase
s d
o n
ot
ne
ed
to
be
re
call
ed
, no
r th
e n
um
be
rs
of
hyd
rog
en
bo
nd
s b
etw
ee
n t
he
ba
se p
air
s.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
e s
tory
of
the
elu
cid
ati
on
of
the
str
uc
ture
of
DN
A il
lust
rate
s th
at
coo
pe
rati
on
an
d c
olla
bo
rati
on
am
on
g s
cie
nti
sts
exi
sts
alo
ng
sid
e c
om
pe
titi
on
be
twe
en
re
sea
rch
gro
up
s. T
o w
ha
t e
xte
nt
is r
ese
arc
h in
se
cre
t ‘a
nti
-sci
en
tifi
c’?
Wh
at
is t
he
re
lati
on
ship
be
twe
en
sh
are
d a
nd
pe
rso
na
l kn
ow
led
ge
in t
he
na
tura
l sci
en
ces?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.2 W
ate
r
Top
ic 3
.5 G
en
eti
c m
od
ific
ati
on
an
d b
iote
chn
olo
gy
Top
ic 7
Nu
cle
ic a
cid
s
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide44
Ess
en
tia
l Id
ea
: G
en
eti
c in
form
ati
on
in D
NA
ca
n b
e a
ccu
rate
ly c
op
ied
an
d c
an
be
tra
nsl
ate
d t
o m
ake
th
e p
rote
ins
ne
ed
ed
by
the
ce
ll.
2.7
DN
A r
ep
lica
tio
n, t
ran
scri
pti
on
an
d t
ran
sla
tio
n
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ob
tain
ing
ev
ide
nce
fo
r sc
ien
tifi
c th
eo
rie
s—M
ese
lso
n a
nd
Sta
hl o
bta
ine
d e
vid
en
ce f
or
the
se
mi-
con
serv
ati
ve
re
plic
ati
on
of
DN
A. (
1.8
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Th
e r
ep
lica
tio
n o
f D
NA
is s
em
i-co
nse
rva
tiv
e a
nd
de
pe
nd
s o
n c
om
ple
me
nta
ry
ba
se p
air
ing
.
He
lica
se u
nw
ind
s th
e d
ou
ble
he
lix
an
d s
ep
ara
tes
the
tw
o s
tra
nd
s b
y b
rea
kin
g
hyd
rog
en
bo
nd
s.
DN
A p
oly
me
rase
lin
ks
nu
cle
oti
de
s to
ge
the
r to
fo
rm a
ne
w s
tra
nd
, usi
ng
th
e
pre
-exi
stin
g s
tra
nd
as
a t
em
pla
te.
Tra
nsc
rip
tio
n is
th
e s
yn
the
sis
of
mR
NA
co
pie
d f
rom
th
e D
NA
ba
se s
eq
ue
nce
s
by
RN
A p
oly
me
rase
.
Tra
nsl
ati
on
is t
he
sy
nth
esi
s o
f p
oly
pe
pti
de
s o
n r
ibo
som
es.
Th
e a
min
o a
cid
se
qu
en
ce o
f p
oly
pe
pti
de
s is
de
term
ine
d b
y m
RN
A a
cco
rdin
g
to t
he
ge
ne
tic
cod
e.
Co
do
ns
of
thre
e b
ase
s o
n m
RN
A c
orr
esp
on
d t
o o
ne
am
ino
aci
d in
a
po
lyp
ep
tid
e.
Tra
nsl
ati
on
de
pe
nd
s o
n c
om
ple
me
nta
ry b
ase
pa
irin
g b
etw
ee
n c
od
on
s o
n
mR
NA
an
d a
nti
cod
on
s o
n t
RN
A.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
Taq
DN
A p
oly
me
rase
to
pro
du
ce m
ult
iple
co
pie
s o
f D
NA
rap
idly
by
the
po
lym
era
se c
ha
in r
ea
cti
on
(P
CR
).
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Pro
du
cti
on
of
hu
ma
n in
sulin
in b
ac
teri
a a
s a
n e
xam
ple
of
the
un
ive
rsa
lity
of
the
ge
ne
tic
cod
e a
llo
win
g g
en
e t
ran
sfe
r b
etw
ee
n s
pe
cie
s.
Sk
ill: U
se a
ta
ble
of
the
ge
ne
tic
cod
e t
o d
ed
uce
wh
ich
co
do
n(s
) co
rre
spo
nd
s
to w
hic
h a
min
o a
cid
.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 3
.5 G
en
eti
c m
od
ific
ati
on
an
d b
iote
chn
olo
gy
Top
ic 7
.2 T
ran
scri
pti
on
an
d g
en
e e
xpre
ssio
n
Top
ic 7
.3 T
ran
sla
tio
n
Aim
s:
Aim
8: T
he
re a
re e
thic
al i
mp
lica
tio
ns
in a
lte
rin
g t
he
ge
no
me
of
an
org
an
ism
in o
rde
r to
pro
du
ce p
rote
ins
for
me
dic
al u
se in
hu
ma
ns.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 45
2.7
DN
A r
ep
lica
tio
n, t
ran
scri
pti
on
an
d t
ran
sla
tio
n
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f M
ese
lso
n a
nd
Sta
hl’s
re
sult
s to
ob
tain
su
pp
ort
fo
r th
e t
he
ory
of
sem
i-co
nse
rva
tiv
e r
ep
lica
tio
n o
f D
NA
.
Sk
ill: U
se a
ta
ble
of
mR
NA
co
do
ns
an
d t
he
ir c
orr
esp
on
din
g a
min
o a
cid
s
to d
ed
uce
th
e s
eq
ue
nce
of
am
ino
aci
ds
cod
ed
by
a s
ho
rt m
RN
A s
tra
nd
of
kn
ow
n b
ase
se
qu
en
ce.
Sk
ill: D
ed
uci
ng
th
e D
NA
ba
se s
eq
ue
nce
fo
r th
e m
RN
A s
tra
nd
.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Th
e d
iffe
ren
t ty
pe
s o
f D
NA
po
lym
era
se d
o n
ot
ne
ed
to
be
dis
tin
gu
ish
ed
.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide46
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Ce
ll re
spir
ati
on
su
pp
lie
s e
ne
rgy
for
the
fu
nc
tio
ns
of
life
.
2.8
Ce
ll r
esp
ira
tio
n
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ass
ess
ing
th
e e
thic
s o
f sc
ien
tifi
c re
sea
rch
—th
e u
se o
f in
ve
rte
bra
tes
in r
esp
iro
me
ter
exp
eri
me
nts
ha
s e
thic
al i
mp
lica
tio
ns.
(4.5
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ce
ll re
spir
ati
on
is t
he
co
ntr
oll
ed
re
lea
se o
f e
ne
rgy
fro
m o
rga
nic
co
mp
ou
nd
s
to p
rod
uce
AT
P.
AT
P f
rom
ce
ll re
spir
ati
on
is im
me
dia
tely
av
aila
ble
as
a s
ou
rce
of
en
erg
y in
th
e
cell
.
An
ae
rob
ic c
ell
resp
ira
tio
n g
ive
s a
sm
all
yie
ld o
f A
TP
fro
m g
luco
se.
Ae
rob
ic c
ell
resp
ira
tio
n r
eq
uir
es
ox
yge
n a
nd
giv
es
a la
rge
yie
ld o
f A
TP
fro
m
glu
cose
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
an
ae
rob
ic c
ell
resp
ira
tio
n in
ye
ast
s to
pro
du
ce e
tha
no
l
an
d c
arb
on
dio
xid
e in
ba
kin
g.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: La
cta
te p
rod
uc
tio
n in
hu
ma
ns
wh
en
an
ae
rob
ic r
esp
ira
tio
n is
use
d t
o m
axi
miz
e t
he
po
we
r o
f m
usc
le c
on
tra
cti
on
s.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f re
sult
s fr
om
exp
eri
me
nts
inv
olv
ing
me
asu
rem
en
t o
f
resp
ira
tio
n r
ate
s in
ge
rmin
ati
ng
se
ed
s o
r in
ve
rte
bra
tes
usi
ng
a r
esp
iro
me
ter.
Gu
ida
nce
:
De
tails
of
the
me
tab
olic
pa
thw
ays
of
cell
resp
ira
tio
n a
re n
ot
ne
ed
ed
bu
t th
e
sub
stra
tes
an
d f
ina
l wa
ste
pro
du
cts
sh
ou
ld b
e k
no
wn
.
Th
ere
are
ma
ny
sim
ple
re
spir
om
ete
rs w
hic
h c
ou
ld b
e u
sed
. Stu
de
nts
are
exp
ec
ted
to
kn
ow
th
at
an
alk
ali
is u
sed
to
ab
sorb
CO
2, s
o r
ed
uc
tio
ns
in
vo
lum
e a
re d
ue
to
ox
yge
n u
se. T
em
pe
ratu
re s
ho
uld
be
ke
pt
con
sta
nt
to a
vo
id
vo
lum
e c
ha
ng
es
du
e t
o t
em
pe
ratu
re f
luc
tua
tio
ns.
Aim
s:
Aim
8: T
he
eth
ics
of
the
use
of
an
ima
ls in
exp
eri
me
nts
co
uld
be
dis
cuss
ed
in r
ela
tio
n t
o r
esp
iro
me
ter
exp
eri
me
nts
. La
rge
-sca
le u
se o
f fo
od
pla
nts
fo
r
bio
fue
ls a
nd
th
e r
esu
ltin
g im
pa
ct
on
fo
od
pri
ces
ha
s e
thic
al i
mp
lica
tio
ns.
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide 47
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: P
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s u
ses
the
en
erg
y in
su
nlig
ht
to p
rod
uce
th
e c
he
mic
al e
ne
rgy
ne
ed
ed
fo
r li
fe.
2.9
Ph
oto
syn
the
sis
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Exp
eri
me
nta
l de
sig
n—
con
tro
llin
g r
ele
va
nt
va
ria
ble
s in
ph
oto
syn
the
sis
exp
eri
me
nts
is e
sse
nti
al.
(3.1
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ph
oto
syn
the
sis
is t
he
pro
du
cti
on
of
carb
on
co
mp
ou
nd
s in
ce
lls u
sin
g li
gh
t
en
erg
y.
Vis
ible
lig
ht
ha
s a
ra
ng
e o
f w
ave
len
gth
s w
ith
vio
let
the
sh
ort
est
wav
ele
ng
th
an
d r
ed
th
e lo
ng
est
.
Ch
loro
ph
yll
ab
sorb
s re
d a
nd
blu
e li
gh
t m
ost
eff
ec
tiv
ely
an
d r
efl
ec
ts g
ree
n
ligh
t m
ore
th
an
oth
er
colo
urs
.
Ox
yge
n is
pro
du
ced
in p
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s fr
om
th
e p
ho
toly
sis
of
wa
ter.
En
erg
y is
ne
ed
ed
to
pro
du
ce c
arb
oh
ydra
tes
an
d o
the
r ca
rbo
n c
om
po
un
ds
fro
m c
arb
on
dio
xid
e.
Tem
pe
ratu
re, l
igh
t in
ten
sity
an
d c
arb
on
dio
xid
e c
on
cen
tra
tio
n a
re p
oss
ible
limit
ing
fa
cto
rs o
n t
he
ra
te o
f p
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ch
an
ge
s to
th
e E
art
h’s
atm
osp
he
re, o
cea
ns
an
d r
ock
de
po
siti
on
du
e t
o p
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
an
ab
sorp
tio
n s
pe
ctr
um
fo
r ch
loro
ph
yll
an
d a
n a
cti
on
spe
ctr
um
fo
r p
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s.
Sk
ill: D
esi
gn
of
exp
eri
me
nts
to
inv
est
iga
te t
he
eff
ec
t o
f lim
itin
g f
ac
tors
on
ph
oto
syn
the
sis.
Sk
ill: S
ep
ara
tio
n o
f p
ho
tosy
nth
eti
c p
igm
en
ts b
y ch
rom
ato
gra
ph
. (P
rac
tica
l 4)
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.5 E
nzy
me
s
Topic 2: Molecular biology
Biology guide48
2.9
Ph
oto
syn
the
sis
Gu
ida
nce
:
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld k
no
w t
ha
t v
isib
le li
gh
t h
as
wav
ele
ng
ths
be
twe
en
40
0 a
nd
70
0 n
an
om
etr
es,
bu
t th
ey
are
no
t e
xpe
cte
d t
o r
eca
ll th
e w
ave
len
gth
s o
f
spe
cifi
c co
lou
rs o
f lig
ht.
Wa
ter
fre
e o
f d
isso
lve
d c
arb
on
dio
xid
e f
or
ph
oto
syn
the
sis
exp
eri
me
nts
ca
n
be
pro
du
ced
by
bo
ilin
g a
nd
co
olin
g w
ate
r.
Pa
pe
r ch
rom
ato
gra
ph
y ca
n b
e u
sed
to
se
pa
rate
ph
oto
syn
the
tic
pig
me
nts
bu
t
thin
laye
r ch
rom
ato
gra
ph
y g
ive
s b
ett
er
resu
lts.
49Biology guide 49
Co
re
Top
ic 3
: Ge
ne
tics
15
ho
urs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: E
ve
ry li
vin
g o
rga
nis
m in
he
rits
a b
lue
pri
nt
for
life
fro
m it
s p
are
nts
.
3.1
Ge
ne
s
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
ve
lop
me
nts
in s
cie
nti
fic
rese
arc
h f
oll
ow
imp
rov
em
en
ts in
te
chn
olo
gy
—g
en
e s
eq
ue
nce
rs a
re u
sed
fo
r th
e s
eq
ue
nci
ng
of
ge
ne
s. (1
.8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
A g
en
e is
a h
eri
tab
le f
ac
tor
tha
t co
nsi
sts
of
a le
ng
th o
f D
NA
an
d in
flu
en
ces
a
spe
cifi
c ch
ara
cte
rist
ic.
A g
en
e o
ccu
pie
s a
sp
eci
fic
po
siti
on
on
a c
hro
mo
som
e.
Th
e v
ari
ou
s sp
eci
fic
form
s o
f a
ge
ne
are
all
ele
s.
All
ele
s d
iffe
r fr
om
ea
ch o
the
r b
y o
ne
or
on
ly a
fe
w b
ase
s.
Ne
w a
lle
les
are
fo
rme
d b
y m
uta
tio
n.
Th
e g
en
om
e is
th
e w
ho
le o
f th
e g
en
eti
c in
form
ati
on
of
an
org
an
ism
.
Th
e e
nti
re b
ase
se
qu
en
ce o
f h
um
an
ge
ne
s w
as
seq
ue
nce
d in
th
e H
um
an
Ge
no
me
Pro
jec
t.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Th
e c
au
ses
of
sick
le c
ell
an
em
ia, i
ncl
ud
ing
a b
ase
su
bst
itu
tio
n
mu
tati
on
, a c
ha
ng
e t
o t
he
ba
se s
eq
ue
nce
of
mR
NA
tra
nsc
rib
ed
fro
m it
an
d a
cha
ng
e t
o t
he
se
qu
en
ce o
f a
po
lyp
ep
tid
e in
he
mo
glo
bin
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
mp
ari
son
of
the
nu
mb
er
of
ge
ne
s in
hu
ma
ns
wit
h o
the
r
spe
cie
s.
Sk
ill: U
se o
f a
da
tab
ase
to
de
term
ine
dif
fere
nce
s in
th
e b
ase
se
qu
en
ce o
f a
ge
ne
in t
wo
sp
eci
es.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Se
qu
en
cin
g o
f th
e h
um
an
ge
no
me
sh
ow
s th
at
all
hu
ma
ns
sha
re t
he
va
st
ma
jori
ty o
f th
eir
ba
se s
eq
ue
nce
s b
ut
als
o t
ha
t th
ere
are
ma
ny
sin
gle
nu
cle
oti
de
po
lym
orp
his
ms
tha
t co
ntr
ibu
te t
o h
um
an
div
ers
ity.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
ere
is a
lin
k b
etw
ee
n s
ick
le c
ell
an
em
ia a
nd
pre
va
len
ce o
f m
ala
ria
. Ho
w c
an
we
kn
ow
wh
eth
er
the
re is
a c
au
sal l
ink
in s
uch
ca
ses
or
sim
ply
a c
orr
ela
tio
n?
Aim
s:
Aim
7:
Th
e u
se o
f a
da
tab
ase
to
co
mp
are
DN
A b
ase
se
qu
en
ces.
Aim
8:
Eth
ics
of
pa
ten
tin
g h
um
an
ge
ne
s.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide50
3.1
Ge
ne
s
Gu
ida
nce
:
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld b
e a
ble
to
re
call
on
e s
pe
cifi
c b
ase
su
bst
itu
tio
n t
ha
t ca
use
s
glu
tam
ic a
cid
to
be
su
bst
itu
ted
by
va
line
as
the
six
th a
min
o a
cid
in t
he
he
mo
glo
bin
po
lyp
ep
tid
e.
Th
e n
um
be
r o
f g
en
es
in a
sp
eci
es
sho
uld
no
t b
e r
efe
rre
d t
o a
s g
en
om
e s
ize
as
this
te
rm is
use
d f
or
the
to
tal a
mo
un
t o
f D
NA
. At
lea
st o
ne
pla
nt
an
d o
ne
ba
cte
riu
m s
ho
uld
be
incl
ud
ed
in t
he
co
mp
ari
son
an
d a
t le
ast
on
e s
pe
cie
s
wit
h m
ore
ge
ne
s a
nd
on
e w
ith
fe
we
r g
en
es
tha
n a
hu
ma
n.
Th
e G
en
ba
nk
® d
ata
ba
se c
an
be
use
d t
o s
ea
rch
fo
r D
NA
ba
se s
eq
ue
nce
s. T
he
cy
toch
rom
e C
ge
ne
se
qu
en
ce is
av
aila
ble
fo
r m
an
y d
iffe
ren
t o
rga
nis
ms
an
d
is o
f p
art
icu
lar
inte
rest
be
cau
se o
f it
s u
se in
re
cla
ssif
yin
g o
rga
nis
ms
into
th
ree
do
ma
ins.
De
leti
on
s, in
sert
ion
s a
nd
fra
me
sh
ift
mu
tati
on
s d
o n
ot
ne
ed
to
be
incl
ud
ed
.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide 51
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: C
hro
mo
som
es
carr
y g
en
es
in a
lin
ea
r se
qu
en
ce t
ha
t is
sh
are
d b
y m
em
be
rs o
f a
sp
eci
es.
3.2
Ch
rom
oso
me
s
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
ve
lop
me
nts
in r
ese
arc
h f
oll
ow
imp
rov
em
en
ts in
te
chn
iqu
es—
au
tora
dio
gra
ph
y w
as
use
d t
o e
sta
blis
h t
he
len
gth
of
DN
A m
ole
cule
s in
ch
rom
oso
me
s. (1
.8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Pro
ka
ryo
tes
hav
e o
ne
ch
rom
oso
me
co
nsi
stin
g o
f a
cir
cula
r D
NA
mo
lecu
le.
So
me
pro
ka
ryo
tes
als
o h
ave
pla
smid
s b
ut
eu
ka
ryo
tes
do
no
t.
Eu
ka
ryo
te c
hro
mo
som
es
are
lin
ea
r D
NA
mo
lecu
les
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith
his
ton
e
pro
tein
s.
In a
eu
ka
ryo
te s
pe
cie
s th
ere
are
dif
fere
nt
chro
mo
som
es
tha
t ca
rry
dif
fere
nt
ge
ne
s.
Ho
mo
log
ou
s ch
rom
oso
me
s ca
rry
the
sa
me
se
qu
en
ce o
f g
en
es
bu
t n
ot
ne
cess
ari
ly t
he
sa
me
all
ele
s o
f th
ose
ge
ne
s.
Dip
loid
nu
cle
i hav
e p
air
s o
f h
om
olo
go
us
chro
mo
som
es.
Ha
plo
id n
ucl
ei h
ave
on
e c
hro
mo
som
e o
f e
ach
pa
ir.
Th
e n
um
be
r o
f ch
rom
oso
me
s is
a c
ha
rac
teri
stic
fe
atu
re o
f m
em
be
rs o
f a
spe
cie
s.
A k
ary
og
ram
sh
ow
s th
e c
hro
mo
som
es
of
an
org
an
ism
in h
om
olo
go
us
pa
irs
of
de
cre
asi
ng
len
gth
.
Se
x is
de
term
ine
d b
y se
x ch
rom
oso
me
s a
nd
au
toso
me
s a
re c
hro
mo
som
es
tha
t d
o n
ot
de
term
ine
se
x.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
irn
s’ t
ech
niq
ue
fo
r m
ea
suri
ng
th
e le
ng
th o
f D
NA
mo
lecu
les
by
au
tora
dio
gra
ph
y.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
mp
ari
son
of
ge
no
me
siz
e in
T2
ph
ag
e, E
sch
eric
hia
co
li,
Dro
sop
hila
mel
an
og
ast
er, H
om
o s
ap
ien
s a
nd
Pa
ris
jap
on
ica
.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Se
qu
en
cin
g o
f th
e r
ice
ge
no
me
inv
olv
ed
co
op
era
tio
n b
etw
ee
n b
iolo
gis
ts in
10 c
ou
ntr
ies.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 1
.6 C
ell
div
isio
n
Aim
s:
Aim
6:
Sta
inin
g r
oo
t ti
p s
qu
ash
es
an
d m
icro
sco
pe
exa
min
ati
on
of
chro
mo
som
es
is r
eco
mm
en
de
d b
ut
no
t o
blig
ato
ry.
Aim
7:
Use
of
da
tab
ase
s to
ide
nti
fy g
en
e lo
ci a
nd
pro
tein
pro
du
cts
of
ge
ne
s.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide52
3.2
Ch
rom
oso
me
s
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
mp
ari
son
of
dip
loid
ch
rom
oso
me
nu
mb
ers
of
Ho
mo
sa
pie
ns,
Pa
n t
rog
lod
ytes
, Ca
nis
fam
ilia
ris,
Ory
za s
ati
va, P
ara
sca
ris
equ
oru
m.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
ka
ryo
gra
ms
to d
ed
uce
se
x a
nd
dia
gn
ose
Do
wn
sy
nd
rom
e
in h
um
an
s.
Sk
ill: U
se o
f d
ata
ba
ses
to id
en
tify
th
e lo
cus
of
a h
um
an
ge
ne
an
d it
s
po
lyp
ep
tid
e p
rod
uc
t.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Th
e t
erm
s k
ary
oty
pe
an
d k
ary
og
ram
hav
e d
iffe
ren
t m
ea
nin
gs.
Ka
ryo
typ
e is
a p
rop
ert
y o
f a
ce
ll—
the
nu
mb
er
an
d t
yp
e o
f ch
rom
oso
me
s p
rese
nt
in t
he
nu
cle
us,
no
t a
ph
oto
gra
ph
or
dia
gra
m o
f th
em
.
Ge
no
me
siz
e is
th
e t
ota
l le
ng
th o
f D
NA
in a
n o
rga
nis
m. T
he
exa
mp
les
of
ge
no
me
an
d c
hro
mo
som
e n
um
be
r h
ave
be
en
se
lec
ted
to
all
ow
po
ints
of
inte
rest
to
be
ra
ise
d.
Th
e t
wo
DN
A m
ole
cule
s fo
rme
d b
y D
NA
re
plic
ati
on
pri
or
to c
ell
div
isio
n a
re
con
sid
ere
d t
o b
e s
iste
r ch
rom
ati
ds
un
til t
he
sp
litti
ng
of
the
ce
ntr
om
ere
at
the
sta
rt o
f a
na
ph
ase
. Aft
er
this
, th
ey
are
ind
ivid
ua
l ch
rom
oso
me
s.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide 53
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: A
lle
les
seg
reg
ate
du
rin
g m
eio
sis
all
ow
ing
ne
w c
om
bin
ati
on
s to
be
fo
rme
d b
y th
e f
usi
on
of
ga
me
tes.
3.3
Me
iosi
s
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ma
kin
g c
are
ful o
bse
rva
tio
ns—
me
iosi
s w
as
dis
cov
ere
d b
y m
icro
sco
pe
exa
min
ati
on
of
div
idin
g g
erm
-lin
e c
ells
. (1.
8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
On
e d
iplo
id n
ucl
eu
s d
ivid
es
by
me
iosi
s to
pro
du
ce f
ou
r h
ap
loid
nu
cle
i.
