Copyright@technoKrats Friday, 20 th September 2013 -:Presented By:- Suvaranjan Bhattacharyya and Arijit Chattopadhyay.

Copyright@technoKrats

PrayasFriday, 20th September 2013

-:Presented By:- Suvaranjan Bhattacharyya

and Arijit Chattopadhyay


GLOBAL WARMING

A GLOBAL ISSUE


GRAPHICAL CHART

GLOBAL WARMING

INTRODUCTION

DEFINATION

DESCRIPTION

CAUSES

NATURAL

MAN-MADE

EFFECTS

CONCLUSION

PREVENTIVE MEASURES


WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING:

• Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earth's surface would average about 33°C colder than the present average of 14 °C (57 °F)),.produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels (Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as decomposition of buried dead organisms Fossil fuels contain high ,percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They range from volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal .and deforestation.( Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use.)These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all major industrialized nations.

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DESCRIPTION:

(1)THE CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING.(a)Due to Natural Cause.

(b)Due to Man- Made or Anthropogenic Cause

(2) THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING.(a)Effect on Human Health.

(b)Effect on Wildlife.

(c)Effect on Weather Patterns and the last but not the least

(d)Effect on Glaciers and Sea Levels


NATURAL CAUSES

THE TOP THREE MOST IMPORTANT NATURAL CAUSES FOR GLOBAL WARMING ARE LISTED BELOW:

(i) Sunspot

Global warming skeptics point to solar cycles and sunspots to show that the earth warms naturally without humans contributing. During cycles of increased sun spots and solar flares, the temperature of the earth does warm up some but this is usually temporary, and when the solar cycle cools off so does the earth.


NATURAL CAUSES

(ii) Volcanoes

Volcanoes are one of the natural causes of global warming, and these natural formations erupt explosively at times. During very large eruptions, the ash and dust from the occurrence may block radiation from the sun and cool down the earth significantly. Large eruptions are rare but they do occur.


NATURAL CAUSES

(iii) Asteriods or Meteriotes

When an asteriod hits the earth, it creates an crater and as a result of this all the other tiny particles from the crater are released into the atmosphere. Along with these particles certain gases are also released which are absorbed by the already present greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, thus, making our planet more warmer .

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MAN-MADE CAUSES:Man-made causes probably do the most damage. There are many man-made causes.

(i)POLLUTION: Pollution is one of the biggest man-made problems. Pollution comes in many shapes and sizes. Burning fossil fuels is one thing that causes pollution. Fossil fuels are fuels made of organic matter such as coal, or oil. When fossil fuels are burned they give off a green house gas called CO2. Also mining coal and oil allows methane to escape.


MAN-MADE CAUSES:(ii)POPULATION:Another major man-made cause of Global Warming is population. More people means more food, and more methods of transportation. That means more methane because there will be more burning of fossil fuels, and more agriculture

(iii)TRANSPORTATION: Its another man made reason for global warming. More population leads to more use of transport. It has been scientifically proved that the most important contributor to global warming considering transportation is the use of CARS. Percentage wise burning of fossil fuels is much more in cars than in any other form of transport. As a result, we can easily conclude the fact that cars are very much responsible for much of the global warming occurring.

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THE EFFECTS:

• EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH:-

Deadly Heat WavesMore frequent and severe heat waves will result in a greater number of heat-related deaths.

Bad Air, Allergy and AsthmaGlobal warming could increase smog pollution in some areas and intensify pollen allergies and asthma. Hotter conditions could also aggravate local air quality problems.


THE EFFECTS:

EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH:-

Infectious Disease and Food and Waterborne Illness Outbreaks

Warming temperatures, alternating periods of drought and deluges, and ecosystem disruption have contributed to more widespread outbreaks of infections like malaria, dengue fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and diarrheal illnesses. People living in poverty will be hardest hit by the global surge in infectious diseases. Disease-carrying mosquitoes are spreading as the climate allows them to survive in formerly inhospitable areas. Higher outdoor temperatures can cause increased outbreaks of foodbourne illnesses such as salmonella, which reproduces more rapidly as temperatures increase.


Dangerous Weather EventsA warmer atmosphere can hold -- and dump -- more moisture, contributing to more intense extreme weather events, which in turn put people's lives at risk.


EFFECT ON WILDLIFE:-Rising temperatures ravage coral reefs and melt the habitats of polar bears and Antarctic penguins.

Ecosystem Shifts and Species Die-Off• Increasing global temperatures are expected to disrupt ecosystems, pushing to extinction those

species that cannot adapt. The first comprehensive assessment of the extinction risk from global warming found that more than 1 million species could be obliterated by 2050 if the current trajectory continues.

• The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report found that approximately 20 to 30 percent of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of extinction if global average temperature increases by more than 2.7 to 4.5 degrees Fahrenheit.


