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Copyright Warning & Restrictions
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other
reproductions of copyrighted material.
Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other
reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any
purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.” If a, user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use” that user
may be liable for copyright infringement,
This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order
would involve violation of copyright law.
Please Note: The author retains the copyright while the New Jersey Institute of Technology reserves the right to
distribute this thesis or dissertation
Printing note: If you do not wish to print this page, then select “Pages from: first page # to: last page #” on the print dialog screen
The Van Houten library has removed some of the personal information and all signatures from the approval page and biographical sketches of theses and dissertations in order to protect the identity of NJIT graduates and faculty.
THE DETECTION OF PARTIAL DISCHARGES IN TRANSFORMER OIL
by
Gerald J. FitzPatrick
Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School ofthe New Jersey Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree ofMaster of Science in Electrical Engineering
1983
APPROVAL SHEET
Title of Thesis : The Detection of Partial Dischargesin Transformer Oil
Name of Candidate : Gerald J. FitzPatrickMaster of Science,Electrical Engineering1984
Thesis and Abstract Approved : Dr. R.P. Misra Bate
Professor of ElectricalEngineering and Reliability
Major: Electrical EngineeringPosition held : Research Technician, Exxon Research and
Engineering Company, Rt. 22 East $
Annandale, N.J. 08801
ABSTRACT
Title of Thesis : The Detection of Partial Dischargesin Transformer Oil
Name of Candidate
Thesis Directed andApproved by
Gerald J. FitzPatrickMaster of Science in Electrical Engineering1984
Dr. R.?. MisraProfessor of Electrical Engineeringand Reliability
The level, meaning the number and the intensity of
partial discharges that occur in transformer oil per time
period of applied pulse when a high voltage is applied can
be used as a measure of the quality and remaining life of
the oil. The level of partial discharges at a given applied
voltage can be correlated with the degree of contamination
of the oil by impurities such as water and conductive part-
icles and can be used as an indicator of the proximity of
the oil to breakdown. There are several approaches to the
detection of partial discharges, e.g., acoustic measurements,
electromagnetic measurements, and charge measurements.
In this study, a comparison was made among differ-
ent types of partial discharge detectors. The radiated radio
frequency (rf) emission of the partial discharges in the oil
was simultaneously measured with the partial discharge cur-
rents detected by a capacitively-coupled detector. The dis-
charges were measured under uniform field conditions and
using a sinusoidal voltage of 60 Hz. A second experiment was
run in which the currents due to the partial discharges were
measured inductively and compared with those measured by the
capacitively-coupled detector. The second experiment was run
using an impulse voltage and a nonuniform field geometry. In
both experiments, it was observed that the detector with cap-
acitive coupling had greater sensitivity than either of the
other two systems.
A discussion of the reasons for the differences in
sensitivity along with a comparison of other discharge det-
ection methods is included.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to thankmy thesis advisor, Dr. Raj P. Misra, for his considerableassistance in the development of this thesis. I have great-ly appreciated his patience and kindness.
I would also like to thank my dear friend, Dr.Eric Forster. He has been a source of inspiration forme as well as a counselor and scientific advisor through-out.
Finally, but by no means least, I would liketo thank my wife Kris, whose consideration and supporthave helped me along the way.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
TWIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES .... ........ . . . ...... iv
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. BACKGROUND 5
III. THEORY OF PARTIAL DISCHARGES. . a . . . ..... 19
IV. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 27
V. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED a . ..... 39
VI. SIGNIFICANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 4-7
VII. CONCLUSION .......... . . . ...... 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY 55
ii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE I - PERCENTAGE COMPOSITIONS OF TWO TYPES
OF TRANSFORMER OIL
Pa e
9
TABLE II- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMER OIL 10
TABLE III-ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSFORMER OIL 12
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Pale
FIGURE 1 - CORE AND WINDINGS OF A POWER TRANSFORMER 7
FIGURE 2 - IMPULSE TEST CELL AS SPECIFIED BY ASTM
TEST D3300
13
FIGURE 3 - ELECTRODE CONFIGURATIONS FOR ASTM TESTS
D1816 AND D877
15
FIGURE 4 - AC BREAKDOWN AS A FUNCTION OF WATER CONTENT 17
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a quality control test for transformeroil", 1970 Annual Report, Conference onElectrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, p. 203
( 2-70) Sine, E., "Large Scale Dielectric Test of Trans-former Oil With Uniform Field Electrodes"IEEE Transactions, vol. EI-5, 1970, p. 121
( 3-70) Clothier, N.D., et al., Elect. Rev., vol. 186,1970, p. 658
(/J4- 70) Mole, G., "Basic Characteristics of CoronaDetector Calibrators", IEEE Trans.,vol. PAS-89, Feb. 1970, pp. 198-204
( 1-71) Nelson, J.K., et al., "Electric Strength ofTransformer Oil for Large ElectrodeAreas", PIEE, vol. 118, no. 2, Feb.,1971, pp. 388-93
( 4-72) Hakim, R.M., "The Effect of Oxidation on the Del-ectric .Propertied: of an Insulating Oil",IEEE Trans., vol. EI-7, no. 4, Dec. 1972,pp. 185-92
( 5-72) Metzger, G., "Application of IR Spectrography forthe Identification and Inspection ofInsulants Used in the Electrical In-dustry", Rev. Gen. Electr., vol. 81,no. 11, Nov. 1972, pp. 746-56
( 6-72) Vogel, F.J., "Corona Measurements and TheirInterpretation applied to Oil-InsulatedTransformers", IEEE Trans., vol. PAS-91,no. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1972, pp. 2505-9
6 1
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( 1-73) Johnson, R.G., Tibbetts, S.J., HAn InformativeMethods for Recorfing Partial Dischargesin Insualting Materials", Rev. Sci. Inst.vol. 44, 1973, pp. 511-20
( 2-73) Harrold, R.T., Dakin, T.W., "The RelationshipBetween the Picocoulomb and the Microvoltfor Corona Measurements on High VoltageTransformers and Other Equipment",IEEE Trans., vol. PAS-92, no. 1, Jan. -Feb. , 1973, pp. 187-98
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( 4-73) Salvati, M.J., ' . Electronic Design News, Mar. 5,1973, PP. 87-9
( 5-73) Cross, J.D., Tobazeon, R., "Electric Field Dis-tortions produced by Solid DielectricSpacers Separating Uniform Field Elec-trodes in Nitrobenzene", IEEE Trans.,vol. EI-8, no. 1, Mar. 1973, PP. 25-9
( 6-73) Hakim, R.N., "The Dielectric Relaxation of Insul-ating Oils at Low Temperatures",J. Ap -pl. Phys., vol. 44, no. 2, Feb.1973, pp. 832-8
( 7-73) Allan, D.J., Forrest, JAC, et al., "Electric andAcoustic Location of Discharges in
Trans-formers",Conference on DiagnosticTesting of High Voltage Apparatus in
service, London, England, Mar. 6719731pp. 65-9
(8- 73) Austin, J., "Use of online Computer Technique forEstimation of Partial Discharge Locationin Transformer Windings", ibid., pp. 77.4
( 9-73) Dix, J.W., Hickling, G.H., "Partial DischargeMeasurement and its Impact on AlternatingOver-Vottage Tests on Trasnformers",ibid., pp. 31-9
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6 2
1973
(11-73) Harrold, R.T., "The Relationship Between Ultrasonicand Electrical Measurements of Under-OilCorona Sources'!, ibid., pp. 59-65
( 4- 74) Boos, K.V., "The Use of a Video Recorder forPlotting Significant CharacteristicsWhen Investigating the Effects of Par-tial Discharges on Breakdown", ibid,PP. 112-4
