Top Banner
Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine harvesting methods for bioenergy production Auburn University, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Rafael Santiago – Master’s student Tom Gallagher – Professor Mathew Smidt - Professor Dana Mitchell – Project leader USFS
30

Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Oct 08, 2020

Download

Documents

dariahiddleston
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. todetermine harvesting methods for bioenergy production

Auburn University, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Rafael Santiago – Master’s studentTom Gallagher – ProfessorMathew Smidt - ProfessorDana Mitchell – Project leader USFS

Page 2: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Coal 18%

Natural gas28%

Nuclear 9%

Petroleum35%

Renewables 10%

U.S. Energy consumption (2014): 98.3 Quadrillion BTU

Biomass 50%

Geothermal2%

Solar 4%

Wind, 18%

Hydropower25%

U.S. Renewable Consumption: 9.6 Quadrillion BTU

Source: NREL 2014

Page 3: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Short rotation woody crops (SRWC)

Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material (wood) for energy production purposes.

Intensively-managed plantations

Rotations can be shortened to as little as 3 years due to the ability to coppice. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2011).

Page 4: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Coppice ability:

Page 5: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Challenge: Harvesting multi-stem trees:

• Current absence of specialized machinery.• Generally time consuming

Page 6: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Objectives: The objective of this study is to monitor coppicing development of

SRWC in the southeastern United States.

Specific goals: To determine whether stem crowding and growth of SRWC are

affected by season of harvesting.

To examine how clump dimension could affect subsequent harvesting operations.

To examine the potential differences on the final yield of multi-stem trees versus single-stem coppice trees.

Page 7: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Experimental sites:

Fort Pierce, FL

Little Rock, AR

Methods:

Page 8: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Eucalyptus urograndisEucalyptus

Populus deltoidesCottonwood

Page 9: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Site description:Eucalyptus (Florida):

Density: 1820/ha

Size: 0.8 ha ~2 acres

Age of trees when harvested: 2 years

Harvesting dates:

(Winter plot): December,2013;

(Summer plot): May, 2014

Page 10: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Cottonwood (Arkansas):

Density: 2600/ha

Size: 0.8 ha ~2 acres

Age of trees when harvested: 3 years

Harvesting dates:

(Winter plot): March, 2014;

(Summer plot): June, 2014

Site description:

Page 11: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Evaluation schedule: Growing degree days (GDD)Assessments Location Species GDD ≈ Months

(summer plots)

GDD ≈ Months

(winter plots)

1st

Evaluation

Florida E. urograndis 5460 ≈ 6 2935 ≈ 5

Arkansas P. deltoides 3760 ≈ 7 4440 ≈ 7

2nd

Evaluation

Florida E. urograndis 17,630 ≈ 24 17,190 ≈ 24

Arkansas P. deltoides 11,073 ≈ 23 11,201 ≈ 22

Page 12: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Clump Dimension Analysis• Data collected during second evaluations: 2-year-

old

• 2-dimensional ruler (i.e. X & Y) for data collection

• Each dot represent one stem growing from the same stump.

Page 13: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Grabbing arm limitation:

Grabbing arm

Specifications:

- Length: 76 cm; ~ 30 in

- Height: 1.5 m above ground

Threshold: 76 cm

Companies consulted:

• FECON

• DFM

Page 14: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Data collection:

Growth parameters: Height and DBH

Stump survival

Stem crowding and mortality of stems

Stump damage and stump diameter

Page 15: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Stump mortality

Winter harvest Summer harvest

Age Live stumps

Live stems

Harvesting 431 431

6-month-old

395 1673

2-year-old 393 1042

Age Live stumps

Live stems

Harvesting 435 435

6-month-old

331 1515

2-year-old 329 835

Eucalyptus urograndis:

~10% mortality ~25% mortality~0% mortality ~0% mortality

Results:

Page 16: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Stump mortality

Winter harvest Summer harvest

Age Live stumps

Live stems

Harvesting 401 401

6-month-old

386 1047

2-year-old 383 497

Age Live stumps

Live stems

Harvesting 425 425

6-month-old

207 566

2-year-old 196 288

Populus deltoides:

~10% mortality ~50% mortality~0% mortality ~5% mortality

Page 17: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Stem crowding

Eucalyptus urograndis:

Winter harvest plot Summer harvest plotSINGLE-STEM

10%

DUAL-STEM36%

MULTIPLE54%

SINGLE-STEM DUAL-STEM MULTIPLE

SINGLE-STEM13%

DUAL-STEM36%

MULTIPLE51%

SINGLE-STEM DUAL-STEM MULTIPLE

Page 18: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Stem crowding

Populus deltoides:

Winter harvest plot Summer harvest plot

SINGLE-STEM77%

DUAL-STEM18%

MULTIPLE5%

SINGLE-STEM DUAL-STEM MULTIPLE

SINGLE-STEM64%

DUAL-STEM28%

MULTIPLE 8%

SINGLE-STEM DUAL-STEM MULTIPLE

Page 19: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Clump dimension

Eucalyptus urograndis:

ChallengeCriteria Stump counting> 76 cm 4

Percentage 1%

Operation Distance apart (cm)Max 118

Median 33Mean 34Mode 25

Summer harvest plot

Operation Distance apart (cm)

Max 135Median 33Mean 35Mode 25

ChallengeCriteria Stump counting> 76 cm 4

Percentage 1%

Winter harvest plot

Page 20: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Clump dimensionPopulus deltoides:

