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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty
@ naepkmxjty snjminm%jigaremh `ppra`nf ta nrjsjs e`i`dmemit
E`stmr Xfmsjs
\ur Mrk`iduid hms `c`hmejsnfmi Dr`hms
E`stmr ag @rts ji Ousjimss
hmr G`nffanfsnfukm GF N`epus Tjmi
E`stmrstuhjmid`id< _jsc E`i`dmemit uih Narpar`tm mnurjty
Mjidmrmjnft vai0)?)?) Mxpmrt survmy Xfm st`tm ag nrjsjs e`i`dmemit )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))08
0)>) Naepkmxjty tfmarjms+ naepkmx systmes `ih imtwarcs )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))0:0)>)0) Naepkmx @h`ptjvm ^ystmes ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))?20)>)?) Rrjinjpkms ag naepkmx systmes ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))??0)>)>) Tfy imtwarcs e`ttmr ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))>4
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>) _mtfjicjid Nrjsjs E`i`dmemit grae ` naepkmxjty pmrspmntjvm ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))76>)0) Ard`ijs`tjai `ih strunturm )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))76
>)0)0) Hjstrjoutmh naitrak )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))76
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6
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>)?) Jigare`tjai d`tfmrjid `ih hmnjsjai e`cjid ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4?>)?)0) Jitmri`k naitmxt )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4?>)?)?) Mxtmri`k naitmxt ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4>>)?)>) Jep`nt `ih Xrjddmrs ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))48>)?)8) _mspaism aptjais )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4=>)?)=) Naeeuijn`tjai )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4=>)?)7) _mvjmw ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))4=
8 Nainkusjais gar Nrjsjs E`i`dmemit ji naepkmx mivjraiemits ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))46@iimx @< Mxpmrt jitmrvjmws )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))62@iimx O< Mxpmrt survmy ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):0@iimx N< Jitmrvjmw qumstjaii`jrm ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):7Kjst ag gjdurms ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))):6Kjst ag t`okms )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))022Kjst ag rmgmrminms 020