( 5- 74) Rabus, W., "Model Tests on the MultiterminalPartial Discharge Measurements onTransformers", ibid., pp. 364-8
( 6-74) James, R.E., "Behavior of Oil Immersed DielectricSurfaces when Subjected to TangentialElectric Stress at High Voltage", PHDThesis, University of London 1 - 1974
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6 1+
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Conference on Electrical Insulation andDielectric Phenomena, 1974, pp. 175-84
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65
1975
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66
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al Symposium on Ele ctrical insulationMontreal, Canada, June, 1976, pp.33-8
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69
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71
1978
( 1-78) Miller, R., Black, I.A., "Partial Discharge EnergyMeasurements on Electrical MachineInsulation when Energised at Frequencies
Between 1 Hz and Power Frequency",IEEE International ,Symposium on Electrical„Insulation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,June, 1978, pp. 79-81
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72
1978
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(18-78) Reynders, J.P., "Measurement of the Effects ofPartial Discharge Activity on Low DensityPolythene", ibid., pp. 97-100
(19-78) Miller, R., Black, I.A., "The Effect of GuardElectrode Systems on the Partial Dis-charge Characteristics of ElectricalMachine Insulation", ibid., pp. 105-8
(20-78) Nema, R.S., "Low Pressure Discharges in NarrowCylindrical Voids", ibid., pp. 113-5
(21-78) Gallagher, T.J., Permain, A.J., "ElectricalBreakdown of Polybutene Oils",Sixth International Conference onConduction and Breakdown in DielectricLiquids, Rouen, France, July, 1978,PP. 157-61
(23-78) Devins, J.C. , Rzad, S.J. , Schwabe, R.J. , "PositiveStreamer Velocities in Dielectric Fluids", pp. 275-80
71+
1979
( 1-79) Yoshino, K., et al., "Polarity Effect Of ElectricalBreakdown in Cryogenic Liquids",
Electrical Insulation and DielectricPhenomena, White Haven , Pa., Oct.1979, pp. 193-202
( 2-79) Kelley, E.F., Hebner, Jr., R.E., "Time Evolu-tion of the Electric Field Associatedwith Breakdown Phenomena in Liquids",ibid., pp. 203-11
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1980
( Studniarz, S., "The Effect of Barriers in theLow-field Regions in nonuniform Fields onOil Breakdown", IEEE 1979 PES SummerMeeting, Minneapolis, Minn., July 13-18,1980, p. 80
( 2-80) Simms, J.S., "Diagnostic Testing of High VoltageMachine Insulation - A Review of TenYears' Experience in the Field",IEE PROC B, vol. 127(3), 190, pp. 139-54
( 3-80) Kallberg, Bjorn, "Location of Partial Dischargesin Power Transformers by Computation
and Measurement of Capacitively Trans-mitted Voltage Pulses", IEEE Trans.,vol. PAS-99(2), Mar.-Apr. 1980,pp. 589-96
( 4-80) Brown, T., "Field Testing of Transformers UsingInsulation Power Factor Equipment",IEEE CONF. REC., Ind. Commer. Power Syst.Tech, Conf, May 12-55, 19O, pp. 89-94
( 5-80) Bognar, A., Karsai, K., "Plotting the PartialDischarges of Transformers", Elekt.,vol. 73(1), Jan. 1980, pp. 12-9
( 6-80) Chadband, W.G., "On the Variations in the Pro-pagation of Positive Discharges BetweenTransformer Oil and Sislicone Fluids",J. PHYS., D. APPPL. PHYS, vol. 13(7),Jul. 14, 1980, pp. 1299-1307
( 7-80) Ikeda, M., Teanishi, T. , Honda., M., Yanari, T.,"Breakdown Characteristics of MovingTransformer Oil", IEEE PES Summer Meet-ing, Minn., Minn., July 13-8, 1980,pp. 921-8
( 8-80) Chalmers, I.D., Farish, 0., Greenshields, R.,"Insualting Coatings on Electrodes inTransformer Oil", 1980 Annual Report, Conference on Elect. Ins. and Diel.,Phenomena, Oct. 1980, pp. 484-91
(9 - 80) Abiri, M.A., Watson, A., Raghuveer, "The Influenceof Electrode Material Upon PrebreakdownCurrent in Viscous Dielectric Oils",ibid., pp. 477-83
76
12 ,1a
(10-80) Tanaka, T * , Okamoto, T. "Analysis of Q-N and 0-Q,Characteristics of Partial Discharge",
1980 International Symposium on Electric-al Insulation_ (IEEE , June, 1980, pp. 190-193