Th
e h
alv
ing
of
the
ch
rom
oso
me
nu
mb
er
all
ow
s a
se
xua
l lif
e c
ycle
wit
h f
usi
on
of
ga
me
tes.
DN
A is
re
plic
ate
d b
efo
re m
eio
sis
so t
ha
t a
ll ch
rom
oso
me
s co
nsi
st o
f tw
o
sist
er
chro
ma
tid
s.
Th
e e
arl
y st
ag
es
of
me
iosi
s in
vo
lve
pa
irin
g o
f h
om
olo
go
us
chro
mo
som
es
an
d
cro
ssin
g o
ve
r fo
llo
we
d b
y co
nd
en
sati
on
.
Ori
en
tati
on
of
pa
irs
of
ho
mo
log
ou
s ch
rom
oso
me
s p
rio
r to
se
pa
rati
on
is
ran
do
m.
Se
pa
rati
on
of
pa
irs
of
ho
mo
log
ou
s ch
rom
oso
me
s in
th
e f
irst
div
isio
n o
f
me
iosi
s h
alv
es
the
ch
rom
oso
me
nu
mb
er.
Cro
ssin
g o
ve
r a
nd
ra
nd
om
ori
en
tati
on
pro
mo
tes
ge
ne
tic
va
ria
tio
n.
Fusi
on
of
ga
me
tes
fro
m d
iffe
ren
t p
are
nts
pro
mo
tes
ge
ne
tic
va
ria
tio
n.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: No
n-d
isju
nc
tio
n c
an
ca
use
Do
wn
sy
nd
rom
e a
nd
oth
er
chro
mo
som
e a
bn
orm
alit
ies.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Stu
die
s sh
ow
ing
ag
e o
f p
are
nts
infl
ue
nce
s ch
an
ces
of
no
n-
dis
jun
cti
on
.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
In 1
92
2 t
he
nu
mb
er
of
chro
mo
som
es
cou
nte
d in
a h
um
an
ce
ll w
as
48
. Th
is
rem
ain
ed
th
e e
sta
blis
he
d n
um
be
r fo
r 3
0 y
ea
rs, e
ve
n t
ho
ug
h a
re
vie
w o
f
ph
oto
gra
ph
ic e
vid
en
ce f
rom
th
e t
ime
cle
arl
y s
ho
we
d t
ha
t th
ere
we
re 4
6. F
or
wh
at
rea
son
s d
o e
xist
ing
be
lie
fs c
arr
y a
ce
rta
in in
ert
ia?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
An
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
of
ka
ryo
typ
es
ha
s a
llo
we
d d
iag
no
ses
to b
e m
ad
e f
or
the
pu
rpo
ses
of
ge
ne
tic
cou
nse
llin
g.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 1
.6 C
ell
div
isio
n
Top
ic 1
0.1
Me
iosi
s
Top
ic 1
1.4
Se
xua
l re
pro
du
cti
on
Aim
s:
Aim
8:
Pre
-na
tal s
cre
en
ing
fo
r ch
rom
oso
me
ab
no
rma
litie
s g
ive
s a
n in
dic
ati
on
of
the
se
x o
f th
e f
etu
s a
nd
ra
ise
s e
thic
al i
ssu
es
ov
er
sele
cti
ve
ab
ort
ion
of
fem
ale
fe
tuse
s in
so
me
co
un
trie
s.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide54
3.3
Me
iosi
s
Ap
plic
ati
on
: De
scri
pti
on
of
me
tho
ds
use
d t
o o
bta
in c
ells
fo
r k
ary
oty
pe
an
aly
sis
e.g
. ch
ori
on
ic v
illu
s sa
mp
ling
an
d a
mn
ioce
nte
sis
an
d t
he
ass
oci
ate
d
risk
s.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
dia
gra
ms
to s
ho
w t
he
sta
ge
s o
f m
eio
sis
resu
ltin
g in
th
e
form
ati
on
of
fou
r h
ap
loid
ce
lls.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Pre
pa
rati
on
of
mic
rosc
op
e s
lid
es
sho
win
g m
eio
sis
is c
ha
lle
ng
ing
an
d
pe
rma
ne
nt
slid
es
sho
uld
be
av
aila
ble
in c
ase
no
ce
lls in
me
iosi
s a
re v
isib
le in
tem
po
rary
mo
un
ts.
Dra
win
gs
of
the
sta
ge
s o
f m
eio
sis
do
no
t n
ee
d t
o in
clu
de
ch
iasm
ata
.
Th
e p
roce
ss o
f ch
iasm
ata
fo
rma
tio
n n
ee
d n
ot
be
exp
lain
ed
.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide 55
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: T
he
inh
eri
tan
ce o
f g
en
es
foll
ow
s p
att
ern
s.
3.4
In
he
rita
nce
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ma
kin
g q
ua
nti
tati
ve
me
asu
rem
en
ts w
ith
re
plic
ate
s to
en
sure
re
liab
ility
. Me
nd
el’s
ge
ne
tic
cro
sse
s w
ith
pe
a p
lan
ts g
en
era
ted
nu
me
rica
l da
ta. (
3.2
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Me
nd
el d
isco
ve
red
th
e p
rin
cip
les
of
inh
eri
tan
ce w
ith
exp
eri
me
nts
in w
hic
h
larg
e n
um
be
rs o
f p
ea
pla
nts
we
re c
ross
ed
.
Ga
me
tes
are
ha
plo
id s
o c
on
tain
on
ly o
ne
all
ele
of
ea
ch g
en
e.
Th
e t
wo
all
ele
s o
f e
ach
ge
ne
se
pa
rate
into
dif
fere
nt
ha
plo
id d
au
gh
ter
nu
cle
i
du
rin
g m
eio
sis.
Fusi
on
of
ga
me
tes
resu
lts
in d
iplo
id z
ygo
tes
wit
h t
wo
all
ele
s o
f e
ach
ge
ne
tha
t m
ay b
e t
he
sa
me
all
ele
or
dif
fere
nt
all
ele
s.
Do
min
an
t a
lle
les
ma
sk t
he
eff
ec
ts o
f re
cess
ive
all
ele
s b
ut
co-d
om
ina
nt
all
ele
s
hav
e jo
int
eff
ec
ts.
Ma
ny
ge
ne
tic
dis
ea
ses
in h
um
an
s a
re d
ue
to
re
cess
ive
all
ele
s o
f a
uto
som
al
ge
ne
s, a
lth
ou
gh
so
me
ge
ne
tic
dis
ea
ses
are
du
e t
o d
om
ina
nt
or
co-d
om
ina
nt
all
ele
s.
So
me
ge
ne
tic
dis
ea
ses
are
se
x-lin
ked
. T
he
pa
tte
rn o
f in
he
rita
nce
is d
iffe
ren
t
wit
h s
ex-
linke
d g
en
es
du
e t
o t
he
ir lo
cati
on
on
se
x ch
rom
oso
me
s.
Ma
ny
ge
ne
tic
dis
ea
ses
hav
e b
ee
n id
en
tifi
ed
in h
um
an
s b
ut
mo
st a
re v
ery
rare
.
Ra
dia
tio
n a
nd
mu
tag
en
ic c
he
mic
als
incr
ea
se t
he
mu
tati
on
ra
te a
nd
ca
n c
au
se
ge
ne
tic
dis
ea
ses
an
d c
an
cer.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Me
nd
el’s
th
eo
rie
s w
ere
no
t a
cce
pte
d b
y t
he
sci
en
tifi
c co
mm
un
ity
for
a lo
ng
tim
e. W
ha
t fa
cto
rs w
ou
ld e
nco
ura
ge
th
e a
cce
pta
nce
of
ne
w id
ea
s b
y t
he
scie
nti
fic
com
mu
nit
y?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 1
.6 C
ell
div
isio
n
Aim
s:
Aim
8: S
oci
al i
mp
lica
tio
ns
of
dia
gn
osi
s o
f m
uta
tio
ns,
incl
ud
ing
th
e e
ffe
cts
on
the
fa
mil
y a
nd
sti
gm
ati
zati
on
.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide56
3.4
In
he
rita
nce
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: In
he
rita
nce
of
AB
O b
loo
d g
rou
ps.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Re
d-g
ree
n c
olo
ur
blin
dn
ess
an
d h
em
op
hili
a a
s e
xam
ple
s o
f se
x-
linke
d in
he
rita
nce
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: In
he
rita
nce
of
cy
stic
fib
rosi
s a
nd
Hu
nti
ng
ton
’s d
ise
ase
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
rad
iati
on
aft
er
nu
cle
ar
bo
mb
ing
of
Hir
osh
ima
an
d a
ccid
en
t a
t C
he
rno
by
l.
Sk
ill: C
on
stru
cti
on
of
Pu
nn
ett
gri
ds
for
pre
dic
tin
g t
he
ou
tco
me
s o
f
mo
no
hy
bri
d g
en
eti
c cr
oss
es.
Sk
ill: C
om
pa
riso
n o
f p
red
icte
d a
nd
ac
tua
l ou
tco
me
s o
f g
en
eti
c cr
oss
es
usi
ng
rea
l da
ta.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f p
ed
igre
e c
ha
rts
to d
ed
uce
th
e p
att
ern
of
inh
eri
tan
ce o
f
ge
ne
tic
dis
ea
ses.
Gu
ida
nce
:
All
ele
s ca
rrie
d o
n X
ch
rom
oso
me
s sh
ou
ld b
e s
ho
wn
as
sup
ers
crip
t le
tte
rs o
n
an
up
pe
r ca
se X
, su
ch a
s X
h.
Th
e e
xpe
cte
d n
ota
tio
n f
or
AB
O b
loo
d g
rou
p a
lle
les
is:
Ph
eno
typ
eO A B A
B
Gen
oty
pe
ii IAIA
or
IAi
IBIB
or
IBi
IAIB
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide 57
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: B
iolo
gis
ts h
ave
de
ve
lop
ed
te
chn
iqu
es
for
art
ific
ial m
an
ipu
lati
on
of
DN
A, c
ells
an
d o
rga
nis
ms.
3.5
Ge
ne
tic
mo
dif
ica
tio
n a
nd
bio
tech
no
log
y
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ass
ess
ing
ris
ks
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith
sci
en
tifi
c re
sea
rch
—sc
ien
tist
s a
tte
mp
t to
ass
ess
th
e r
isk
s a
sso
cia
ted
wit
h g
en
eti
call
y m
od
ifie
d c
rop
s o
r li
ve
sto
ck. (
4.8
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ge
l ele
ctr
op
ho
resi
s is
use
d t
o s
ep
ara
te p
rote
ins
or
fra
gm
en
ts o
f D
NA
acc
ord
ing
to
siz
e.
PC
R c
an
be
use
d t
o a
mp
lify
sm
all
am
ou
nts
of
DN
A.
DN
A p
rofi
ling
inv
olv
es
com
pa
riso
n o
f D
NA
.
Ge
ne
tic
mo
dif
ica
tio
n is
ca
rrie
d o
ut
by
ge
ne
tra
nsf
er
be
twe
en
sp
eci
es.
Clo
ne
s a
re g
rou
ps
of
ge
ne
tica
lly
ide
nti
cal o
rga
nis
ms,
de
riv
ed
fro
m a
sin
gle
ori
gin
al p
are
nt
cell
.
Ma
ny
pla
nt
spe
cie
s a
nd
so
me
an
ima
l sp
eci
es
hav
e n
atu
ral m
eth
od
s o
f
clo
nin
g.
An
ima
ls c
an
be
clo
ne
d a
t th
e e
mb
ryo
sta
ge
by
bre
ak
ing
up
th
e e
mb
ryo
into
mo
re t
ha
n o
ne
gro
up
of
cells
.
Me
tho
ds
hav
e b
ee
n d
ev
elo
pe
d f
or
clo
nin
g a
du
lt a
nim
als
usi
ng
dif
fere
nti
ate
d
cells
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
DN
A p
rofi
ling
in p
ate
rnit
y a
nd
fo
ren
sic
inv
est
iga
tio
ns.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ge
ne
tra
nsf
er
to b
ac
teri
a u
sin
g p
lasm
ids
ma
kes
use
of
rest
ric
tio
n
en
do
nu
cle
ase
s a
nd
DN
A li
ga
se.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ass
ess
me
nt
of
the
po
ten
tia
l ris
ks
an
d b
en
efi
ts a
sso
cia
ted
wit
h
ge
ne
tic
mo
dif
ica
tio
n o
f cr
op
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Pro
du
cti
on
of
clo
ne
d e
mb
ryo
s p
rod
uce
d b
y so
ma
tic-
cell
nu
cle
ar
tra
nsf
er.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
e u
se o
f D
NA
fo
r se
curi
ng
co
nv
icti
on
s in
leg
al c
ase
s is
we
ll e
sta
blis
he
d,
yet
ev
en
un
ive
rsa
lly
acc
ep
ted
th
eo
rie
s a
re o
ve
rtu
rne
d in
th
e li
gh
t o
f n
ew
ev
ide
nce
in s
cie
nce
. Wh
at
crit
eri
a a
re n
ece
ssa
ry f
or
ass
ess
ing
th
e r
elia
bili
ty o
f
ev
ide
nce
?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.7 D
NA
re
plic
ati
on
, tra
nsc
rip
tio
n a
nd
tra
nsl
ati
on
Aim
s:
Aim
6: T
he
de
sig
n o
f a
ro
oti
ng
exp
eri
me
nt
sho
uld
ide
all
y le
ad
to
th
e
exp
eri
me
nt
ac
tua
lly
be
ing
ca
rrie
d o
ut
by
stu
de
nts
.
Aim
8: T
he
eth
ics
of
ge
ne
tic
mo
dif
ica
tio
n c
ou
ld b
e d
iscu
sse
d.
Topic 3: Genetics
Biology guide58
3.5
Ge
ne
tic
mo
dif
ica
tio
n a
nd
bio
tech
no
log
y
Sk
ill: D
esi
gn
of
an
exp
eri
me
nt
to a
sse
ss o
ne
fa
cto
r a
ffe
cti
ng
th
e r
oo
tin
g o
f
ste
m-c
utt
ing
s.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f e
xam
ple
s o
f D
NA
pro
file
s.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f d
ata
on
ris
ks
to m
on
arc
h b
utt
erf
lies
of
Bt
cro
ps.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld b
e a
ble
to
de
du
ce w
he
the
r o
r n
ot
a m
an
co
uld
be
th
e f
ath
er
of
a c
hil
d f
rom
th
e p
att
ern
of
ba
nd
s o
n a
DN
A p
rofi
le.
Do
lly
can
be
use
d a
s a
n e
xam
ple
of
som
ati
c-ce
ll tr
an
sfe
r.
A p
lan
t sp
eci
es
sho
uld
be
ch
ose
n f
or
roo
tin
g e
xpe
rim
en
ts t
ha
t fo
rms
roo
ts
rea
dil
y in
wa
ter
or
a s
oli
d m
ed
ium
.
59Biology guide 59
Co
re
Top
ic 4
: Eco
log
y 12
ho
urs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Th
e c
on
tin
ue
d s
urv
iva
l of
liv
ing
org
an
ism
s in
clu
din
g h
um
an
s d
ep
en
ds
on
su
sta
ina
ble
co
mm
un
itie
s.
4.1
Sp
eci
es,
co
mm
un
itie
s a
nd
eco
syst
em
s
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Loo
kin
g f
or
pa
tte
rns,
tre
nd
s a
nd
dis
cre
pa
nci
es—
pla
nts
an
d a
lga
e a
re m
ost
ly a
uto
tro
ph
ic b
ut
som
e a
re n
ot.
(3
.1)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Sp
eci
es
are
gro
up
s o
f o
rga
nis
ms
tha
t ca
n p
ote
nti
all
y in
terb
ree
d t
o p
rod
uce
fert
ile
off
spri
ng
.
Me
mb
ers
of
a s
pe
cie
s m
ay b
e r
ep
rod
uct
ive
ly is
ola
ted
in s
ep
ara
te p
op
ula
tio
ns.
Sp
eci
es
hav
e e
ith
er
an
au
totr
op
hic
or
he
tero
tro
ph
ic m
eth
od
of
nu
trit
ion
(a
few
sp
eci
es
hav
e b
oth
me
tho
ds)
.
Co
nsu
me
rs a
re h
ete
rotr
op
hs
tha
t fe
ed
on
liv
ing
org
an
ism
s b
y in
ge
stio
n.
De
trit
ivo
res
are
he
tero
tro
ph
s th
at
ob
tain
org
an
ic n
utr
ien
ts f
rom
de
trit
us
by
inte
rna
l dig
est
ion
.
Sa
pro
tro
ph
s a
re h
ete
rotr
op
hs
tha
t o
bta
in o
rga
nic
nu
trie
nts
fro
m d
ea
d
org
an
ism
s b
y e
xte
rna
l dig
est
ion
.
A c
om
mu
nit
y is
fo
rme
d b
y p
op
ula
tio
ns
of
dif
fere
nt
spe
cie
s li
vin
g t
og
eth
er
an
d in
tera
cti
ng
wit
h e
ach
oth
er.
A c
om
mu
nit
y fo
rms
an
eco
syst
em
by
its
inte
rac
tio
ns
wit
h t
he
ab
ioti
c
en
vir
on
me
nt.
Au
totr
op
hs
ob
tain
ino
rga
nic
nu
trie
nts
fro
m t
he
ab
ioti
c e
nv
iro
nm
en
t.
Th
e s
up
ply
of
ino
rga
nic
nu
trie
nts
is m
ain
tain
ed
by
nu
trie
nt
cyc
ling
.
Eco
syst
em
s h
ave
th
e p
ote
nti
al t
o b
e s
ust
ain
ab
le o
ve
r lo
ng
pe
rio
ds
of
tim
e.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Th
e n
ee
d f
or
sust
ain
ab
ility
in h
um
an
ac
tiv
itie
s co
uld
be
dis
cuss
ed
an
d t
he
me
tho
ds
ne
ed
ed
to
pro
mo
te t
his
.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Ge
og
rap
hy
Pa
rt 2
A: F
resh
wa
ter-
issu
es
an
d c
on
flic
ts
En
vir
on
me
nta
l sy
ste
ms
an
d s
oci
eti
es
Top
ic 2
.1 S
pe
cie
s a
nd
po
pu
lati
on
s
Aim
s:
Aim
6: I
t w
ou
ld b
e b
est
fo
r st
ud
en
ts t
o o
bta
in d
ata
fo
r th
e c
hi-
squ
are
d t
est
the
mse
lve
s, t
o g
ive
fir
st-h
an
d e
xpe
rie
nce
of
fie
ld w
ork
te
chn
iqu
es.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide60
4.1
Sp
eci
es,
co
mm
un
itie
s a
nd
eco
syst
em
s
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Sk
ill: C
lass
ify
ing
sp
eci
es
as
au
totr
op
hs,
co
nsu
me
rs, d
etr
itiv
ore
s o
r sa
pro
tro
ph
s
fro
m a
kn
ow
led
ge
of
the
ir m
od
e o
f n
utr
itio
n.
Sk
ill: S
ett
ing
up
se
ale
d m
eso
cosm
s to
try
to
est
ab
lish
su
sta
ina
bili
ty. (
Pra
ctic
al 5
)
Sk
ill: T
est
ing
fo
r a
sso
cia
tio
n b
etw
ee
n t
wo
sp
eci
es
usi
ng
th
e c
hi-
squ
are
d t
est
wit
h d
ata
ob
tain
ed
by
qu
ad
rat
sam
plin
g.
Sk
ill: R
eco
gn
izin
g a
nd
inte
rpre
tin
g s
tati
stic
al s
ign
ific
an
ce.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Me
soco
sms
can
be
se
t u
p in
op
en
ta
nk
s, b
ut
sea
led
gla
ss v
ess
els
are
pre
fera
ble
be
cau
se e
ntr
y a
nd
exi
t o
f m
att
er
can
be
pre
ve
nte
d b
ut
ligh
t ca
n
en
ter
an
d h
ea
t ca
n le
ave
. Aq
ua
tic
syst
em
s a
re li
kely
to
be
mo
re s
ucc
ess
ful
tha
n t
err
est
ria
l on
es.
To o
bta
in d
ata
fo
r th
e c
hi-
squ
are
d t
est
, an
eco
syst
em
sh
ou
ld b
e c
ho
sen
in
wh
ich
on
e o
r m
ore
fa
cto
rs a
ffe
cti
ng
th
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f th
e c
ho
sen
sp
eci
es
va
rie
s. S
am
plin
g s
ho
uld
be
ba
sed
on
ra
nd
om
nu
mb
ers
. In
ea
ch q
ua
dra
t th
e
pre
sen
ce o
r a
bse
nce
of
the
ch
ose
n s
pe
cie
s sh
ou
ld b
e r
eco
rde
d.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide 61
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: E
cosy
ste
ms
req
uir
e a
co
nti
nu
ou
s su
pp
ly o
f e
ne
rgy
to f
ue
l lif
e p
roce
sse
s a
nd
to
re
pla
ce e
ne
rgy
lost
as
he
at.
4.2
En
erg
y f
low
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Use
th
eo
rie
s to
exp
lain
na
tura
l ph
en
om
en
a—
the
co
nce
pt
of
en
erg
y fl
ow
exp
lain
s th
e li
mit
ed
len
gth
of
foo
d c
ha
ins.
(2
.2)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Mo
st e
cosy
ste
ms
rely
on
a s
up
ply
of
en
erg
y fr
om
su
nlig
ht.
Lig
ht
en
erg
y is
co
nv
ert
ed
to
ch
em
ica
l en
erg
y in
ca
rbo
n c
om
po
un
ds
by
ph
oto
syn
the
sis.
Ch
em
ica
l en
erg
y in
ca
rbo
n c
om
po
un
ds
flo
ws
thro
ug
h f
oo
d c
ha
ins
by
me
an
s
of
fee
din
g.
En
erg
y re
lea
sed
fro
m c
arb
on
co
mp
ou
nd
s b
y re
spir
ati
on
is u
sed
in li
vin
g
org
an
ism
s a
nd
co
nv
ert
ed
to
he
at.
Liv
ing
org
an
ism
s ca
nn
ot
con
ve
rt h
ea
t to
oth
er
form
s o
f e
ne
rgy.
He
at
is lo
st f
rom
eco
syst
em
s.
En
erg
y lo
sse
s b
etw
ee
n t
rop
hic
lev
els
re
stri
ct
the
len
gth
of
foo
d c
ha
ins
an
d
the
bio
ma
ss o
f h
igh
er
tro
ph
ic le
ve
ls.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Sk
ill: Q
ua
nti
tati
ve
re
pre
sen
tati
on
s o
f e
ne
rgy
flo
w u
sin
g p
yra
mid
s o
f e
ne
rgy.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Py
ram
ids
of
nu
mb
er
an
d b
iom
ass
are
no
t re
qu
ire
d. S
tud
en
ts s
ho
uld
be
cle
ar
tha
t b
iom
ass
in t
err
est
ria
l eco
syst
em
s d
imin
ish
es
wit
h e
ne
rgy
alo
ng
fo
od
cha
ins
du
e t
o lo
ss o
f ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
, wa
ter
an
d o
the
r w
ast
e p
rod
uc
ts, s
uch
as
ure
a.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Th
e e
ne
rge
tics
of
foo
d c
ha
ins
is a
fa
cto
r in
th
e e
ffic
ien
cy
of
foo
d p
rod
uc
tio
n
for
the
all
ev
iati
on
of
wo
rld
hu
ng
er.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.8 C
ell
resp
ira
tio
n
Top
ic 2
.9 P
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s
Ph
ysi
cs
Top
ic 2
.3 W
ork
, en
erg
y a
nd
po
we
r
Top
ic B
.2 T
he
rmo
dy
na
mic
s
En
vir
on
me
nta
l sy
ste
ms
an
d s
oci
eti
es
Top
ic 2
.3 F
low
s o
f e
ne
rgy
an
d m
att
er
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide62
4.2
En
erg
y f
low
Py
ram
ids
of
en
erg
y sh
ou
ld b
e d
raw
n t
o s
cale
an
d s
ho
uld
be
ste
pp
ed
, no
t
tria
ng
ula
r. T
he
te
rms
pro
du
cer,
fir
st c
on
sum
er
an
d s
eco
nd
co
nsu
me
r a
nd
so
on
sh
ou
ld b
e u
sed
, ra
the
r th
an
fir
st t
rop
hic
lev
el,
seco
nd
tro
ph
ic le
ve
l an
d s
o
on
.
