1 Final Project Report COPPER CONTRIBUTIONS TO FIGHT CLIMATE CHANGE ESTIMATES FOR LATIN AMERICA COUNTRIES International Energy Initiative (IEI) Team Prof. Dr. Gilberto M. Jannuzzi - Coordinator Dr. Conrado A. Melo - Technical Consultant Prepared for International Copper Association (ICA) and Procobre – Instituto Brasileiro do Cobre
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1
FinalProjectReport
COPPERCONTRIBUTIONSTOFIGHTCLIMATECHANGE
ESTIMATES FOR LATIN AMERICA COUNTRIES
International Energy Initiative (IEI) Team
Prof. Dr. Gilberto M. Jannuzzi - Coordinator
Dr. Conrado A. Melo - Technical Consultant
Prepared for International Copper Association (ICA)
11.3. Air conditioning ................................................................................................. 33
11.4. Solar water heating ........................................................................................... 33
11.5. Distribution transformers .................................................................................. 34
3
ListofTables
Table 1 – Project Scope: equipment, countries and type of study. .................................. 9
Table 2 – Relation between the use of copper and efficiency of 22kW electric induction motors ........................................................................................................................... 14
Table 3 – Electric motors’ market in Brazil and Mexico ................................................. 14
Table 4 – Distribution of single-phase transformers according to power in Brazil (2007) ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Table 5 – Distribution of three-phase transformers according to power in Brazil (2007) 15
Table 6 – European parameters for losses and use of copper in distribution transformers .................................................................................................................. 15
Table 7 – Relation between the use of copper and efficiency for distribution transformers .................................................................................................................. 15
Table 8 – Copper increment in 15kV single-phase transformers to reduce losses by 20% ............................................................................................................................... 17
Table 9 – Copper increment in 15kV three-phase transformers to reduce losses by 20% ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Table 10 – Additional use of copper, per component, in a 480 liters refrigerator ........... 18
Table 11 – Additional use copper per installed capacity of renewable generation sources .......................................................................................................................... 19
Table 13 – Technical coefficients for CO2 mitigation per equipment type ...................... 20
Table 14 – Technical coefficients for CO2 mitigation per additional kg of cooper .......... 20
Table 15 – Technical coefficients for CO2 mitigation: renewable generation technologies ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Table 16 – Results of CO2 mitigation: final use of energy technologies (tons of CO2/year) ....................................................................................................................... 21
Table 17 – Results of annual CO2 mitigation program with renewable generation (tons of CO2/year) ................................................................................................................... 22
Table 18 – Assumptions of programs coverage: Three Phase Electric Motors ............. 30
Table 19 – Assumptions of programs coverage: Distribution Transformers .................. 30
Table 20 – Assumptions of programs coverage: Refrigerators ...................................... 30
Table 21 – Assumptions of programs coverage: Air Conditioning ................................. 31
Table 22 – Assumptions of programs coverage: Solar Heating ..................................... 31
Table 23 – Results of the CO2 mitigation program for electric motors: in millions of tons ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 24 – Results of the CO2 mitigation program for refrigerators: in millions of tons .. 32
Table 25 – Results of the CO2 mitigation program for air-conditioning sets: in millions of tons ................................................................................................................................ 33
Table 26 – Results of the CO2 mitigation program for solar heaters: in millions of tons 33
Table 27 – Estimates for distribution transformers: study of potential ........................... 34
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ListofFigures
Figure 1 – Loss reduction curves due to copper increment in transformers .................. 16
Figure 2 – Brazil: Domestic offer of electricity by source type - 2009 ............................ 26
Figure 3 – Mexico: Domestic offer of electricity by source type - 2009 .......................... 26
Figure 4 – Peru: Domestic offer of electricity by source type - 2009 .............................. 27
Figure 5 – Chile: Domestic offer of electricity by source type - 2009 ............................. 28
Figure 6 – Argentina: Domestic offer of electricity by source type - 2009 ...................... 28
Figure 7 – Colombia: Domestic offer of electricity by source type - 2009 ...................... 29
Figure 8 – Average CO2 emissions’ factor of electric systems: 2000 – 2009 ................. 29
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1. ExecutiveSummary
This project has the objective to estimate the contribution of the additional use of copper
in electrical equipment and power generation in reducing CO2 emissions. The study was
developed considering the introduction of more efficient electric equipment, solar water
heaters, and the contribution given by electricity generation using renewable sources in
Latin America1 countries. These two components employ technologies that have a
higher copper content when compared to the conventional technologies they replace.