Some polar bears are drowning because they have to swim longer distances to reach ice floors. The U. S. Geological Survey has predicted that two-thirds of the world's polar bear sub-populations will be extinct by mid-century due to melting of the Arctic ice cap. Over the past 25 years, some Antarctic penguin populations have shrunk by 33 percent due to declines in winter sea-ice habitat.


The ocean will continue to become more acidic due to carbon dioxide emissions. Because of this acidification, species with hard calcium carbonate shells are vulnerable, as are coral reefs, which are vital to ocean ecosystems. Scientists predict that a 3.6 degree Fahrenheit increase in temperature would wipe out 97 percent of the world's coral reefs.


• EFFECT ON WEATHER PATTERNS:

(1) More Powerful and Dangerous Hurricanes

• Warmer water in the oceans pumps more energy into tropical storms, making them stronger and potentially more destructive. Even with storms of the same intensity, future hurricanes will cause more damage as higher sea levels exacerbate storm surges, flooding, and erosion. The number of category 4 and 5 storms has greatly increased over the past 35 years, along with ocean temperature.


EFFECT ON WEATHER PATTERNS:

(2) Drought and Wildfire

Warmer temperatures could increase the probability of drought. Greater evaporation, particularly during summer and fall, could exacerbate drought conditions and increase the risk of wildfires.


• EFFECT ON WEATHER PATTERNS:

(3) Intense Rainstorms

•Warmer temperatures increase the energy of the climatic system and can lead to heavier rainfall in some areas. Scientists project that climate change will increase the frequency of heavy rainstorms, putting many communities at risk for devastation from floods


• EFFECT ON GLACIERS AND SEA LEVELS:-

(1) Arctic summers could be ice-free by 2040, and sea levels could rise as much as 23 inches by 2100 if current warming patterns continue.

(2) Melting Glaciers, Early Ice Thaw• Rising global temperatures will speed the

melting of glaciers and ice caps and cause early ice thaw on rivers and lakes.

• Arctic sea ice extent set an all-time record low in September 2007, with almost half a million square miles less ice than the previous record set in September 2005, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center.

• Multiple climate models indicate that if the current rate of global warming continues, the Arctic could be ice-free in the summer by 2040.

• At the current rate of retreat, all of the glaciers in Glacier National Park will be gone by 2070.


(3) Sea-Level Rise

• Current rates of sea-level rise are expected to increase as a result both of thermal expansion of the oceans and melting of most mountain glaciers and partial melting of the West Antarctic and Greenland ice caps. Consequences include loss of coastal wetlands and barrier islands, and a greater risk of flooding in coastal communities.

• Global sea level has already risen by 4 to 8 inches in the past century, and the pace of sea level rise appears to be accelerating.

• In the 1990s, the Greenland ice mass remained stable, but the ice sheet has increasingly declined in recent years. This melting currently contributes an estimated one-hundredth of an inch per year to global sea level rise.

• Greenland holds 10 percent of the total global ice mass. If it melts, sea levels could increase by up to 21 feet.


Deserts get drier leaving to increased desertification.

In addition to what I have already mentioned before I would like to add few more points regarding the effects of global warming on planet earth as a whole.THEY ARE:-


Increased emigration of those from poorer or low-lying countries to wealthier or higher countries seeking better (or non-deadly) conditions.


Melt of permafrost leads to destruction of structures, landslides, and avalanches.


Increased cost of insurance as insurers pay out more claims resulting from increasingly large disasters.


Cultural or heritage sites destroyed faster due to increased extreme temperatures.

ACROPOLIS OF ATHENS (Greece, Ancient Greek)


DAMPIER ROCK ART COMPLEX (Australia, Australian Aboriginal)


LESHAN GIANT BUDDHA, MOUNT EMEI (China, Buddhist)


TAJ MAHAL (India, Mughal Islam)


LONGMEN GROTTOES (China, Buddhist)

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CONCLUSION:

WAYS TO PREVENT GLOBAL WARMING:-1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle• Buying products with minimal packaging will help to reduce waste.

Recycle paper, plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminum can.

2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning• Adding insulation to your walls and attic, and installing weather stripping around

doors and windows can lower heating costs more than 25 percent.

3. Change a Light Bulb• Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL)

bulbs. CFLs also last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat.

4. Drive Less and Drive Smart• Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and biking are

great forms of exercise..


5. Buy Energy-Efficient Products• Home appliances now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and compact

florescent bulbs are designed to provide more natural-looking light while using far less energy than standard light bulbs.

6. Use Less Hot Water• Set water heater at 120 degrees to save energy.

7. Use the "Off" Switch• Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a

room, and using only as much light as you need. And remember to turn off your television, video player, stereo and computer when you're not using them.

8. Plant a Tree

9. Switch to green power.

10. Reduce air travel.

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Copyright@technoKrats Friday, 20 th September 2013 -:Presented By:- Suvaranjan Bhattacharyya and Arijit Chattopadhyay.

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