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty Jitrahuntjai
R`dm | 0
Jitrahuntjai
@haptjid ` naepkmxjty pmrspmntjvm f`s jepart`it S)))U jepk jn`tjais wjtf wfjnfe`i`dmemit rmsm`rnfmrs `ih pr`ntjtjaimrs `kjcm eust naem ta tmres S)))U `ih patmitj`kkynf`idm e`i`dmemit mhun`tjai ji naismquminm)
0
Jssums `ih nurrmit st`tm ag ciawkmhdm
Aur nurrmit+ haeji`it warkh vjmw tf`t uihmrpjis east e`jistrm`e snfaaks ag tfaudft ji
mnaiaejns+ pakjny%e`cjid+ e`i`dmemit+ mhun`tjai `ih hmvmkapemit stjkk nmitrms ai tfm
emnf`ijstjn jhm` tf`t tfm warkh js aolmntjvm+ em`sur`okm+ prmhjnt`okm+ `ih naitrakk`okm+
hmspjtm `keast avmrwfmkejid mvjhminm ta tfm naitr`ry)? @s e`i`dmrs+ naisukt`its+
mxmnutjvms `ih hmnjsjai e`cmrs+ aur warkh vjmw tmkks us tf`t tfm warkh guintjais kjcm `
sapfjstjn`tmh e`nfjim+ ta om uihmrstaah kjcm ` tmxtoaac midjimmrjid praokme3 ji atfmr warhs+kjcm ` faem `ppkj`inm+ iat kjcm tfm fue`i oahy)> Aur e`i`dmemit systmes `ih pk`is `rm
vmry eunf oujkt ai tfm jkkusjai ag uihmrst`ih`okm rmk`tjais omtwmmi n`usm `ih mggmnt+ `ih+
djvmi ` suggjnjmit `eauit ag h`t`+ omjid `okm ta prmhjnt hmvmkapemits+ pk`i str`tmdjn`kky `ih
prmp`rm ard`ijs`tjais gar nrjsms o`smh ai tfmsm prmhjntjais) @nnarhjid ta X`kmo+
/narpar`tjais `rm ji kavm wjtf tfm jhm` ag tfm str`tmdjn pk`i)/8 Fawmvmr+ tfmrm js ia mvjhminm
tf`t str`tmdjn pk`iijid warcs `s `hvan`tmh3 jihmmh+ tfmrm smmes ta om mvjhminm `d`jist jt)
Tjkkj`e ^t`rounc f`s puokjsfmh euktjpkm p`pmrs qumstjaijid tfm mggmntjvmimss ag pk`iijid+
wfjnf+ o`smh ai fjs gjihjids+ e`cms tfm narpar`tjai aptjai%okjih+ omnaejid kancmh jita `
iai%appartuijstjn naursm ag `ntjai)=
Im`rky ?22 ym`rs `da+ K`pk`nm nrm`tmh fjs g`eaus hmeai
?ng) @kkmiOauktai ?200+ p) 07=
> ng) X`kmo ?20?o+ pp) N0
8X`kmo ?20?`+ p) ?>8
=ng) X`kmo ?20?`+ p) ?>8
7K`pk`nm 060: 3+ p) ?86
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty Jitrahuntjai
R`dm | ?
@ktfaudf tmnfiakady `ih h`t`%pranmssjid n`p`ojkjtjms jinrm`sm `t `i uiprmnmhmitmh p`nm+
wm `rm iat n`p`okm ag sunf K`pk`nm%msqum jitmkkjdminm `ih p`r`haxjn`kky+ tfm mxpaimitj`k
jinrm`sm ji jitmrnaiimntjvjty+ naeeuijn`tjai tmnfiakady `ih dkao`kjs`tjai ji dmimr`k f`s kmh
i`tur`k snjmitjsts+ pfjkasapfmrs `ih e`i`dmemit snfak`rs ta rmnadijsm tf`t
0>OurstmjiFaks`ppkm ?226+ p) 4
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty Jitrahuntjai
R`dm | 8
pmrnmptjai ag nrjsjs e`i`dmemit grae purmky ganusmh ai past%jep`nt rmspaism ta ` earm
jitmdr`k+ euktj%hjsnjpkji`ry `ppra`nf+ mepf`sjsjid tfm euktjpkm hjemisjais jivakvmh ji `
nrjsjs) Xfjs wjkk mi`okm ard`ijs`tjais iat aiky ta omnaem raoust `ih rmsjkjmit ta mxtmri`k `ih
jitmri`k sfancs+ out uktje`tmky ta omimgjt grae vak`tjkjty) @ naepkmxjty%o`smh `ppra`nf
mepf`sjsms gkmxjojkjty avmr st`ih`rhjsmh ar prm%pk`iimh rmspaisms ta tfrm`ts) @ dmimr`k
naismisus `eaidst snfak`rs `ih `n`hmejns n`kkjid gar ` imw `ppra`nf ta nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit js ta swjtnf grae ` emnf`ijn`k ar `i `rnfjtmntur`k ta ` earm ojakadjn`k
`ppra`nf ta rm`h+ smjzm+ `ih f`ihkm memrdjid nrjsms)08
Gurtfmrearm+ tfjs tfmsjs `jes ta mxpk`ji fjdfky sunnmssguk nrjsjs e`i`dmemit str`tmdjms oy
`ssmssjid systmes tf`t n`i nk`je kaid%tmre mggjn`njausimss) Oy `i`kysjid ojakadjn`k `ih
atfmr naepkmx imtwarcs+ tfjs tfmsjs aggmrs suddmstjais ai faw ard`ijs`tjais n`i hr`w
kmssais grae tfm pmre`imit `h`pt`tjai pranmss ag sunf imtwarcs+ o`smh ai tfm dmimr`kjtjmsag tfmsm imtwarcs prapmrtjms)@s st`tmh oy Pujkk+ tfmrm S`rmU uijvmrs`k prjinjpkms tf`t `ppky ta
hjggmrmit imtwarcs tf`t snjmitjgjn`kky S`rmU naepkmtmky uirmk`tmh out e`tfme`tjn`kky S`rmU
gakkawjid tfm s`em `rnfjtmntur`k prjinjpkms)0= Xfmsm naeeai imtwarc omf`vjaurs naukh aggmr
mxnjtjid jisjdfts gar e`i`dmemit tfmarjms ih guturm rmsm`rnf)
Oy jinarpar`tjid mepjrjn`k mxpmrt jitmrvjmws wjtf jihjvjhu`ks ji tfm gjmkhs ag `n`hmej` `ih
ard`ijs`tjai`k nrjsjs e`i`dmemit+ tfjs tfmsjs `ksa `jes ta hmsnrjom tfm mxtmit ta wfjnf
naepkmxjty snjminm js `krm`hy jepkmemitmh+ ar `t km`st `nciawkmhdmh+ wjtfji rjsc `ih nrjsjse`i`dmemit+ `ih naisakjh`tm tfm tfmarmtjn`k gjihjids grae naepkmxjty snjminm `ih snjminm
ag naepkmx imtwarcs wjtf tfm pr`ntjn`kjtjms ag nrjsjs e`i`dmemit) Xfjs js `nfjmvmh oy
pravjhjid ` naepkmxjty%jigaremh pratanak gar `itjnjp`tjai+ `h`pt`tjai `ih &naepkmxjty*
`osarptjai hurjid nrjsjs sjtu`tjais)
Gji`kky+ tfjs tfmsjs fjdfkjdfts `rm`s gar gurtfmr ji%hmptf rmsm`rnf ji v`rjaus hjggmrmit
hjsnjpkjims)
08R`r`scmv`s ?227+ p) 6:8
0=Pujkk ?20?+ p) 06
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty Jitrahuntjai
R`dm | =
Emtfahakady `ih strunturm ag tfm tfmsjs
Kjtmr`turm rmvjmw
@ hmt`jkmh kjtmr`turm rmvjmw `ih naep`rjsai ag tfmarjms `ih eahmks ag naepkmxjty w`snaihuntmh wjtf tfm `je ag nrm`tjid ` o`smkjim uihmrst`ihjid ag tfm hmgjijtjais `ih prjinjpkms
`rauih naepkmxjty) Xfjs smntjai `ksa jinkuhms ` sfart nf`ptmr `i`kysjid tfm hmgjijtjai ag `
nrjsjs `ih `i avmrvjmw ag tfm nurrmit `ppra`nf ta ard`ijs`tjai`k nrjsjs e`i`dmemit)