The analysis comprised different periods depending on the start of fomenting and
diffusion activities of the appraised technologies, which, basically, started in 2005. The
results are presented in annual basis.
Estimates were based on indicators relating the copper content and the equipment
energy efficiency. For the renewable sources, we used factors relating the copper
content of selected technologies per unit capacity. Estimates of emissions’ reduction
with the introduction of these technologies were based on sales information of efficient
equipment and on the characteristics of each country electric system. The methodology
and assumptions used are detailed in Chapters 4 and 5 and Appendixes 1 and 2.
Table A shows the different contributions of each additional kilogram of copper applied
in building more efficient electric equipment, solar heaters, and renewable power
generation in the analyzed countries. As could be expected, countries employing a
higher share of thermal generation using fossil sources have the most significant
indicators on impacts’ mitigation. Such is the case of Mexico, Argentina, and Chile.
Electric motors are the items that exhibit the higher reduction of emissions per unit,
followed by refrigerators and air conditioners.
Table A – Technical CO2 mitigation coefficients per kg of additional copper
Country Electric Motors Refrigerators Air Conditioning Solar Heating Wind SHPs Biomass Solar PV
Tons of CO2/additional kg of copper/year
Argentina 0.491 0.128 0.099 ‐
0.224 0.798 1.166 0.048
Brazil 0.126 0.033 0.025 0.004 0.057 0.202 0.295 0.012
Peru 0.281 0.073 0.056 0.033 0.135 0.480 0.702 0.029
1 Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru.
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Emissions’ reduction for each equipment is given in Table B. The penetration of each
efficient motor in Mexico reduces CO2 emission by 412 kg/year while in Brazil this
factor is 82 kg/year. It can be verified that for each equipment unit, solar water heaters
provide the largest contribution to emissions reductions in countries that, according to
the assumptions, use natural gas for domestic water heating.
Table B – Technical coefficients for CO2 mitigation, per equipment
Country Electric Motor Refrigerator Air Conditioning Solar Heating1
Tons of CO2/equipment/ year
Argentina 0.31959 0.04867 0.07699 0.66759
Brazil 0.08194 0.01248 0.01974 0.07147
Chile 0.30717 0.04678 0.07399 0.66759
Colombia 0.14366 0.02188 0.03461 0.66759
Mexico 0.41248 0.07852 0.12420 0.66759
Peru 0.18290 0.02785 0.04406 0.66759 1 In Brazil solar heaters replace electric showers, for other countries it was
assumed that this technology replaces direct natural gas burning.
The total annual savings of electric energy, per country and equipment, are presented in
Table C. Brazil is the country where the dissemination of efficient technologies provides
the highest amount of electricity conservation (about 2 TWh/year) stressing the
penetration of efficient electric motors, which accounts for energy savings of 1.2 TWh
yearly. Solar water heating technologies in Mexico represent a total saving of 16,800
tons of natural gas.
Table C – Annual results of energy conservation
Country Electric Motor Refrigerators Air Conditioning Solar Heating
GWh/year GWh/year GWh/year
Argentina 16.2 59.4 26.0 ‐
Brazil 1,213.5 580.8 120.1 166.3 GWh/year
Chile 11.7 16.2 6.6 2,321.0 (Tons of NG)
Colombia 29.4 42.6 8.8 ‐
Mexico 723.2 374.9 68.9 16,885.0 (Tons of NG)
Peru 9.4 17.8 1.3 2,343.0
(Tons of NG)
7
Table D shows the annual results of CO2 emissions mitigation. Among the analyzed
countries, Mexico represents 72% of the total CO2 reduction. In both countries, Brazil
and Mexico, the most important equipment was more efficient motors, followed by
refrigerators. However, in other countries, the situation was different, with refrigerators
and solar heaters being more important in Argentina, Chile and Peru.
Table D – Results of CO2 mitigation: energy end‐use technologies (CO2 tons/year)
Country Electric Motors Refrigerators Air Conditioning Solar Heating Total
Argentina 5,983 21,901 9,585 ‐ 37,468
Brazil 114,714 54,904 11,349 15,723 196,690
Chile 4,147 5,730 2,353 7,043 19,273
Colombia 4,870 7,055 1,453 ‐ 13,379
Mexico 430,213 222,993 40,987 51,237 745,430
Peru 1,975 3,760 264 7,110 13,110
Total 561,902 316,344 65,992 81,113 1,025,350
The contribution of renewable sources to emissions' reduction is even larger, as can be
seen in Table E. Although Brazil has a very low emission factor compared with other
countries, the country was the largest contributor due to its higher installed capacity.
Generation using biomass is the main source to contribute towards emissions’
reduction.
Table E – Results of annual CO2 mitigation taking renewable generation into account: (CO2 tons/year)
Country Wind SHP Biomass Solar Photovoltaic Total
Brazil 232,165 1,633,169 3,417,274 2,126 5,284,735
Argentina 17,106 606,224 1,007,575 4,198 1,635,104
Chile 11,497 260,485 238,555 ‐ 510,536
Mexico 76,470 966,631 546,539 10,121 1,599,761
Colombia 4,478 327,358 81,523 183 413,542
Peru 236 201,640 64,855 935 267,666
Total 341,952 3,995,508 5,356,321 17,563 9,711,344
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2. Introduction
Technological innovation of electric equipment and devices have produced significant
improvement concerning energy-efficiency gain, which, on its turn, have an enormous
potential for environmental gain in Greenhouse Gases (GHG) mitigation. These
innovations are, in many cases, directly related to application of additional copper. For
instance, electric motors' gain in energy performance for each additional kilogram of
copper used in them allows the reduction of 3 tons of CO2e emission2, in comparison to
equipment with less intensive copper use. Emissions’ balance is very positive, as in the
production phase of these devices; the use of additional copper is responsible for only 3
kg of CO2e emissions (Keulenaer et al 2006). This means a return factor of 1000 times
in mitigation benefits provided by these applications throughout their lives (Copper
2006). Furthermore, it shall be noted that at the end of the equipment lifetime, its copper
content can be recycled and used in another application.
2 All greenhouse gases are converted into equivalent quantities of CO2 contribution to the atmospheric warming. Thus, for example, one ton of methane (CH4), which has an effect 21 times that of carbon dioxide, is equivalent to 21 tons of CO2.
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3. Objective
This study objective is to evaluate the contribution of using copper, and the consequent
increase in energetic efficiency, to fight climate changes. The study intends to diagnose
and account for the impacts of CO2, the main Greenhouse Gas (GHG), mitigation in
selected Latin America countries, considering: a) the use of more efficient technologies
into electrical equipment manufacturing, b) the use of solar water heaters, and c)
electricity generation by renewable sources, as wind, biomass, small hydropower plants
(SHP), and solar photovoltaic. Furthermore, an evaluation was developed for the
potential impact of an improvement in losses' reduction of distribution transformers.
Table 1 shows the list of evaluated equipment, countries, and type of study3.
Table 1 – Project Scope: equipment, countries and type of study.
Equipment Assessed Countries Type of Study
Electric motors Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru Evaluation of impacts
Distribution transformers Brazil Study of potential
Refrigerators Brazil, Chile and Mexico. Evaluation of impacts
Air conditioners Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru Evaluation of impacts
Renewable energy(*) Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru Evaluation of impacts
Solar water heating Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru Evaluation of impacts
Note: (*) Biomass, wind, solar photovoltaic and small hydro (SHP).
3 Additionally, the likely contribution of the programs fomented by the ICA LA for energy savings and emissions' reduction was also estimated. (See Appendix 3, page 25).
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4. Methodology
To develop the project, two analysis steps were taken, as described below.
Evaporator (suction line tip + capillary) 166.72 203.40 36.68
Compressor 1,300.00 1,586.00 286.00
Total 1,757.00 2,143.00 386.45
Source: National manufacturer ‐ Private information
5.4. Airconditioning
Air conditioners are used for treatment of indoor air. Such treatment consists in
regulating the quality of the indoor air, i.e., its temperature, humidity, cleanness and
movement. For this purpose, the air conditioning system may include air heating,
cooling, humidification, renewal, filtering, and ventilation functions applied to the
ambient air.
No studies were found referring the relation between use of additional copper and
energy efficiency of air conditioners. A standard equipment of 17,700 BTU/hr. contains
about 3.64 kg of copper. For its installation there is an additional demand of 1.56 kg,
which totals 5.2 kg of copper per installed equipment.
5.5. Renewableenergy
In relation to electricity generation from renewable sources, the following technologies
are considered: wind, small hydropower (SHP), biomass and solar PV. Concentrated
solar photovoltaic technology was not considered, because it is not yet used in Latin
America. Table 11 shows the use of copper per MW of installed capacity for each of
these technologies. Table 12 shows the installed capacity for each considered country.
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Table 11 – Additional use copper per installed capacity of renewable generation sources
Technology
Copper demand per technology
Wind 2.5 tons of copper/MW
SHPs 2.0 tons of copper/MW
Biomass 1.2 tons of copper/MW
Photovoltaic 8.8 tons of copper/MW
Source: Leonardo Energy and KEMA, 2009
Table 12 – Installed capacity of renewable generation sources
Country Wind
(MW)
SHP
(MW)
Biomass
(MW)
Photovoltaic
(MW)
Total
(MW)
Brazil 1,638* 4,043 9,644* 20 10,879
Argentina 31 380 720 10 1,141
Chile 20 159 166 0 345
Mexico 85 377 243 15 720
Colombia 18 472 134 1 625
Peru 1 210 77 4 291
Total 1,591 5,641 6,720 50 14,001
Source: Jannuzzi et al, 2010 *Values updated according to www.aneel.gov.br/
5.6. Solarwaterheating
Collecting plates are responsible for absorption of solar radiation. Heat from the sun, captured
by the solar heater plates, is transferred to water circulating inside copper tubing.
A basic water heating system using solar energy consists of solar collector plates and a thermal
reservoir (boiler). The thermal reservoir, also known as boiler, is a container to store heated
water. It is built in copper, steel or polypropylene cylinders, insulated with CFC-free
polyurethane foam, which does not harm the ozone layer. It stores the heated water for later
use. The cold water tank feeds the solar heater thermal reservoir, keeping it full. On the
average, it is known that each installed square meter of solar heaters demands 5kg of copper.
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6. Results
Table 13 shows technical mitigation coefficients for CO2 emissions provided by the
introduction of one end use unit of energy efficient technology. As shown in Equation 2
(Section 4.1), besides depending on the difference in energy consumption between the
so-called standard and efficient technologies, these coefficients depended of the
electrical systems losses and also of the assessed countries' energy matrix. Thus,
these coefficients reflect, to some extent, the carbon content embedded in the countries’
energy matrix. It is noteworthy that replacing direct burning of natural gas with solar
water heaters has the highest mitigation coefficient7.
Table 13 – Technical coefficients for CO2 mitigation per equipment type
Country Electric Motors Refrigerators Air Conditioning Solar Heating1
Tons. of CO2/equipment/year
Argentina 0.31959 0.04867 0.07699 0.66759
Brazil 0.08194 0.01248 0.01974 0.07147
Chile 0.30717 0.04678 0.07399 0.66759
Colombia 0.14366 0.02188 0.03461 0.66759
Mexico 0.41248 0.07852 0.12420 0.66759
Peru 0.18290 0.02785 0.04406 0.66759 1
In Brazil, solar heaters replace electric showers and in other countries, this technology replaces direct burning of natural gas.
From the technical coefficients shown in Table 13 and the assessment of copper
content presented in Chapter 5, Table 14 shows CO2 mitigation coefficients per kg of
copper added to the efficient equipment.
Table 14 – Technical coefficients for CO2 mitigation per additional kg of cooper
Country Electric Motors Refrigerators Air Conditioning Solar Heating
Tons. of CO2/kg of additional copper/year
Argentina 0.491 0.128 0.099 0.033
Brazil 0.126 0.033 0.025 0.004
Chile 0.471 0.123 0.095 0.033
Colombia 0.221 0.058 0.044 0.033
Mexico 0.614 0.207 0.159 0.033
Peru 0.281 0.073 0.056 0.033
7 In this case, estimates consider solar heaters with 4m2 of area replace 220m3 of natural gas per year.
21
Table 15 shows CO2 emissions mitigation coefficients for renewable generation, already
considering each country characteristics (Appendix 1) and the considerations
introduced by equations 3 and 4, of Section 4.2.
Table 15 – Technical coefficients for CO2 mitigation: renewable generation technologies
Country Wind SHP Biomass Solar PV
Tons of CO2/Installed MW/year
Brazil 141.7 403.9 354.3 106.3
Argentina 559.8 1,595.3 1,399.4 419.8
Chile 574.8 1,638.3 1,437.1 431.1
Mexico 899.7 2,564.0 2,249.1 674.7
Colombia 243.4 693.6 608.4 182.5
Peru 336.9 960.2 842.3 252.7
Table 16 shows the results of CO2 emissions mitigation estimates resulting from annual
sale of efficient equipment. The major mitigation impact due to the introduction of
efficient equipment among the analyzed countries occurs in Mexico, where every year
some 750 thousand tons of carbon are avoided to be emitted into the atmosphere.