Th
e d
isti
nc
tio
n b
etw
ee
n e
ne
rgy
flo
w in
eco
syst
em
s a
nd
cyc
ling
of
ino
rga
nic
nu
trie
nts
sh
ou
ld b
e s
tre
sse
d. S
tud
en
ts s
ho
uld
un
de
rsta
nd
th
at
the
re is
a
con
tin
uo
us
bu
t v
ari
ab
le s
up
ply
of
en
erg
y in
th
e f
orm
of
sun
ligh
t b
ut
tha
t th
e
sup
ply
of
nu
trie
nts
in a
n e
cosy
ste
m is
fin
ite
an
d li
mit
ed
.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide 63
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: C
on
tin
ue
d a
va
ilab
ility
of
carb
on
in e
cosy
ste
ms
de
pe
nd
s o
n c
arb
on
cyc
ling
.
4.3
Ca
rbo
n c
ycl
ing
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ma
kin
g a
ccu
rate
, qu
an
tita
tiv
e m
ea
sure
me
nts
—it
is im
po
rta
nt
to o
bta
in r
elia
ble
da
ta o
n t
he
co
nce
ntr
ati
on
of
carb
on
dio
xid
e a
nd
me
tha
ne
in t
he
atm
osp
he
re. (
3.1
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Au
totr
op
hs
con
ve
rt c
arb
on
dio
xid
e in
to c
arb
oh
ydra
tes
an
d o
the
r ca
rbo
n
com
po
un
ds.
In a
qu
ati
c e
cosy
ste
ms
carb
on
is p
rese
nt
as
dis
solv
ed
ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
an
d
hyd
rog
en
ca
rbo
na
te io
ns.
Ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
dif
fuse
s fr
om
th
e a
tmo
sph
ere
or
wa
ter
into
au
totr
op
hs.
Ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
is p
rod
uce
d b
y re
spir
ati
on
an
d d
iffu
ses
ou
t o
f o
rga
nis
ms
into
wa
ter
or
the
atm
osp
he
re.
Me
tha
ne
is p
rod
uce
d f
rom
org
an
ic m
att
er
in a
na
ero
bic
co
nd
itio
ns
by
me
tha
no
ge
nic
arc
ha
ea
ns
an
d s
om
e d
iffu
ses
into
th
e a
tmo
sph
ere
or
acc
um
ula
tes
in t
he
gro
un
d.
Me
tha
ne
is o
xid
ize
d t
o c
arb
on
dio
xid
e a
nd
wa
ter
in t
he
atm
osp
he
re.
Pe
at
form
s w
he
n o
rga
nic
ma
tte
r is
no
t fu
lly
de
com
po
sed
be
cau
se o
f a
cid
ic
an
d/o
r a
na
ero
bic
co
nd
itio
ns
in w
ate
rlo
gg
ed
so
ils.
Pa
rtia
lly
de
com
po
sed
org
an
ic m
att
er
fro
m p
ast
ge
olo
gic
al e
ras
wa
s
con
ve
rte
d e
ith
er
into
co
al o
r in
to o
il a
nd
ga
s th
at
acc
um
ula
te in
po
rou
s ro
cks.
Ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
is p
rod
uce
d b
y th
e c
om
bu
stio
n o
f b
iom
ass
an
d f
oss
ilize
d
org
an
ic m
att
er.
An
ima
ls s
uch
as
ree
f-b
uil
din
g c
ora
ls a
nd
mo
llusc
a h
ave
ha
rd p
art
s th
at
are
com
po
sed
of
calc
ium
ca
rbo
na
te a
nd
ca
n b
eco
me
fo
ssili
zed
in li
me
sto
ne
.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Ph
ysi
cs
Top
ic 8
.1 E
ne
rgy
sou
rce
s
Ch
em
istr
y
Top
ic C
.2 F
oss
il fu
els
Top
ic C
.5 E
nv
iro
nm
en
tal i
mp
ac
t—g
lob
al w
arm
ing
Aim
s:
Aim
8:
Th
e e
thic
al i
mp
lica
tio
ns
of
div
ert
ing
cro
ps
such
as
ma
ize
fro
m a
fo
od
to a
fu
el c
rop
co
uld
be
co
nsi
de
red
.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide64
4.3
Ca
rbo
n c
ycl
ing
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Est
ima
tio
n o
f ca
rbo
n f
luxe
s d
ue
to
pro
cess
es
in t
he
ca
rbo
n c
ycle
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: An
aly
sis
of
da
ta f
rom
air
mo
nit
ori
ng
sta
tio
ns
to e
xpla
in a
nn
ua
l
flu
ctu
ati
on
s.
Sk
ill: C
on
stru
ct
a d
iag
ram
of
the
ca
rbo
n c
ycle
.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Ca
rbo
n f
luxe
s sh
ou
ld b
e m
ea
sure
d in
gig
ato
nn
es.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide 65
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: C
on
cen
tra
tio
ns
of
ga
ses
in t
he
atm
osp
he
re a
ffe
ct
clim
ate
s e
xpe
rie
nce
d a
t th
e E
art
h’s
su
rfa
ce.
4.4
Cli
ma
te c
ha
ng
e
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ass
ess
ing
cla
ims—
ass
ess
me
nt
of
the
cla
ims
tha
t h
um
an
ac
tiv
itie
s a
re p
rod
uci
ng
clim
ate
ch
an
ge
. (5
.2)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
an
d w
ate
r v
ap
ou
r a
re t
he
mo
st s
ign
ific
an
t g
ree
nh
ou
se g
ase
s.
Oth
er
ga
ses
incl
ud
ing
me
tha
ne
an
d n
itro
ge
n o
xid
es
hav
e le
ss im
pa
ct.
Th
e im
pa
ct
of
a g
as
de
pe
nd
s o
n it
s a
bili
ty t
o a
bso
rb lo
ng
wav
e r
ad
iati
on
as
we
ll a
s o
n it
s co
nce
ntr
ati
on
in t
he
atm
osp
he
re.
Th
e w
arm
ed
Ea
rth
em
its
lon
ge
r w
ave
len
gth
ra
dia
tio
n (
he
at)
.
Lon
ge
r w
ave
ra
dia
tio
n is
ab
sorb
ed
by
gre
en
ho
use
ga
ses
tha
t re
tain
th
e h
ea
t
in t
he
atm
osp
he
re.
Glo
ba
l te
mp
era
ture
s a
nd
clim
ate
pa
tte
rns
are
infl
ue
nce
d b
y co
nce
ntr
ati
on
s
of
gre
en
ho
use
ga
ses.
Th
ere
is a
co
rre
lati
on
be
twe
en
ris
ing
atm
osp
he
ric
con
cen
tra
tio
ns
of
carb
on
dio
xid
e s
ince
th
e s
tart
of
the
ind
ust
ria
l re
vo
luti
on
20
0 y
ea
rs a
go
an
d a
ve
rag
e
glo
ba
l te
mp
era
ture
s.
Re
cen
t in
cre
ase
s in
atm
osp
he
ric
carb
on
dio
xid
e a
re la
rge
ly d
ue
to
incr
ea
ses
in t
he
co
mb
ust
ion
of
foss
ilize
d o
rga
nic
ma
tte
r.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Th
rea
ts t
o c
ora
l re
efs
fro
m in
cre
asi
ng
co
nce
ntr
ati
on
s o
f d
isso
lve
d
carb
on
dio
xid
e.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
rre
lati
on
s b
etw
ee
n g
lob
al t
em
pe
ratu
res
an
d c
arb
on
dio
xid
e
con
cen
tra
tio
ns
on
Ea
rth
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ev
alu
ati
ng
cla
ims
tha
t h
um
an
ac
tiv
itie
s a
re n
ot
cau
sin
g c
lima
te
cha
ng
e.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Re
lea
se o
f g
ree
nh
ou
se g
ase
s o
ccu
rs lo
call
y b
ut
ha
s a
glo
ba
l im
pa
ct,
so
inte
rna
tio
na
l co
op
era
tio
n t
o r
ed
uce
em
issi
on
s is
ess
en
tia
l.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
e p
reca
uti
on
ary
pri
nci
ple
is m
ea
nt
to g
uid
e d
eci
sio
n-m
ak
ing
in c
on
dit
ion
s
wh
ere
a la
ck o
f ce
rta
inty
exi
sts.
Is c
ert
ain
ty e
ve
r p
oss
ible
in t
he
na
tura
l
scie
nce
s?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Ph
ysi
cs
Top
ic 8
.2 T
he
rma
l en
erg
y tr
an
sfe
r
Ge
og
rap
hy
Pa
rt 1
.3 P
att
ern
s in
en
vir
on
me
nta
l qu
alit
y a
nd
su
sta
ina
bili
ty/A
tmo
sph
ere
an
d
cha
ng
e
En
vir
on
me
nta
l sy
ste
ms
an
d s
oci
eti
es
Top
ic 7
.2 C
lima
te c
ha
ng
e—
cau
ses
an
d im
pa
cts
Aim
s:
Aim
7: D
ata
ba
ses
can
be
use
d t
o a
na
lyse
co
nce
ntr
ati
on
s o
f g
ree
nh
ou
se
ga
ses.
Aim
8: T
he
re a
re in
tere
stin
g p
ara
lle
ls b
etw
ee
n h
um
an
s th
at
are
un
will
ing
to
red
uce
th
eir
ca
rbo
n f
oo
tpri
nt
an
d c
he
ati
ng
in s
oci
al a
nim
als
. Wh
en
th
e le
ve
l
of
che
ati
ng
ris
es
ab
ov
e a
ce
rta
in le
ve
l, so
cia
l be
hav
iou
r b
rea
ks
do
wn
.
Topic 4: Ecology
Biology guide66
4.4
Cli
ma
te c
ha
ng
e
Gu
ida
nce
:
Ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
, me
tha
ne
an
d w
ate
r v
ap
ou
r sh
ou
ld b
e in
clu
de
d in
dis
cuss
ion
s.
Th
e h
arm
ful c
on
seq
ue
nce
s o
f o
zon
e d
ep
leti
on
do
no
t n
ee
d t
o b
e d
iscu
sse
d
an
d it
sh
ou
ld b
e m
ad
e c
lea
r th
at
ozo
ne
de
ple
tio
n is
no
t th
e c
au
se o
f th
e
en
ha
nce
d g
ree
nh
ou
se e
ffe
ct.
67Biology guide 67
Co
re
Top
ic 5
: Evo
luti
on
an
d b
iod
ive
rsit
y
12 h
ou
rs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: T
he
re is
ov
erw
he
lmin
g e
vid
en
ce f
or
the
ev
olu
tio
n o
f li
fe o
n E
art
h.
5.1
Ev
ide
nce
fo
r e
vo
luti
on
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Loo
kin
g f
or
pa
tte
rns,
tre
nd
s a
nd
dis
cre
pa
nci
es—
the
re a
re c
om
mo
n f
ea
ture
s in
th
e b
on
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f v
ert
eb
rate
lim
bs
de
spit
e t
he
ir v
ari
ed
use
. (3
.1)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ev
olu
tio
n o
ccu
rs w
he
n h
eri
tab
le c
ha
rac
teri
stic
s o
f a
sp
eci
es
cha
ng
e.
Th
e f
oss
il re
cord
pro
vid
es
ev
ide
nce
fo
r e
vo
luti
on
.
Se
lec
tiv
e b
ree
din
g o
f d
om
est
ica
ted
an
ima
ls s
ho
ws
tha
t a
rtif
icia
l se
lec
tio
n c
an
cau
se e
vo
luti
on
.
Ev
olu
tio
n o
f h
om
olo
go
us
stru
ctu
res
by
ad
ap
tiv
e r
ad
iati
on
exp
lain
s
sim
ilari
tie
s in
str
uc
ture
wh
en
th
ere
are
dif
fere
nce
s in
fu
nc
tio
n.
Po
pu
lati
on
s o
f a
sp
eci
es
can
gra
du
all
y d
ive
rge
into
se
pa
rate
sp
eci
es
by
ev
olu
tio
n.
Co
nti
nu
ou
s v
ari
ati
on
acr
oss
th
e g
eo
gra
ph
ica
l ra
ng
e o
f re
late
d p
op
ula
tio
ns
ma
tch
es
the
co
nce
pt
of
gra
du
al d
ive
rge
nce
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: De
ve
lop
me
nt
of
me
lan
isti
c in
sec
ts in
po
llute
d a
rea
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
mp
ari
son
of
the
pe
nta
da
cty
l lim
b o
f m
am
ma
ls, b
ird
s,
am
ph
ibia
ns
an
d r
ep
tile
s w
ith
dif
fere
nt
me
tho
ds
of
loco
mo
tio
n.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Ev
olu
tio
na
ry h
isto
ry is
an
esp
eci
all
y c
ha
lle
ng
ing
are
a o
f sc
ien
ce b
eca
use
exp
eri
me
nts
ca
nn
ot
be
pe
rfo
rme
d t
o e
sta
blis
h p
ast
ev
en
ts o
r th
eir
ca
use
s.
Th
ere
are
no
ne
the
less
sci
en
tifi
c m
eth
od
s o
f e
sta
blis
hin
g b
eyo
nd
re
aso
na
ble
do
ub
t w
ha
t h
ap
pe
ne
d in
so
me
ca
ses.
Ho
w d
o t
he
se m
eth
od
s co
mp
are
to
tho
se u
sed
by
his
tori
an
s to
re
con
stru
ct
the
pa
st?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Ph
ysi
cs
Top
ic 7
.1 D
iscr
ete
en
erg
y a
nd
ra
dio
ac
tiv
ity
Ge
og
rap
hy
Pa
rt 1
.3 P
att
ern
s in
en
vir
on
me
nta
l qu
alit
y a
nd
su
sta
ina
bili
ty/B
iod
ive
rsit
y a
nd
cha
ng
e
En
vir
on
me
nta
l sy
ste
ms
an
d s
oci
eti
es
Top
ic 4
Bio
div
ers
ity
in e
cosy
ste
ms
Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity
Biology guide68
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: T
he
div
ers
ity
of
life
ha
s e
vo
lve
d a
nd
co
nti
nu
es
to e
vo
lve
by
na
tura
l se
lec
tio
n.
5.2
Na
tura
l se
lec
tio
n
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Use
th
eo
rie
s to
exp
lain
na
tura
l ph
en
om
en
a—
the
th
eo
ry o
f e
vo
luti
on
by
na
tura
l se
lec
tio
n c
an
exp
lain
th
e d
ev
elo
pm
en
t o
f a
nti
bio
tic
resi
sta
nce
in b
ac
teri
a. (
2.1
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Na
tura
l se
lec
tio
n c
an
on
ly o
ccu
r if
th
ere
is v
ari
ati
on
am
on
g m
em
be
rs o
f th
e
sam
e s
pe
cie
s.
Mu
tati
on
, me
iosi
s a
nd
se
xua
l re
pro
du
cti
on
ca
use
va
ria
tio
n b
etw
ee
n
ind
ivid
ua
ls in
a s
pe
cie
s.
Ad
ap
tati
on
s a
re c
ha
rac
teri
stic
s th
at
ma
ke a
n in
div
idu
al s
uit
ed
to
its
en
vir
on
me
nt
an
d w
ay o
f li
fe.
Sp
eci
es
ten
d t
o p
rod
uce
mo
re o
ffsp
rin
g t
ha
n t
he
en
vir
on
me
nt
can
su
pp
ort
.
Ind
ivid
ua
ls t
ha
t a
re b
ett
er
ad
ap
ted
te
nd
to
su
rviv
e a
nd
pro
du
ce m
ore
off
spri
ng
wh
ile
th
e le
ss w
ell
ad
ap
ted
te
nd
to
die
or
pro
du
ce f
ew
er
off
spri
ng
.
Ind
ivid
ua
ls t
ha
t re
pro
du
ce p
ass
on
ch
ara
cte
rist
ics
to t
he
ir o
ffsp
rin
g.
Na
tura
l se
lec
tio
n in
cre
ase
s th
e f
req
ue
nc
y o
f ch
ara
cte
rist
ics
tha
t m
ake
ind
ivid
ua
ls b
ett
er
ad
ap
ted
an
d d
ecr
ea
ses
the
fre
qu
en
cy
of
oth
er
cha
rac
teri
stic
s le
ad
ing
to
ch
an
ge
s w
ith
in t
he
sp
eci
es.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ch
an
ge
s in
be
ak
s o
f fi
nch
es
on
Da
ph
ne
Ma
jor.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ev
olu
tio
n o
f a
nti
bio
tic
resi
sta
nce
in b
ac
teri
a.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld b
e c
lea
r th
at
cha
rac
teri
stic
s a
cqu
ire
d d
uri
ng
th
e li
feti
me
of
an
ind
ivid
ua
l are
no
t h
eri
tab
le. T
he
te
rm L
am
arc
kis
m is
no
t re
qu
ire
d.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Na
tura
l Se
lec
tio
n is
a t
he
ory
. Ho
w m
uch
ev
ide
nce
is r
eq
uir
ed
to
su
pp
ort
a
the
ory
an
d w
ha
t so
rt o
f co
un
ter
ev
ide
nce
is r
eq
uir
ed
to
re
fute
it?
Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity
Biology guide 69
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Sp
eci
es
are
na
me
d a
nd
cla
ssif
ied
usi
ng
an
inte
rna
tio
na
lly
ag
ree
d s
yst
em
.
5.3
Cla
ssif
ica
tio
n o
f b
iod
ive
rsit
y
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Co
op
era
tio
n a
nd
co
llab
ora
tio
n b
etw
ee
n g
rou
ps
of
scie
nti
sts—
scie
nti
sts
use
th
e b
ino
mia
l sy
ste
m t
o id
en
tify
a s
pe
cie
s ra
the
r th
an
th
e m
an
y d
iffe
ren
t lo
cal n
am
es.
(4.3
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Th
e b
ino
mia
l sy
ste
m o
f n
am
es
for
spe
cie
s is
un
ive
rsa
l am
on
g b
iolo
gis
ts a
nd
ha
s b
ee
n a
gre
ed
an
d d
ev
elo
pe
d a
t a
se
rie
s o
f co
ng
ress
es.
Wh
en
sp
eci
es
are
dis
cov
ere
d t
he
y a
re g
ive
n s
cie
nti
fic
na
me
s u
sin
g t
he
bin
om
ial s
yst
em
.
Taxo
no
mis
ts c
lass
ify
spe
cie
s u
sin
g a
hie
rarc
hy
of
taxa
.
All
org
an
ism
s a
re c
lass
ifie
d in
to t
hre
e d
om
ain
s.
Th
e p
rin
cip
al t
axa
fo
r cl
ass
ify
ing
eu
ka
ryo
tes
are
kin
gd
om
, ph
ylu
m, c
lass
,
ord
er,
fa
mil
y, g
en
us
an
d s
pe
cie
s.
In a
na
tura
l cla
ssif
ica
tio
n, t
he
ge
nu
s a
nd
acc
om
pa
ny
ing
hig
he
r ta
xa c
on
sist
of
all
the
sp
eci
es
tha
t h
ave
ev
olv
ed
fro
m o
ne
co
mm
on
an
cest
ral s
pe
cie
s.
Taxo
no
mis
ts s
om
eti
me
s re
cla
ssif
y g
rou
ps
of
spe
cie
s w
he
n n
ew
ev
ide
nce
sho
ws
tha
t a
pre
vio
us
taxo
n c
on
tain
s sp
eci
es
tha
t h
ave
ev
olv
ed
fro
m
dif
fere
nt
an
cest
ral s
pe
cie
s.
Na
tura
l cla
ssif
ica
tio
ns
he
lp in
ide
nti
fica
tio
n o
f sp
eci
es
an
d a
llo
w t
he
pre
dic
tio
n o
f ch
ara
cte
rist
ics
sha
red
by
spe
cie
s w
ith
in a
gro
up
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Cla
ssif
ica
tio
n o
f o
ne
pla
nt
an
d o
ne
an
ima
l sp
eci
es
fro
m d
om
ain
to s
pe
cie
s le
ve
l.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Re
cog
nit
ion
fe
atu
res
of
bry
op
hy
ta, f
ilici
no
ph
yta
, co
nif
ero
ph
yta
an
d a
ng
iosp
erm
op
hy
ta.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Th
ere
are
inte
rna
tio
na
l co
de
s o
f n
om
en
cla
ture
an
d a
gre
em
en
ts a
s to
th
e
pri
nci
ple
s to
be
fo
llo
we
d in
th
e c
lass
ific
ati
on
of
liv
ing
org
an
ism
s.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
e a
do
pti
on
of
a s
yst
em
of
bin
om
ial n
om
en
cla
ture
is la
rge
ly d
ue
to
Sw
ed
ish
bo
tan
ist
an
d p
hy
sici
an
Ca
rolu
s L
inn
ae
us
(17
07
–17
78
). L
inn
ae
us
als
o d
efi
ne
d
fou
r g
rou
ps
of
hu
ma
ns,
an
d t
he
div
isio
ns
we
re b
ase
d o
n b
oth
ph
ysi
cal a
nd
soci
al t
rait
s. B
y 21
st-c
en
tury
sta
nd
ard
s, h
is d
esc
rip
tio
ns
can
be
re
ga
rde
d a
s
raci
st. H
ow
do
es
the
so
cia
l co
nte
xt
of
scie
nti
fic
wo
rk a
ffe
ct
the
me
tho
ds
an
d f
ind
ing
s o
f re
sea
rch
? Is
it n
ece
ssa
ry t
o c
on
sid
er
the
so
cia
l co
nte
xt
wh
en
ev
alu
ati
ng
eth
ica
l asp
ec
ts o
f k
no
wle
dg
e c
laim
s?
Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity
Biology guide70
5.3
Cla
ssif
ica
tio
n o
f b
iod
ive
rsit
y
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Re
cog
nit
ion
fe
atu
res
of
po
rife
ra, c
nid
ari
a, p
laty
lhe
lmin
tha
,
an
ne
lid
a, m
ollu
sca
, art
hro
po
da
an
d c
ho
rda
ta.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Re
cog
nit
ion
of
fea
ture
s o
f b
ird
s, m
am
ma
ls, a
mp
hib
ian
s, r
ep
tile
s
an
d f
ish
.
Sk
ill: C
on
stru
cti
on
of
dic
ho
tom
ou
s ke
ys
for
use
in id
en
tify
ing
sp
eci
me
ns.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Arc
ha
ea
, eu
ba
cte
ria
an
d e
uk
ary
ote
sh
ou
ld b
e u
sed
fo
r th
e t
hre
e d
om
ain
s.
Me
mb
ers
of
the
se d
om
ain
s sh
ou
ld b
e r
efe
rre
d t
o a
s a
rch
ae
an
s, b
ac
teri
a a
nd
eu
ka
ryo
tes.
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld k
no
w w
hic
h p
lan
t p
hy
la h
ave
va
scu
lar
tiss
ue
, bu
t o
the
r
inte
rna
l de
tails
are
no
t re
qu
ire
d.
Re
cog
nit
ion
fe
atu
res
exp
ec
ted
fo
r th
e s
ele
cte
d a
nim
al p
hy
la a
re t
ho
se
tha
t a
re m
ost
use
ful i
n d
isti
ng
uis
hin
g t
he
gro
up
s fr
om
ea
ch o
the
r a
nd
fu
ll
de
scri
pti
on
s o
f th
e c
ha
rac
teri
stic
s o
f e
ach
ph
ylu
m a
re n
ot
ne
ed
ed
.
Vir
use
s a
re n
ot
cla
ssif
ied
as
liv
ing
org
an
ism
s.
Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity
Biology guide 71
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Th
e a
nce
stry
of
gro
up
s o
f sp
eci
es
can
be
de
du
ced
by
com
pa
rin
g t
he
ir b
ase
or
am
ino
aci
d s
eq
ue
nce
s.
5.4
Cla
dis
tics
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Fals
ific
ati
on
of
the
ori
es
wit
h o
ne
th
eo
ry b
ein
g s
up
ers
ed
ed
by
an
oth
er—
pla
nt
fam
ilie
s h
ave
be
en
re
cla
ssif
ied
as
a r
esu
lt o
f e
vid
en
ce f
rom
cla
dis
tics
. (1.