Tjtf tfm dmimr`k prjinjpkms ag naepkmxjty tfmrmoy mst`okjsfmh+ nkasm mx`eji`tjai ag aim suo%
hjsnjpkjim wjtfji tfm wjhm gjmkh ag naepkmxjty snjminm wjkk om prmsmitmh+ mx`ejijid imtwarc
snjminm `ih hmsnrjojid faw imtwarcs omf`vm uihmr nrjsjs)
Xfjs smntjai js gakkawmh oy ` nf`ptmr hmsnrjojid dmimrjn eahmks ji napjid wjtf naepkmxjty+ganusjid ai eahmks tf`t `rm sjepkm `ih+ tfmrmgarm+ patmitj`kky tr`isgmrr`okm ta ard`ijs`tjai`k
nrjsjs e`i`dmemit)
Mepjrjn`k stuhy
Xfm mepjrjn`k smntjai ag tfjs tfmsjs naisjsts ag ` hu`k%g`nmtmh `ppra`nf)
Mxpmrt survmy
Gjrstky+ ` survmy w`s naihuntmh ta jispmnt faw tfaraudfky naepkmxjty js uihmrstaah oy smijarnrjsjs e`i`dmemit pragmssjai`ks ji naeemrnj`k ard`ijs`tjais+ `ih jg nainkusjais hr`wi grae
tfm tfmarmtjn`k rmsm`rnf ag tfjs tfmsjs e`tnf wf`t n`i om aosmrvmh ji h`jky pr`ntjnm) Xfm
mxpmrt survmy w`s naihuntmh ta d`udm tfm jepkmemit tjai `ih &smkg%`ssmssmh* mggmntjvmimss
agtfm ard`ijs`tjais nrjsjs e`i`dmemit systme)
@s p`rt ag ` wjhmr jivjt`tjai%aiky naeemrnj`k mvmit ai tfm pakjtjn`k+ smnurjty+ `ih jitmdrjty
rjscs ji tfm Ejhhkm M`st rmdjai t`rdmtjid `ppraxje`tmky 0=2 rjsc+ smnurjty+ `ih nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit pragmssjai`ks `ih hmnjsjai e`cmrs grae iuemraus smntars+ jinkuhjid
davmriemit+ IDAs `ih naeemrnj`k gjres tfm `utfar naihuntmh ` warcsfap wjtf tfm tjtkm8
jihjvjhu`ks wmrm survmymh usjid t`okmt naeputmrs3 tfm rmsukts wmrm suee`rjsmh `ih
prmsmitmh ta tfm p`rtjnjp`its `t tfm nainkusjai ag tfm smssjai)
Mxpmrt jitmrvjmws
^mnaihky+ tfrmm smijar nrjsjs mxpmrts grae hjggmrmit jihustrjms `ih `n`hmej` wmrm
jitmrvjmwmh+ ganusjid ai spmnjgjn p`st nrjsjs jinjhmits) X`cjid ` qu`kjty avmr qu`itjty
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R`dm | 7
`ppra`nf+ tfm jitmrvjmws saudft vjmws grae tfrmm hjggmrmit+ rmkmv`it `idkms< grae tfm NMA ag
`i jihustry%km`hjid naep`iy aggmrjid nrjsjs e`i`dmemit smrvjnms ta dkao`k nkjmits3 ` fjdfky
mxpmrjminmh smnurjty pragmssjai`k wfa f`s ommi e`i`djid nrjsms gar fjs ard`ijs`tjai gar tfm
p`st hmn`hm3 `ih gji`kky tfm pmrspmntjvm ag aim ag tfm gmw snjmitjsts naihuntjid rmsm`rnf `t
tfm luintjai ag nrjsjs e`i`dmemit `ih naepkmxjty)
Xfm stuhy usmh tfm Nrjtjn`k Jinjhmit Xmnfijqum &NJX*+07 gjrst `scjid tfm p`rtjnjp`its ta rmn`kk
`ih hmsnrjom ` nrjsjs tfmy f`h mxpmrjminmh+ `ih suosmqumitky gar tfmjr jisjdfts ai wf`t w`s
km`rit grae tfm nrjsjs) Xfm NJX jitmrvjmw w`s nfasmi gar tfm gakkawjid rm`sais< jt `kkaws
p`rtjnjp`its ta mxprmss tfmjr pmrsai`k vjmws ag tfm hmsnrjomh jinjhmit304 jt js jihuntjvm oy
i`turm mspmnj`kky wfmi tfm tapjn omjid jivmstjd`tmh f`s iat ommi wmkk rmsm`rnfmh306 jt
yjmkhs ` rjnf h`t` smt30: `ih jt js nuktur`kky imutr`k+ jisag`r `s jt jivjtms p`rtjnjp`its ta aggmr
tfmjr awi pmrnmptjais+ r`tfmr tf`i rmspaih ta rmsm`rnfmr%jijtj`tmh qumstjais)?2 Xfm jitmrvjmws
k`stmh omtwmmi =2 `ih 0>2 ejiutms `ih wmrm tr`isnrjomh vmro`tje) Xfm rmkmv`it gjihjids
grae tfm jitmrvjmws f`vm ommi meomhhmh jita tfm nf`ptmrs `hhrmssjid naepkmxjty `ih
napjid wjtf naepkmxjty+ wfmrm `ppraprj`tm)
Gji`kky+ ji smntjai > tfm tfmsjs orjids tadmtfmr tfm v`rjaus tfmarmtjn`k eahmks `ih tfm
nainkusjais ag tfm mepjrjn`k mxpmrt jitmrvjmws `ih survmys+ nainkuhjid wjtf ` suddmstmh
gr`emwarc gar `i mi`okjid `ih ard`ijn eahmk gar hmnjsjai e`cjid uihmr nrjsjs `ih
naepkmxjty)
Kjejt`tjais `ih naistr`jits
Ji naep`rjsai ta atfmr hjsnjpkjims+ naepkmxjty `s ` snjminm js stjkk vmry yauid `ih e`iy ag
tfm tfmarjms `oaut naepkmx systmes `ih naepkmx imtwarcs wjkk immh ta om v`kjh`tmh ji tfm
naejid ym`rs) Naepkmxjty jtsmkg js iat saemtfjid tf`t js m`sjky uihmrstaah `ih eunf kmss
07ng) Gk`i`d`i 0:=8+ p) >=?
04ng) ^t`ussTmjikjnf 0::4+ pp) >4=2
06ng) DravmGjsc 0::4+ pp) 764>
0:ng) \mjtf`ekOjtimr ?22>+ pp) 8===
?2ng) _uytmr mt `k) 0::=+ pp) 044064
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R`dm | 4
m`sjky hme`rn`tmh) Ji g`nt+ ` strjnt em`surm gar naepkmxjty hams iat smme gm`sjokm) Xa
hmsnrjom ` naepkmx systme yau f`vm+ ji ` nmrt`ji smism+ ta rmpm`ttfm systme ?0) Fminm+ ia
n`tmdarjs`tjai ar emtrjns ag naepkmxjty `ih naepkmx nrjsms wjkk om `ttmeptmh ji tfjs tfmsjs)
Gurtfmrearm+ rmsm`rnf hmsjdi kjejt`tjais wfjnf ha iat `kkaw ora`h dmimr`kjs`tjais immhta om t`cmi jita naisjhmr`tjai) Xfm s`epkm sjzm ag tfm stuhy &i5>8 gar tfm mxpmrt survmy+ i5>
gar tfm mxpmrt jitmrvjmws* js vmry se`kk `ih jinkuhms aiky mxmnutjvms `ih `n`hmej`) Oy
f`vjid ` wjhmr r`idm ag st`cmfakhmrs tfm stuhy waukh prahunm earm pmrspmntjvms+ km`hjid
pmrf`ps ta rjnfmr+ earm raoust gjihjids)
?0Njkkjmrs 0::6+ p) 02
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 6
0) Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty
Ji tfjs smntjai+ tfm tfmarmtjn`k gauih`tjai gar ` naepkmxjty snjminm `ppra`nf ta nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit wjkk om autkjimh+ `ssmssjid `nnmptmh tfmarjms hmsnrjojid naepkmxjty `s `
pfmiaemiai `ih jts nf`r`ntmrjstjns+ naepkmx systmes `ih imtwarcs+ `s wmkk `s dmimr`k eahmks
gar hm`kjid wjtf naepkmxjty)
0)0) Ard`ijs`tjais `s naepkmx systmes
Fjdfky tfmarmtjn`k mxpk`i`tjais `oaut naepkmx systmes kjcm ojakadjn`k+ vjrtu`k+ ar sanj`k imtwarcs
`rm ` naistruntjvm `ppra`nf ta omttmr uihmrst`ih `ih sf`pm ard`ijs`tjais `ih `kkaw tfme ta
napm wjtf tfm jitmri`k `ih mxtmri`k naepkmxjtjms tfmy g`nm ji tfmjr mivjraiemit) Ji suppart ag tfjs
tfmary+@kkmi iatms tf`t naepkmxjty js tfm snjminm ag ard`ijs`tjai `ih ji p`rtjnuk`r jts arjdji`ih mvakutjai `ih js tfmrmgarm tfm i`tur`k gr`emwarc gar naisjhmrjid ard`ijs`tjais `ih
naiimntmh mitjtjms)?? ^jejk`r ta naepkmx systmes+ ard`ijs`tjais `rm naepkmx SU tfmy `rm
nf`r`ntmrjsmh oy iai%kjim`r jitmrrmk`tjaisfjps `ih jitmrhmpmihminjms `eaid hjvmrsm
jihjvjhu`ks)?>
@s mxmnutjvms `ih snfak`rs rmnadijsm SU naivmitjai`k tfmarjms ag e`i`dmemit+ gardmh jitfm mr` ag jihustrj`kjs`tjai+ vmrtjn`kky jitmdr`tmh naep`ijms+ `ih rmk`tjvmky jepmrem`okmjistjtutjai oarhmrs+ n`i ia kaidmr napm wjtf tfm jeemismky naepkmx ard`ijs`tjais tf`t f`vmmemrdmh hurjid twa hmn`hms ag rjsjid dkao`kjs`tjai `ih hmnmitr`kjs`tjai)
?8
Fawmvmr+ tfm jepkjn`tjais ag tfjs rm`kjs`tjai f`vm iat ymt gukky tr`isk`tmh ta e`i`dmemit
systmes+ mspmnj`kky wfmi jt naems ta rjsc+ nrjsjs+ `ih smnurjty e`i`dmemit)?=
@ naeeai tfmem ji tfm kjtmr`turm rmvjmwmh gar tfjs tfmsjs js tf`t ard`ijs tjais `rm systmes wjtf
sanj`k `ih tmnfijn`k hjemisjais tf`t `rm naepkmx `ih jitmrhmpmihmit `ih+ fminm+ immh ta om
hm`kt wjtf `s naepkmx+ mvmi ojakadjn`k ar kjvjid systmes)?7 X`kmo naep`rms ard`ijs`tjais
hjrmntky wjtf kjvjid systmes oy st`tjid tf`t8
?>F`zy ?200+ p) =?=
?8OurstmjiFaks`ppkm ?226
?= ng) Kuhmsnfmr ?727?20>+ p) 0?
?7ng) R@^ ?22?200 Nrjsjs e`i`dmemit ^mptmeomr ?200+ p) :
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | :
E`iy tfjids sunf `s sanjmty+ mnaiae jn `ntjvjtjms `ih e`rcmts+ `ih nuktur`k omf`vjaur `rm`pp`rmitky e`i%e`hm out draw ai tfmjr awi ta rm`nf saem cjih ag smkg%ard`ijs`tjai) Xfmye`y iat om strjntky ojakadjn`k+ out tfmy rmsmeokm tfm ojakadjn`k ji tf`t+ ji ` w`y+ tfmy euktjpky`ih rmpkjn`tm % tfjic ag rueaurs+ jhm`s+ tmnfiakadjms+ `ih ousjimssms)
?4
_`tjai`k ard`ijs`tjai`k hmsjdi+ o`smh ai emnf`ijstjn rukms `ih prmhjntjais+ ha iat `ppky ji `
naepkmxjty%gjkkmh mivjraiemit+ wfmrm wm iat aiky gjih naepkmx systmes `ih imtwarcs+ out
naepkmx systmes jitmr`ntjid wjtf atfmr naepkmx systmes+ nrm`tjid `i `hhjtjai`k k`ymr ag