Table 16 – Results of CO2 mitigation: final use of energy technologies (tons of CO2/year)
Country Electric Motors Refrigerators Air Conditioning Solar Heating Total
Argentina 5,983 21,901 9,585 ‐ 37,468
Brazil 114,714 54,904 11,349 15,723 196,690
Chile 4,147 5,730 2,353 7,043 19,273
Colombia 4,870 7,055 1,453 ‐ 13,379
Mexico 430,213 222,993 40,987 51,237 745,430
Peru 1,975 3,760 264 7,110 13,110
Total 561,902 316,344 65,992 81,113 1,025,350
Unconventional renewable generation (excluding hydropower) is still insignificant in
Latin America. In this case mitigation estimates are based on the effective generation by
these renewable sources. The comparison is made against a scenario of absence of
these sources and their substitution by conventional generation (using each country
generation mix matrix).
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Table 17 shows the results of these estimates for wind power, small hydro, biomass and
photovoltaic generation. According to the estimates each year 9.7 million tons of CO2
emissions are mitigated due to the installed capacity of these types of renewable
generation. Over one-half of this mitigation comes from Brazil, a country that, despite
having an average factor of CO2 emissions lower than other countries, has a higher
installed capacity of these types of sources.
Table 17 – Results of annual CO2 mitigation program with renewable generation (tons of CO2/year)
Country Wind SHP Biomass Solar PV Total
Brazil 232,165 1,633,169 3,417,274 2,126 5,284,735
Argentina 17,106 606,224 1,007,575 4,198 1,635,104
Chile 11,497 260,485 238,555 0 510,536
Mexico 76,470 966,631 546,539 10,121 1,599,761
Colombia 4,478 327,358 81,523 183 413,542
Peru 236 201,640 64,855 935 267,666
Total 341,952 3,995,508 5,356,321 17,563 9,711,344
Note: Values calculated using the technical coefficients (Table 15)
Appendix 1 shows the characterization study of electric matrixes and respective CO2
emission factors of the analyzed countries. Appendix 2 depicts other parameters and
assumptions underlying the estimates. Appendix 3 gives the ICA LA activities
contribution estimates in the markets of studied countries.
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7. Conclusions
The paper presented a methodology to estimate the impact of CO2 emissions' mitigation
resulting from the diffusion of efficient use of electricity, due to the substitution of natural
gas by solar heaters and also due to the increased participation of renewable
generation sources (wind, small hydro, biomass and solar photovoltaic). This
methodology allowed the elaboration of technical coefficients that can produce
estimates for a market evaluation (for total annual sales or a part thereof) and, for
renewable generation capacity, of CO2 emissions’ mitigation impacts. Also, the study
presented technical coefficients relating mitigation impacts and the corresponding
additional copper for energy end use equipment.
These coefficients and the estimated penetration rates of efficient equipment in
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Colombia and Peru markets were used to estimate the
total reduction in CO2 emissions. These coefficients directly reflect the electricity
generation matrix of the assessed countries. In this sense, a higher coefficient value
indicates a larger participation of fossil sources (oil and oil products, natural gas, coal).
Based on these coefficients, and on annual sales’ market data of more efficient
technologies, annual impacts were estimated in terms of energy conservation. In the
electricity sector, 3.5 TWh is saved annually due to introduction of efficient electrical
equipment. The case of Brazil is noteworthy, for the country participates with about 2
TWh per annum to this total. The substitution of natural gas heaters by solar heaters
also resulted in significant impacts that correspond annually to a saving of about 21,400
tons of natural gas.
In terms of CO2 emissions’ mitigation the results were quite significant, particularly in
countries whose energy matrix is more carbon intensive. The penetration of
technologies for energy-efficient end use is responsible for mitigating annually about 1
million tons of CO2, in the countries analyzed with Mexico alone accounting for 72% of
the total.
The impact of renewable generation is even greater, with some 9.7 million tons of CO2
avoided emissions into the atmosphere annually. Although the Brazilian emissions’
factor is very low compared to other countries, the country was the major contributor
due to its higher installed capacity. Generation from biomass has the larger participation
in reducing emissions.
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