Copyright 2008 by E-MetaVenture, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Potential Contribution The Potential Contribution of Coal-to-Liquids of Coal-to-Liquids Technology to the US and Technology to the US and Global Energy Pool Global Energy Pool NPRA Annual Meeting March 2008 San Diego, California AM-08-56 Iraj Isaac Rahmim, Ph.D. E-MetaVenture, Inc. Houston, Texas
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Copyright 2008 by E-MetaVenture, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Potential Contribution of Coal-The Potential Contribution of Coal-to-Liquids Technology to the US to-Liquids Technology to the US and Global Energy Pooland Global Energy Pool
NPRA Annual MeetingMarch 2008San Diego, California
AM-08-56
Iraj Isaac Rahmim, Ph.D.E-MetaVenture, Inc.Houston, Texas
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
IntroductionIntroduction
Significant recent interest in non-crude-based sources of energy
CTL of particular interest in US, China, Russia, India, Australia,…
Much of the technology is old but specific applications are considered
Key topics:
– CTL technology– Interested parties and drivers– CTL implementation status and projections– Likely impacts of CTL commercialization– Issue of CO2 recovery and sequestration
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
Interested parties: – Governments and agencies– Environmental stake-holders– Private sector– Indirect stake-holders– General public
Drivers:– Energy resource limitations and crude/NG price– Projected product demand growth– Large coal reserves (over 140 years at current production)– Resource security concerns (majority of world coal outside the Middle
East)– Significant technological improvements in CTL ( improved economics)
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
Driver: Energy and Product DemandDriver: Energy and Product DemandGlobal ReservesGlobal Reserves
ResourceOil
(incl. CanadianOil Sands)
Natural GasCoal
(4 Grades)
Proved Reserves1,372 X 109 Bbl191 X 109 Tons
6,405 TCF 479 X 109 Tons
Energy Basis (quadrillion Btu) 7,600 6,600 8,500
MTOE Basis(million tons oil equivalent)
191,000 165,000 213,000
Years Remaining (at current production)
41 63 147
BP Statistical Survey or World Energy (2007)
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
Driver: Resource Availability/StrategyDriver: Resource Availability/StrategyGlobal Distribution of Coal ResourcesGlobal Distribution of Coal ResourcesMillion Tons of Proved Reserves (2006)Million Tons of Proved Reserves (2006)
EIA (2007).
254,43228%
19,8932%
287,09532%
50,7556%
296,88932%
North America
S. & Cent. America
Europe & Eurasia
Africa & Middle East
Asia Pacific
246,643
157,010
114,500
92,445
78,500
USA
Russian Federation
China
India
Australia
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
Driver: Resource Availability/StrategyDriver: Resource Availability/StrategyDistribution of Coal Resources—USADistribution of Coal Resources—USA
US Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 96-92.
Anthracite, Semi-Anthracite, Meta-Anthracite
Coking CoalMedium and High-Volatile Bituminous
Low-Volatile Bituminous Lignite
Sub-Bituminous
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
Driver: Energy and Product DemandDriver: Energy and Product DemandGlobal Middle Distillate Demand ProjectionsGlobal Middle Distillate Demand Projections
Issue of Refinery Gap
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
Driver: TechnologyDriver: Technology
Individual CTL process elements have been around for many decades
Significant technical improvements during the past two decades:– Fischer-Tropsch– Hydroprocessing
“Evolutionary” advancements in gasification, gas treating, power generation,…
Other angles including MTG, polygeneration, direct liquefaction
CO2 capture, compression, transportation, sequestration
Impact on Process
Economics
Environmental Concerns Later
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
CTL Facilities and ProjectsCTL Facilities and ProjectsHistorical —approx. 150,000 BPDHistorical —approx. 150,000 BPD
Company Location Size (BPD) Comments
Sasol I Sasolburg, South Africa 5,600
1955; Sasol technology; Now using Mozambique NG (2004)
Sasol II/III Secunda, South Africa 124,000
1955/1980; Light olefins and gasoline; Sasol technology; To be converted to NG feed
Petro SA (formerly Mossgas)
Mossel Bay, South Africa 22,500
1991; Gasoline and diesel; Sasol technology; now using NG feed
A number of operational pilot plants. Examples: Rentech (15 BPD), Headwaters (30 BPD). A word on GTL: two commercial GTL units operational.
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
CTL Facilities and ProjectsCTL Facilities and ProjectsEIA Projection to 2030: Coal used in CTL (USA)EIA Projection to 2030: Coal used in CTL (USA)
2007 Projections
As % Total Consumption:
2015: 1.2
2020: 1.9
2025: 5.2
2030: 6.3
2008 (Early Release)
~ 40% higher
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
CTL Facilities and ProjectsCTL Facilities and ProjectsEIA Projection to 2030: Liquid Fuels from CTL (USA)EIA Projection to 2030: Liquid Fuels from CTL (USA)
2007 Projections
As % Total Jet+Distillate Consumption:
2015: 1.3
2020: 1.9
2025: 5.6
2030: 6.2
2008 (Early Release): 8.7% in
20300
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 2029
Year
Pro
ject
ed U
S L
iqu
id F
uel
s fr
om
CT
L (
Bar
rels
/Day
)
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
More on US CTL Diesel ProjectionsMore on US CTL Diesel ProjectionsFederal Task Force on Strategic Unconventional Fuels (2007)Federal Task Force on Strategic Unconventional Fuels (2007)
CTL considered important component of strategy CTL objectives
2035 (thousand BPD liq prod) Regulatory Basis
Base 400-500 Current law (similar to EIA2007 projections)
“Measured” 1,500 20% investment tax credit
“Accelerated” 2,500-2,60020% investment tax credit$5/bbl production tax creditSome engineering and design cost share
Projections by others:National Coal Council (2006) set objective of 2.6 million BPD by 2025
Southern States Energy Board (2006): very aggressive projection 5.6 million BPD by 2030 Baker and O’Brien study (2006): potential 250 MBD of middle distillates
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
CTL Facilities and ProjectsCTL Facilities and ProjectsIn the Works (USA)—PartialIn the Works (USA)—Partial
Project Lead Project Partners Location Feedstock Status Capacity (BPD) Cost (US$ million)
American Clean Coal Fuels None cited Oakland, IL Bituminous, Biomass Feasibility 25,000 N/A
Synfuels, Inc. GE,Haldor-Topsoe,NACC,XOM Ascension Parish, LA Lignite Feasibility N/A 5,000
DKRW Advanced Fuels Rentech, GE Medicine Bow, WY Bituminous Design (2011) 15,000-20,000 1,400 (?)
DOE/Office of Fossil Energy—DOE/FE-0509, Green Car Congress, Syngas Refiner
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
More on CTL Diesel ProjectionsMore on CTL Diesel ProjectionsNon-USNon-US
PRC :– A large number of projects under study/planning/construction (>100?)
Example: 20 MBD direct liquefaction plant in Inner Mongolia (planned 2008 start-up)
– CTL considered a key component of the PRCs overall, long-term energy strategy– A new key issue: recent environmental concerns of the PRC government– IEA (2007) projections for PRC:
180 MBD by 2015 750 MBD by 2030
– CERA (2008): 1.5 million BPD by 2015!
Other countries: various projects under study/planning in India, Australia, southern Africa,…
• * One scenario. For discussion purposes only. Results depend on a number of variables and parameters including: product prices, plant availability, EPC cost, % debt financing,…
** Excludes CO2 compression, transportation, sequestration costs.
ROI 16.8 %
Simple Payout 6 years
67%
12%
5%
16%
~ $85,000 per barrel installed capacity
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
Policy ActionPolicy ActionRegulations and Incentives—Key FactorRegulations and Incentives—Key Factor Direct subsidies or price guarantees: 2005 Federal Transportation Bill—
$0.50/gallon of FT naphtha and diesel. Extended in 2007 Farm Bill to 2010 (incl. requirement for 50-75% CO2 CCS)
Loan guarantees: EPAct 2005—loan guarantees for gasification projects with < 65% output as electricity.
Investment tax credit: EPAct 2005—20% credit applied to first $650MM investment during first year of operation
USAF Synthetic Fuel Initiative: successfully tested 50/50 Syntroleum FT fuel; targeting certification for all planes by 2011 and 50% synfuel use (domestic) by 2016; awarded 7,500 Bbl FT jet fuel for 2007.
Environmental regulations/incentives on fuels and plants
In flux. Subject to lobbying by interest groups on all sides. Highly politicized.
KEY ISSUE
Lack of CO2 emission regulatory framework is resulting in many
parties waiting to see.
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
A Word on Energy Independence and A Word on Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007Security Act of 2007 Signed into law in December Key provisions involve
– Biofuels– CAFE standards– Efficiencies in appliances, buildings, industry– R&D in solar, geothermal, …– International programs– …
Title VII: Carbon Capture and Sequestration– R&D, demonstrations, assessment– At least 7 large-scale sequestration tests (excl. FutureGen): $1.2 billion
over 5 years– Large-scale carbon capture demonstration: $1 billion over 5 years– Other: CS capacity assessment, R&D with universities,…
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
COCO22 from CTL from CTL
Given production of a typical 0.65 ton CO2 per Bbl of liquid products
– 50,000 BPD plant: 11.3 million tons CO2/year
Question:
– Is this significant?
