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abortion, in colonial Brazil, 334Abreu, Capistrano de, 11Abyssinia, see Ethiopiaacademies
in Brazil, 7in Lisbon, 44
Acapulco, 96Aceh, 101, 214–215, 298, 326Acuna, Pedro de, 207Adal, sultanate of, 147Aden, 92–94, 98, 101Afonso IV (King of Portugal), 367Afonso V (King of Portugal), 74, 110, 177,
175, 288, 318–319, 360and Brazil, 123, 243and the contra costa, 123expansion into, 138–158 passim,
168first encounters in, 287miscegenation, 188 (see also sexual
relations and miscegenation)missionaries in, 270–271, 276Muslims in, 255and Portuguese control, 123–124,
148–157settlement of, 145, 165trading colonies in, 189See also Angola; Kongo; slave trade
Africa (Central), 109–114, 118–119, 124,148
emigration to, 176Jesuits in, 150–152and Kongo, 142–143migrations in, 216settlement of, 149, 177slave trade with, 120–123
Africa (East), 141–142, 145, 148, 185,283–285, 290, 298–299, 482
adventurers in, 302Dutch and English attacks in, 156emigration to, 176frontier encounters in, 290gold trade in, 142Jesuits in, 262, 271markets in, 91, 98, 123migrations in, 216Portuguese policy in, 146religion in, 187settlement of, 165, 169, 171, 174, 182trade with, 94, 102, 104, 165, 304 (see
also trade)Africa (North), 1–2, 22–23, 138
emigration to, 176fortresses abandoned in, 2, 22settlement of, 149
Africa (West), 109–112, 140, 145, 148, 288,293, 305–306, 318
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Africa (West) (cont.)emigration to, 176and fetishism, 288frontier encounters in, 284, 290missionaries in, 110, 258, 296plundering and slave raiding in, 287Portuguese chroniclers and, 359, 361Portuguese influence in, 155settlement of, 169, 177trade with, 113, 165, 304 (see also trade)
Akan, 110–113Alagoas, 186Albuquerque, Afonso de, 16, 80, 101,
201–202, 293, 464and art, 397in the chronicles, 323and diplomacy, 297–298and education, 373and foundation myths, 321Indian Ocean, plan for, 146and merchants, 373and messianic/millenarian ideas, 369, 492and miscegenation, 8, 372and renegades, 301
Albuquerque, Francisco de, 464Albuquerque, Luıs de, 462, 468, 470Alcacer Ceguer, 2, 22, 52Alcazarquibir, 138, 177, 301, 381aldeias, 186 (see also Amerindians)“Aleijadinho” (Antonio Francisco Lisboa),
441, 451–455Alencastro, Luiz Felipe de, 243Alentejo, 176Aleppo, 98Alexandria, patriarch of, 155Alfonso the Wise, 358Algarve, and emigration, 164, 176alliances, see diplomacyal-Masudi, 498Almeida, D. Lourenco de, 289
Almeida, Francisco de, 201, 245Almeida, Onesimo Teotonio, 468, 470, 475Alorna, Marquis of, 339–343Alvares, Francisco, 377Alvaro I (King), 150–151Amadis of Gaul, 491Amazon, 114–116, 128, 167, 172, 233, 300,
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Anglo-Dutch offensive in, 112art and architecture in, 423, 447Dutch empire in, 112, 222East, 95, 101, 165European preconceptions about, 288frontier encounters in, 290–293and local powers, 297–300, 305manufacturing in, 92merchant communities in, 94–96, 99,
102–104, 182migration to, 168missionaries in, 273, 305–308Portuguese chroniclers and, 370renegades in, 301settlement of, 162–164, 178, 184,
187–188trade, 96–101, 104, 130, 226–229, 344,
481, 492, 496–497, 502, 508; bycasados and private traders, 102–105,214, 304, 326; intra-Asian, 76, 91–93,481, 508; with native groups, 304–305;trading posts in, 189, 224, 230–232
art of the, 420–423, 447captaincies in, 172, 237diocese in, 259emigration from, 168, 174immigration to, 176, 188Inquisition in, 266municipal councils in, 218, 244–245settlement of, 23, 177, 184and trade, 34, 236urban planning in, 394–395
azulejos, 430, 438, 443–444, 448
Bahia, 20, 26, 36African slaves in, 117, 129, 271art and architecture in, 429, 433, 445convents in, 269diocese in, 259–261Dutch conquest of, 5, 60, 320, 338, 382and family genealogies, 335government of, 239Inquisition in, 266Jesuits in, 273settlement of, 171, 179, 183–184sugar mills in, 25–26, 120tobacco from, 69–70, 121trade with, 67, 110, 119, 122, 126, 129See also Salvador
