Copyright (c) Pearson Educati Copyright (c) Pearson Educati on 2010 on 2010 Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society Society SIXTH EDITION SIXTH EDITION Charles F. Levinthal Charles F. Levinthal Chapter 3 Chapter 3 How Drugs Work in the How Drugs Work in the Body and on the Mind Body and on the Mind This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; or in part, of any images; • any rental, lease, or lending of the program any rental, lease, or lending of the program
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Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society SIXTH EDITIONSIXTH EDITION
Charles F. LevinthalCharles F. Levinthal
Chapter 3Chapter 3How Drugs Work in the Body How Drugs Work in the Body
and on the Mindand on the Mind
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;• any rental, lease, or lending of the programany rental, lease, or lending of the program
ROUTES OF DRUG ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION
• Injection (intravenous, intramuscular, Injection (intravenous, intramuscular, or or subcutaneous injection)subcutaneous injection)
• Inhalation (smoking)Inhalation (smoking)• Oral administration (by mouth)Oral administration (by mouth)• Absorption through the skin or Absorption through the skin or
• A drug’s elimination half-life refers to A drug’s elimination half-life refers to the length of time it takes for the drug the length of time it takes for the drug to be reduced to 50 percent of its to be reduced to 50 percent of its equilibrium level in the bloodstream.equilibrium level in the bloodstream.
• Elimination half-life ofElimination half-life of nicotine --- a few hoursnicotine --- a few hours
cocaine --- a few hourscocaine --- a few hoursmarijuana --- much longermarijuana --- much longer
Additive effect: If the effect of one Additive effect: If the effect of one drug alone is equivalent to a 4 and drug alone is equivalent to a 4 and the effect of another is a 6, then the the effect of another is a 6, then the combined additive effect is 10.combined additive effect is 10.
Hyperadditive/synergism: the Hyperadditive/synergism: the combined effects exceed the sum of combined effects exceed the sum of the individual drugs administered the individual drugs administered alonealone
Potentiation: one drug combined with Potentiation: one drug combined with another drug produces an enhanced another drug produces an enhanced effect when one of the drugs alone effect when one of the drugs alone would have no effectwould have no effect
EXAMPLES OF HYPERADDITIVE DRUG EXAMPLES OF HYPERADDITIVE DRUG INTERACTIONSINTERACTIONS
• Alcohol with sleep medications, Alcohol with sleep medications, insulin, painkillersinsulin, painkillers
• Headache remedies with CoumadinHeadache remedies with Coumadin• Lanoxin with licoriceLanoxin with licorice• Lanoxin with bran and oatmealLanoxin with bran and oatmeal• Tagamet with CoumadinTagamet with Coumadin
Cross-tolerance results from the chronic Cross-tolerance results from the chronic use of one drug inducing a tolerance use of one drug inducing a tolerance effect with regard to a second drug effect with regard to a second drug that has never been used before.that has never been used before.
Example: alcohol with barbiturates or Example: alcohol with barbiturates or other depressant drugsother depressant drugs
Cross-dependence results from one Cross-dependence results from one drug substituting for whatever drug substituting for whatever physiologicl effects have been physiologicl effects have been produced by a second drug that has produced by a second drug that has been discontinued.been discontinued.
• Testing the effectiveness of a drug Testing the effectiveness of a drug against a no-treatment condition ---against a no-treatment condition ---WRONGWRONG
• Testing the effectiveness of a drug Testing the effectiveness of a drug against an active placebo --- RIGHTagainst an active placebo --- RIGHT
DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO CONTROL DESIGNCONTROL DESIGN
• Individuals administering the drug do Individuals administering the drug do not know whether the substance not know whether the substance administered is actually the drug or a administered is actually the drug or a placebo.placebo.
• Individuals receiving the drug do not Individuals receiving the drug do not know whether the substance received is know whether the substance received is actually the drug or a placebo.actually the drug or a placebo.