9)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
A c
lad
e is
a g
rou
p o
f o
rga
nis
ms
tha
t h
ave
ev
olv
ed
fro
m a
co
mm
on
an
cest
or.
Ev
ide
nce
fo
r w
hic
h s
pe
cie
s a
re p
art
of
a c
lad
e c
an
be
ob
tain
ed
fro
m t
he
ba
se
seq
ue
nce
s o
f a
ge
ne
or
the
co
rre
spo
nd
ing
am
ino
aci
d s
eq
ue
nce
of
a p
rote
in.
Se
qu
en
ce d
iffe
ren
ces
acc
um
ula
te g
rad
ua
lly
so t
he
re is
a p
osi
tiv
e c
orr
ela
tio
n
be
twe
en
th
e n
um
be
r o
f d
iffe
ren
ces
be
twe
en
tw
o s
pe
cie
s a
nd
th
e t
ime
sin
ce
the
y d
ive
rge
d f
rom
a c
om
mo
n a
nce
sto
r.
Tra
its
can
be
an
alo
go
us
or
ho
mo
log
ou
s.
Cla
do
gra
ms
are
tre
e d
iag
ram
s th
at
sho
w t
he
mo
st p
rob
ab
le s
eq
ue
nce
of
div
erg
en
ce in
cla
de
s.
Ev
ide
nce
fro
m c
lad
isti
cs h
as
sho
wn
th
at
cla
ssif
ica
tio
ns
of
som
e g
rou
ps
ba
sed
on
str
uc
ture
did
no
t co
rre
spo
nd
wit
h t
he
ev
olu
tio
na
ry o
rig
ins
of
a g
rou
p o
r
spe
cie
s.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Cla
do
gra
ms
incl
ud
ing
hu
ma
ns
an
d o
the
r p
rim
ate
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Re
cla
ssif
ica
tio
n o
f th
e f
igw
ort
fa
mil
y u
sin
g e
vid
en
ce f
rom
cla
dis
tics
.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f cl
ad
og
ram
s to
de
du
ce e
vo
luti
on
ary
re
lati
on
ship
s.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
A m
ajo
r st
ep
fo
rwa
rd in
th
e s
tud
y o
f b
ac
teri
a w
as
the
re
cog
nit
ion
in 1
97
7 b
y
Ca
rl W
oe
se t
ha
t A
rch
aea
hav
e a
se
pa
rate
lin
e o
f e
vo
luti
on
ary
de
sce
nt
fro
m
ba
cte
ria
. Fa
mo
us
scie
nti
sts,
incl
ud
ing
Lu
ria
an
d M
ayr,
ob
jec
ted
to
his
div
isio
n
of
the
pro
ka
ryo
tes.
To
wh
at
ex
ten
t is
co
nse
rva
tism
in s
cie
nce
de
sira
ble
?
Biology guide72
Co
re
Top
ic 6
: Hu
man
ph
ysio
log
y
20
ho
urs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f th
e w
all
of
the
sm
all
inte
stin
e a
llo
ws
it t
o m
ov
e, d
ige
st a
nd
ab
sorb
fo
od
.
6.1
Dig
est
ion
an
d a
bso
rpti
on
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Use
mo
de
ls a
s re
pre
sen
tati
on
s o
f th
e r
ea
l wo
rld
—d
ialy
sis
tub
ing
ca
n b
e u
sed
to
mo
de
l ab
sorp
tio
n in
th
e in
test
ine
. (1.
10)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Th
e c
on
tra
cti
on
of
circ
ula
r a
nd
lon
git
ud
ina
l mu
scle
of
the
sm
all
inte
stin
e
mix
es
the
fo
od
wit
h e
nzy
me
s a
nd
mo
ve
s it
alo
ng
th
e g
ut.
Th
e p
an
cre
as
secr
ete
s e
nzy
me
s in
to t
he
lum
en
of
the
sm
all
inte
stin
e.
En
zym
es
dig
est
mo
st m
acr
om
ole
cule
s in
fo
od
into
mo
no
me
rs in
th
e s
ma
ll
inte
stin
e.
Vill
i in
cre
ase
th
e s
urf
ace
are
a o
f e
pit
he
lium
ov
er
wh
ich
ab
sorp
tio
n is
ca
rrie
d
ou
t.
Vill
i ab
sorb
mo
no
me
rs f
orm
ed
by
dig
est
ion
as
we
ll a
s m
ine
ral i
on
s a
nd
vit
am
ins.
Dif
fere
nt
me
tho
ds
of
me
mb
ran
e t
ran
spo
rt a
re r
eq
uir
ed
to
ab
sorb
dif
fere
nt
nu
trie
nts
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Pro
cess
es
occ
urr
ing
in t
he
sm
all
inte
stin
e t
ha
t re
sult
in t
he
dig
est
ion
of
sta
rch
an
d t
ran
spo
rt o
f th
e p
rod
uc
ts o
f d
ige
stio
n t
o t
he
liv
er.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
dia
lysi
s tu
bin
g t
o m
od
el a
bso
rpti
on
of
dig
est
ed
fo
od
in
the
inte
stin
e.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
So
me
hyd
roly
tic
en
zym
es
hav
e e
con
om
ic im
po
rta
nce
, fo
r e
xam
ple
am
yla
se
in p
rod
uc
tio
n o
f su
ga
rs f
rom
sta
rch
an
d in
th
e b
rew
ing
of
be
er.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.1 M
ole
cule
s to
me
tab
olis
m
Top
ic 2
.5 E
nzy
me
s
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide 73
6.1
Dig
est
ion
an
d a
bso
rpti
on
Sk
ill: P
rod
uc
tio
n o
f a
n a
nn
ota
ted
dia
gra
m o
f th
e d
ige
stiv
e s
yst
em
.
Sk
ill: I
de
nti
fica
tio
n o
f ti
ssu
e la
yers
in t
ran
sve
rse
se
cti
on
s o
f th
e s
ma
ll in
test
ine
vie
we
d w
ith
a m
icro
sco
pe
or
in a
mic
rog
rap
h.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld k
no
w t
ha
t a
my
lase
, lip
ase
an
d a
n e
nd
op
ep
tid
ase
are
secr
ete
d b
y th
e p
an
cre
as.
Th
e n
am
e t
ryp
sin
an
d t
he
me
tho
d u
sed
to
ac
tiv
ate
it a
re n
ot
req
uir
ed
.
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld k
no
w t
ha
t st
arc
h, g
lyco
ge
n, l
ipid
s a
nd
nu
cle
ic a
cid
s a
re
dig
est
ed
into
mo
no
me
rs a
nd
th
at
cellu
lose
re
ma
ins
un
dig
est
ed
.
Tis
sue
laye
rs s
ho
uld
incl
ud
e lo
ng
itu
din
al a
nd
cir
cula
r m
usc
les,
mu
cosa
an
d
ep
ith
eliu
m.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide74
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Th
e b
loo
d s
yst
em
co
nti
nu
ou
sly
tra
nsp
ort
s su
bst
an
ces
to c
ells
an
d s
imu
lta
ne
ou
sly
coll
ec
ts w
ast
e p
rod
uc
ts.
6.2
Th
e b
loo
d s
yst
em
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Th
eo
rie
s a
re r
eg
ard
ed
as
un
cert
ain
—W
illia
m H
arv
ey
ov
ert
urn
ed
th
eo
rie
s d
ev
elo
pe
d b
y th
e a
nci
en
t G
ree
k p
hil
oso
ph
er
Ga
len
on
mo
ve
me
nt
of
blo
od
in t
he
bo
dy.
(1.9
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Art
eri
es
con
ve
y b
loo
d a
t h
igh
pre
ssu
re f
rom
th
e v
en
tric
les
to t
he
tis
sue
s o
f
the
bo
dy.
Art
eri
es
hav
e m
usc
le c
ells
an
d e
last
ic f
ibre
s in
th
eir
wa
lls.
Th
e m
usc
le a
nd
ela
stic
fib
res
ass
ist
in m
ain
tain
ing
blo
od
pre
ssu
re b
etw
ee
n
pu
mp
cyc
les.
Blo
od
flo
ws
thro
ug
h t
issu
es
in c
ap
illa
rie
s. C
ap
illa
rie
s h
ave
pe
rme
ab
le w
alls
tha
t a
llo
w e
xch
an
ge
of
ma
teri
als
be
twe
en
ce
lls in
th
e t
issu
e a
nd
th
e b
loo
d in
the
ca
pill
ary
.
Ve
ins
coll
ec
t b
loo
d a
t lo
w p
ress
ure
fro
m t
he
tis
sue
s o
f th
e b
od
y a
nd
re
turn
it
to t
he
atr
ia o
f th
e h
ea
rt.
Va
lve
s in
ve
ins
an
d t
he
he
art
en
sure
cir
cula
tio
n o
f b
loo
d b
y p
rev
en
tin
g
ba
ckfl
ow
.
Th
ere
is a
se
pa
rate
cir
cula
tio
n f
or
the
lun
gs.
Th
e h
ea
rt b
ea
t is
init
iate
d b
y a
gro
up
of
spe
cia
lize
d m
usc
le c
ells
in t
he
rig
ht
atr
ium
ca
lle
d t
he
sin
oa
tria
l no
de
.
Th
e s
ino
atr
ial n
od
e a
cts
as
a p
ace
ma
ker.
Th
e s
ino
atr
ial n
od
e s
en
ds
ou
t a
n e
lec
tric
al s
ign
al t
ha
t st
imu
late
s co
ntr
ac
tio
n
as
it is
pro
pa
ga
ted
th
rou
gh
th
e w
alls
of
the
atr
ia a
nd
th
en
th
e w
alls
of
the
ve
ntr
icle
s.
Th
e h
ea
rt r
ate
ca
n b
e in
cre
ase
d o
r d
ecr
ea
sed
by
imp
uls
es
bro
ug
ht
to t
he
he
art
th
rou
gh
tw
o n
erv
es
fro
m t
he
me
du
lla o
f th
e b
rain
.
Ep
ine
ph
rin
e in
cre
ase
s th
e h
ea
rt r
ate
to
pre
pa
re f
or
vig
oro
us
ph
ysi
cal a
cti
vit
y.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Ou
r cu
rre
nt
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
is t
ha
t e
mo
tio
ns
are
th
e p
rod
uc
t o
f a
cti
vit
y in
th
e
bra
in r
ath
er
tha
n t
he
he
art
. Is
kn
ow
led
ge
ba
sed
on
sci
en
ce m
ore
va
lid
th
an
kn
ow
led
ge
ba
sed
on
intu
itio
n?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
of
the
str
uc
ture
of
the
ca
rdio
va
scu
lar
syst
em
ha
s a
llo
we
d t
he
de
ve
lop
me
nt
of
he
art
su
rge
ry.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.2 W
ate
r
Top
ic 2
.3 C
arb
oh
ydra
tes
an
d li
pid
s
Top
ic 6
.4 G
as
exc
ha
ng
e
Top
ic 6
.6 H
orm
on
es,
ho
me
ost
asi
s a
nd
re
pro
du
cti
on
Aim
s:
Aim
6: A
he
art
dis
sec
tio
n is
su
gg
est
ed
as
a m
ea
ns
of
stu
dy
ing
he
art
str
uc
ture
.
Aim
8: T
he
so
cia
l im
plic
ati
on
s o
f co
ron
ary
he
art
dis
ea
se c
ou
ld b
e d
iscu
sse
d.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide 75
6.2
Th
e b
loo
d s
yst
em
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Will
iam
Ha
rve
y’s
dis
cov
ery
of
the
cir
cula
tio
n o
f th
e b
loo
d w
ith
the
he
art
ac
tin
g a
s th
e p
um
p.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Pre
ssu
re c
ha
ng
es
in t
he
left
atr
ium
, le
ft v
en
tric
le a
nd
ao
rta
du
rin
g t
he
ca
rdia
c c
ycle
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
use
s a
nd
co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
occ
lusi
on
of
the
co
ron
ary
art
eri
es.
Sk
ill: I
de
nti
fica
tio
n o
f b
loo
d v
ess
els
as
art
eri
es,
ca
pill
ari
es
or
ve
ins
fro
m t
he
stru
ctu
re o
f th
eir
wa
lls.
Sk
ill: R
eco
gn
itio
n o
f th
e c
ha
mb
ers
an
d v
alv
es
of
the
he
art
an
d t
he
blo
od
ve
sse
ls c
on
ne
cte
d t
o it
in d
isse
cte
d h
ea
rts
or
in d
iag
ram
s o
f h
ea
rt s
tru
ctu
re.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide76
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: T
he
hu
ma
n b
od
y h
as
stru
ctu
res
an
d p
roce
sse
s th
at
resi
st t
he
co
nti
nu
ou
s th
rea
t o
f in
va
sio
n b
y p
ath
og
en
s.
6.3
De
fen
ce a
ga
inst
in
fec
tio
us
dis
ea
se
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ris
ks
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith
sci
en
tifi
c re
sea
rch
—F
lore
y a
nd
Ch
ain
’s t
est
s o
n t
he
sa
fety
of
pe
nic
illin
wo
uld
no
t b
e c
om
plia
nt
wit
h c
urr
en
t p
roto
col o
n t
est
ing
. (4
.8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Th
e s
kin
an
d m
uco
us
me
mb
ran
es
form
a p
rim
ary
de
fen
ce a
ga
inst
pa
tho
ge
ns
tha
t ca
use
infe
cti
ou
s d
ise
ase
.
Cu
ts in
th
e s
kin
are
se
ale
d b
y b
loo
d c
lott
ing
.
Clo
ttin
g f
ac
tors
are
re
lea
sed
fro
m p
late
lets
.
Th
e c
asc
ad
e r
esu
lts
in t
he
ra
pid
co
nv
ers
ion
of
fib
rin
og
en
to
fib
rin
by
thro
mb
in.
Ing
est
ion
of
pa
tho
ge
ns
by
ph
ag
oc
yti
c w
hit
e b
loo
d c
ells
giv
es
no
n-s
pe
cifi
c
imm
un
ity
to d
ise
ase
s.
Pro
du
cti
on
of
an
tib
od
ies
by
lym
ph
oc
yte
s in
re
spo
nse
to
pa
rtic
ula
r p
ath
og
en
s
giv
es
spe
cifi
c im
mu
nit
y.
An
tib
ioti
cs b
lock
pro
cess
es
tha
t o
ccu
r in
pro
ka
ryo
tic
cells
bu
t n
ot
in
eu
ka
ryo
tic
cells
.
Vir
use
s la
ck a
me
tab
olis
m a
nd
ca
nn
ot
the
refo
re b
e t
rea
ted
wit
h a
nti
bio
tics
.
So
me
str
ain
s o
f b
ac
teri
a h
ave
ev
olv
ed
wit
h g
en
es
tha
t co
nfe
r re
sist
an
ce t
o
an
tib
ioti
cs a
nd
so
me
str
ain
s o
f b
ac
teri
a h
ave
mu
ltip
le r
esi
sta
nce
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
use
s a
nd
co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
blo
od
clo
t fo
rma
tio
n in
co
ron
ary
art
eri
es.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Flo
rey
an
d C
ha
in’s
exp
eri
me
nts
to
te
st p
en
icill
in o
n b
ac
teri
al
infe
cti
on
s in
mic
e.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Eff
ec
ts o
f H
IV o
n t
he
imm
un
e s
yst
em
an
d m
eth
od
s o
f
tra
nsm
issi
on
.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Th
e s
pre
ad
an
d c
on
tain
me
nt
of
dis
ea
ses
such
as
bir
d f
lu r
eq
uir
e in
tern
ati
on
al
coo
rdin
ati
on
an
d c
om
mu
nic
ati
on
.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
An
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
of
imm
un
ity
ha
s le
d t
o t
he
de
ve
lop
me
nt
of
va
ccin
ati
on
s.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 5
.2 N
atu
ral s
ele
cti
on
Ch
em
istr
y
Top
ic D
2 A
spir
in a
nd
pe
nic
illin
Aim
s:
Aim
8: T
he
so
cia
l as
we
ll a
s th
e e
con
om
ic b
en
efi
ts o
f th
e c
on
tro
l of
ba
cte
ria
l
dis
ea
ses
aro
un
d t
he
wo
rld
sh
ou
ld b
e s
tre
sse
d.
Aim
9: S
cie
nce
ha
s lim
ite
d m
ea
ns
in t
he
fig
ht
ag
ain
st p
ath
og
en
s, a
s sh
ow
n b
y
the
sp
rea
d o
f n
ew
dis
ea
ses
an
d a
nti
bio
tic-
resi
sta
nt
ba
cte
ria
.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide 77
6.3
De
fen
ce a
ga
inst
in
fec
tio
us
dis
ea
se
Gu
ida
nce
:
Dia
gra
ms
of
skin
are
no
t re
qu
ire
d.
Su
bg
rou
ps
of
ph
ag
oc
yte
an
d ly
mp
ho
cy
te a
re n
ot
req
uir
ed
bu
t st
ud
en
ts
sho
uld
be
aw
are
th
at
som
e ly
mp
ho
cy
tes
ac
t a
s m
em
ory
ce
lls a
nd
ca
n q
uic
kly
rep
rod
uce
to
fo
rm a
clo
ne
of
pla
sma
ce
lls if
a p
ath
og
en
ca
rry
ing
a s
pe
cifi
c
an
tig
en
is r
e-e
nco
un
tere
d.
Th
e e
ffe
cts
of
HIV
on
th
e im
mu
ne
sy
ste
m s
ho
uld
be
lim
ite
d t
o a
re
du
cti
on
in t
he
nu
mb
er
of
ac
tiv
e ly
mp
ho
cy
tes
an
d a
loss
of
the
ab
ility
to
pro
du
ce
an
tib
od
ies,
lea
din
g t
o t
he
de
ve
lop
me
nt
of
AID
S.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide78
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Th
e lu
ng
s a
re a
cti
ve
ly v
en
tila
ted
to
en
sure
th
at
ga
s e
xch
an
ge
ca
n o
ccu
r p
ass
ive
ly.
6.4
Ga
s e
xch
an
ge
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ob
tain
ev
ide
nce
fo
r th
eo
rie
s—e
pid
em
iolo
gic
al s
tud
ies
hav
e c
on
trib
ute
d t
o o
ur
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
of
the
ca
use
s o
f lu
ng
ca
nce
r. (1
.8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ve
nti
lati
on
ma
inta
ins
con
cen
tra
tio
n g
rad
ien
ts o
f o
xyg
en
an
d c
arb
on
dio
xid
e
be
twe
en
air
in a
lve
oli
an
d b
loo
d f
low
ing
in a
dja
cen
t ca
pill
ari
es.
Typ
e I
pn
eu
mo
cy
tes
are
ex
tre
me
ly t
hin
alv
eo
lar
cells
th
at
are
ad
ap
ted
to
carr
y o
ut
ga
s e
xch
an
ge
.
Typ
e II
pn
eu
mo
cy
tes
secr
ete
a s
olu
tio
n c
on
tain
ing
su
rfa
cta
nt
tha
t cr
ea
tes
a
mo
ist
surf
ace
insi
de
th
e a
lve
oli
to p
rev
en
t th
e s
ide
s o
f th
e a
lve
olu
s a
dh
eri
ng
to e
ach
oth
er
by
red
uci
ng
su
rfa
ce t
en
sio
n.
Air
is c
arr
ied
to
th
e lu
ng
s in
th
e t
rach
ea
an
d b
ron
chi a
nd
th
en
to
th
e a
lve
oli
in
bro
nch
iole
s.
Mu
scle
co
ntr
ac
tio
ns
cau
se t
he
pre
ssu
re c
ha
ng
es
insi
de
th
e t
ho
rax
tha
t fo
rce
air
in a
nd
ou
t o
f th
e lu
ng
s to
ve
nti
late
th
em
.
Dif
fere
nt
mu
scle
s a
re r
eq
uir
ed
fo
r in
spir
ati
on
an
d e
xpir
ati
on
be
cau
se m
usc
les
on
ly d
o w
ork
wh
en
th
ey
con
tra
ct.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
use
s a
nd
co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
lun
g c
an
cer.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
use
s a
nd
co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
em
ph
yse
ma
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ex
tern
al a
nd
inte
rna
l in
terc
ost
al m
usc
les,
an
d d
iap
hra
gm
an
d
ab
do
min
al m
usc
les
as
exa
mp
les
of
an
tag
on
isti
c m
usc
le a
cti
on
.
Sk
ill: M
on
ito
rin
g o
f v
en
tila
tio
n in
hu
ma
ns
at
rest
an
d a
fte
r m
ild
an
d v
igo
rou
s
exe
rcis
e. (
Pra
cti
cal 6
)
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 1
.4 M
em
bra
ne
tra
nsp
ort
Top
ic 1
.6 C
ell
div
isio
n
Top
ic 6
.2 T
he
blo
od
sy
ste
m
Ph
ysi
cs
Top
ic 3
.2 M
od
elli
ng
a g
as
Aim
s:
Aim
8: T
he
so
cia
l co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
lun
g c
an
cer
an
d e
mp
hy
sem
a c
ou
ld b
e
dis
cuss
ed
.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide 79
6.4
Ga
s e
xch
an
ge
Gu
ida
nce
:
Ve
nti
lati
on
ca
n e
ith
er
be
mo
nit
ore
d b
y si
mp
le o
bse
rva
tio
n a
nd
sim
ple
ap
pa
ratu
s o
r b
y d
ata
log
gin
g w
ith
a s
pir
om
ete
r o
r ch
est
be
lt a
nd
pre
ssu
re
me
ter.
Ve
nti
lati
on
ra
te a
nd
tid
al v
olu
me
sh
ou
ld b
e m
ea
sure
d, b
ut
the
te
rms
vit
al c
ap
aci
ty a
nd
re
sid
ua
l vo
lum
e a
re n
ot
exp
ec
ted
.
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld b
e a
ble
to
dra
w a
dia
gra
m t
o s
ho
w t
he
str
uc
ture
of
an
alv
eo
lus
an
d a
n a
dja
cen
t ca
pill
ary
.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide80
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Ne
uro
ns
tra
nsm
it t
he
me
ssa
ge
, sy
na
pse
s m
od
ula
te t
he
me
ssa
ge
.
6.5
Ne
uro
ns
an
d s
yn
ap
ses
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Co
op
era
tio
n a
nd
co
llab
ora
tio
n b
etw
ee
n g
rou
ps
of
scie
nti
sts—
bio
log
ists
are
co
ntr
ibu
tin
g t
o r
ese
arc
h in
to m
em
ory
an
d le
arn
ing
. (4
.3)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ne
uro
ns
tra
nsm
it e
lec
tric
al i
mp
uls
es.
Th
e m
yelin
ati
on
of
ne
rve
fib
res
all
ow
s fo
r sa
lta
tory
co
nd
uc
tio
n.
Ne
uro
ns
pu
mp
so
diu
m a
nd
po
tass
ium
ion
s a
cro
ss t
he
ir m
em
bra
ne
s to
ge
ne
rate
a r
est
ing
po
ten
tia
l.
An
act
ion
po
ten
tia
l co
nsi
sts
of
de
po
lari
zati
on
an
d r
ep
ola
riza
tio
n o
f th
e n
eu
ron
.
Ne
rve
imp
uls
es
are
ac
tio
n p
ote
nti
als
pro
pa
ga
ted
alo
ng
th
e a
xon
s o
f n
eu
ron
s.
Pro
pa
ga
tio
n o
f n
erv
e im
pu
lse
s is
th
e r
esu
lt o
f lo
cal c
urr
en
ts t
ha
t ca
use
ea
ch
succ
ess
ive
pa
rt o
f th
e a
xon
to
re
ach
th
e t
hre
sho
ld p
ote
nti
al.
Syn
ap
ses
are
jun
cti
on
s b
etw
ee
n n
eu
ron
s a
nd
be
twe
en
ne
uro
ns
an
d r
ece
pto
r
or
eff
ec
tor
cells
.
Wh
en
pre
syn
ap
tic
ne
uro
ns
are
de
po
lari
zed
th
ey
rele
ase
a n
eu
rotr
an
smit
ter
into
th
e s
yn
ap
se.
