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Tidal volume (TV) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
3100 ml Inspiratory reservevolume (IRV)
Expiratory reservevolume (ERV)
Residual volume (RV) Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
500 ml
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a nor-mal tidal volume inhalationAmount of air that can beforcefully exhaled after a nor-mal tidal volume exhalation
(b) Summary of respiratory volumes and capacities for males and females
Functional residualcapacity (FRC)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC = ERV + RV
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RVMaximum amount of air that can be expired after a maxi-mum inspiratory effort: VC = TV + IRV + ERVMaximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC = TV + IRV
CARBON MONOXIDE – can occur because CO binds more tenaciously to hemoglobin than O2 does, radically decreasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and often leading to hypoxia.
Hemoglobin carriesOxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Red Blood Cell
Carbon Monoxide binds tightly with Hemoglobin
Regulation of Breathing
• The rate of Oxygen consumption depends on the activity of the cells.
• The rate of Breathing is controlled by the brain which monitors the concentration of Carbonic Acid (HCO3) in the blood.
• In other words, CO2 H+ are the controlling factors in rate and depth of respiration…NOT Oxygen!!!
Upper respiratory tract: nose, mouth, sinuses, and throat. Upper respiratory tract: nose, mouth, sinuses, and throat.
Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchial tubes, and the Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchial tubes, and the structures inside the lungs.structures inside the lungs.
• Affect the upper or lower Affect the upper or lower
respiratory systemrespiratory system
• Symptoms tend to localize to one areaSymptoms tend to localize to one area
• Common sites of bacterial infections: Sinuses, Throat, Common sites of bacterial infections: Sinuses, Throat, Bronchial Tubes and Lungs Bronchial Tubes and Lungs
• More common in smokersMore common in smokers
• Treated with AntibioticsTreated with Antibiotics
Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubesInflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
EMPHYSEMAEMPHYSEMA
Walls of the Walls of the
Alveoli are damaged Alveoli are damaged
Both emphysema and chronic bronchitis cause permanent Both emphysema and chronic bronchitis cause permanent damage to the lungs and airwaysdamage to the lungs and airways
Causes serious disturbances in normal sleep patterns, Causes serious disturbances in normal sleep patterns, patients experience excessive daytime sleepiness and patients experience excessive daytime sleepiness and
impaired performanceimpaired performance
Persons affected by OSA, are seven times more likely to Persons affected by OSA, are seven times more likely to be involved in multiple vehicular crashesbe involved in multiple vehicular crashes
Inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and Inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive systemdigestive system
A defective gene and its protein product cause the A defective gene and its protein product cause the body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that:body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that:
• Clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung Clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung infections; and infections; and
• Obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes Obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes from helping the body break down and absorb food. from helping the body break down and absorb food.
• New pain develops or pain localizes to one area, such as New pain develops or pain localizes to one area, such as a sinus area, ear, throat, or chesta sinus area, ear, throat, or chest
• Symptoms persist in spite of home treatmentSymptoms persist in spite of home treatment
• Symptoms become more severe or frequentSymptoms become more severe or frequent