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84644-8 - Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800Edited by Francisco Bethencourt and Diogo Ramada CurtoIndexMore information
Inquisition in, 266–267languages in, 314militarization of, 16, 37, 68mining in, see Brazil, diamond mines in;
Brazil, gold mines inmissionaries in, see religionmutinies in, 241–242, 329–335planters in, 126ports in, 183and Portuguese control, 127religion in, 262–265, 267, 270–271,
274–277, 295settlement of, 4, 74, 124–126, 161,
164–189 passim, 290, 292, 324, 498slave interpreters in, 318–319slavery in, 69–70, 72, 110–114, 116–120,
128–131, 185, 248, 501See also Bahia; Pernambuco; Rio de
Janeirobrazilwood, see dyewoodBristol, 491, 495British empire, see EnglandBrito, Filipe de, 302Brito, Francisco Xavier de, 442Brito, Manuel de, 442Buddhism, 256, 289, 296, 490Bude, Guillaume, 475Buenos Aires, 116, 118, 345bullion, in Asian trade, 96–97bulls, papal, 16, 164, 256Burhanpur, 90Burma, 93, 186
Ca’ da Mosto, Alvise, 317Cabo Frio, 233Cabot, John, 491, 495Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 337, 428, 465–466,
495and Brazil, 1, 286–287, 318in India, 200–201, 369, 372See also Brazil
cacao, 39–40, 114, 116, 130–131 (see alsoagriculture)
cachaca, 115–121Cacheu, 110, 116Cairati, Giovanni Battista, 395Cairo, 95, 98, 100Calcutta, 183, 226Calheiros, Antonio de Sousa, 449–451Calicut, 90–95, 102, 178, 201, 304, 346,
369, 464Pero Covilha’s visit to, 142Vasco da Gama’s arrival at, 162, 285–286,
371–372Ca Masser, Lunardo da, 24Cambay, 20, 29, 92–93, 99, 104, 215, 505Cambodia, 3, 504Cameroon, 142Caminha, Alvaro de, 145, 148Caminha, Pero Vaz de, 286, 288, 377Camoes, Luıs de, 320, 323, 369, 375–382,
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art and architecture in, 404–406casados in, 214Chinese and, 482Dutch in, 60, 223, 228expulsion of the Portuguese from, 4missionaries in, 262political power in, 208–209, 214, 220,
296–297, 308Portuguese language in, 373resistance in, 297revenue from, 30, 75settlement of, 3, 167, 170–171, 176, 207,
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in Benin, 296in Brazil, 173in China, 274, 307–308in India, 180in Japan, 274–275, 307–308in Kongo, 270, 306in Monomotapa, 307See also Catholicism; evangelization;
missionaries; religionchronicles, 350–370 passimcinnamon, 92, 207–208, 296, 502 (see also
spices)Cistercians, 261cloves, 114 (see also spices)Cochin, 80, 173, 464–466
art and architecture in, 422Carreira da India and, 100confraternies in, 268diocese in, 259education in, 373fort at, 104, 201Inquisition in, 262political power in, 201–202, 346Portuguese factions in, 321religious orders in, 256settlement of, 171, 176, 178, 183, 304trade with, 26, 103, 324–329, 344
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212, 223–229, 248, 346, 413, 504Calvinism in, 375at Cape of Good Hope, 158in Ceylon, 297, 373in Cochin, 329Estado da India and, 210, 214, 345in Goa, 102in the Gulf of Guinea, 248in the Indian Ocean, 88, 91, 97, 346in Japan, 275in Java, 502
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84644-8 - Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800Edited by Francisco Bethencourt and Diogo Ramada CurtoIndexMore information
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84644-8 - Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800Edited by Francisco Bethencourt and Diogo Ramada CurtoIndexMore information
European powers and, 506interpreters in, 316religion in, 255, 271and the slave trade, 317See also Upper Guinea
Guinea, Gulf of, 24, 72, 74, 109–110, 161,248
bilateral system with Brazil, 122and gold, 141and local powers, 235Portuguese mercenaries in, 148settlement of, 168, 177slave trade and, 54, 111–112, 145trade with, 121, 232–234trading forts, 234–236
Guinea-Bissau, 162, 235Gujarat, 29, 93, 485
bankers in, 103casados in, 102–105and diplomacy, 205, 297manufacturing in, 92, 101merchants in, 90, 94–95, 99, 304settlement of, 178trade with, 88, 100–103and war, 291
gunpowder, 117
Habin, Irfan, 105Hadramaut, 91, 94, 98Haiti, 41, 43, 130, 242Hanson, Carl A., 56, 63, 65Harrison, John, 471Henrique, Cardinal Dom, 203Henry VII, 487Henry the Navigator
African expeditions and, 53, 141,283
Canary Islands and, 506chivalry and, 491literature and, 359, 362–363, 368–370and Order of Christ, 237, 258seignorial rights of, 74, 232, 244slave trade and, 287, 304, 306trading privileges of, 74
Hesiod, 485Hespanha, Antonio M., 56, 60, 65
hides, see cattle; leatherHideyoshi, Toyotomi, 417Hindus and Hinduism, 256, 266, 272, 288,
Hispaniola Island, 501Holanda, Francisco de, 447Holanda, Sergio Buarque de, 11Holland, see NetherlandsHomem, Diogo, 153Hooykaas, Reyer, 460, 471Hormuz, 20, 26, 28, 75, 92–94, 98–102,
104, 202, 212conquest of, 1and the Portuguese, 33, 60, 202–203,
206, 215, 220, 227settlement of, 166, 178–189
Horn of Africa, 487horses, 75Houckgeest, Van Braam, 276Hovhannes, 90Hughli, 104
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India (cont.)manufactured goods from, 91–93and Maratha Confederation, 215markets in, 89–94, 99–100, 509merchants in, 90, 94–95, 100missionaries in, 256, 264–265, 271–273,
307, 318 (see also Catholicism;Christianity; evangelization; religion)
Northern Province of, 4, 217Portuguese presence in, 90–92, 99–100,
485–486art in, 396, 427–428, 433Christianity in, 33, 308conversions in, 272, 275, 277, 374diocese in, 259languages in, 322, 374–375, 379missionaries in, 260, 262–263, 265,
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Jews, 96, 101, 104, 110, 162, 232, 246, 288,371, 383, 488, 490 (see also NewChristians)
Jiddah, 98, 104Joao I (King of Portugal), 358–359, 363Joao II (King of Portugal), 235, 270, 285,
296, 316, 323, 361, 363–364, 368–369,398
Joao III (King of Portugal), 173, 174, 258,265, 296, 363, 365, 370, 398, 465
Joao IV (King of Portugal), 219, 383, 445Joao V (King of Portugal), 446John (Prince of Portugal), 74Jose I (King of Portugal), 116, 267, 384Julius III (Pope), 258Junior, Caio Prado, 11
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Locke, John, 19London, 162, 228 (see also England)Lopes, Fernao, 358–359, 363Loronha, Fernao de, 232Loyola, St. Ignatius, 424, 430Luanda, 113, 118, 122–123, 129, 151, 178,
245, 291Dutch conquest of, 31, 157, 243foundation of the city, 293, 299
Luanda Island, 151lumber, 92 (see also dyewood)Luz, Francisco Mendes da, 58
Macao, 3, 20, 161–162, 169, 271, 374art and architecture in, 413–416, 423,
426, 433, 440, 445, 505Chinese control of, 102–104, 210concessionary voyages to, 28, 101convents in, 263, 269diocese in, 259–260and diplomacy, 300founding of, 178merchants in, 182, 300missionaries in, 274–275, 295municipal council of, 219, 300as “republic,” 314settlement of, 33, 166, 172, 176, 294,
307sexual relations and miscegenation in,
188, 309trade with, 26, 29, 102, 167, 209–210,
303–304
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 199, 331–332,367
Madagascar, 302Madariaga, Salvador de, 498Madeira, 23, 161, 319, 489
art and architecture on, 420–427, 447donatory-captaincy system on, 237and emigration, 168, 175–176expansion to as prototype, 111Inquisition on, 266merchants on, 26municipal councils on, 181, 218, 244and Order of Christ, 257production on, 54, 111settlement of, 23–24, 33, 74, 164–165,
172, 174–177, 184sexual relations and miscegenation on,
art and architecture on, 406interpreters from, 318local powers on, 200, 231, 298and markets, 100merchants on, 100, 296Portuguese forts on, 90, 92, 204settlement of, 168, 236, 304
