Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.1 Chapter 10 Emotion This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.1

Chapter 10

Emotion

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

•any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network

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• Chapter 10 Outline

• Negative emotions are better understood than are positive ones. Positive psychology is a new field, and eventually we may understand positive emotions.

• Emotions as Response Patterns

• Communication of Emotions

• Feelings of Emotions



• Fear

• Medial nucleus• A group of subnuclei of the __________that receives

sensory input, including information about the ________________________________pheromones, and relays it to the medial basal forebrain and hypothalamus.



• Fear• ________________ (CE)

• The region of the amygdala that receives information from the basolateral division and sends projections to a wide variety of regions in the brain; involved in emotional responses. The ___________________for expressing emotions induced by ________stimuli.

• ________________ (LA)• A nucleus of the amygdala that receives sensory

information from the neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus and sends projections to the ventral striatum, the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, and the central nucleus.


Major connections of the __________



• Fear

• If the ______________ is damaged subjects show little fear, they act tame, they show low levels of stress hormones, do not develop ulcers, or stress induced diseases.

• Conditioned emotional response• A classically conditioned response that occurs when a

neutral stimulus is followed by an aversive stimulus.


Brain regions and responses activated by the central nucleus of the amygdala.


Procedure to develop conditioned emotional response in rats.



• Research with humans

• Patients who experienced surgical stimulation of the amygdala reported ___________________.

• Lesions of the amygdala have been reported to decrease human emotional responses, and interfere with the relationship between _______________________.

• Subjects are able to recognize happy or sad music, but not ____________ music.


Increase amygdala activity when subjects read threatening words.



• Anger, aggression, and impulse control• Aggressive behaviors are species-typical, and serve useful

functions much of the time.

• Almost all species of animals engage in aggressive behaviors, which involve threatening gestures or actual attack directed toward another animal. Aggression is ___________________________________________.

• Aggressive behaviors are species-typical and involve patterns of movements organized by neural circuits programmed by an animal’s ______.



• Research with laboratory animals

• Overwhelming evidence suggests that the activity of ___________________synapses inhibits aggression.

• Destruction of serotonergic axons in the forebrain _____________________.

• High levels of 5-HIAA indicate ___________levels of serotonergic activity.

• Low 5-HIAA levels are associated with dangerous unprovoked _________________________.


Alive or dead male monkeys



• Research with humans

• Research suggest that serotonergic neurons play an ____________________ human aggression.

• Depressed rates of serotonin release are associated with aggression and other forms of antisocial behavior including assault, arson, murder, and child beatings.

• Studies have found that fluoxetine (Prozac), a serotonin ___________, decreased irritability and aggressiveness.



• Role of the Prefrontal Cortex

• Orbitofrontal cortex• The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the

anterior frontal lobes.

• Ventromedial prefrontal cortex• The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the

anterior frontal lobes, adjacent to the midline.• This region is involved in assessing our emotional states,

and _______________________of different courses of action. It helps us avoid _________________________.


Major divisions of ventral prefrontal cortex: a) orbitofrontal, b) ventromedial.


Phineas Gage

• Phineas Gage was unable to carry out plans, and his actions were irresponsible and thoughtless. Before injury he was serious, industrious and energetic.

• Subjects with a history of impulsive violence exhibit a deficit in serotonergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex.

• Subjects with a history of antisocial behavior have decreased volume of the prefrontal cortex.


• The expression of emotion

• Emotional expression is useful because it communicates how we feel, and it communicates what we are likely to do.

• Paul Ekman studies cross-cultural facial expressions to emotions.


Revision 2006 PSB

Experienced Emotion

Izard (1977) has isolated 10 emotions. And most ofthem are present in infancy, excluding contempt,

shame and guilt.

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Happy Sad anger disgust

Revision 2006 PSB

How Well do People Identify Emotions?



• Laterality of emotional recognition

• Many studies have found that the _____hemisphere plays a more important role than the _____ hemisphere in comprehension of emotion.


Comprehension of semantic meaning of words is bilateral (more on the left), but the comprehension of emotion by tone of voice activates just the right prefrontal context.


• Communication of Emotions• Role of imitation in recognition of emotional expressions

• There appears to be a possible link between somatosensation and emotional recognition.

• Damage to the somatosensory cortex (especially on the right side) appears to impair the ability to recognize and identify facial expressions of emotion.

• When we see a facial expression we______________ ___________________________________________ and this provides cues for its recognition. Right side lesions to the somatosensory cortex impair recognition of emotional expression.

• Subjects with facial paralysis (Moebius syndrome) _________________________________________.

• Disgust – an emotion provoked by something that smells bad or tastes bad.

• Damage to the insular cortex and basal ganglia impair the ability of subjects to recognize facial expressions of _______.



Disgust may have its origin in ____________________.

• Expression of emotions

• It is not easy to express emotions that are not ________.• Method acting is a system that instructs actors to image a

situation that would lead them to experience the desired emotion.

• Duchenne showed contractions of muscles around the ____ expressed by true smiles are involuntary, and cannot be contracted at will.



Dr. Duchenne electrically stimulating muscles in the face of a volunteer. A true smile involves muscles around the eyes.



• Neural basis of communication of emotions

• _______________________• Difficulty moving the facial muscles voluntarily; caused

by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex. Patients can express genuine emotions, but cannot _________________________.

• ________________________• Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to

emotions in people who have no difficulty moving these muscles voluntarily, caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex.


Volitional facial paresis Emotional facial paresis

• The right hemisphere is more _________________________________________.

• Right hemisphere lesions impair expression of ____________________________________. Left hemisphere lesions only impair __________________________________________.


Class Experiment

• In this experiment a computer has been used to split the human face into two images.

• One image is composed of the left-side and a mirror image of the left half of the face.

• The second image is composed of the right-side and the mirror image of the right half of the face.

• Vote for the most expressive side!

Which side has a bigger smile?

Left Right

• Vote! Which side displays more emotion?– 1. Left

– 2. Right

Bigger Smile? More Familiar?

L R


– 2. Right


L R


– 2. Right


L R


– 2. Right


1 neutral, 2 fear, 3 anger, 4 happiness, 5 sadness, 6 disgust, 7 surprise. This subject with amygdala lesions can produce these posed emotions, but cannot recognize the ______________.


• Feelings of Emotions

• James-Lange Theory• A theory of emotion that suggests that behaviors

and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are producedby ____________________________________

The stimulus produces the physiological response, and the physiological response induces the emotion.

Our emotional feelings are based on what we find our _______________.

We tend to imitate the expressions of other people, and our imitation may produce _____________.


The infant models the face posed by the adult.

Revision 2006 PSB

The Expressive Component

Nonverbal Communication The Facial EMG• Electrodes placed on the

face record activity in various muscles.

• _________emotions increase activity in _______.

• _________emotions increase activity in forehead and brow areas.

Electromyograph (EMG)

Revision 2006 PSB

The Expressive Component Sensory Feedback

• Facial-Feedback Hypothesis• The hypothesis that changes in facial expression

can produce corresponding changes in emotion• Zajonc, et al. had subjects repeat vowel sounds.• Making some sounds - “ah” and “e” - caused smiling

and ____________mood.• Making other sounds - “u” and “ü” - caused frowning

and ___________ mood.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.1 Chapter 10 Emotion This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following.

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