Summer harvest plotWinter harvest plotOperation Distance apart (cm)

Max 69Median 23Mean 27Mode 23

Operation Distance apart (cm)Max 116

Median 30Mean 32Mode 30

ChallengeCriteria Stump counting> 76 cm 0

Percentage 0%

ChallengeCriteria Stump counting> 76 cm 2

Percentage 1%

Page 21: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Species Harvesting season

Total no

stems DBH (cm) Height (m) SD. DBH SD. Height

E. urograndisSummer 835 5.50 ± 0.16 10.94 ± 0.19 2.40 2.85

Winter 1042 5.73 ± 0.13 12.7 ± 0.19 2.20 3.16

P. deltoidesSummer 288 2.01 ± 0.15 3.70 ± 0.14 1.27 1.23Winter 497 3.03 ± 0.10 5.27 ± 0.12 1.24 1.38

*CI of means generated at α = 0.05

DBH and height means of stems by harvesting season at age 2:

Growth Parameters & Yield

Page 22: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Species Harvesting season

Final yield (m3/hectare) Mean (m3/stem) Mean

(m3/stump)

E. urograndisSummer 32.82 0.0159 ± 0.0009 0.0403 ± 0.0029

Winter 48.19 0.0187 ± 0.0008 0.0496 ± 0.0026

P. deltoidesSummer 1.68 0.0025 ± 0.0001 0.0036 ± 0.0003

Winter 4.67 0.0037 ± 0.0001 0.0049 ± 0.0002

Growth Parameters & Yield

*CI of means generated at α = 0.05

Yield results per species and season of harvesting:

Page 23: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Yield at stump level

0.02540.0393

0.04940.0620

0.0785

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

1 2 3 4 5

Vol

ume

per

Stu

mp

(m

3)

Stem Crowding Classes (stems per stump)

E. urograndis

Least Squares Means for effect stems_stumpPr > |t| for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j)Dependent Variable: Volume/stump

i/j 1 2 3 4 51 0.0002 <.0001 <.0001 <.00012 0.0002 <.0001 <.0001 <.00013 <.0001 <.0001 0.0001 0.00054 <.0001 <.0001 0.0001 0.16785 <.0001 <.0001 0.0005 0.1678

*The p-values found at the encounter of columns i and j represent the significance of the means being compared. That is, if p-value > 0.05, the means from the classes in each column being compared are not statistically different.

Page 24: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Yield at stump level

0.0034

0.0065

0.0095

0.0123

0.000

0.003

0.006

0.009

0.012

0.015

1 2 3 4

Vol

ume

per

Stu

mp

(m

3)

Stems Crowding Classes (stems per stump)

P. deltoides

*The p-values found at the encounter of columns i and j represent the significance of the means being compared. That is, if p-value > 0.05, the means from the classes in each column being compared are not statistically different.

Least Squares Means for effect stems_stumpPr > |t| for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j)Dependent Variable: Volume/stump

i/j 1 2 3 4

1 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001

2 <.0001 <.0001 <.00013 <.0001 <.0001 0.0015

4 <.0001 <.0001 0.0015

Page 25: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Yield at stem level

0.02540.0196

0.0165 0.0155 0.0151

00.0050.01

0.0150.02

0.0250.03

0.0350.04

1 2 3 4 5Vol

ume

per

stem

(m3)

Stems Crowding Classes (stems per stump)

E. urograndis

Least Squares Means for effect stems_stumpPr > |t| for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j)Dependent Variable: Volume/stem

i/j 1 2 3 4 51 0.0002 <.0001 <.0001 0.0095

2 0.0002 0.0051 0.0058 0.5545

3 <.0001 0.0051 0.9322 0.9918

4 <.0001 0.0058 0.9322 1

5 0.0095 0.5545 0.9918 1

*The p-values found at the encounter of columns i and j represent the significance of the means being compared. That is, if p-value > 0.05, the means from the classes in each column being compared are not statistically different.

Page 26: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Yield at stem level

0.0034 0.0032 0.0032 0.0030

0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

1 2 3 4

Vol

ume

per

stem

(m

3)

Stems Crowding Classes (stems per stump)

P. deltoides

Least Squares Means for effect stems_stumpPr > |t| for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j)Dependent Variable: Volume/stump

i/j 1 2 3 4

1 0.7595 0.8956 0.8075

2 0.7595 0.9961 0.94643 0.8956 0.9961 0.9871

4 0.8075 0.9464 0.9871

*The p-values found at the encounter of columns i and j represent the significance of the means being compared. That is, if p-value > 0.05, the means from the classes in each column being compared are not statistically different.

Page 27: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Conclusions:

Once successfully coppiced, stump mortality is minimal.

Higher above ground volume in winter plots of both species.

Season of harvest did not affect stem crowding nor clump dimension.

Page 28: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

With both species and seasons of harvest we noted that harvesting multi-stem coppiced trees with current technology is feasible.

Yield results showed that the accumulation of stems per stump will increase the final volume, without necessarily decreasing the size of the stems.

Conclusions:

Page 29: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Acknowledgments:

Page 30: Coppicing evaluation in the Southeast U.S. to determine ... Gallangher for santiago.… · Short rotation woody crops (SRWC) Plantations established to grow lignocellulosic material

Questions: