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Brad A. Myers, David Canfield Smith and Bruce Horn. “Report of the `End-User Programming’ Working Group,” Languages for Developing User Interfaces, Boston, MA, Jones and Bartlett. 1992. pp. 343-366.
Brad A. Myers, David Canfield Smith and Bruce Horn. “Report of the `End-User Programming’ Working Group,” Languages for Developing User Interfaces, Boston, MA, Jones and Bartlett. 1992. pp. 343-366.
Brad A. Myers, CMU 12May 21, 2005 12
Task AnalysisTask Analysis Find out what users are really doing or need
to do Might ask users (surveys, questionnaires) or
introspect, but: Users are not like us Users tell what they think they want, not what
they need Surveys, etc. get at marketing data, not usage
Self reports not valid Dramatic bad events are the most salient People over-estimate time for mentally challenging
activities Under-estimate time on routine tasks
So need to see what people actually do
Find out what users are really doing or need to do
Might ask users (surveys, questionnaires) or introspect, but: Users are not like us Users tell what they think they want, not what
they need Surveys, etc. get at marketing data, not usage
Self reports not valid Dramatic bad events are the most salient People over-estimate time for mentally challenging
activities Under-estimate time on routine tasks
So need to see what people actually do
Brad A. Myers, CMU 13May 21, 2005 13
Evidence from abaXXEvidence from abaXX
Lutz Prechelt and Daniel Hutzel Found that many of the EUP facilities
were not appropriate Not useful, not allowed
Eventually, useful for understanding rather than creating
Lutz Prechelt and Daniel Hutzel Found that many of the EUP facilities
were not appropriate Not useful, not allowed
Eventually, useful for understanding rather than creating
Brad A. Myers, CMU 14May 21, 2005 14
“Contextual Inquiry”“Contextual Inquiry” In HCI at CMU, we teach the “Contextual
Inquiry” technique Most understandable, teachable and usable
method for task analysis Find user’s real tasks But much more: Context!!! Cultural influences (corporate, social, etc.)
Might have identified some of abaXX’s issues before design
Reference: H. Beyer and K. Holtzblatt. Contextual Design: Defining Custom-Centered Systems. San Francisco, CA, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. 1998.
http://www.incent.com/cd/cdhow.html
In HCI at CMU, we teach the “Contextual Inquiry” technique Most understandable, teachable and usable
method for task analysis Find user’s real tasks But much more: Context!!! Cultural influences (corporate, social, etc.)
Might have identified some of abaXX’s issues before design
Reference: H. Beyer and K. Holtzblatt. Contextual Design: Defining Custom-Centered Systems. San Francisco, CA, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. 1998.
http://www.incent.com/cd/cdhow.html
Brad A. Myers, CMU 15May 21, 2005 15
How Contextual Inquiry WorksHow Contextual Inquiry Works
Interpretive field research method Depends on conversations with users in the context
of their work Recommends “direct observation” when possible When not possible
Cued recall of past experience, or Recreation of related experience
Used to define requirements, plans and designs. Develop diagrams to communicate results and
show breakdowns Data flow Sequence of steps performed Cultural influences Physical environment of work Artifacts used and created
Interpretive field research method Depends on conversations with users in the context
of their work Recommends “direct observation” when possible When not possible
Cued recall of past experience, or Recreation of related experience
Used to define requirements, plans and designs. Develop diagrams to communicate results and
show breakdowns Data flow Sequence of steps performed Cultural influences Physical environment of work Artifacts used and created
Brad A. Myers, CMU 16May 21, 2005 16
Why Context?Why Context?
Design complete work process Fits into “fabric” of entire operations Not just “point solutions” to specific
problems Integration!
Consistency, effectiveness, efficiency, coherent
Design from data Not just opinions, negotiation Not just a list of features
Design complete work process Fits into “fabric” of entire operations Not just “point solutions” to specific
problems Integration!
Consistency, effectiveness, efficiency, coherent
Design from data Not just opinions, negotiation Not just a list of features
Brad A. Myers, CMU 17May 21, 2005 17
ExamplesExamples Andy Ko and our uses of CI
Revealed need for why not questions and support for false assumptions during debugging WhyLine
Revealed patterns of activity during maintenance this year’s ICSE paper
Revealed how people edit programs future work on structure editors
Earlier work: John Pane’s PhD on “Hands” How people think about algorithms, etc. E.g., “Men and women raise your hands”;
“Move all the chairs into a circle.”
Andy Ko and our uses of CI Revealed need for why not questions and
support for false assumptions during debugging WhyLine
Revealed patterns of activity during maintenance this year’s ICSE paper
Revealed how people edit programs future work on structure editors
Earlier work: John Pane’s PhD on “Hands” How people think about algorithms, etc. E.g., “Men and women raise your hands”;
“Move all the chairs into a circle.”
Brad A. Myers, CMU 18May 21, 2005 18
New Interaction Techniques and Visualizations
New Interaction Techniques and Visualizations
How can users control the system? How convey information to users? Many innovations in EUP areas: