Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING CONNECTIONS GREGORY J. FEIST ERIKA L. ROSENBERG.

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PSYCHOLOGY: PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING MAKING

CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONS

GREGORY J. FEISTGREGORY J. FEIST

ERIKA L. ROSENBERGERIKA L. ROSENBERG

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Intelligence, Intelligence, Problem-Solving, and Problem-Solving, and

CreativityCreativity

Chapter TenChapter Ten

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IntelligenceIntelligence

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Defining IntelligenceDefining Intelligence

Set of cognitive skills that Set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge the ability to acquire knowledge

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Theories of Theories of IntelligenceIntelligence Intelligence as multiple abilities Intelligence as multiple abilities

– Raymond Cattell Raymond Cattell – Multiple-factor theory of intelligenceMultiple-factor theory of intelligence

Fluid intelligenceFluid intelligence– Raw mental abilityRaw mental ability

Crystallized intelligenceCrystallized intelligence– Knowledge from experience, learning, Knowledge from experience, learning,

education, and practiceeducation, and practice

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Theories of Theories of IntelligenceIntelligence Intelligence as multiple abilities Intelligence as multiple abilities

– John Carroll (1993)John Carroll (1993) General intelligenceGeneral intelligence Broad intelligenceBroad intelligence Narrow intelligence Narrow intelligence

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Theories of Theories of IntelligenceIntelligence Intelligence as multiple abilities Intelligence as multiple abilities

– Robert SternbergRobert Sternberg– Triarchic theory of intelligence Triarchic theory of intelligence

Includes analytic, creative, and practical Includes analytic, creative, and practical intelligenceintelligence

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Theories of Theories of IntelligenceIntelligence Intelligence as Intelligence as

multiple abilities multiple abilities – Howard GardnerHoward Gardner– Eight capacitiesEight capacities

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Measures of Measures of IntelligenceIntelligence ReliabilityReliability

– Consistency of a measurementConsistency of a measurement ValidityValidity

– Degree to which a test accurately Degree to which a test accurately measures what is purports to measures what is purports to measuremeasure Construct validityConstruct validity Predictive validity Predictive validity

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Extremes of Extremes of IntelligenceIntelligence

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Extremes of Extremes of IntelligenceIntelligence Mental retardationMental retardation

– Significant limitations in intellectual Significant limitations in intellectual functioningfunctioning

– I.Q. of 70 or belowI.Q. of 70 or below– Adaptive behavior Adaptive behavior – Down syndromeDown syndrome

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Extremes of Extremes of IntelligenceIntelligence GiftednessGiftedness

– High end of the intelligence High end of the intelligence spectrumspectrum

– IQ of 130-140 or above IQ of 130-140 or above ProdigyProdigy Savant syndromeSavant syndrome

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Problem SolvingProblem Solving

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Types of ProblemsTypes of Problems

Convergent thinking problemsConvergent thinking problems– Have known solutionsHave known solutions– Require analytical thinkingRequire analytical thinking

Divergent thinking problemsDivergent thinking problems– Have no known solutionsHave no known solutions– Require novel solutionsRequire novel solutions

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CreativityCreativity

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What is Creativity?What is Creativity?

Thinking and/or behavior that is Thinking and/or behavior that is both novel-original and useful-both novel-original and useful-adaptiveadaptive

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Genius, Intelligence, Genius, Intelligence, and Creativityand Creativity Genius is closely related to Genius is closely related to

creativity in that it combines high creativity in that it combines high intelligence with achievements intelligence with achievements that change entire fields such as that change entire fields such as art, technology, music, science, art, technology, music, science, and businessand business

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Creativity and the Creativity and the BrainBrain Creative insight and the Right Creative insight and the Right

HemisphereHemisphere– Insights occur more in the right Insights occur more in the right

hemisphere than in the left hemisphere than in the left hemispherehemisphere

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Creativity and Balanced Creativity and Balanced Activity Between the Activity Between the HemispheresHemispheres Creative people Creative people

solving creative solving creative problems show problems show more balanced more balanced activity between activity between their right and their right and left frontal lobes left frontal lobes than less than than less than creative peoplecreative people

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Cognitive Processes in Cognitive Processes in Creative ThinkingCreative Thinking Ideational fluencyIdeational fluency

– Ability to produce many ideasAbility to produce many ideas Flexibility of thought Flexibility of thought

– Ability to come up with many Ability to come up with many different categories of ideas and different categories of ideas and think of other responses besides the think of other responses besides the obviousobvious

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The Creative The Creative PersonalityPersonality Personality traits Personality traits

shared by shared by creative artists creative artists and scientists and scientists