Copyright 2007 by Richard P. Walters TURN ON SOUND, CLICK TO BEGIN.

Copyright 2007 by Richard P. Walters

www.highgroundpress.org

TURN ON SOUND, CLICK TO BEGIN

This exercise will reinforce what you have already learned and alert you to concepts about which you may be unclear. There are ten questions. Read the question, then left click the best answer. You will learn the most by reading the explanatory

notes for both your correct and your incorrect choices. You will get something better from

this activity than a grade: you will learn!HAPPY LEARNING!

CLICK WHEN YOU ARE READY TO BEGIN

MULTIPLE-CHOICE TUTORIAL

1. Which of the following is least relevant to person-centered

therapy?

Introjected valuesIntrojected values

TransferenceTransference

Actualizing tendencyActualizing tendency

Positive regardPositive regard

INCORRECT

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For Rogers, introjected values caused people to “march to the beat of someone else’s drum.” By so doing, he thought, people did not reach their full potential. He believed that this was the fundamental cause of their distress.

INCORRECT

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Positive regard was an important concept in Rogers’s beliefs. He thought people made too many sacrifices to earn positive regard from others. He thought counselors should treat their counselees with unconditional positive regards. Christians are to accept people without conditions, but must put conditions on certain behavior.

INCORRECT

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Rogers believed that people innately wanted to actualize in life—to become all that they could become—not just physically but emotionally and in relationships. Christianity sees this as one element of human nature, but recognizes human capacity to choose badly.

CORRECT!

Next Question

Rogers ignored Freud’s belief that transference was a necessary element of counseling. Rogers did, however, emphasize strongly that the counselor was to treat the counselee with great respect.

2. For Rogers, the highest authority (the most persuasive component of his

epistemology) was

empiricism.empiricism.

experience.experience.

actualization.actualization.

humanism.humanism.

INCORRECT

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Empiricism is the process of systematic study using methods that are as objective as possible. Rogers did empirical studies, but for him even this evidence was not the most persuasive.

INCORRECT

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Actualization was an objective, not a source of information in Rogers’s scheme of life.

INCORRECT

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Humanism is a broad philosophical tradition and Rogers was a principal figure among humanists in psychology during the 50s through the 80s. He influenced many people to use the same source of authority he did. But what is it?

CORRECT!

Next Question

Rogers trusted his own experience, which amounted essentially to trusting his feelings, above and beyond any other epistemological process. Wow! Imagine that! How reliable have your feelings been? We should “consult” our feelings, but only as one source of evidence.

3. The fundamental motivator of human behavior, Rogers believed,

is

the organismic valuing process. the organismic valuing process.

introjection.introjection.

the actualizing tendency.the actualizing tendency.

positive regard.positive regard.

INCORRECT

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The organismic valuing system evaluates what the efforts toward actualization have brought . Those the “ovs” judge to have been beneficial are repeated; the others are avoided.

INCORRECT

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Positive regard is desired but is not considered to be the driving force. It is powerful enough to shape what a person will or will not do, but it is not the strongest motivating influence.

INCORRECT

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Because we seek positive regard from others, Rogers said, we take on (introject) their values, even though we have a stronger force motivating us. This makes us incongruent—divided within ourselves. He was right to recognize the damage that internal division (serving two masters) causes.

CORRECT!

Next Question

Rogers believed that the strongest motivating force was the actualizing tendency—the need to survive, grow, and enhance ourselves. Those are good things. Christianity teaches us that these things come as a result of “seeking first the kingdom of God” (Mt. 6:33).

4. Raised in a conservative Christian family, Rogers ultimately came to believe that Christianity

was

disrespectful of human self-directedness.

disrespectful of human self-directedness.

a leading cause of mental illness.a leading cause of mental illness.

useful if not taken to an extreme.useful if not taken to an extreme.

only a crutch for weak people.only a crutch for weak people.

INCORRECT

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Rogers saw Christianity as being much more likely to be damaging to people than to be helpful to people. His notion that people were basically good and would make good decisions if only left alone found a receptive audience among liberal clergy whose seminaries adopted Rogerian counseling theories as the counseling model throughout the 50s to the 70s.

INCORRECT

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Rogers was authentically compassionate toward people in distress so, despite his rejection of the Christian faith he actively embraced during his first two years in college, he would not begrudge people finding solace where they could. But he believed that problems were sure to arise from God’s prohibition of certain behaviors.

INCORRECT

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He never put it this bluntly. But he certainly made clear his belief that imposing values on others was wrong because it made them unhealthy.

CORRECT!

Next Question

Rogers believed that people were capable of making good choices, and that if given the opportunity to do so, they would. Thus, anything, such as Christianity, that stood in the way of a person directing his or her life was disrespectful.

5. Rogers is considered to be one of the major influences in the

development of

psychoanalysis.psychoanalysis.

feminism.feminism.

humanistic psychology.humanistic psychology.

transpersonal psychology.transpersonal psychology.

