Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean phase alternators in parallel Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson Slides prepared by Anne McLean 1
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.1 Single-phase alternators in parallel
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.2 Correct connections for voltage sources in parallel
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.3 Circulating current paths for reversed connections
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.4 Frequency difference in parallel alternators
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.5 Series alternators
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Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.6(a) Phasor sum of two a.c. supplies
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.6(b) Phasor sum of two a.c. supplies
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.6(c) Phasor sum of two a.c. supplies
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.7(a, b) Phasor difference of two a.c. supplies
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.7(c) Phasor difference of two a.c. supplies
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.8 Two single-phase alternators at 90° to each other
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.9 Connections for a two-phase alternator
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.10 Alternator voltages for one-, two- and three-phase systems
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.11 Three voltages at 120° phase displacement to one another
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Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.12(a) Waveform and phasor diagrams for a three-phase system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.12(b) Waveform and phasor diagrams for a three-phase system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.13 Elementary three-phase alternator
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.14 Three voltages of a three-phase system as shown on a four-beam cathode-ray oscilloscope. The fourth input, shown as a horizontal line (zero voltage), has been included to show a base or reference line. (Compare with Fig. 9.12(a).)
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.15 Sequence of voltages in a three-phase system
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Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.16 Three-phase winding layout
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.17 Construction of three-phase sine waves
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.18 Three-phase star connections
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.19 Line and phase values for a star system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.20 Line and phase voltages for a three-phase star connection
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.21 Line voltage in a star system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.22 Phasor diagram for example 9.1
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.23 Subtraction of phasors to find the line voltage between phases A and B
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.24 Relationships between line and phase voltages in a star-connected system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.25 Waveform diagram for a three-phase system with phase C reversed
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.26 Phasor diagram for reversed phase C in a star-connected system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.27 Line voltages for a three-phase, star-connected system with phase winding C reversed
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.28 Three-phase delta connection
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.29 Voltages in a delta system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.30 Currents in a delta system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.31(a) Line currents in a delta system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.31(b) Line currents in a delta system
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.32 Phase reversal in a delta system
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.33(a) Distribution details, generator to consumer
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.33(b) Distribution details, generator to consumer
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.34 Small suburban transformer yard
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.35 Single-wire earth-return (SWER) system
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.36 ‘End’ transformer on a SWER transmission line. The link joining the two secondaries can be seen, enabling a 240/480 V system to be used, as illustrated in Figure 9.35
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.37 Three-phase distribution systems
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.38 Phase currents for a balanced three-phase load
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.39 Voltages and currents in a four-wire star connection
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.40 Phasor diagram for example 9.2
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.41 Phasor diagram for example 9.3
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.42 Effects of a broken neutral
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.43 Change in voltages with a broken neutral
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.44 Loads affected by a broken neutral
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.45 Star-connected loads on a three-phase supply
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.46 Delta-connected loads on a three-phase supply
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.47 Connections for one wattmeter in a three-phase, four-wire system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.48 Connections for one wattmeter in a three-phase, three-wire system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.49 Connections for two-wattmeter measurement of power
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.50 Power factor curve for the two-wattmeter method of measuring power
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.51 Connections for three wattmeters to a three-phase, three-wire system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.52 Connections for three wattmeters to a three-phase, four-wire system
Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.53 Phasors showing production of a cross-phase voltage
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.54(a) Phasing transformer
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.54(b) Phasing transformer
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.55 Phase shifting a voltage with an R–C network
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.56 Three-phase power measurement
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.57 Three-phase var measurement
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Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Electrical Principals for the Electrical Trades 5e by Jenneson
Slides prepared by Anne McLean
Figure 9.58 Representative arrangement of test terminals for smaller generating plants
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