Malacca, 20, 201, 209, 220, 505Aceh’s attacks on, 215and the Chinese, 289, 482commercial position of, 204and concessionary voyages, 28conquest of, 1, 293, 373diocese at, 259–261Dutch conquest of, 33, 61, 222–223as exchange center, 93fort at, 104languages of, 374
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Maranhao, 127, 168agriculture of, 40art and architecture in, 395captaincies in, 239–242cattle in, 125and commercial companies, 115diocese in, 259French settlement of, 161, 171, 338and language, 385local power in, 346–348rebellion in, 329–335, 344settlement of: French, 161, 171, 338;
Portuguese, 170–171, 179, 344slaves in, 5, 110and trade, 114, 121
Maratha Confederation, 4, 33, 215
Marchione, Bartolomeo, 54Maria I (Queen of Portugal), 267markets, 88–108 passim, 141, 223Mar Pequena, 139–141marriage, 181–182, 190, 203, 214, 217, 219,
246, 269, 334, 372 (see also casados;sexual relations and miscegenation;women)
Martellus, Henricus, 462Martins, Oliveira, 124Mascarenhas, Joao de (1st Marquis of
agriculture in, 111captaincy of, 127, 240, 242fort in, 180mining in, 6, 35, 67settlement of, 170–171, 179, 183and trade, 128
Matos, Artur Teodoro de, 57Mauritania, 24Maurits, Johann, see Nassau-SiegenMauro, Frederic, 65Maxwell, Kenneth, 67–68Mazagan (El Jadida), 22, 179–180, 230–231,
393–394transfer of, 15
Mecca, 492Medina del Campo, 57Mediterranean, 93, 96–98, 139, 142, 222,
482, 486–487, 489Meliapor, 212Mello, Evaldo Cabral de, 61, 63Melo, D. Francisco Manuel de, 382Melo, Garcia de, 325–326Mendes, Alfonso, 156Meneses, Diogo de Sousa de, 154Meneses, Vasco Fernandes Cesar de, 242mercantilism, 14, 16, 19, 73, 174,
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84644-8 - Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800Edited by Francisco Bethencourt and Diogo Ramada CurtoIndexMore information
agriculture in, 111“Atlanticization” of, 130casados in, 102Catholicism in, 259–260, 271, 307and decolonization, 161and gold, 98, 142, 146–147government of, 216–218languages in, 162and local powers, 2–3, 220and military expeditions, 153–155prazos in, 217settlement of, 158, 167–170, 174, 176,
178–180, 185, 190, 293sexual relations and miscegenation in, 3and the slave trade, 130, 248and trade routes, 123See also Africa (East)
Mpinda, 111–112mulattoes, 110, 246 (see also sexual relations
and miscegenation)mule trade, 127–128, 170municipal councils, 73, 218–220, 244–249,
190, 300, 303, 307, 374, 416–417Namban art, 391, 416–420Napoleonic wars, 43, 130Nassau-Siegen, Johann Maurits van,
248natios, 104naus, 98–100Navarro, Joao Azpilcueta, 384Negreiros, Andre Vidal de, 243Nero, 331
Netherlands, 69, 103, 157, 219, 222, 484,503 (see also Dutch empire)
New Christians, 33, 59–60, 103, 186–188,220, 246–247, 265–266, 268, 325–328,383 (see also Jews)
New England, 250Newfoundland, 485Nicolao, Giovanni, 416Nicote, Filipe de Brito, 212–213Niger basin, 109Nigeria, 176Nile River, 504Njinga, Queen, 153, 156–157Nobili, Robert de, 265, 274–275nobility, 242 (see also aristocracy; social
classes)Nobrega, Manuel da, S.J., 173, 273Noli, Antonio da, 148Noronha, D. Fernando de, 291–292Noronha, Pedro Antonio de, 242North Sea, 482Northern Province, 4Norwegians, 487Novais, Paulo Dias de, 150–153, 177–178,
184, 243–244, 293, 299Nunes, Pedro, 468–471, 476nutmeg, 88, 502 (see also spices)
Obidos, Josefa de, 435Okinawa, 95Olinda, 242, 246, 259, 428–429Olivares, Count-Duke, 62Oliveira, Antonio de, 58, 61Oliveira, Fernando de, 256, 462, 469,
472–475Oman, 202Omanese empire, 4opium, 75Order of Avis, 258Order of Christ, 75, 237–238, 244,
257–258, 261, 270Order of Santiago, 258Order of the Temple, 258orders, see religious orders; military
ordersorientalism, 14Orta, Garcia da, 300, 468Ouidah, 37
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344–348Pearl River, 209, 294pearls, 505Pedro, Prince D., 53Pedro II (King of Portugal), 156, 416Pegu, 3Peking, 447, 505pepper, 29, 54, 71, 80, 88–92, 98–103, 202,
324–328, 509 (see also spices)Pereira, Alexandre Machado, 492Pereira, Duarte Pacheco, 461, 463–468, 472Pereira, Nuno Alvares, 154, 216Pernambuco
and Angola, 243diocese in, 259Dutch occupation of, 5, 31–32, 61, 63,
85, 248, 382genealogies in, 335government of, 233, 238Inquisition in, 266
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Queiros, Fernao, 289Quelimane, 146quilombos, 16, 123–124, 186, 337 (see also
slavery)quinine, 2, 244quintos, 66–68
race (and racism), 8Ramalho, Joao, 337Ramalho, Jose Cardoso, 448Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 324Ravenna, Benedetto da, 393Recife, 118, 242, 428–429, 445 (see also
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renegades, 214, 224, 301–302Resende, Andre de, 364Resende, Garcia de, 369resistance and revolts, 16–18
in Africa, 24in Brazil, 7, 242in Goa, 7
Restelo, 323Restoration (1640), 31, 62Ribeiro, Antonio Simoes, 433Ribeiro, Bernardim, 366Ribeiro, Gabriel, 435Ricci, Matteo, 274–275, 295, 414rice, 40, 116, 130–131 (see also agriculture)Rio de Janeiro, 6, 20, 114, 118–119, 178,
242administration of, 240–243agriculture in, 123, 130art and architecture in, 429, 437, 438,
442, 444–445, 448–449as capital of Brazil, 6, 67, 127convents in, 269diocese of, 259French occupation of, 338population of, 41, 169and royal bureaucracy, 163settlement of, 178–179and the slave trade, 116–119, 131in the South Atlantic complex, 114, 118,
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Santa Catarina, 171, 174, 179Santos, 117Sao Francisco River, 125, 129Sao Jorge da Mina, see El MinaSao Luıs, 330Sao Paulo, 183, 241, 246, 309, 314
and agriculture, 116–117and Amerindian slavery, 5, 111, 303art and architecture in, 435and bandeirantes, 303diocese of, 260great families of, 335–339merchants in, 41and the mule trade, 127and paulistas, 6settlement of, 170–171, 179sexual relations and miscegenation in, 5,
188, 292and trade, 116–117
Sao Paulo de Luanda, see LuandaSao Tome and Prıncipe, 21, 111, 148,
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and Africa, 24, 144–145and Amerindians, 292–293, 334with Brazil, 117, 131, 176–177, 330condemnation of, 256duties on, 70and price of slaves, 32, 36, 117traders, 119, 299, 330See also slavery
Smith, Adam, 37smuggling, 75, 81, 98, 116, 294sobas, 152social classes, 81, 148, 225Society of Jesus, see JesuitsSocotra island, 142, 232Sofala, 26, 91, 98, 100, 102, 142, 145–147,
158, 171, 216Solis, Duarte Gomes, 80Solor, 210solteiros, 102–105Somalis, 147Sottomaior, Francisco de Gouveia, 151Sousa, Francisco de, 240Sousa, Luıs Antonio de (Morgado de
Mateus), 127–128Sousa, Martim Afonso de, 233, 293,
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United States, 43, 114, 124, 131, 487Upper Guinea, 109–110, 116, 304 (see also
Guinea)urban planning, 395
Valdelvira, Andres de, 423Valignano, Alessandro, 273–276, 307Van Leur, Jacob, 11Vasco, Grao, 496Vasconcelos, Diogo Mendes de, 319Vasconcelos, Luıs Mendes de, 152Vasconcelos, Simao de, 332Vasconcelos e Sousa, Pedro de (Count of
Castelo Melhor), 242Vatican Basilica, 440Veen, Otto van, 443Velho, Alvaro, 285, 299, 371–372Venice, 103, 189, 222
Verba, Friar Joao de, 320Verbiest, Ferdinand, 500Viamao, 128Vicente, Gil, 363–364Vieira, Antonio, S. J., 5, 115, 300, 329, 344,
382–385Vieira, Joao Fernandes, 243Vijayanagar, 93, 504Vilhena, Filipa de, 407Viterbo, Sousa, 390Voltaire, 336Volta River, 110Vorah, Virji, 89–90
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 11War of the Barbarians, 125War of the Spanish Succession, 68wax, 110Welser (banking house), 103West India Company, 156, 248West Indies, 116, 121, 250, 318, 501, 506West-Indische Compagnie (WIC), see West
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