(11-80) Hart,III, L.P., Donahue, W.R., "A Computer Con-trolled Partial Discharge MeasurementSystem for Capacitor Evaluation",
pp. 194-
(12-80) Koyanagi, E., et al., "Partial Discharge Measure-ment with Pulse Height Analyzer",
ibid., pp. 171-4
(13-80) Harrold, R.T., "Acoustic Emission Signatures ofArcs and Sparks", ibid., pp. 184- 9
77
1981
( 1-81) Kao, K.C., Sueda, H., "Prebreakdown Phenomenain High Viscosity Dielectric Liquids',Seventh Intern.tional Conf. on Cond.and Breakdown in Diel. Liquids,Berlin„W. Germany, Aug. 1981, pp. 182-6
( 2-81) Felici„ N.J., "A Tentative Explanation of theVoltage-Current Characteristic ofDielectric Liquids", ibid., pp. 110- 4
( 3-81) Chadband, W.G., Calderwood, J.H., "The TriggeredGap", ibid., pp. 261-3
(4-81) Yamashita, H., Ishikawa, M., Amano, H., "Prebreak-down Density Change and Current in Trans-former Oil Under Non-uniform Field",ibid., pp. 172-6
( 5-81) Hiaal, E.M., Dincer, S., "Breakdown Time Lags inTransformer Oil Subjected to StepFunction", ibid., pp. 251-5
( 6-81) Hizal, E.M., "Prebreakdown Discharges in Insul-ating Oil Under Sub-AtmosphericPressures", ibid., pp. 187-91
(7-81 ) Studniarz, S., "Influences of Insulating Barriersin Transformer Oil on the Partial Dis-charge Onset Stresses and the Times toFailure in Non-Uniform Fields", ibid.,pp. 266-70
( 8-81) 1981 Annual Book of ASTM Standards Part 40 .Electrical Insulaiton - Specifications:Solids., Liquids, Gases; Test Methods Liquids, Gases; Electrical ProtectiveEquipment for Workers, Phila. , Pa.,1981
(9 -81) Watson, P.K., "Electrohydrodynamic Instabilitiesin the Breakdown of Point-plane gapein Insulating Liquids", 1981 AnnualReport, Conf. on Elect. Insul. andDiel. Phenomena , pp. 370-6
(11-81) Forster, E.O., FitzPatrick, G.J., Hebner, JR., R.E.,Kelly, E.F., "Observations of Prebreak-down and Breakdown Phenomena in LiquidHydrocarbons II. Point-plane Geometry',ibid., pp. 377-89
78
1981
(12781) Veverka, A., Zalis, K., "Total Measurement of Parktial Discharges y Elek Obz., vol. 70 ,Dec. 1981 , pp. 675-9
(13-81) Boggs ) ,S.A., Ford, G.L. , Madge, P.C., "CouplingDevices for the Detection of PartialDischarges in Gas-Insulated Switchgear",IEEE Trans. , vol. PAS-100, Aug. 1981,PP. 3969-73
79
1982
( 1-82) Crine, J.P., Duval, M., Lamarre, C., "Evaluationof Transformer Oil Aging Under ServiceLoad From Various Chemical and DielectricMeasurements", .1982 IEEE International
Symposium on Electrical Insulation,Philadelphia, Pa., July, 1982, pp. 35-7 $
( 2-82) Bell, W.R., Danikas, M., "Factors Affecting The A_Breakdown Strength of Transformer Oil",ibid., pp. 264-7
( 3-82) Fatouhi, M., "Examination of Kerr Effects ofNon-uniform Electric Fields", ibid.,D. 145
( 4-82) Rzad, S.J., Devins, J.C., Schwabe, R.J., "TheInfluence of a DC Bias on StreamersProduced by Step Voltages in Trans-former Oil", ibid., p. 259
( 5-82) Stone, G.C., Boggs, S.A., "Wide Band Measure-ments of Partial Discharges in Epoxy",1982 Annual Report, Conf. on Elect. Insul. and Diel. Phenomena, Oct. 1982,PP. 137-40
( 9-82) Bozzo, Po, Calci, G. , et al., "A System for Compu-ter-Aided Theoretical and ExperimentalAnalysis of Impurity Particle Motion inDielectric Liquids", 1982 IEEE Internat-ional Symposium on Electrical Insulation,July, 1982, pp. 141-4
80
,1983
( 1-83) Olivier, C09 "The Dielectric Strength of LiquidDielectrics", Bull. Assoc. Suisse Elect. Electr., vol. 74(3), Feb. 1983, pp. 135-9
( 2-83) Meyrueix, R., Atten, P., Tobazeon, R., "On theBehavior of a Plane Gaseous Cavity in anInsulating Liquid Subjected to an ACVoltage", IEEE Trans., vol. EI-18(1),Feb. 1983, pp. 65-77
( 3-83) Kadotani, K., Kako, Y., "A Simple Method toDerive Correlation Curves for Insul-ation Diagnostics", ibid., pp. 82-5
( 4-83) Rzad, S.J., Devins, J.C., Schwabe, R.J., "TheInfluence of DC Bias on Streamers Pro-duced by Step Voltages in TransformerOil and over Solid-liquid Interfaces",ibid., pp. 1-10
( 5-83) Schenck, R., "Transformer Oil Conditioning SavesTime and Money", Transm. and Distrib.,vol. 35(1), Jan. 1983, pp. 40-1
( 6-83) Carrara, G., Yakov, S., "Statistical Evaluationof Dielectric Test Methods", Enerp. Elletr., vol. 60(1), Jan. 1983, PP. 12-9