INCORRECT

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No, Rogers was in reaction to analytic theory, not in support of it.

INCORRECT

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Transpersonal psychology is the study of humanity’s highest potential, with the recognition, understanding, and realization of unitive, spiritual, and transcendent states of consciousness. Many theorists (e.g., Maslow) gravitated from humanism to transpersonal psychology, but it was too close to religion for Rogers.

INCORRECT

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Rogers was sympathetic to the feminist cause but not identified as a leader within the movement. However, his advocacy that people should let their feelings be their guide was encouragement to feminists.

CORRECT!

Next Question

Carl Rogers is certainly one of the five most influential persons in the development of humanistic psychology as it emerged as a major social influence in the 1950s. Maslow and May, who we study in this course, were as well.

6. Introjection is

the adoption of another’s conditions of worth.

the adoption of another’s conditions of worth.

a therapeutic method.a therapeutic method.

a healthy supplement to self-esteem.

a healthy supplement to self-esteem.

the pathway to self-actualization.the pathway to self-actualization.

INCORRECT

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Nope.

INCORRECT

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Quite the opposite, actually.

INCORRECT

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No, introjection is not on the helping side of the counseling process.

CORRECT!

Next Question

Yes, Rogers believed that our problems are caused by adopting other people’s rules and beliefs. We do this because we want them to like us. Sometimes that is exactly the source of a person’s distress, but when this is made into a universal guide, logic allows everyone to be their own rule maker. Rogers, believing that humans will naturally do the right thing, thought this would work. What do you think?

7. In a counseling relationship, Rogers

was a “take charge guy.”was a “take charge guy.”

treated the patient as his equal.treated the patient as his equal.

remained emotionally unexpressive.

remained emotionally unexpressive.

listened to the patient’s dreams.listened to the patient’s dreams.

INCORRECT

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His way of being in control was to let the counselee be in control. He carefully followed their lead, confident that they would guide the dialogue to productive topics. Given the chance, people usually do. But there is a better answer.

INCORRECT

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No interest in that. It was a part of the approach beloved by Freud and Jung that he was eager to discard.

INCORRECT

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He believed in following a person, “walking with them,” into and through whatever feelings they might have, no matter how disturbing, powerful, or bizarre they might be. He was rarely very emotive outwardly, but by all evidence he felt deeply with his counseling clients.

CORRECT!

Next Question

This is quite in contrast to Freudian insistence on an aloof, “businesslike” style in treatment, and perhaps is one of the reasons his counseling method caught on so quickly. And it works well. When people are comfortable they provide more of the information needed to help them help themselves get better.

8. For Rogers, incongruence was

the source of human distress.the source of human distress.

resistant to any form of therapy.resistant to any form of therapy.

unimportant. unimportant.

only an inevitable fact of life.only an inevitable fact of life.

INCORRECT

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There is a lot of incongruence around these days, but it is not inevitable.

Look again, please.

INCORRECT

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On the contrary—very important.

INCORRECT

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The condition, “incongruence,” can be remedied by counseling.

CORRECT!

Next Question

Incongruence is the condition when the values of another person are introjected (taken on as one’s own). Bad, bad, bad—that! Yes, it can be; it depends upon the values. We shall not be worse off if we introject Christ’s values, for then we shall be congruent with God’s design for us.

9. Rogers is more widely known for his method of counseling than for

his theories. Which one term does not identify his method?

Active listeningActive listening

ParaphrasingParaphrasing

MirroringMirroring

Free associationFree association

INCORRECT

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Active listening is a name for Rogers’s method.

INCORRECT

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Mirroring is a name for Rogers’s method.

INCORRECT

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Paraphrasing is a name for Rogers’s method.

CORRECT!

Next Question

Free association—a primary method in classic psychoanalysis, made necessary because it gave the therapist access to the patient’s unconscious. Rogers did not use it, believing that clients would access all they needed to know to solve their problems within an atmosphere of trust and respect.

10. Rogers rejected the theories and methods that derived from Freud, saying that counseling

should be more

mystical.mystical.

wholistic.wholistic.

empirical.empirical.

reductionistic.reductionistic.

INCORRECT

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He was not inclined toward mysticism, rejecting all outside authoring to rely, instead, upon his own experience.

INCORRECT

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Definitely opposed to being reductionistic in his encounter with a person.

INCORRECT

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He believed that counseling could benefit from empirical research, and led major studies into the elements found to be present when therapy is successful. These studies were enlightening and remain useful. But for him, counseling was a very personal encounter between people that bore no resemblance in tone to the mechanisms of empirical research.

CORRECT!

Next Question

Rogers wanted to deal with people as a unit—wholistically—which fits with the Hebraic mindset. This was in reaction to the commonly given charge that the analytic theories are rendered weak by reductionism.

Copyright 2007 by Richard P. Walters

www.highgroundpress.org