– How important is it to capture, compress, transport, and sequester (CCS)?
Large stationary source CO2 in 2005: 13,466 million tons
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
Worldwide Worldwide LargeLarge StationaryStationary CO CO22 Sources Sources
Process Number of SourcesEmissions
(million tons CO2/year)
Power 4,942 10,539
Cement Production 1,175 932
Refineries 638 798
Iron and Steel Industry 269 646
Petrochemicals Industry 470 379
Oil and Gas Processing Not Available 50
Other Fossil Fuels 90 33
Bioethanol and Bioenergy 303 91
TOTAL 7,887 13,466
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2005)
EIA Est. for 2005 emissions(million TpY)
Worldwide: 28,000
US:6,000
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
COCO22 Emission Projections from CTL Emission Projections from CTL
Typical CCS in the context of CTL: 80-90% CO2 emission reduction
CTL with no CCS: emissions better than coal-fired power plants CTL with CCS: emissions on par with refineries
Consider earlier EIA (2007) US CTL projections:
Projected Emissions from CTL
(million tons CO2/years)without CCS with CCS
2015 10-41 1-8
2020 28-61 3-12
2030 175-230 17-46
2030 CTL Emissions as % 2005 Global Large Stationary Sources 1.3-1.7 0.1-0.3
KEY NOTE
All parties agree that the CO2 issue is critical, that they plan
to incorporate CCS,and that there will be no CTL
without CCS .
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
COCO22 CCS CCS Background—1Background—1 Capture includes separation/concentration, treating (e.g., dehydration), etc.
– Mature technology used extensively in gas plants and refineries worldwide
Compression: to pressure acceptable to pipeline
Transport—a number of factors– Distance– Tons per year– <1000 km + >millions of tons per year: pipeline most economical– >1000 km + <millions of tons per year: tankers– Mature technology (e.g., >2,500 km pipelines transporting > 40 million
tons of CO2 per year in the US
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
COCO22 CCS CCSBackground—2Background—2
Sequestration can involve– Use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
Example: currently, in US, 30 millions tons per year CO2 is injected for EOR applications
– Injection in depleted oil/gas fields or other suitable geologic formations Most likely option (largest capacity, location, stability/leak) Current example: 1 million tons per year CO2 from Sleipner gas field is injected into
saline aquifer under North Sea
– Ocean storage In R&D; Technical issues
– Conversion to inorganic carbonates or direct industrial use Small, interesting R&D. Example: JV for algae bioreactor for CO2 conversion.
In essence: every one of the elements in the CCS chain is tested/run-commercially. However, not all together in one chain.
– Very active area: R&D as well as commercial testing– Very high likelihood of technical success– QUESTION: impact on economics? Impact on schedule?
Issue: the results from many of the larger-scale tests not out for a few years. This will likely affect CTL implementation schedules, at least in the US.
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
Some CCS Tests and DemosSome CCS Tests and Demos FutureGen: “First global integrated CO2 sequestration project”
– FutureGen Alliance: non-profit, representing some of world’s largest coal and utility companies
– $1.7 billion budget. 74% funded by US government. 26% industry. $50 million spent, to date.
– Power plant, H2 co-production, syngas production– CO2 sequestered in deep underground geologic formations– Site selected Dec. 2007: Matton, IL– DOE cancelled funding in Jan. 2008. Will it be revived this year?
Plains CO2 Reduction Partnership: “World’s largest CCS experiment”– Part of $300 million program; 3 regions on North America tested– Example: 1 million TpY CO2 into remnant of an ancient sea about 10,000 ft. below
North Dakota– Used CO2 from coal-fired power plant which was compressed into liquid and
sequestered
Australia $17.5 million for CCS demonstration (part of Clean Coal Initiative)
Others: GreenGen in China; Coal21 in Australia; Asia Pacific Partnership;…
Key issue: how long will these tests/demos take? Impact on timing of commercial CTL implementation?
E-MetaVenture, Inc. 2008 NPRA Annual Meeting AM-08-56
Economics of CTL + CCSEconomics of CTL + CCS CCS economics vary wildly, depending on factors such as capture process specifics,
pipeline length, injection reservoir type and depth, etc.
One study (IPCC 2005) (incl. amortized add’l capital):– Capture from power plant: $15-75/ton CO2
– Transport (250 km): $1-8– Geological storage (excl. remediation/liability): $0.5-8
Another study (MIT 2007, criticized, being re-worked):– Capture/compression: $25/ton CO2
– Transportation/storage: $5
A third study (Australia 2006) (capital cost for 0.5 million TPY CO2, equiv. to approx. 2,200 BPD with 50 km pipeline):