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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-1
Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
Chapter 10
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Conception
The union of a sperm cell and ovum 200 to 400 million sperm Ovum Zona pellucida
Gelatinous layer that surrounds the ovum Hyaluronidase
Enzyme that briefly thins the zona pellucida
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Conception
Optimizing the chances of conception Basal body temperature (BBT) chart Analyzing urine or saliva for luteinizing
hormone Tracking vaginal mucus Additional considerations
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Infertility
Inability to conceive a child
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Male fertility problems
Low sperm count Irregularly shaped sperm Low sperm motility Chronic disease Injury to the testes
(continued)
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Male fertility problems (continued)
Autoimmune response Pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid disease
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Artificial insemination
Introduction of sperm into the reproductive tract through means other than sexual intercourse
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems
Irregular ovulation Obstructions or malfunctions of the
reproductive tract Endometeriosis Declining hormone levels
(continued)
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems (continued)
Endometriosis Endometrial tissue is sloughed off into the
abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation
(continued)
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems (continued)
Laparoscopy A long, narrow tube is inserted through an
incision in the navel Visual inspection of organs in the pelvic
cavity
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a lab dish along with sperm
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Sperm and ova are inserted into a fallopian
tube to encourage conception
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
Ovum is fertilized in a lab dish and then placed in a fallopian tube
Donor IVF Ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized,
and then injected into the uterus or fallopian tube of another woman
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Embryonic transfer
A woman volunteer is artificially inseminated by the male partner of the intended mother
Embryo is removed and inserted within the uterus of the intended mother
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming ParentsSurrogate motherhood
A woman is impregnated with sperm of a prospective father via artificial insemination
Carries the embryo and fetus to term Gives the child to the prospective parents
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Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Adoption
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Canadian Legislation Governing Reproductive Technology Act Respecting Assisted Human
Reproduction Banning cloning of humans Banning the selection of a baby’s sex Making it illegal to pay surrogate mothers Making it illegal to pay for sperm donations
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Pregnancy
Early signs of pregnancy Missing a period
Pregnancy tests Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Hormone produced by women shortly after conception
(continued)
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Pregnancy
Pregnancy tests (continued) Hegar’s sign
Softness of a section of the uterus
Early effects of pregnancy Tenderness of the breasts
(continued)
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Pregnancy
Pregnancy tests (continued) Early effects of pregnancy (continued)
Morning sickness Nausea, aversion to specific foods, vomiting
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Pregnancy
Miscarriage Spontaneous abortion
Sex during pregnancy Safe throughout the pregnancy Decline in sexual interest
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Pregnancy
Psychological changes during pregnancy 1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester
Sympathetic pregnancy Father experiences pregnancy signs
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Prenatal Development
Nagele’s rule First day of the last menstrual period Add 7 days Subtract 3 months Add 1 year
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Germinal Stage
Germinal stage Before implantation in the uterus Period of the ovum
Blastocyst Embryo is a sphere of cells surrounding a
cavity of fluid
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Germinal Stage
Embryonic disk Platelike inner part of the blastocyst
Trophoblast Outer part of the blastocyst Amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord
development
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Embryonic Stage
Embryonic stage From implantation through 8th week Differentiation of the major organ systems
Cephalocaudal From the head downward
Proximodistal From the central axis of the body outward
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Embryonic Stage
Ectoderm Outermost cell layer Skin and nervous system
Neural tube Hollow area from which the nervous system
will develop
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Embryonic Stage
Endoderm Inner layer Lungs and digestive system
Mesoderm Central layer Bones and muscles
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Embryonic Stage
Amniotic sac Sac containing the fetus
Amniotic fluid Suspends and protects the fetus
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Embryonic Stage
Placenta Relay station between mother and fetus Exchange of nutrients and waste
Umbilical cord Tube connecting fetus to placenta
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Fetal Stage
9th week until birth Fetal movements Age of viability
Fetus can sustain independent life Cephalic presentation
Emergence of the baby head first
(continued)
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Fetal Stage (continued)
Breech presentation Emergence of the baby feet first
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Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Mother’s diet Maternal diseases and disorders
Teratogens Environmental influences or agents that
damage an embryo or fetus
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Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Rubella (German measles)
Viral infection that can cause mental retardation and heart disease
Syphilis Sexually transmitted disease caused by a
bacterial infection Miscarriage or stillbirth
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Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) Destroys white blood cells in the immune
system Toxemia
Life threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure
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Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Ectopic pregnancy
Fertilized ovum becomes implanted somewhere other than in the uterus
Rh incompatibility Antibodies produced by a pregnant woman
are transmitted to the fetus Fetal erythoblastosis
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Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Medications taken by the mother (and
father) Antibiotics Tranquilizers and sedatives Acne drugs and antihistamines
Hormones Progestin and DES
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Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Critical periods of vulnerability
Embryo or fetus is vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen
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Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Vitamins Street drugs Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Cigarette smoking Other agents
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Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities Averting chromosomal and genetic
abnormalities Genetic counseling Blood tests
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Childbirth
“dropping” or “lightening” Tissues that plugged the cervix becomes
dislodged Braxton-Hicks contractions
False labour contractions
(continued)
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Childbirth (continued)
Prostaglandins Uterine hormones
Oxytocin Pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine
contractions
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Stages of Childbirth
First stage Efface Dilate Transition
Second stage Cervix is fully dilated
(continued)
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Stages of Childbirth (continued) Second stage (continued)
Ends with the birth of the baby Episiotomy
Incision in the perineum
Third stage In the new world
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Methods of Childbirth
Anesthetized childbirth Natural childbirth
No anesthesia Other strategies for coping with discomfort Educated about childbirth
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Methods of Childbirth
Prepared childbirth Lamaze method Relax and breathe to conserve energy and
lessen pain A coach is present at childbirth
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Methods of Childbirth
Cesarean section Fetus is delivered through surgical incision
in the abdomen Advised when a normal delivery is difficult Transverse position
Crosswise birth position
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Birth Problems
Anoxia Oxygen deprivation
Preterm and low birth weight children Born before 37 weeks of gestation Neurological and developmental problems
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Postpartum Period
Maternal depression Persistent and severe mood changes during
the postpartum period Despair and apathy Changes in appetite and sleep, low self-
esteem, difficulty concentrating
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Postpartum Period
Breast-feeding Does breast-feeding affect sexual
behaviour? Prolactin
Stimulates production of milk Lactation
Production of milk by the mammary glands
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Resumption of Ovulation and Menstruation Lochia
Reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after delivery
Resumption of sexual activity Six-week waiting period
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End of Chapter 10