A n
erv
e im
pu
lse
is o
nly
init
iate
d if
th
e t
hre
sho
ld p
ote
nti
al i
s re
ach
ed
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
atio
n: S
ecr
eti
on
an
d r
eab
sorp
tio
n o
f ace
tylc
ho
line
by
ne
uro
ns
at s
ynap
ses.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Blo
ckin
g o
f sy
na
pti
c tr
an
smis
sio
n a
t ch
olin
erg
ic s
yn
ap
ses
in
inse
cts
by
bin
din
g o
f n
eo
nic
oti
no
id p
est
icid
es
to a
cety
lch
olin
e r
ece
pto
rs.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f o
scill
osc
op
e t
race
s sh
ow
ing
re
stin
g p
ote
nti
als
an
d a
cti
on
po
ten
tia
ls.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Th
e d
eta
ils o
f st
ruc
ture
of
dif
fere
nt
typ
es
of
ne
uro
n a
re n
ot
ne
ed
ed
.
On
ly c
he
mic
al s
yn
ap
ses
are
re
qu
ire
d, n
ot
ele
ctr
ica
l, a
nd
th
ey
can
sim
ply
be
refe
rre
d t
o a
s sy
na
pse
s.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
An
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
of
the
wo
rkin
gs
of
ne
uro
tra
nsm
itte
rs a
nd
sy
na
pse
s h
as
led
to
th
e d
ev
elo
pm
en
t o
f n
um
ero
us
ph
arm
ace
uti
cals
fo
r th
e t
rea
tme
nt
of
me
nta
l dis
ord
ers
.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 1
.4 M
em
bra
ne
tra
nsp
ort
Ch
em
istr
y
Top
ic C
6 E
lec
tro
che
mis
try,
re
cha
rge
ab
le b
att
eri
es
an
d f
ue
l ce
lls
Psy
cho
log
y
Co
re: B
iolo
gic
al l
ev
el o
f a
na
lysi
s
Aim
s:
Aim
8:
Th
e s
oci
al e
ffe
cts
of
the
ab
use
of
psy
cho
ac
tiv
e d
rug
s co
uld
be
con
sid
ere
d, a
s co
uld
th
e u
se o
f th
e n
eu
roto
xin
Bo
tox
for
cosm
eti
c tr
ea
tme
nts
.
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide 81
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: H
orm
on
es
are
use
d w
he
n s
ign
als
ne
ed
to
be
wid
ely
dis
trib
ute
d.
6.6
Ho
rmo
ne
s, h
om
eo
sta
sis
an
d r
ep
rod
uc
tio
n
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
ve
lop
me
nts
in s
cie
nti
fic
rese
arc
h f
oll
ow
imp
rov
em
en
ts in
ap
pa
ratu
s—W
illia
m H
arv
ey
wa
s h
am
pe
red
in h
is o
bse
rva
tio
na
l re
sea
rch
into
re
pro
du
cti
on
by
lack
of
eq
uip
me
nt.
Th
e m
icro
sco
pe
wa
s in
ve
nte
d 1
7 y
ea
rs a
fte
r h
is d
ea
th. (
1.8
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Insu
lin a
nd
glu
cag
on
are
se
cre
ted
by
β a
nd
α c
ells
of
the
pa
ncr
ea
s
resp
ec
tiv
ely
to
co
ntr
ol b
loo
d g
luco
se c
on
cen
tra
tio
n.
Th
yro
xin
is s
ecr
ete
d b
y th
e t
hy
roid
gla
nd
to
re
gu
late
th
e m
eta
bo
lic r
ate
an
d
he
lp c
on
tro
l bo
dy
tem
pe
ratu
re.
Lep
tin
is s
ecr
ete
d b
y ce
lls in
ad
ipo
se t
issu
e a
nd
ac
ts o
n t
he
hy
po
tha
lam
us
of
the
bra
in t
o in
hib
it a
pp
eti
te.
Me
lato
nin
is s
ecr
ete
d b
y th
e p
ine
al g
lan
d t
o c
on
tro
l cir
cad
ian
rh
yth
ms.
A g
en
e o
n t
he
Y c
hro
mo
som
e c
au
ses
em
bry
on
ic g
on
ad
s to
de
ve
lop
as
test
es
an
d s
ecr
ete
te
sto
ste
ron
e.
Test
ost
ero
ne
ca
use
s p
re-n
ata
l de
ve
lop
me
nt
of
ma
le g
en
ita
lia a
nd
bo
th s
pe
rm
pro
du
cti
on
an
d d
ev
elo
pm
en
t o
f m
ale
se
con
da
ry s
exu
al c
ha
rac
teri
stic
s d
uri
ng
pu
be
rty.
Est
rog
en
an
d p
rog
est
ero
ne
ca
use
pre
-na
tal d
ev
elo
pm
en
t o
f fe
ma
le
rep
rod
uc
tiv
e o
rga
ns
an
d f
em
ale
se
con
da
ry s
exu
al c
ha
rac
teri
stic
s d
uri
ng
pu
be
rty.
Th
e m
en
stru
al c
ycle
is c
on
tro
lle
d b
y n
eg
ati
ve
an
d p
osi
tiv
e f
ee
db
ack
me
cha
nis
ms
inv
olv
ing
ov
ari
an
an
d p
itu
ita
ry h
orm
on
es.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
use
s a
nd
tre
atm
en
t o
f Ty
pe
I a
nd
Ty
pe
II d
iab
ete
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Te
stin
g o
f le
pti
n o
n p
ati
en
ts w
ith
clin
ica
l ob
esi
ty a
nd
re
aso
ns
for
the
fa
ilure
to
co
ntr
ol t
he
dis
ea
se.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Ho
rmo
ne
s a
re u
sed
in a
va
rie
ty o
f th
era
pie
s su
ch a
s re
pla
cem
en
t th
era
pie
s.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 3
.2 C
hro
mo
som
es
Top
ic 3
.3 M
eio
sis
Top
ic 1
0.1
Me
iosi
s
Psy
cho
log
y
Co
re: B
iolo
gic
al l
ev
el o
f a
na
lysi
s
Aim
s:
Aim
8: S
cie
nti
sts
are
aw
are
th
at
the
dru
gs
wo
me
n t
ake
in f
ert
ility
tre
atm
en
t
po
se p
ote
nti
al r
isk
s to
he
alt
h. S
ho
uld
sci
en
tifi
c k
no
wle
dg
e o
ve
rrid
e
com
pa
ssio
na
te c
on
sid
era
tio
ns
in t
rea
tin
g in
fert
ile
co
up
les?
Topic 6: Human physiology
Biology guide82
6.6
Ho
rmo
ne
s, h
om
eo
sta
sis
an
d r
ep
rod
uc
tio
n
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
use
s o
f je
t la
g a
nd
use
of
me
lato
nin
to
all
ev
iate
it.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Th
e u
se in
IVF
of
dru
gs
to s
usp
en
d t
he
no
rma
l se
cre
tio
n o
f
ho
rmo
ne
s, f
oll
ow
ed
by
the
use
of
art
ific
ial d
ose
s o
f h
orm
on
es
to in
du
ce
sup
ero
vu
lati
on
an
d e
sta
blis
h a
pre
gn
an
cy.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Will
iam
Ha
rve
y’s
inv
est
iga
tio
n o
f se
xua
l re
pro
du
cti
on
in d
ee
r.
Sk
ill: A
nn
ota
te d
iag
ram
s o
f th
e m
ale
an
d f
em
ale
re
pro
du
cti
ve
sy
ste
m t
o s
ho
w
na
me
s o
f st
ruc
ture
s a
nd
th
eir
fu
nc
tio
ns.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Th
e r
ole
s o
f F
SH
, LH
, est
rog
en
an
d p
rog
est
ero
ne
in t
he
me
nst
rua
l cyc
le a
re
exp
ec
ted
.
Will
iam
Ha
rve
y fa
ile
d t
o s
olv
e t
he
my
ste
ry o
f se
xua
l re
pro
du
cti
on
be
cau
se
eff
ec
tiv
e m
icro
sco
pe
s w
ere
no
t av
aila
ble
wh
en
he
wa
s w
ork
ing
, so
fu
sio
n o
f
ga
me
tes
an
d s
ub
seq
ue
nt
em
bry
o d
ev
elo
pm
en
t re
ma
ine
d u
nd
isco
ve
red
.
83Biology guide 83
Ad
dit
ion
al h
igh
er
leve
l
Top
ic 7
: Nu
cle
ic a
cid
s 9
ho
urs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f D
NA
is id
ea
lly
suit
ed
to
its
fun
cti
on
.
7.1
DN
A s
tru
ctu
re a
nd
re
pli
cati
on
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ma
kin
g c
are
ful o
bse
rva
tio
ns—
Ro
salin
d F
ran
klin
’s X
-ray
dif
fra
cti
on
pro
vid
ed
cru
cia
l ev
ide
nce
th
at
DN
A is
a d
ou
ble
he
lix
. (1.
8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Nu
cle
oso
me
s h
elp
to
su
pe
rco
il th
e D
NA
.
DN
A s
tru
ctu
re s
ug
ge
ste
d a
me
cha
nis
m f
or
DN
A r
ep
lica
tio
n.
DN
A p
oly
me
rase
s ca
n o
nly
ad
d n
ucl
eo
tid
es
to t
he
3’ e
nd
of
a p
rim
er.
DN
A r
ep
lica
tio
n is
co
nti
nu
ou
s o
n t
he
lea
din
g s
tra
nd
an
d d
isco
nti
nu
ou
s o
n
the
lag
gin
g s
tra
nd
.
DN
A r
ep
lica
tio
n is
ca
rrie
d o
ut
by
a c
om
ple
x sy
ste
m o
f e
nzy
me
s.
So
me
re
gio
ns
of
DN
A d
o n
ot
cod
e f
or
pro
tein
s b
ut
hav
e o
the
r im
po
rta
nt
fun
cti
on
s.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ro
salin
d F
ran
klin
’s a
nd
Ma
uri
ce W
ilkin
s’ in
ve
stig
ati
on
of
DN
A
stru
ctu
re b
y X
-ray
dif
fra
cti
on
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
nu
cle
oti
de
s co
nta
inin
g d
ide
ox
yri
bo
nu
cle
ic a
cid
to
sto
p
DN
A r
ep
lica
tio
n in
pre
pa
rati
on
of
sam
ple
s fo
r b
ase
se
qu
en
cin
g.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ta
nd
em
re
pe
ats
are
use
d in
DN
A p
rofi
ling
.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f re
sult
s o
f th
e H
ers
he
y a
nd
Ch
ase
exp
eri
me
nt
pro
vid
ing
ev
ide
nce
th
at
DN
A is
th
e g
en
eti
c m
ate
ria
l.
Sk
ill: U
tiliz
ati
on
of
mo
lecu
lar
vis
ua
liza
tio
n s
oft
wa
re t
o a
na
lyse
th
e a
sso
cia
tio
n
be
twe
en
pro
tein
an
d D
NA
wit
hin
a n
ucl
eo
som
e.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Hig
hly
re
pe
titi
ve
se
qu
en
ces
we
re o
nce
cla
ssif
ied
as
“ju
nk
DN
A”
sho
win
g a
de
gre
e o
f co
nfi
de
nce
th
at
it h
ad
no
ro
le. T
o w
ha
t e
xte
nt
do
th
e la
be
ls a
nd
cate
go
rie
s u
sed
in t
he
pu
rsu
it o
f k
no
wle
dg
e a
ffe
ct
the
kn
ow
led
ge
we
ob
tain
?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.6 S
tru
ctu
re o
f D
NA
an
d R
NA
Aim
s:
Aim
6:
Stu
de
nts
co
uld
de
sig
n m
od
els
to
illu
stra
te t
he
sta
ge
s o
f D
NA
rep
lica
tio
n.
Topic 7: Nucleic acids
Biology guide84
7.1
DN
A s
tru
ctu
re a
nd
re
pli
cati
on
Gu
ida
nce
:
De
tails
of
DN
A r
ep
lica
tio
n d
iffe
r b
etw
ee
n p
rok
ary
ote
s a
nd
eu
ka
ryo
tes.
On
ly
the
pro
ka
ryo
tic
syst
em
is e
xpe
cte
d.
Th
e p
rote
ins
an
d e
nzy
me
s in
vo
lve
d in
DN
A r
ep
lica
tio
n s
ho
uld
incl
ud
e
he
lica
se, D
NA
gy
rase
, sin
gle
str
an
d b
ind
ing
pro
tein
s, D
NA
pri
ma
se a
nd
DN
A
po
lym
era
ses
I an
d II
I.
Th
e r
eg
ion
s o
f D
NA
th
at
do
no
t co
de
fo
r p
rote
ins
sho
uld
be
lim
ite
d t
o
reg
ula
tors
of
ge
ne
exp
ress
ion
, in
tro
ns,
te
lom
ere
s a
nd
ge
ne
s fo
r tR
NA
s.
Topic 7: Nucleic acids
Biology guide 85
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: In
form
ati
on
sto
red
as
a c
od
e in
DN
A is
co
pie
d o
nto
mR
NA
.
7.2
Tra
nsc
rip
tio
n a
nd
ge
ne
ex
pre
ssio
n
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Loo
kin
g f
or
pa
tte
rns,
tre
nd
s a
nd
dis
cre
pa
nci
es—
the
re is
mo
un
tin
g e
vid
en
ce t
ha
t th
e e
nv
iro
nm
en
t ca
n t
rig
ge
r h
eri
tab
le c
ha
ng
es
in e
pig
en
eti
c fa
cto
rs. (
3.1
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Tra
nsc
rip
tio
n o
ccu
rs in
a 5
’ to
3’ d
ire
cti
on
.
Nu
cle
oso
me
s h
elp
to
re
gu
late
tra
nsc
rip
tio
n in
eu
ka
ryo
tes.
Eu
ka
ryo
tic
cells
mo
dif
y m
RN
A a
fte
r tr
an
scri
pti
on
.
Sp
licin
g o
f m
RN
A in
cre
ase
s th
e n
um
be
r o
f d
iffe
ren
t p
rote
ins
an
org
an
ism
ca
n
pro
du
ce.
Ge
ne
exp
ress
ion
is r
eg
ula
ted
by
pro
tein
s th
at
bin
d t
o s
pe
cifi
c b
ase
se
qu
en
ces
in D
NA
.
Th
e e
nv
iro
nm
en
t o
f a
ce
ll a
nd
of
an
org
an
ism
ha
s a
n im
pa
ct
on
ge
ne
exp
ress
ion
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
an
d s
kil
ls:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Th
e p
rom
ote
r a
s a
n e
xam
ple
of
no
n-c
od
ing
DN
A w
ith
a f
un
cti
on
.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f ch
an
ge
s in
th
e D
NA
me
thy
lati
on
pa
tte
rns.
Gu
ida
nce
:
RN
A p
oly
me
rase
ad
ds
the
5´
en
d o
f th
e f
ree
RN
A n
ucl
eo
tid
e t
o t
he
3´
en
d o
f
the
gro
win
g m
RN
A m
ole
cule
.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
e n
atu
re v
ers
us
nu
rtu
re d
eb
ate
co
nce
rnin
g t
he
re
lati
ve
imp
ort
an
ce o
f a
n
ind
ivid
ua
l’s in
na
te q
ua
litie
s v
ers
us
tho
se a
cqu
ire
d t
hro
ug
h e
xpe
rie
nce
s is
still
un
de
r d
iscu
ssio
n. I
s it
imp
ort
an
t fo
r sc
ien
ce t
o a
tte
mp
t to
an
swe
r th
is
qu
est
ion
?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.7 D
NA
re
plic
ati
on
, tra
nsc
rip
tio
n a
nd
tra
nsl
ati
on
Topic 7: Nucleic acids
Biology guide86
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: In
form
ati
on
tra
nsf
err
ed
fro
m D
NA
to
mR
NA
is t
ran
sla
ted
into
an
am
ino
aci
d s
eq
ue
nce
.
7.3
Tra
nsl
ati
on
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
ve
lop
me
nts
in s
cie
nti
fic
rese
arc
h f
oll
ow
imp
rov
em
en
ts in
co
mp
uti
ng
—th
e u
se o
f co
mp
ute
rs h
as
en
ab
led
sci
en
tist
s to
ma
ke a
dv
an
ces
in b
ioin
form
ati
cs a
pp
lica
tio
ns
such
as
loca
tin
g g
en
es
wit
hin
ge
no
me
s a
nd
ide
nti
fyin
g c
on
serv
ed
se
qu
en
ces.
(3
.7)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Init
iati
on
of
tra
nsl
ati
on
inv
olv
es
ass
em
bly
of
the
co
mp
on
en
ts t
ha
t ca
rry
ou
t
the
pro
cess
.
Syn
the
sis
of
the
po
lyp
ep
tid
e in
vo
lve
s a
re
pe
ate
d c
ycle
of
ev
en
ts.
Dis
ass
em
bly
of
the
co
mp
on
en
ts f
oll
ow
s te
rmin
ati
on
of
tra
nsl
ati
on
.
Fre
e r
ibo
som
es
syn
the
size
pro
tein
s fo
r u
se p
rim
ari
ly w
ith
in t
he
ce
ll.
Bo
un
d r
ibo
som
es
syn
the
size
pro
tein
s p
rim
ari
ly f
or
secr
eti
on
or
for
use
in
lyso
som
es.
Tra
nsl
ati
on
ca
n o
ccu
r im
me
dia
tely
aft
er
tra
nsc
rip
tio
n in
pro
ka
ryo
tes
du
e t
o
the
ab
sen
ce o
f a
nu
cle
ar
me
mb
ran
e.
Th
e s
eq
ue
nce
an
d n
um
be
r o
f a
min
o a
cid
s in
th
e p
oly
pe
pti
de
is t
he
pri
ma
ry
stru
ctu
re.
Th
e s
eco
nd
ary
str
uc
ture
is t
he
fo
rma
tio
n o
f a
lph
a h
elic
es
an
d b
eta
ple
ate
d
she
ets
sta
bili
zed
by
hyd
rog
en
bo
nd
ing
.
Th
e t
ert
iary
str
uc
ture
is t
he
fu
rth
er
fold
ing
of
the
po
lyp
ep
tid
e s
tab
ilize
d b
y
inte
rac
tio
ns
be
twe
en
R g
rou
ps.
Th
e q
ua
tern
ary
str
uc
ture
exi
sts
in p
rote
ins
wit
h m
ore
th
an
on
e p
oly
pe
pti
de
cha
in.
Ap
pli
cati
on
an
d s
kil
ls:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: tR
NA
-ac
tiv
ati
ng
en
zym
es
illu
stra
te e
nzy
me
–su
bst
rate
sp
eci
fici
ty
an
d t
he
ro
le o
f p
ho
sph
ory
lati
on
.
Sk
ill: I
de
nti
fica
tio
n o
f p
oly
som
es
in e
lec
tro
n m
icro
gra
ph
s o
f p
rok
ary
ote
s a
nd
eu
ka
ryo
tes.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.7 D
NA
re
plic
ati
on
, tra
nsc
rip
tio
n a
nd
tra
nsl
ati
on
Op
tio
n B
: Bio
tech
no
log
y a
nd
bio
info
rma
tics
Topic 7: Nucleic acids
Biology guide 87
7.3
Tra
nsl
ati
on
Sk
ill: T
he
use
of
mo
lecu
lar
vis
ua
liza
tio
n s
oft
wa
re t
o a
na
lyse
th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f
eu
ka
ryo
tic
rib
oso
me
s a
nd
a t
RN
A m
ole
cule
.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Na
me
s o
f th
e t
RN
A b
ind
ing
sit
es
are
exp
ec
ted
as
we
ll a
s th
eir
ro
les.
Exa
mp
les
of
sta
rt a
nd
sto
p c
od
on
s a
re n
ot
req
uir
ed
.
Po
lar
an
d n
on
-po
lar
am
ino
aci
ds
are
re
lev
an
t to
th
e b
on
ds
form
ed
be
twe
en
R g
rou
ps.
Qu
ate
rna
ry s
tru
ctu
re m
ay in
vo
lve
th
e b
ind
ing
of
a p
rost
he
tic
gro
up
to
fo
rm a
con
jug
ate
d p
rote
in.
Biology guide88
Ad
dit
ion
al h
igh
er
leve
l
Top
ic 8
: Me
tab
olis
m, c
ell
resp
irat
ion
an
d p
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s 14
ho
urs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: M
eta
bo
lic r
ea
cti
on
s a
re r
eg
ula
ted
in r
esp
on
se t
o t
he
ce
ll’s
ne
ed
s.
8.1
Me
tab
oli
sm
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
ve
lop
me
nts
in s
cie
nti
fic
rese
arc
h f
oll
ow
imp
rov
em
en
ts in
co
mp
uti
ng
—d
ev
elo
pm
en
ts in
bio
info
rma
tics
, su
ch a
s th
e in
terr
og
ati
on
of
da
tab
ase
s, h
ave
fa
cilit
ate
d
rese
arc
h in
to m
eta
bo
lic p
ath
way
s. (
3.8
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Me
tab
olic
pa
thw
ays
con
sist
of
cha
ins
an
d c
ycle
s o
f e
nzy
me
-ca
taly
sed
rea
cti
on
s.
En
zym
es
low
er
the
ac
tiv
ati
on
en
erg
y o
f th
e c
he
mic
al r
ea
cti
on
s th
at
the
y
cata
lyse
.
En
zym
e in
hib
ito
rs c
an
be
co
mp
eti
tiv
e o
r n
on
-co
mp
eti
tiv
e.
Me
tab
olic
pa
thw
ays
can
be
co
ntr
oll
ed
by
en
d-p
rod
uc
t in
hib
itio
n.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: En
d-p
rod
uc
t in
hib
itio
n o
f th
e p
ath
way
th
at
con
ve
rts
thre
on
ine
to is
ole
uci
ne
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
da
tab
ase
s to
ide
nti
fy p
ote
nti
al n
ew
an
ti-m
ala
ria
l dru
gs.
Sk
ill: C
alc
ula
tin
g a
nd
plo
ttin
g r
ate
s o
f re
ac
tio
n f
rom
ra
w e
xpe
rim
en
tal r
esu
lts.
Sk
ill: D
isti
ng
uis
hin
g d
iffe
ren
t ty
pe
s o
f in
hib
itio
n f
rom
gra
ph
s a
t sp
eci
fie
d
sub
stra
te c
on
cen
tra
tio
n.
Gu
ida
nce
:
En
zym
e in
hib
itio
n s
ho
uld
be
stu
die
d u
sin
g o
ne
sp
eci
fic
exa
mp
le f
or
com
pe
titi
ve
an
d n
on
-co
mp
eti
tiv
e in
hib
itio
n.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Ma
ny
me
tab
olic
pa
thw
ays
hav
e b
ee
n d
esc
rib
ed
fo
llo
win
g a
se
rie
s o
f ca
refu
lly
con
tro
lle
d a
nd
re
pe
ate
d e
xpe
rim
en
ts. T
o w
ha
t d
eg
ree
ca
n lo
ok
ing
at
com
po
ne
nt
pa
rts
giv
e u
s k
no
wle
dg
e o
f th
e w
ho
le?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Ma
ny
en
zym
e in
hib
ito
rs h
ave
be
en
use
d in
me
dic
ine
. Fo
r e
xam
ple
eth
an
ol
ha
s b
ee
n u
sed
to
ac
t a
s a
co
mp
eti
tiv
e in
hib
ito
r fo
r a
nti
fre
eze
po
iso
nin
g.
Fo
me
piz
ole
, wh
ich
is a
n in
hib
ito
r o
f a
lco
ho
l de
hyd
rog
en
ase
, ha
s a
lso
be
en
use
d f
or
an
tifr
ee
ze p
ois
on
ing
.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.7 D
NA
re
plic
ati
on
, tra
nsc
rip
tio
n a
nd
tra
nsl
ati
on
Ch
em
istr
y
Top
ic 6
.1 C
olli
sio
n t
he
ory
an
d r
ate
s o
f re
ac
tio
n
Aim
s:
Aim
6:
Exp
eri
me
nts
on
en
zym
e in
hib
itio
n c
an
be
pe
rfo
rme
d.
Aim
7: C
om
pu
ter
sim
ula
tio
ns
on
en
zym
e a
cti
on
incl
ud
ing
me
tab
olic
inh
ibit
ion
are
av
aila
ble
.
Topic 8: Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis
Biology guide 89
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: E
ne
rgy
is c
on
ve
rte
d t
o a
usa
ble
fo
rm in
ce
ll re
spir
ati
on
.
8.2
Ce
ll r
esp
ira
tio
n
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Pa
rad
igm
sh
ift—
the
ch
em
iosm
oti
c th
eo
ry le
d t
o a
pa
rad
igm
sh
ift
in t
he
fie
ld o
f b
ioe
ne
rge
tics
. (2
.3)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ce
ll re
spir
ati
on
inv
olv
es
the
oxi
da
tio
n a
nd
re
du
cti
on
of
ele
ctr
on
ca
rrie
rs.
Ph
osp
ho
ryla
tio
n o
f m
ole
cule
s m
ake
s th
em
less
sta
ble
.
In g
lyco
lysi
s, g
luco
se is
co
nv
ert
ed
to
py
ruv
ate
in t
he
cy
top
lasm
.
Gly
coly
sis
giv
es
a s
ma
ll n
et
ga
in o
f A
TP
wit
ho
ut
the
use
of
ox
yge
n.
In a
ero
bic
ce
ll re
spir
ati
on
py
ruv
ate
is d
eca
rbo
xy
late
d a
nd
oxi
diz
ed
, an
d
con
ve
rte
d in
to a
cety
l co
mp
ou
nd
an
d a
tta
che
d t
o c
oe
nzy
me
A t
o f
orm
ace
tyl
coe
nzy
me
A in
th
e li
nk
rea
cti
on
.
In t
he
Kre
bs
cyc
le, t
he
oxi
da
tio
n o
f a
cety
l gro
up
s is
co
up
led
to
th
e r
ed
uc
tio
n
of
hyd
rog
en
ca
rrie
rs, l
ibe
rati
ng
ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
.
En
erg
y re
lea
sed
by
oxi
da
tio
n r
ea
cti
on
s is
ca
rrie
d t
o t
he
cri
sta
e o
f th
e
mit
och
on
dri
a b
y re
du
ced
NA
D a
nd
FA
D.
Tra
nsf
er
of
ele
ctr
on
s b
etw
ee
n c
arr
iers
in t
he
ele
ctr
on
tra
nsp
ort
ch
ain
in t
he
me
mb
ran
e o
f th
e c
rist
ae
is c
ou
ple
d t
o p
roto
n p
um
pin
g.
In c
he
mio
smo
sis
pro
ton
s d
iffu
se t
hro
ug
h A
TP
sy
nth
ase
to
ge
ne
rate
AT
P.
Ox
yge
n is
ne
ed
ed
to
bin
d w
ith
th
e f
ree
pro
ton
s to
ma
inta
in t
he
hyd
rog
en
gra
die
nt,
re
sult
ing
in t
he
fo
rma
tio
n o
f w
ate
r.
Th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f th
e m
ito
cho
nd
rio
n is
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e f
un
cti
on
it p
erf
orm
s.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Pe
ter
Mit
che
ll’s
ch
em
iosm
oti
c th
eo
ry e
nco
un
tere
d y
ea
rs o
f o
pp
osi
tio
n b
efo
re
it w
as
fin
all
y a
cce
pte
d. F
or
wh
at
rea
son
s d
oe
s fa
lsif
ica
tio
n n
ot
alw
ays
resu
lt in
an
imm
ed
iate
acc
ep
tan
ce o
f n
ew
th
eo
rie
s o
r a
pa
rad
igm
sh
ift?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.8 C
ell
resp
ira
tio
n
Ch
em
istr
y
Top
ic 9
.1 O
xid
ati
on
an
d r
ed
uc
tio
n
Topic 8: Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis
Biology guide90
8.2
Ce
ll r
esp
ira
tio
n
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ele
ctr
on
to
mo
gra
ph
y u
sed
to
pro
du
ce im
ag
es
of
ac
tiv
e
mit
och
on
dri
a.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f d
iag
ram
s o
f th
e p
ath
way
s o
f a
ero
bic
re
spir
ati
on
to
de
du
ce
wh
ere
de
carb
ox
yla
tio
n a
nd
oxi
da
tio
n r
ea
cti
on
s o
ccu
r.
Sk
ill: A
nn
ota
tio
n o
f a
dia
gra
m o
f a
mit
och
on
dri
on
to
ind
ica
te t
he
ad
ap
tati
on
s
to it
s fu
nc
tio
n.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Th
e n
am
es
of
the
inte
rme
dia
te c
om
po
un
ds
in g
ylc
oly
sis
an
d t
he
Kre
bs
cyc
le
are
no
t re
qu
ire
d.
Topic 8: Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis
Biology guide 91
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: L
igh
t e
ne
rgy
is c
on
ve
rte
d in
to c
he
mic
al e
ne
rgy.
8.3
Ph
oto
syn
the
sis
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
velo
pm
en
ts in
sci
en
tifi
c re
sea
rch
fo
llow
imp
rove
me
nts
in a
pp
ara
tus—
sou
rce
s o
f 14
C a
nd
au
tora
dio
gra
ph
y e
na
ble
d C
alv
in t
o e
luci
dat
e t
he
pat
hw
ays
of
carb
on
fix
atio
n. (
1.8
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Lig
ht-
de
pe
nd
en
t re
ac
tio
ns
take
pla
ce in
th
e in
term
em
bra
ne
sp
ace
of
the
thy
lako
ids.
Lig
ht-
ind
ep
en
de
nt
rea
cti
on
s ta
ke p
lace
in t
he
str
om
a.
Re
du
ced
NA
DP
an
d A
TP
are
pro
du
ced
in t
he
lig
ht-
de
pe
nd
en
t re
ac
tio
ns.
Ab
sorp
tio
n o
f lig
ht
by
ph
oto
syst
em
s g
en
era
tes
exc
ite
d e
lec
tro
ns.
Ph
oto
lysi
s o
f w
ate
r g
en
era
tes
ele
ctr
on
s fo
r u
se in
th
e li
gh
t-d
ep
en
de
nt
rea
cti
on
s.
Tra
nsf
er
of
exc
ite
d e
lect
ron
s o
ccu
rs b
etw
ee
n c
arr
iers
in t
hy
lako
id m
em
bra
ne
s.
Exc
ite
d e
lec
tro
ns
fro
m P
ho
tosy
ste
m II
are
use
d t
o c
on
trib
ute
to
ge
ne
rate
a
pro
ton
gra
die
nt.
AT
P s
yn
tha
se in
th
yla
koid
s g
en
era
tes
AT
P u
sin
g t
he
pro
ton
gra
die
nt.
Exc
ite
d e
lec
tro
ns
fro
m P
ho
tosy
ste
m I
are
use
d t
o r
ed
uce
NA
DP.
In t
he
lig
ht-
ind
ep
en
de
nt
rea
cti
on
s a
ca
rbo
xy
lase
ca
taly
ses
the
ca
rbo
xy
lati
on
of
rib
ulo
se b
isp
ho
sph
ate
.
Gly
cera
te 3
-ph
osp
ha
te is
re
du
ced
to
tri
ose
ph
osp
ha
te u
sin
g r
ed
uce
d N
AD
P
an
d A
TP.
Trio
se p
ho
sph
ate
is u
sed
to
re
ge
ne
rate
Ru
BP
an
d p
rod
uce
ca
rbo
hyd
rate
s.
Rib
ulo
se b
isp
ho
sph
ate
is r
efo
rme
d u
sin
g A
TP.
Th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f th
e c
hlo
rop
last
is a
da
pte
d t
o it
s fu
nc
tio
n in
ph
oto
syn
the
sis.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
lvin
’s e
xpe
rim
en
t to
elu
cid
ate
th
e c
arb
ox
yla
tio
n o
f R
uB
P.
Sk
ill: A
nn
ota
tio
n o
f a
dia
gra
m t
o in
dic
ate
th
e a
da
pta
tio
ns
of
a c
hlo
rop
last
to
its
fun
cti
on
.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
e lo
llip
op
exp
eri
me
nt
use
d t
o w
ork
ou
t th
e b
ioch
em
ica
l de
tails
of
the
Ca
lvin
cyc
le s
ho
ws
con
sid
era
ble
cre
ati
vit
y. T
o w
ha
t e
xte
nt
is t
he
cre
ati
on
of
an
ele
ga
nt
pro
toco
l sim
ilar
to t
he
cre
ati
on
of
a w
ork
of
art
?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Th
e G
lob
al A
rtif
icia
l Ph
oto
syn
the
sis
(GA
P)
pro
jec
t a
ims
to c
rea
te a
n a
rtif
icia
l
“le
af”
wit
hin
th
e n
ex
t d
eca
de
. An
ele
ctr
on
ic v
ers
ion
of
the
lea
f th
at
cre
ate
s
ox
yge
n a
nd
hyd
rog
en
fro
m w
ate
r a
nd
su
nlig
ht
ha
s a
lre
ad
y b
ee
n in
ve
nte
d
an
d w
ill b
e d
ev
elo
pe
d f
or
use
in t
he
ne
xt
de
cad
e.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.9 P
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s
Top
ic 4
.2 E
ne
rgy
flo
w
Top
ic 4
.3 C
arb
on
cyc
ling
Ch
em
istr
y
Top
ic 9
.1 O
xid
ati
on
an
d r
ed
uc
tio
n
Aim
s:
Aim
6: H
ill´s
me
tho
d d
em
on
stra
tin
g e
lec
tro
n t
ran
sfe
r in
ch
loro
pla
sts
by
ob
serv
ing
DC
PIP
re
du
cti
on
, im
mo
bili
zati
on
of
a c
ult
ure
of
an
alg
a
such
as
Scen
edes
mu
s in
alg
ina
te b
ea
ds
an
d m
ea
sure
me
nt
of
the
ra
te o
f
ph
oto
syn
the
sis
by
mo
nit
ori
ng
th
eir
eff
ec
t o
n h
ydro
ge
nca
rbo
na
te in
dic
ato
r
are
all
po
ssib
le e
xpe
rim
en
ts.
Biology guide92
Ad
dit
ion
al h
igh
er
leve
l
Top
ic 9
: Pla
nt
bio
log
y
13 h
ou
rs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: S
tru
ctu
re a
nd
fu
nc
tio
n a
re c
orr
ela
ted
in t
he
xy
lem
of
pla
nts
.
9.1
Tra
nsp
ort
in
th
e x
yle
m o
f p
lan
ts
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Use
mo
de
ls a
s re
pre
sen
tati
on
s o
f th
e r
ea
l wo
rld
—m
ech
an
ism
s in
vo
lve
d in
wa
ter
tra
nsp
ort
in t
he
xy
lem
ca
n b
e in
ve
stig
ate
d u
sin
g a
pp
ara
tus
an
d m
ate
ria
ls t
ha
t sh
ow
sim
ilari
tie
s in
str
uc
ture
to
pla
nt
tiss
ue
s. (1
.10
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Tra
nsp
ira
tio
n is
th
e in
ev
ita
ble
co
nse
qu
en
ce o
f g
as
exc
ha
ng
e in
th
e le
af.
Pla
nts
tra
nsp
ort
wa
ter
fro
m t
he
ro
ots
to
th
e le
ave
s to
re
pla
ce lo
sse
s fr
om
tra
nsp
ira
tio
n.
Th
e c
oh
esi
ve
pro
pe
rty
of
wa
ter
an
d t
he
str
uc
ture
of
the
xy
lem
ve
sse
ls a
llo
w
tra
nsp
ort
un
de
r te
nsi
on
.
Th
e a
dh
esi
ve
pro
pe
rty
of
wa
ter
an
d e
va
po
rati
on
ge
ne
rate
te
nsi
on
fo
rce
s in
lea
f ce
ll w
alls
.
Act
ive
up
take
of m
ine
ral i
on
s in
th
e r
oo
ts c
ause
s ab
sorp
tio
n o
f wat
er
by
osm
osi
s.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ad
ap
tati
on
s o
f p
lan
ts in
de
sert
s a
nd
in s
alin
e s
oils
fo
r w
ate
r
con
serv
ati
on
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Mo
de
ls o
f w
ate
r tr
an
spo
rt in
xy
lem
usi
ng
sim
ple
ap
pa
ratu
s
incl
ud
ing
blo
ttin
g o
r fi
lte
r p
ap
er,
po
rou
s p
ots
an
d c
ap
illa
ry t
ub
ing
.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f p
rim
ary
xy
lem
ve
sse
ls in
se
cti
on
s o
f st
em
s
ba
sed
on
mic
rosc
op
e im
ag
es.
Sk
ill: M
ea
sure
me
nt
of
tra
nsp
ira
tio
n r
ate
s u
sin
g p
oto
me
ters
. (P
rac
tica
l 7)
Sk
ill: D
esi
gn
of
an
exp
eri
me
nt
to t
est
hy
po
the
ses
ab
ou
t th
e e
ffe
ct
of
tem
pe
ratu
re o
r h
um
idit
y o
n t
ran
spir
ati
on
ra
tes.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 2
.2 W
ate
r
Top
ics
2.9
an
d 8
.3 P
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s
Aim
s:
Aim
7:
Th
e in
tro
du
cti
on
of
ima
ge
pro
cess
ing
so
ftw
are
an
d d
igit
al
mic
rosc
op
es
incr
ea
ses
furt
he
r th
e a
bili
ty t
o g
ath
er
mo
re d
ata
to
en
sure
relia
bili
ty.
Aim
6:
Me
asu
rem
en
t o
f st
om
ata
l ap
ert
ure
s a
nd
th
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f st
om
ata
usi
ng
lea
f ca
sts,
incl
ud
ing
re
plic
ate
me
asu
rem
en
ts t
o e
nh
an
ce r
elia
bili
ty, a
re
po
ssib
le e
xpe
rim
en
ts.
Topic 9: Plant biology
Biology guide 93
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: S
tru
ctu
re a
nd
fu
nc
tio
n a
re c
orr
ela
ted
in t
he
ph
loe
m o
f p
lan
ts.
9.2
Tra
nsp
ort
in
th
e p
hlo
em
of
pla
nts
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
ve
lop
me
nts
in s
cie
nti
fic
rese
arc
h f
oll
ow
imp
rov
em
en
ts in
ap
pa
ratu
s—e
xpe
rim
en
tal m
eth
od
s fo
r m
ea
suri
ng
ph
loe
m t
ran
spo
rt r
ate
s u
sin
g a
ph
id s
tyle
ts a
nd
rad
ioa
cti
ve
ly-l
ab
ell
ed
ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
we
re o
nly
po
ssib
le w
he
n r
ad
iois
oto
pe
s b
eca
me
av
aila
ble
. (1.
8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Pla
nts
tra
nsp
ort
org
an
ic c
om
po
un
ds
fro
m s
ou
rce
s to
sin
ks.
Inco
mp
ress
ibili
ty o
f w
ate
r a
llo
ws
tra
nsp
ort
alo
ng
hyd
rost
ati
c p
ress
ure
gra
die
nts
.
Ac
tiv
e t
ran
spo
rt is
use
d t
o lo
ad
org
an
ic c
om
po
un
ds
into
ph
loe
m s
iev
e t
ub
es
at
the
so
urc
e.
Hig
h c
on
cen
tra
tio
ns
of
solu
tes
in t
he
ph
loe
m a
t th
e s
ou
rce
lea
d t
o w
ate
r
up
take
by
osm
osi
s.
Ra
ise
d h
ydro
sta
tic
pre
ssu
re c
au
ses
the
co
nte
nts
of
the
ph
loe
m t
o f
low
tow
ard
s si
nk
s.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Str
uc
ture
–fu
nc
tio
n r
ela
tio
nsh
ips
of
ph
loe
m s
iev
e t
ub
es.
Sk
ill: I
de
nti
fica
tio
n o
f x
yle
m a
nd
ph
loe
m in
mic
rosc
op
e im
ag
es
of
ste
m a
nd
roo
t.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f d
ata
fro
m e
xpe
rim
en
ts m
ea
suri
ng
ph
loe
m t
ran
spo
rt r
ate
s
usi
ng
ap
hid
sty
lets
an
d r
ad
ioa
cti
ve
ly-l
ab
ell
ed
ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 1
.4 M
em
bra
ne
tra
nsp
ort
Topic 9: Plant biology
Biology guide94
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: P
lan
ts a
da
pt
the
ir g
row
th t
o e
nv
iro
nm
en
tal c
on
dit
ion
s.
9.3
Gro
wth
in
pla
nts
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
ve
lop
me
nts
in s
cie
nti
fic
rese
arc
h f
oll
ow
imp
rov
em
en
ts in
an
aly
sis
an
d d
ed
uc
tio
n—
imp
rov
em
en
ts in
an
aly
tica
l te
chn
iqu
es
all
ow
ing
th
e d
ete
cti
on
of
tra
ce a
mo
un
ts o
f
sub
sta
nce
s h
as
led
to
ad
va
nce
s in
th
e u
nd
ers
tan
din
g o
f p
lan
t h
orm
on
es
an
d t
he
ir e
ffe
ct
on
ge
ne
exp
ress
ion
. (1.
8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Un
dif
fere
nti
ate
d c
ells
in t
he
me
rist
em
s o
f p
lan
ts a
llo
w in
de
term
ina
te g
row
th.
Mit
osi
s a
nd
ce
ll d
ivis
ion
in t
he
sh
oo
t a
pe
x p
rov
ide
ce
lls n
ee
de
d f
or
ex
ten
sio
n
of
the
ste
m a
nd
de
ve
lop
me
nt
of
leav
es.
Pla
nt
ho
rmo
ne
s co
ntr
ol g
row
th in
th
e s
ho
ot
ap
ex
.
Pla
nt
sho
ots
re
spo
nd
to
th
e e
nv
iro
nm
en
t b
y tr
op
ism
s.
Au
xin
eff
lux
pu
mp
s ca
n s
et
up
co
nce
ntr
ati
on
gra
die
nts
of
au
xin
in p
lan
t
tiss
ue
.
Au
xin
infl
ue
nce
s ce
ll g
row
th r
ate
s b
y ch
an
gin
g t
he
pa
tte
rn o
f g
en
e
exp
ress
ion
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Mic
rop
rop
ag
ati
on
of
pla
nts
usi
ng
tis
sue
fro
m t
he
sh
oo
t a
pe
x,
nu
trie
nt
ag
ar
ge
ls a
nd
gro
wth
ho
rmo
ne
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
mic
rop
rop
ag
ati
on
fo
r ra
pid
bu
lkin
g u
p o
f n
ew
va
rie
tie
s,
pro
du
cti
on
of
vir
us-
fre
e s
tra
ins
of
exi
stin
g v
ari
eti
es
an
d p
rop
ag
ati
on
of
orc
hid
s a
nd
oth
er
rare
sp
eci
es.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Au
xin
is t
he
on
ly n
am
ed
ho
rmo
ne
th
at
is e
xpe
cte
d.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Pla
nts
co
mm
un
ica
te c
he
mic
all
y b
oth
inte
rna
lly
an
d e
xte
rna
lly.
To
wh
at
ex
ten
t
can
pla
nts
be
sa
id t
o h
ave
lan
gu
ag
e?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Mic
rop
rop
ag
ati
on
is u
sed
fo
r ra
pid
bu
lkin
g u
p o
f n
ew
va
rie
tie
s o
f p
lan
t.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 3
.5 G
en
eti
c m
od
ific
ati
on
an
d b
iote
chn
olo
gy
Aim
s:
Aim
6: I
nv
est
iga
tio
ns
into
tro
pis
ms
cou
ld b
e c
arr
ied
ou
t.
Topic 9: Plant biology
Biology guide 95
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: R
ep
rod
uc
tio
n in
flo
we
rin
g p
lan
ts is
infl
ue
nce
d b
y th
e b
ioti
c a
nd
ab
ioti
c e
nv
iro
nm
en
t.
9.4
Re
pro
du
cti
on
in
pla
nts
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Pa
rad
igm
sh
ift—
mo
re t
ha
n 8
5%
of
the
wo
rld
’s 2
50
,00
0 s
pe
cie
s o
f fl
ow
eri
ng
pla
nt
de
pe
nd
on
po
llin
ato
rs f
or
rep
rod
uc
tio
n. T
his
kn
ow
led
ge
ha
s le
d t
o p
rote
cti
ng
en
tire
eco
syst
em
s ra
the
r th
an
ind
ivid
ua
l sp
eci
es.
(2
.3)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Flo
we
rin
g in
vo
lve
s a
ch
an
ge
in g
en
e e
xpre
ssio
n in
th
e s
ho
ot
ap
ex
.
Th
e s
wit
ch t
o f
low
eri
ng
is a
re
spo
nse
to
th
e le
ng
th o
f lig
ht
an
d d
ark
pe
rio
ds
in m
an
y p
lan
ts.
Su
cce
ss in
pla
nt
rep
rod
uc
tio
n d
ep
en
ds
on
po
llin
ati
on
, fe
rtili
zati
on
an
d s
ee
d
dis
pe
rsa
l.
Mo
st f
low
eri
ng
pla
nts
use
mu
tua
listi
c re
lati
on
ship
s w
ith
po
llin
ato
rs in
se
xua
l
rep
rod
uc
tio
n.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Me
tho
ds
use
d t
o in
du
ce s
ho
rt-d
ay p
lan
ts t
o f
low
er
ou
t o
f se
aso
n.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
inte
rna
l str
uc
ture
of
see
ds.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
of
ha
lf-v
iew
s o
f a
nim
al-
po
llin
ate
d f
low
ers
.
Sk
ill: D
esi
gn
of
exp
eri
me
nts
to
te
st h
yp
oth
ese
s a
bo
ut
fac
tors
aff
ec
tin
g
ge
rmin
ati
on
.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Stu
de
nts
sh
ou
ld u
nd
ers
tan
d t
he
dif
fere
nce
s b
etw
ee
n p
olli
na
tio
n, f
ert
iliza
tio
n
an
d s
ee
d d
isp
ers
al b
ut
are
no
t re
qu
ire
d t
o k
no
w t
he
de
tails
of
ea
ch p
roce
ss.
Flo
we
rin
g in
so
-ca
lle
d s
ho
rt-d
ay p
lan
ts s
uch
as
chry
san
the
mu
ms,
is
stim
ula
ted
by
lon
g n
igh
ts r
ath
er
tha
n s
ho
rt d
ays.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Th
e U
niv
ers
ity
of
Gö
ttin
ge
n, i
n G
erm
an
y, c
on
du
cte
d a
n e
xte
nsi
ve
re
vie
w
of
scie
nti
fic
stu
die
s fr
om
20
0 c
ou
ntr
ies
for
115
of
the
lea
din
g g
lob
al c
rop
s
in 2
00
5. T
he
y fo
un
d t
ha
t 8
7 o
f th
e c
rop
pla
nts
de
pe
nd
to
so
me
de
gre
e
up
on
an
ima
l po
llin
ati
on
, in
clu
din
g b
ee
s. T
his
acc
ou
nts
fo
r o
ne
-th
ird
of
cro
p
pro
du
cti
on
glo
ba
lly.
Biology guide96
Ad
dit
ion
al h
igh
er
leve
l
Top
ic 1
0: G
en
eti
cs a
nd
evo
luti
on
8
ho
urs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Me
iosi
s le
ad
s to
ind
ep
en
de
nt
ass
ort
me
nt
of
chro
mo
som
es
an
d u
niq
ue
co
mp
osi
tio
n o
f a
lle
les
in d
au
gh
ter
cells
.
10
.1 M
eio
sis
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ma
kin
g c
are
ful o
bse
rva
tio
ns—
care
ful o
bse
rva
tio
n a
nd
re
cord
ke
ep
ing
tu
rne
d u
p a
no
ma
lou
s d
ata
th
at
Me
nd
el’s
law
of
ind
ep
en
de
nt
ass
ort
me
nt
cou
ld n
ot
acc
ou
nt
for.
Th
om
as
Hu
nt
Mo
rga
n d
ev
elo
pe
d t
he
no
tio
n o
f lin
ked
ge
ne
s to
acc
ou
nt
for
the
an
om
ali
es.
(1.8
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ch
rom
oso
me
s re
plic
ate
in in
terp
ha
se b
efo
re m
eio
sis.
Cro
ssin
g o
ve
r is
th
e e
xch
an
ge
of
DN
A m
ate
ria
l be
twe
en
no
n-s
iste
r
ho
mo
log
ou
s ch
rom
ati
ds.
Cro
ssin
g o
ve
r p
rod
uce
s n
ew
co
mb
ina
tio
ns
of
all
ele
s o
n t
he
ch
rom
oso
me
s o
f
the
ha
plo
id c
ells
.
Ch
iasm
ata
fo
rma
tio
n b
etw
ee
n n
on
-sis
ter
chro
ma
tid
s ca
n r
esu
lt in
an
exc
ha
ng
e o
f a
lle
les.
Ho
mo
log
ou
s ch
rom
oso
me
s se
pa
rate
in m
eio
sis
I.
Sis
ter
chro
ma
tid
s se
pa
rate
in m
eio
sis
II.
Ind
ep
en
de
nt
ass
ort
me
nt
of
ge
ne
s is
du
e t
o t
he
ra
nd
om
ori
en
tati
on
of
pa
irs
of
ho
mo
log
ou
s ch
rom
oso
me
s in
me
iosi
s I.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
dia
gra
ms
to s
ho
w c
hia
sma
ta f
orm
ed
by
cro
ssin
g o
ve
r.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Dia
gra
ms
of
chia
sma
ta s
ho
uld
sh
ow
sis
ter
chro
ma
tid
s st
ill c
lose
ly a
lign
ed
,
exc
ep
t a
t th
e p
oin
t w
he
re c
ross
ing
ov
er
occ
urr
ed
an
d a
ch
iasm
a w
as
form
ed
.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 1
.6 C
ell
div
isio
n
Top
ic 3
.3 M
eio
sis
Top
ic 1
1.4
Se
xua
l re
pro
du
cti
on
Aim
s:
Aim
6: S
tain
ing
of
lily
an
the
rs o
r o
the
r ti
ssu
e c
on
tain
ing
ge
rm-l
ine
ce
lls a
nd
mic
rosc
op
e e
xam
ina
tio
n t
o o
bse
rve
ce
lls in
me
iosi
s a
re p
oss
ible
ac
tiv
itie
s.
Topic 10: Genetics and evolution
Biology guide 97
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Ge
ne
s m
ay b
e li
nke
d o
r u
nlin
ked
an
d a
re in
he
rite
d a
cco
rdin
gly
.
10
.2 I
nh
eri
tan
ce
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Loo
kin
g f
or
pa
tte
rns,
tre
nd
s a
nd
dis
cre
pa
nci
es—
Me
nd
el u
sed
ob
serv
ati
on
s o
f th
e n
atu
ral w
orl
d t
o f
ind
an
d e
xpla
in p
att
ern
s a
nd
tre
nd
s. S
ince
th
en
, sci
en
tist
s h
ave
loo
ked
fo
r d
iscr
ep
an
cie
s a
nd
ask
ed
qu
est
ion
s b
ase
d o
n f
urt
he
r o
bse
rva
tio
ns
to s
ho
w e
xce
pti
on
s to
th
e r
ule
s. F
or
exa
mp
le, M
org
an
dis
cov
ere
d n
on
-Me
nd
elia
n r
ati
os
in
his
exp
eri
me
nts
wit
h D
roso
ph
ila. (
3.1
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ge
ne
loci
are
sa
id t
o b
e li
nke
d if
on
th
e s
am
e c
hro
mo
som
e.
Un
linke
d g
en
es
seg
reg
ate
ind
ep
en
de
ntl
y a
s a
re
sult
of
me
iosi
s.
Va
ria
tio
n c
an
be
dis
cre
te o
r co
nti
nu
ou
s.
Th
e p
he
no
typ
es
of
po
lyg
en
ic c
ha
rac
teri
stic
s te
nd
to
sh
ow
co
nti
nu
ou
s
va
ria
tio
n.
Ch
i-sq
ua
red
te
sts
are
use
d t
o d
ete
rmin
e w
he
the
r th
e d
iffe
ren
ce b
etw
ee
n a
n
ob
serv
ed
an
d e
xpe
cte
d f
req
ue
nc
y d
istr
ibu
tio
n is
sta
tist
ica
lly
sig
nif
ica
nt.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Mo
rga
n’s
dis
cov
ery
of
no
n-M
en
de
lian
ra
tio
s in
Dro
sop
hila
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
mp
leti
on
an
d a
na
lysi
s o
f P
un
ne
tt s
qu
are
s fo
r d
ihy
bri
d t
rait
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Po
lyg
en
ic t
rait
s su
ch a
s h
um
an
he
igh
t m
ay a
lso
be
infl
ue
nce
d b
y
en
vir
on
me
nta
l fa
cto
rs.
Sk
ill: C
alc
ula
tio
n o
f th
e p
red
icte
d g
en
oty
pic
an
d p
he
no
typ
ic r
ati
o o
f o
ffsp
rin
g
of
dih
yb
rid
cro
sse
s in
vo
lvin
g u
nlin
ked
au
toso
ma
l ge
ne
s.
Sk
ill: I
de
nti
fica
tio
n o
f re
com
bin
an
ts in
cro
sse
s in
vo
lvin
g t
wo
lin
ked
ge
ne
s.
Sk
ill: U
se o
f a
ch
i-sq
ua
red
te
st o
n d
ata
fro
m d
ihy
bri
d c
ross
es.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
e la
w o
f in
de
pe
nd
en
t a
sso
rtm
en
t w
as
soo
n f
ou
nd
to
hav
e e
xce
pti
on
s
wh
en
loo
kin
g a
t lin
ked
ge
ne
s. W
ha
t is
th
e d
iffe
ren
ce b
etw
ee
n a
law
an
d a
the
ory
in s
cie
nce
?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
An
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
of
inh
eri
tan
ce a
llo
we
d f
arm
ers
to
se
lec
tiv
ely
bre
ed
th
eir
liv
est
ock
fo
r sp
eci
fic
cha
rac
teri
stic
s.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 3
.4 In
he
rita
nce
Aim
s:
Aim
4:
Use
an
aly
tica
l sk
ills
to s
olv
e g
en
eti
c cr
oss
es.
Aim
8: E
thic
al i
ssu
es
ari
se in
th
e p
rev
en
tio
n o
f th
e in
he
rita
nce
of
ge
ne
tic
dis
ord
ers
.
Topic 10: Genetics and evolution
Biology guide98
10
.2 I
nh
eri
tan
ce
Gu
ida
nce
:
All
ele
s a
re u
sua
lly
sho
wn
sid
e b
y si
de
in d
ihy
bri
d c
ross
es,
fo
r e
xam
ple
, TtB
b.
In r
ep
rese
nti
ng
cro
sse
s in
vo
lvin
g li
nk
ag
e, i
t is
mo
re c
om
mo
n t
o s
ho
w t
he
m a
s
ve
rtic
al p
air
s, f
or
exa
mp
le:
Th
is f
orm
at
will
be
use
d in
exa
min
ati
on
pa
pe
rs, o
r st
ud
en
ts w
ill b
e g
ive
n
suff
icie
nt
info
rma
tio
n t
o a
llo
w t
he
m t
o d
ed
uce
wh
ich
all
ele
s a
re li
nke
d.
Topic 10: Genetics and evolution
Biology guide 99
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Ge
ne
po
ols
ch
an
ge
ov
er
tim
e.
10
.3 G
en
e p
oo
ls a
nd
sp
eci
ati
on
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Loo
kin
g f
or
pa
tte
rns,
tre
nd
s a
nd
dis
cre
pa
nci
es—
pa
tte
rns
of
chro
mo
som
e n
um
be
r in
so
me
ge
ne
ra c
an
be
exp
lain
ed
by
spe
cia
tio
n d
ue
to
po
lyp
loid
y. (
3.1
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
A g
en
e p
oo
l co
nsi
sts
of
all
the
ge
ne
s a
nd
th
eir
dif
fere
nt
all
ele
s, p
rese
nt
in a
n
inte
rbre
ed
ing
po
pu
lati
on
.
Ev
olu
tio
n r
eq
uir
es
tha
t a
lle
le f
req
ue
nci
es
cha
ng
e w
ith
tim
e in
po
pu
lati
on
s.
Re
pro
du
cti
ve
iso
lati
on
of
po
pu
lati
on
s ca
n b
e t
em
po
ral,
be
hav
iou
ral o
r
ge
og
rap
hic
.
Sp
eci
ati
on
du
e t
o d
ive
rge
nce
of
iso
late
d p
op
ula
tio
ns
can
be
gra
du
al.
Sp
eci
ati
on
ca
n o
ccu
r a
bru
ptl
y.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Id
en
tify
ing
exa
mp
les
of
dir
ec
tio
na
l, st
ab
ilizi
ng
an
d d
isru
pti
ve
sele
cti
on
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Sp
eci
ati
on
in t
he
ge
nu
s A
lliu
m b
y p
oly
plo
idy.
Sk
ill: C
om
pa
riso
n o
f a
lle
le f
req
ue
nci
es
of
ge
og
rap
hic
all
y is
ola
ted
po
pu
lati
on
s.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Pu
nc
tua
ted
eq
uili
bri
um
imp
lie
s lo
ng
pe
rio
ds
wit
ho
ut
ap
pre
cia
ble
ch
an
ge
an
d s
ho
rt p
eri
od
s o
f ra
pid
ev
olu
tio
n.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Pu
nc
tua
ted
eq
uili
bri
um
wa
s lo
ng
co
nsi
de
red
an
alt
ern
ati
ve
th
eo
ry o
f
ev
olu
tio
n a
nd
a c
ha
lle
ng
e t
o t
he
lon
g e
sta
blis
he
d p
ara
dig
m o
f D
arw
inia
n
gra
du
alis
m. H
ow
do
pa
rad
igm
sh
ifts
pro
cee
d in
sci
en
ce a
nd
wh
at
fac
tors
are
inv
olv
ed
in t
he
ir s
ucc
ess
?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Ma
ny
cro
p s
pe
cie
s h
ave
be
en
cre
ate
d t
o b
e p
oly
plo
id. P
oly
plo
idy
incr
ea
ses
all
elic
div
ers
ity
an
d p
erm
its
no
ve
l ph
en
oty
pe
s to
be
ge
ne
rate
d. I
t a
lso
lea
ds
to h
yb
rid
vig
ou
r.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 5
.1 E
vid
en
ce f
or
ev
olu
tio
n
Biology guide100
Ad
dit
ion
al h
igh
er
leve
l
Top
ic 1
1: A
nim
al p
hys
iolo
gy
16
ho
urs
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Im
mu
nit
y is
ba
sed
on
re
cog
nit
ion
of
self
an
d d
est
ruc
tio
n o
f fo
reig
n m
ate
ria
l.
11
.1 A
nti
bo
dy
pro
du
cti
on
an
d v
acc
ina
tio
n
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Co
nsi
de
r e
thic
al i
mp
lica
tio
ns
of
rese
arc
h—
Jen
ne
r te
ste
d h
is v
acc
ine
fo
r sm
allp
ox
on
a c
hil
d. (
4.5
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ev
ery
org
an
ism
ha
s u
niq
ue
mo
lecu
les
on
th
e s
urf
ace
of
its
cells
.
Pa
tho
ge
ns
can
be
sp
eci
es-
spe
cifi
c a
lth
ou
gh
oth
ers
ca
n c
ross
sp
eci
es
ba
rrie
rs.
B ly
mp
ho
cy
tes
are
ac
tiv
ate
d b
y T
lym
ph
oc
yte
s in
ma
mm
als
.
Ac
tiv
ate
d B
ce
lls m
ult
iply
to
fo
rm c
lon
es
of
pla
sma
ce
lls a
nd
me
mo
ry c
ells
.
Pla
sma
ce
lls s
ecr
ete
an
tib
od
ies.
An
tib
od
ies
aid
th
e d
est
ruc
tio
n o
f p
ath
og
en
s.
Wh
ite
ce
lls r
ele
ase
his
tam
ine
in r
esp
on
se t
o a
lle
rge
ns.
His
tam
ine
s ca
use
all
erg
ic s
ym
pto
ms.
Imm
un
ity
de
pe
nd
s u
po
n t
he
pe
rsis
ten
ce o
f m
em
ory
ce
lls.
Va
ccin
es
con
tain
an
tig
en
s th
at
trig
ge
r im
mu
nit
y b
ut
do
no
t ca
use
th
e d
ise
ase
.
Fusi
on
of
a t
um
ou
r ce
ll w
ith
an
an
tib
od
y-p
rod
uci
ng
pla
sma
ce
ll cr
ea
tes
a
hy
bri
do
ma
ce
ll.
Mo
no
clo
na
l an
tib
od
ies
are
pro
du
ced
by
hy
bri
do
ma
ce
lls.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Th
e W
orl
d H
ea
lth
Org
an
iza
tio
n in
itia
ted
th
e c
am
pa
ign
fo
r th
e g
lob
al
era
dic
ati
on
of
sma
llpo
x in
19
67.
Th
e c
am
pa
ign
wa
s d
ee
me
d a
su
cce
ss in
19
77,
on
ly 1
0 y
ea
rs la
ter.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Hu
ma
n v
acc
ine
s a
re o
fte
n p
rod
uce
d u
sin
g t
he
imm
un
e r
esp
on
ses
of
oth
er
an
ima
ls.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 6
.3 D
efe
nce
ag
ain
st in
fec
tio
us
dis
ea
se
Top
ic 1
1.4
Se
xua
l re
pro
du
cti
on
Ge
og
rap
hy
Pa
rt 2
F: T
he
ge
og
rap
hy
of
foo
d a
nd
he
alt
h
Aim
s:
Aim
7:
Use
of
da
tab
ase
s to
an
aly
se e
pid
em
iolo
gic
al d
ata
.
Topic 11: Animal physiology
Biology guide 101
11
.1 A
nti
bo
dy
pro
du
cti
on
an
d v
acc
ina
tio
n
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Sm
allp
ox
wa
s th
e f
irst
infe
cti
ou
s d
ise
ase
of
hu
ma
ns
to h
ave
be
en
era
dic
ate
d b
y v
acc
ina
tio
n.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Mo
no
clo
na
l an
tib
od
ies
to H
CG
are
use
d in
pre
gn
an
cy
test
kit
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: An
tig
en
s o
n t
he
su
rfa
ce o
f re
d b
loo
d c
ells
sti
mu
late
an
tib
od
y
pro
du
cti
on
in a
pe
rso
n w
ith
a d
iffe
ren
t b
loo
d g
rou
p.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f e
pid
em
iolo
gic
al d
ata
re
late
d t
o v
acc
ina
tio
n p
rog
ram
me
s.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Lim
it t
he
imm
un
e r
esp
on
se t
o m
am
ma
ls.
Topic 11: Animal physiology
Biology guide102
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Th
e r
ole
s o
f th
e m
usc
ulo
ske
leta
l sy
ste
m a
re m
ov
em
en
t, s
up
po
rt a
nd
pro
tec
tio
n.
11
.2 M
ov
em
en
t
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
velo
pm
en
ts in
sci
en
tifi
c re
sea
rch
fo
llow
imp
rove
me
nts
in a
pp
ara
tus—
flu
ore
sce
nt
calc
ium
ion
s h
ave
be
en
use
d t
o s
tud
y th
e c
yclic
inte
ract
ion
s in
mu
scle
co
ntr
act
ion
. (1.
8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Bo
ne
s a
nd
exo
ske
leto
ns
pro
vid
e a
nch
ora
ge
fo
r m
usc
les
an
d a
ct
as
lev
ers
.
Syn
ov
ial j
oin
ts a
llo
w c
ert
ain
mo
ve
me
nts
bu
t n
ot
oth
ers
.
Mo
ve
me
nt
of
the
bo
dy
req
uir
es
mu
scle
s to
wo
rk in
an
tag
on
isti
c p
air
s.
Ske
leta
l mu
scle
fib
res
are
mu
ltin
ucl
ea
te a
nd
co
nta
in s
pe
cia
lize
d e
nd
op
lasm
ic
reti
culu
m.
Mu
scle
fib
res
con
tain
ma
ny
myo
fib
rils
.
Ea
ch m
yofi
bri
l is
ma
de
up
of
con
tra
cti
le s
arc
om
ere
s.
Th
e c
on
tra
cti
on
of
the
ske
leta
l mu
scle
is a
chie
ve
d b
y th
e s
lid
ing
of
ac
tin
an
d
myo
sin
fila
me
nts
.
AT
P h
ydro
lysi
s a
nd
cro
ss b
rid
ge
fo
rma
tio
n a
re n
ece
ssa
ry f
or
the
fila
me
nts
to
slid
e.
Ca
lciu
m io
ns
an
d t
he
pro
tein
s tr
op
om
yosi
n a
nd
tro
po
nin
co
ntr
ol m
usc
le
con
tra
cti
on
s.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: An
tag
on
isti
c p
air
s o
f m
usc
les
in a
n in
sec
t le
g.
Sk
ill: A
nn
ota
tio
n o
f a
dia
gra
m o
f th
e h
um
an
elb
ow
.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
lab
ell
ed
dia
gra
ms
of
the
str
uc
ture
of
a s
arc
om
ere
.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f e
lec
tro
n m
icro
gra
ph
s to
fin
d t
he
sta
te o
f co
ntr
ac
tio
n o
f
mu
scle
fib
res.
Aim
s:
Aim
7:
Use
of
gri
p s
tre
ng
th d
ata
log
ge
rs t
o a
sse
ss m
usc
le f
ati
gu
e.
Aim
7:
Use
of
an
ima
tio
ns
to v
isu
aliz
e c
on
tra
cti
on
.
Topic 11: Animal physiology
Biology guide 103
11
.2 M
ov
em
en
t
Gu
ida
nce
:
Elb
ow
dia
gra
m s
ho
uld
incl
ud
e c
art
ilag
e, s
yn
ov
ial f
luid
, jo
int
cap
sule
, na
me
d
bo
ne
s a
nd
na
me
d a
nta
go
nis
tic
mu
scle
s.
Dra
win
g la
be
lle
d d
iag
ram
s o
f th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f a
sa
rco
me
re s
ho
uld
incl
ud
e
Z li
ne
s, a
cti
n f
ilam
en
ts, m
yosi
n f
ilam
en
ts w
ith
he
ad
s, a
nd
th
e r
esu
lta
nt
ligh
t
an
d d
ark
ba
nd
s.
Me
asu
rem
en
t o
f th
e le
ng
th o
f sa
rco
me
res
will
re
qu
ire
ca
libra
tio
n o
f th
e
eye
pie
ce s
cale
of
the
mic
rosc
op
e.
Topic 11: Animal physiology
Biology guide104
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: All
an
ima
ls e
xcre
te n
itro
ge
no
us
wa
ste
pro
du
cts
an
d s
om
e a
nim
als
als
o b
ala
nce
wa
ter
an
d s
olu
te c
on
cen
tra
tio
ns.
11
.3 T
he
kid
ne
y a
nd
osm
ore
gu
lati
on
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Cu
rio
sity
ab
ou
t p
art
icu
lar
ph
en
om
en
a—
inv
est
iga
tio
ns
we
re c
arr
ied
ou
t to
de
term
ine
ho
w d
ese
rt a
nim
als
pre
ve
nt
wa
ter
loss
in t
he
ir w
ast
es.
(1.5
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
An
ima
ls a
re e
ith
er
osm
ore
gu
lato
rs o
r o
smo
con
form
ers
.
Th
e M
alp
igh
ian
tu
bu
le s
yst
em
in in
sec
ts a
nd
th
e k
idn
ey
carr
y o
ut
osm
ore
gu
lati
on
an
d r
em
ov
al o
f n
itro
ge
no
us
wa
ste
s.
Th
e c
om
po
siti
on
of
blo
od
in t
he
re
na
l art
ery
is d
iffe
ren
t fr
om
th
at
in t
he
re
na
l
ve
in.
Th
e u
ltra
stru
ctu
re o
f th
e g
lom
eru
lus
an
d B
ow
ma
n’s
ca
psu
le f
aci
lita
te
ult
rafi
ltra
tio
n.
Th
e p
roxi
ma
l co
nv
olu
ted
tu
bu
le s
ele
cti
ve
ly r
ea
bso
rbs
use
ful s
ub
sta
nce
s b
y
ac
tiv
e t
ran
spo
rt.
Th
e lo
op
of
He
nle
ma
inta
ins
hy
pe
rto
nic
co
nd
itio
ns
in t
he
me
du
lla.
AD
H c
on
tro
ls r
ea
bso
rpti
on
of
wa
ter
in t
he
co
lle
cti
ng
du
ct.
Th
e le
ng
th o
f th
e lo
op
of
He
nle
is p
osi
tiv
ely
co
rre
late
d w
ith
th
e n
ee
d f
or
wa
ter
con
serv
ati
on
in a
nim
als
.
Th
e t
yp
e o
f n
itro
ge
no
us
wa
ste
in a
nim
als
is c
orr
ela
ted
wit
h e
vo
luti
on
ary
his
tory
an
d h
ab
ita
t.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
de
hyd
rati
on
an
d o
ve
rhyd
rati
on
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Tre
atm
en
t o
f k
idn
ey
failu
re b
y h
em
od
ialy
sis
or
kid
ne
y tr
an
spla
nt.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Blo
od
ce
lls, g
luco
se, p
rote
ins
an
d d
rug
s a
re d
ete
cte
d in
uri
na
ry
test
s.
Sk
ill: D
raw
ing
an
d la
be
llin
g a
dia
gra
m o
f th
e h
um
an
kid
ne
y.
Sk
ill: A
nn
ota
tio
n o
f d
iag
ram
s o
f th
e n
ep
hro
n.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Th
e r
em
ov
al o
f k
idn
ey
sto
ne
s b
y u
ltra
so
un
d t
rea
tme
nt.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 1
.3 M
em
bra
ne
str
uc
ture
Top
ic 1
.4 M
em
bra
ne
tra
nsp
ort
Topic 11: Animal physiology
Biology guide 105
11
.3 T
he
kid
ne
y a
nd
osm
ore
gu
lati
on
Gu
ida
nce
:
AD
H w
ill b
e u
sed
in p
refe
ren
ce t
o v
aso
pre
ssin
.
Th
e d
iag
ram
of
the
ne
ph
ron
sh
ou
ld in
clu
de
glo
me
rulu
s, B
ow
ma
n’s
ca
psu
le,
pro
xim
al c
on
vo
lute
d t
ub
ule
, lo
op
of
He
nle
, dis
tal c
on
vo
lute
d t
ub
ule
; th
e
rela
tio
nsh
ip b
etw
ee
n t
he
ne
ph
ron
an
d t
he
co
lle
cti
ng
du
ct
sho
uld
be
incl
ud
ed
.
Topic 11: Animal physiology
Biology guide106
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: S
exu
al r
ep
rod
uc
tio
n in
vo
lve
s th
e d
ev
elo
pm
en
t a
nd
fu
sio
n o
f h
ap
loid
ga
me
tes.
11
.4 S
ex
ua
l re
pro
du
cti
on
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ass
ess
ing
ris
ks
an
d b
en
efi
ts a
sso
cia
ted
wit
h s
cie
nti
fic
rese
arc
h—
the
ris
ks
to h
um
an
ma
le f
ert
ility
we
re n
ot
ad
eq
ua
tely
ass
ess
ed
be
fore
ste
roid
s re
late
d t
o p
rog
est
ero
ne
an
d e
stro
ge
n w
ere
re
lea
sed
into
th
e e
nv
iro
nm
en
t a
s a
re
sult
of
the
use
of
the
fe
ma
le c
on
tra
cep
tiv
e p
ill. (
4.8
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Sp
erm
ato
ge
ne
sis
an
d o
og
en
esi
s b
oth
inv
olv
e m
ito
sis,
ce
ll g
row
th, t
wo
div
isio
ns
of
me
iosi
s a
nd
dif
fere
nti
ati
on
.
Pro
cess
es
in s
pe
rma
tog
en
esi
s a
nd
oo
ge
ne
sis
resu
lt in
dif
fere
nt
nu
mb
ers
of
ga
me
tes
wit
h d
iffe
ren
t a
mo
un
ts
of
cy
top
lasm
.
Fe
rtili
zati
on
in a
nim
als
ca
n b
e in
tern
al o
r e
xte
rna
l.
Fe
rtili
zati
on
inv
olv
es
me
cha
nis
ms
tha
t p
rev
en
t p
oly
spe
rmy.
Imp
lan
tati
on
of
the
bla
sto
cy
st in
th
e e
nd
om
etr
ium
is e
sse
nti
al f
or
the
co
nti
nu
ati
on
of
pre
gn
an
cy.
HC
G s
tim
ula
tes
the
ov
ary
to
se
cre
te p
rog
est
ero
ne
du
rin
g e
arl
y p
reg
na
nc
y.
Th
e p
lace
nta
fa
cilit
ate
s th
e e
xch
an
ge
of
ma
teri
als
be
twe
en
th
e m
oth
er
an
d f
etu
s.
Est
rog
en
an
d p
rog
est
ero
ne
are
se
cre
ted
by
the
pla
cen
ta o
nce
it h
as
form
ed
.
Bir
th is
me
dia
ted
by
po
siti
ve
fe
ed
ba
ck in
vo
lvin
g e
stro
ge
n a
nd
ox
yto
cin
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Th
e a
ve
rag
e 3
8-w
ee
k p
reg
na
nc
y in
hu
ma
ns
can
be
po
siti
on
ed
on
a g
rap
h s
ho
win
g t
he
corr
ela
tio
n b
etw
ee
n a
nim
al s
ize
an
d t
he
de
ve
lop
me
nt
of
the
yo
un
g a
t b
irth
fo
r o
the
r m
am
ma
ls.
Sk
ill: A
nn
ota
tio
n o
f d
iag
ram
s o
f se
min
ife
rou
s tu
bu
le a
nd
ov
ary
to
sh
ow
th
e s
tag
es
of
ga
me
tog
en
esi
s.
Sk
ill: A
nn
ota
tio
n o
f d
iag
ram
s o
f m
atu
re s
pe
rm a
nd
eg
g t
o in
dic
ate
fu
nc
tio
ns.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Fe
rtili
zati
on
inv
olv
es
the
acr
oso
me
re
ac
tio
n, f
usi
on
of
the
pla
sma
me
mb
ran
e o
f th
e e
gg
an
d s
pe
rm a
nd
th
e
cort
ica
l re
ac
tio
n.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 3
.3 M
eio
sis
Top
ic 6
.6 H
orm
on
es,
ho
me
ost
asi
s a
nd
re
pro
du
cti
on
Aim
s:
Aim
8: D
isp
ute
s o
ve
r th
e r
esp
on
sib
ility
fo
r
fro
zen
hu
ma
n e
mb
ryo
s.
135Biology guide 135
Op
tio
n D
: Hu
ma
n p
hys
iolo
gy
15
/25
ho
urs
Co
re t
op
ics
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: A
ba
lan
ced
die
t is
ess
en
tia
l to
hu
ma
n h
ea
lth
.
D.1
Hu
ma
n n
utr
itio
n
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Fals
ific
ati
on
of
the
ori
es
wit
h o
ne
th
eo
ry b
ein
g s
up
ers
ed
ed
by
an
oth
er—
scu
rvy
wa
s th
ou
gh
t to
be
sp
eci
fic
to h
um
an
s, b
eca
use
att
em
pts
to
ind
uce
th
e s
ym
pto
ms
in
lab
ora
tory
ra
ts a
nd
mic
e w
ere
en
tire
ly u
nsu
cce
ssfu
l. (1
.9)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ess
en
tia
l nu
trie
nts
ca
nn
ot
be
sy
nth
esi
zed
by
the
bo
dy,
th
ere
fore
th
ey
hav
e t
o
be
incl
ud
ed
in t
he
die
t.
Die
tary
min
era
ls a
re e
sse
nti
al c
he
mic
al e
lem
en
ts.
Vit
am
ins
are
ch
em
ica
lly
div
ers
e c
arb
on
co
mp
ou
nd
s th
at
can
no
t b
e
syn
the
size
d b
y th
e b
od
y.
So
me
fa
tty
aci
ds
an
d s
om
e a
min
o a
cid
s a
re e
sse
nti
al.
La
ck o
f e
sse
nti
al a
min
o a
cid
s a
ffe
cts
th
e p
rod
uc
tio
n o
f p
rote
ins.
Ma
lnu
trit
ion
may
be
ca
use
d b
y a
de
fici
en
cy,
imb
ala
nce
or
exc
ess
of
nu
trie
nts
in t
he
die
t.
Ap
pe
tite
is c
on
tro
lle
d b
y a
ce
ntr
e in
th
e h
yp
oth
ala
mu
s.
Ov
erw
eig
ht
ind
ivid
ua
ls a
re m
ore
like
ly t
o s
uff
er
hy
pe
rte
nsi
on
an
d t
yp
e II
dia
be
tes.
Sta
rva
tio
n c
an
lea
d t
o b
rea
kdo
wn
of
bo
dy
tiss
ue
.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Pro
du
cti
on
of
asc
orb
ic a
cid
by
som
e m
am
ma
ls, b
ut
no
t o
the
rs
tha
t n
ee
d a
die
tary
su
pp
ly.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
use
an
d t
rea
tme
nt
of
ph
en
ylk
eto
nu
ria
(P
KU
).
Inte
rna
tio
na
l-m
ind
ed
ne
ss:
Th
e V
ita
min
an
d M
ine
ral N
utr
itio
n In
form
ati
on
Sy
ste
m (
VM
NIS
), f
orm
erl
y
kn
ow
n a
s th
e M
icro
nu
trie
nt
De
fici
en
cy
Info
rma
tio
n S
yst
em
(M
DIS
), w
as
est
ab
lish
ed
in 1
99
1 f
oll
ow
ing
a r
eq
ue
st b
y t
he
Wo
rld
He
alt
h A
sse
mb
ly t
o
stre
ng
the
n s
urv
eill
an
ce o
f m
icro
nu
trie
nt
de
fici
en
cie
s a
t th
e g
lob
al l
ev
el.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Th
ere
are
po
siti
ve
eff
ec
ts o
f e
xpo
sure
to
su
n s
uch
as
the
pro
du
cti
on
of
Vit
am
in D
as
we
ll a
s h
ea
lth
ris
ks
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith
exp
osu
re t
o U
V r
ays.
Ho
w
can
co
nfl
icti
ng
kn
ow
led
ge
cla
ims
be
ba
lan
ced
?
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 6
.1 D
ige
stio
n a
nd
ab
sorp
tio
n
Ge
og
rap
hy
Pa
rt 2
F T
he
ge
og
rap
hy
of
foo
d a
nd
he
alt
h
Ch
em
istr
y
Top
ic B
5 V
ita
min
s
Core topics
Biology guide136
D.1
Hu
ma
n n
utr
itio
n
Ap
plic
ati
on
: La
ck o
f V
ita
min
D o
r ca
lciu
m c
an
aff
ec
t b
on
e m
ine
raliz
ati
on
an
d
cau
se r
icke
ts o
r o
ste
om
ala
cia
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Bre
akd
ow
n o
f h
ea
rt m
usc
le d
ue
to
an
ore
xia
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ch
ole
ste
rol i
n b
loo
d a
s a
n in
dic
ato
r o
f th
e r
isk
of
coro
na
ry h
ea
rt
dis
ea
se.
Sk
ill: D
ete
rmin
ati
on
of
the
en
erg
y co
nte
nt
of
foo
d b
y co
mb
ust
ion
.
Sk
ill: U
se o
f d
ata
ba
ses
of
nu
trit
ion
al c
on
ten
t o
f fo
od
s a
nd
so
ftw
are
to
calc
ula
te in
take
s o
f e
sse
nti
al n
utr
ien
ts f
rom
a d
ail
y d
iet.
Core topics
Biology guide 137
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: D
ige
stio
n is
co
ntr
oll
ed
by
ne
rvo
us
an
d h
orm
on
al m
ech
an
ism
s.
D.2
Dig
est
ion
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Se
ren
dip
ity
an
d s
cie
nti
fic
dis
cov
eri
es—
the
ro
le o
f g
ast
ric
aci
d in
dig
est
ion
wa
s e
sta
blis
he
d b
y W
illia
m B
ea
um
on
t w
hil
e o
bse
rvin
g t
he
pro
cess
of
dig
est
ion
in a
n o
pe
n
wo
un
d c
au
sed
by
gu
nsh
ot.
(1.4
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ne
rvo
us
an
d h
orm
on
al m
ech
an
ism
s co
ntr
ol t
he
se
cre
tio
n o
f d
ige
stiv
e ju
ice
s.
Exo
crin
e g
lan
ds
secr
ete
to
th
e s
urf
ace
of
the
bo
dy
or
the
lum
en
of
the
gu
t.
Th
e v
olu
me
an
d c
on
ten
t o
f g
ast
ric
secr
eti
on
s a
re c
on
tro
lle
d b
y n
erv
ou
s a
nd
ho
rmo
na
l me
cha
nis
ms.
Aci
d c
on
dit
ion
s in
th
e s
tom
ach
fav
ou
r so
me
hyd
roly
sis
rea
cti
on
s a
nd
he
lp t
o
con
tro
l pa
tho
ge
ns
in in
ge
ste
d f
oo
d.
Th
e s
tru
ctu
re o
f ce
lls o
f th
e e
pit
he
lium
of
the
vill
i is
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
ab
sorp
tio
n o
f fo
od
.
Th
e r
ate
of
tra
nsi
t o
f m
ate
ria
ls t
hro
ug
h t
he
larg
e in
test
ine
is p
osi
tiv
ely
corr
ela
ted
wit
h t
he
ir f
ibre
co
nte
nt.
Ma
teri
als
no
t a
bso
rbe
d a
re e
ge
ste
d.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Th
e r
ed
uc
tio
n o
f st
om
ach
aci
d s
ecr
eti
on
by
pro
ton
pu
mp
inh
ibit
or
dru
gs.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: De
hyd
rati
on
du
e t
o c
ho
lera
to
xin
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Hel
ico
ba
cter
pyl
ori
infe
cti
on
as
a c
au
se o
f st
om
ach
ulc
ers
.
Sk
ill: I
de
nti
fica
tio
n o
f e
xocr
ine
gla
nd
ce
lls t
ha
t se
cre
te d
ige
stiv
e ju
ice
s a
nd
vill
us
ep
ith
eliu
m c
ells
th
at
ab
sorb
dig
est
ed
fo
od
s fr
om
ele
ctr
on
mic
rog
rap
hs.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Ad
ap
tati
on
s o
f v
illu
s e
pit
he
lial c
ells
incl
ud
e m
icro
vill
i an
d m
ito
cho
nd
ria
.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 1
.2 U
ltra
stru
ctu
re o
f ce
lls
Top
ic 6
.5 N
eu
ron
s a
nd
sy
na
pse
s
Ch
em
istr
y
Top
ic D
4 p
H r
eg
ula
tio
n o
f st
om
ach
Core topics
Biology guide138
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Th
e c
he
mic
al c
om
po
siti
on
of
the
blo
od
is r
eg
ula
ted
by
the
liv
er.
D.3
Fu
nc
tio
ns
of
the
liv
er
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Ed
uca
tin
g t
he
pu
blic
on
sci
en
tifi
c cl
aim
s—sc
ien
tifi
c st
ud
ies
hav
e s
ho
wn
th
at
hig
h-d
en
sity
lip
op
rote
in c
ou
ld b
e c
on
sid
ere
d “
go
od
” ch
ole
ste
rol.
(5.2
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Th
e li
ve
r re
mo
ve
s to
xin
s fr
om
th
e b
loo
d a
nd
de
toxi
fie
s th
em
.
Co
mp
on
en
ts o
f re
d b
loo
d c
ells
are
re
cyc
led
by
the
liv
er.
Th
e b
rea
kdo
wn
of
ery
thro
cy
tes
sta
rts
wit
h p
ha
go
cy
tosi
s o
f re
d b
loo
d c
ells
by
Ku
pff
er
cells
.
Iro
n is
ca
rrie
d t
o t
he
bo
ne
ma
rro
w t
o p
rod
uce
he
mo
glo
bin
in n
ew
re
d b
loo
d
cells
.
Su
rplu
s ch
ole
ste
rol i
s co
nv
ert
ed
to
bil
e s
alt
s.
En
do
pla
smic
re
ticu
lum
an
d G
olg
i ap
pa
ratu
s in
he
pa
toc
yte
s p
rod
uce
pla
sma
pro
tein
s.
Th
e li
ve
r in
terc
ep
ts b
loo
d f
rom
th
e g
ut
to r
eg
ula
te n
utr
ien
t le
ve
ls.
So
me
nu
trie
nts
in e
xce
ss c
an
be
sto
red
in t
he
liv
er.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
use
s a
nd
co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
jau
nd
ice
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Du
al b
loo
d s
up
ply
to
th
e li
ve
r a
nd
dif
fere
nce
s b
etw
ee
n s
inu
soid
s
an
d c
ap
illa
rie
s.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Exc
ess
ive
alc
oh
ol c
on
sum
pti
on
may
ca
use
liv
er
cirr
ho
sis.
Are
att
itu
de
s to
dru
gs
an
d a
lco
ho
l an
exa
mp
le o
f so
me
thin
g t
ha
t is
re
lati
ve
to
cu
ltu
re?
Is a
ll
kn
ow
led
ge
de
pe
nd
en
t o
n c
ult
ure
?
Aim
s:
Aim
6: T
em
po
rary
mo
un
ts o
f h
ep
ato
cy
tes
can
be
pre
pa
red
fro
m f
resh
liv
er.
Aim
8:
Giv
en
th
e p
ress
ure
on
he
alt
h r
eso
urc
es,
esp
eci
all
y t
he
av
aila
bili
ty o
f
org
an
s fo
r tr
an
spla
nt,
sh
ou
ld a
n a
lco
ho
lic b
e a
llo
we
d a
liv
er
tra
nsp
lan
t?
Core topics
Biology guide 139
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: In
tern
al a
nd
ex
tern
al f
ac
tors
infl
ue
nce
he
art
fu
nc
tio
n.
D.4
Th
e h
ea
rt
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
De
ve
lop
me
nts
in s
cie
nti
fic
rese
arc
h f
oll
ow
ed
imp
rov
em
en
ts in
ap
pa
ratu
s o
r in
stru
me
nta
tio
n—
the
inv
en
tio
n o
f th
e s
teth
osc
op
e le
d t
o im
pro
ve
d k
no
wle
dg
e o
f th
e
wo
rkin
gs
of
the
he
art
. (1.
8)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Str
uc
ture
of
card
iac
mu
scle
ce
lls a
llo
ws
pro
pa
ga
tio
n o
f st
imu
li th
rou
gh
th
e
he
art
wa
ll.
Sig
na
ls f
rom
th
e s
ino
atr
ial n
od
e t
ha
t ca
use
co
ntr
ac
tio
n c
an
no
t p
ass
dir
ec
tly
fro
m a
tria
to
ve
ntr
icle
s.
Th
ere
is a
de
lay
be
twe
en
th
e a
rriv
al a
nd
pa
ssin
g o
n o
f a
sti
mu
lus
at
the
atr
iov
en
tric
ula
r n
od
e.
Th
is d
ela
y a
llow
s ti
me
fo
r at
ria
l sys
tole
be
fore
th
e a
trio
ven
tric
ula
r v
alv
es
clo
se.
Co
nd
uc
tin
g f
ibre
s e
nsu
re c
oo
rdin
ate
d c
on
tra
cti
on
of
the
en
tire
ve
ntr
icle
wa
ll.
No
rma
l he
art
so
un
ds
are
ca
use
d b
y th
e a
trio
ve
ntr
icu
lar
va
lve
s a
nd
se
milu
na
r
va
lve
s cl
osi
ng
ca
usi
ng
ch
an
ge
s in
blo
od
flo
w.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
art
ific
ial p
ace
ma
kers
to
re
gu
late
th
e h
ea
rt r
ate
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Use
of
de
fib
rilla
tio
n t
o t
rea
t li
fe-t
hre
ate
nin
g c
ard
iac
con
dit
ion
s.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
use
s a
nd
co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
hy
pe
rte
nsi
on
an
d t
hro
mb
osi
s.
Sk
ill: M
ea
sure
me
nt
an
d in
terp
reta
tio
n o
f th
e h
ea
rt r
ate
un
de
r d
iffe
ren
t
con
dit
ion
s.
Sk
ill: I
nte
rpre
tati
on
of
syst
olic
an
d d
iast
olic
blo
od
pre
ssu
re m
ea
sure
me
nts
.
Sk
ill: M
ap
pin
g o
f th
e c
ard
iac
cyc
le t
o a
no
rma
l EC
G t
race
.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f e
pid
em
iolo
gic
al d
ata
re
lati
ng
to
th
e in
cid
en
ce o
f co
ron
ary
he
art
dis
ea
se.
Gu
ida
nce
:
Incl
ud
e b
ran
chin
g a
nd
inte
rca
late
d d
iscs
in s
tru
ctu
re o
f ca
rdia
c m
usc
le.
Th
eo
ry o
f k
no
wle
dg
e:
Sym
bo
ls a
re u
sed
as
a f
orm
of
no
n-v
erb
al c
om
mu
nic
ati
on
. Wh
y is
th
e h
ea
rt
use
d a
s a
sy
mb
ol f
or
lov
e? W
ha
t is
th
e im
po
rta
nce
of
sym
bo
ls in
dif
fere
nt
are
as
of
kn
ow
led
ge?
Biology guide140
Op
tio
n D
: Hu
ma
n p
hys
iolo
gy
15
/25
ho
urs
Ad
dit
ion
al h
igh
er
leve
l to
pic
s
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Ho
rmo
ne
s a
re n
ot
secr
ete
d a
t a
un
ifo
rm r
ate
an
d e
xert
th
eir
eff
ec
t a
t lo
w c
on
cen
tra
tio
ns.
D.5
Ho
rmo
ne
s a
nd
me
tab
oli
sm
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Co
op
era
tio
n a
nd
co
llab
ora
tio
n b
etw
ee
n g
rou
ps
of
scie
nti
sts—
the
Inte
rna
tio
na
l Co
un
cil f
or
the
Co
ntr
ol o
f Io
din
e D
efi
cie
nc
y D
iso
rde
rs in
clu
de
s a
nu
mb
er
of
scie
nti
sts
wh
o w
ork
to
elim
ina
te t
he
ha
rm d
on
e b
y io
din
e d
efi
cie
nc
y. (4
.3)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
En
do
crin
e g
lan
ds
secr
ete
ho
rmo
ne
s d
ire
ctl
y in
to t
he
blo
od
stre
am
.
Ste
roid
ho
rmo
ne
s b
ind
to
re
cep
tor
pro
tein
s in
th
e c
yto
pla
sm o
f th
e t
arg
et
cell
to f
orm
a r
ece
pto
r–h
orm
on
e c
om
ple
x.
Th
e r
ece
pto
r–h
orm
on
e c
om
ple
x p
rom
ote
s th
e t
ran
scri
pti
on
of
spe
cifi
c
ge
ne
s.
Pe
pti
de
ho
rmo
ne
s b
ind
to
re
cep
tors
in t
he
pla
sma
me
mb
ran
e o
f th
e t
arg
et
cell
.
Bin
din
g o
f h
orm
on
es
to m
em
bra
ne
re
cep
tors
ac
tiv
ate
s a
ca
sca
de
me
dia
ted
by
a s
eco
nd
me
sse
ng
er
insi
de
th
e c
ell
.
Th
e h
yp
oth
ala
mu
s co
ntr
ols
ho
rmo
ne
se
cre
tio
n b
y th
e a
nte
rio
r a
nd
po
ste
rio
r
lob
es
of
the
pit
uit
ary
gla
nd
.
Ho
rmo
ne
s se
cre
ted
by
the
pit
uit
ary
co
ntr
ol g
row
th, d
ev
elo
pm
en
tal c
ha
ng
es,
rep
rod
uc
tio
n a
nd
ho
me
ost
asi
s.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: So
me
ath
lete
s ta
ke g
row
th h
orm
on
es
to b
uil
d m
usc
les.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
ntr
ol o
f m
ilk s
ecr
eti
on
by
ox
yto
cin
an
d p
rola
cti
n.
Aim
s:
Aim
8: T
he
re a
re n
um
ero
us
dru
gs
tha
t ca
n e
nh
an
ce p
erf
orm
an
ce. I
s th
e u
se
of
the
se d
rug
s a
cce
pta
ble
in t
erm
s o
f co
nd
uc
tin
g a
fa
ir t
est
as
lon
g a
s a
ll
ath
lete
s h
ave
eq
ua
l acc
ess
to
th
em
?
Additional higher level topics
Biology guide 141
Ess
en
tia
l id
ea
: Re
d b
loo
d c
ells
are
vit
al i
n t
he
tra
nsp
ort
of
resp
ira
tory
ga
ses.
D.6
Tra
nsp
ort
of
resp
ira
tory
ga
ses
Na
ture
of
scie
nce
:
Sci
en
tist
s h
ave
a r
ole
in in
form
ing
th
e p
ub
lic—
scie
nti
fic
rese
arc
h h
as
led
to
a c
ha
ng
e in
pu
blic
pe
rce
pti
on
of
smo
kin
g. (
5.1
)
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
s:
Ox
yge
n d
isso
cia
tio
n c
urv
es
sho
w t
he
aff
init
y o
f h
em
og
lob
in f
or
ox
yge
n.
Ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
is c
arr
ied
in s
olu
tio
n a
nd
bo
un
d t
o h
em
og
lob
in in
th
e b
loo
d.
Ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
is t
ran
sfo
rme
d in
re
d b
loo
d c
ells
into
hyd
rog
en
carb
on
ate
ion
s.
Th
e B
oh
r sh
ift
exp
lain
s th
e in
cre
ase
d r
ele
ase
of
ox
yge
n b
y h
em
og
lob
in in
resp
irin
g t
issu
es.
Ch
em
ore
cep
tors
are
se
nsi
tiv
e t
o c
ha
ng
es
in b
loo
d p
H.
Th
e r
ate
of
ve
nti
lati
on
is c
on
tro
lle
d b
y th
e r
esp
ira
tory
co
ntr
ol c
en
tre
in t
he
me
du
lla o
blo
ng
ata
.
Du
rin
g e
xerc
ise
th
e r
ate
of
ve
nti
lati
on
ch
an
ge
s in
re
spo
nse
to
th
e a
mo
un
t o
f
CO
2 in
th
e b
loo
d.
Fe
tal h
em
og
lob
in is
dif
fere
nt
fro
m a
du
lt h
em
og
lob
in a
llo
win
g t
he
tra
nsf
er
of
ox
yge
n in
th
e p
lace
nta
on
to t
he
fe
tal h
em
og
lob
in.
Ap
pli
cati
on
s a
nd
sk
ills
:
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
hig
h a
ltit
ud
e f
or
ga
s e
xch
an
ge
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: pH
of
blo
od
is r
eg
ula
ted
to
sta
y w
ith
in t
he
na
rro
w r
an
ge
of
7.3
5
to 7
.45
.
Ap
plic
ati
on
: Ca
use
s a
nd
tre
atm
en
ts o
f e
mp
hy
sem
a.
Sk
ill: A
na
lysi
s o
f d
isso
cia
tio
n c
urv
es
for
he
mo
glo
bin
an
d m
yog
lob
in.
Sk
ill: I
de
nti
fica
tio
n o
f p
ne
um
oc
yte
s, c
ap
illa
ry e
nd
oth
eliu
m c
ells
an
d b
loo
d
cells
in li
gh
t m
icro
gra
ph
s a
nd
ele
ctr
on
mic
rog
rap
hs
of
lun
g t
issu
e.
Uti
liz
ati
on
:
Tra
inin
g c
am
ps
for
ath
lete
s a
re f
req
ue
ntl
y lo
cate
d a
t h
igh
alt
itu
de
to
incr
ea
se
the
he
mo
glo
bin
co
nte
nt
of
the
blo
od
. Th
is p
uts
th
e a
thle
te a
t a
n a
dv
an
tag
e
wh
en
th
ey
retu
rn t
o lo
we
r g
rou
nd
fo
r co
mp
eti
tio
n.
Sylla
bu
s a
nd
cro
ss-c
urr
icu
lar
link
s:
Bio
log
y
Top
ic 6
.4 G
as
exc
ha
ng
e
Ph
ysi
cs
Top
ic 3
.2 M
od
elli
ng
a g
as
Aim
s:
Aim
8: S
om
e s
po
rts,
su
ch a
s h
igh
-alt
itu
de
mo
un
tain
clim
bin
g o
r sc
ub
a
div
ing
, may
pu
sh t
he
lim
its
of
the
hu
ma
n b
od
y b
eyo
nd
en
du
ran
ce a
nd
ca
use
da
ma
ge
. Sh
ou
ld t
he
y b
e c
on
tro
lle
d o
r b
an
ne
d?
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