naepkmxjty) Ji g`nt+ rmsm`rnfmrs f`vm rmnadijsmh tf`t jts iat miaudf ta ciaw faw jsak`tmh
imtwarcs warc3 stuhyjid faw imtwarcs jitmr`nt wjtf aim `iatfmr js lust `s jepart`it)?6
Ji emnf`ijstjn `ih hmtmrejijstjn e`i`dmemit systmes+ tfm st`ih`rh `ppra`nf ta praokme
sakvjid js ta< jhmitjgy tfm n`usm ag tfm praokme+ nf`idm jt+ `ih tfm praokme dams `w`y)?: @s
^tmre`i hmsnrjoms2
^mvmr`k stuhjms rmgmrrmh ta oy ^tmre`i ji fjs rmsm`rnf jihjn`tm tf`t wfmi pmapkm trjmh ta naitrak
` hyi`ejn`kky naepkmx systme tfmjr `ttmepts wmrm nauitmrprahuntjvm) Mvmi earm tfaudft%
pravacjid js tfm g`nt tf`t agtmi tfmjr rmsukts wmrm omstmh oy ` ha%iatfjid rukm>0 ar vmry sjepkm
fmurjstjns &smm X`okm 0< Rmrgare`inm ag twa g`st `ih grud`k fmurjstjns `ih twa kjim`r str`tmdjms
Xfjs hjggjnukty ta `ppky tfm rukm ag n`usm `ih mggmnt js wf`t X`kmo n`kks n`us`k ap`njty< jt js f`rhta smm tfm `rraw grae n`usm ta naismquminm+ e`cjid e`iy ag tfm naivmitjai`k emtfahs+ ji
`hhjtjai ta st`ih`rh kadjn+ ji`ppkjn`okm)>?
@s O`ttr`e mxpk`jis+ aim ag tfm east jepart`it nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag naepkmx iai%kjim`r systmes js
tf`t tfmy n`iiat+ ji dmimr`k+ om sunnmssgukky `i`kysmh oy hmnaepasjid `ih stuhyjid ` smt ag
prapmrtjms smp`r`tmky `ih tfmi naeojijid tfasm p`rtj`k `ppra`nfms ji `i `ttmept ta gare `
?4X`kmo ?20?`+ p) =7
?6 Pujkk ?20?
?:OurstmjiFaks`ppkm ?226+ p) 4
>2^tmre`i 0::8+ p) >28
>0 ng) ^tmre`i 0::8+ p) >28
>?ng) X`kmo ?20?`+ pp) =7=6
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 02
pjnturm ag tfm wfakm)>> Xa uihmrkjim tfm jimggmntjvmimss ag hmsjdimh+ tap%hawi systmes ta
naitrak naepkmxjty+ X`kmo naep`rms tfm g`jkurms ag `utfarjt`rj`i rmdjems ji ^avjmt _ussj` ar
O``tfjst Jr`q `ih ^yrj`>8 wjtf tfm rmk`tjvm sunnmss ag ` oattae%up emnf`ijse+ kjcm n`itai%
o`smh hmnjsjai e`cjid ji ^wjtzmrk`ih) Xfm jepkjn`tjais gar tfm e`i`dmemit ag ard`ijs`tjais+
mspmnj`kky ji tjems ag nrjsjs+ `rm sjdijgjn`it `ih `s Ourstmji mt `k) iatm=
Xfmsm gjihjids lustjgy ` nkasmr `ssmssemit ag tfm tfmarjms ag naepkmx systmes `ih imtwarcs ji
arhmr ta jhmitjgy dmimr`k rukms gar i`vjd`tjid ` naepkmx systme &tfm ard`ijs`tjai* wjtfji `
naepkmx mivjraiemit hurjid tjems ag nrjsjs) Fawmvmr+ omgarm mxpkarjid tfm tfmarmtjn`k o`ncoaim
ag naepkmx systmes+ jt js imnmss`ry ta hmgjim tfm tmre nrjsjs wjtf rmd`rhs ta `i ard`ijs`tjai)
0)?) Nrjsjs
Aim ag tfm gjrst sjdijgjn`it t`scs gar hjsnussjid nrjsjs e`i`dmemit js ta hmgjim wf`t `ntu`kky
naistjtutms `i ard`ijs`tjai`k nrjsjs) @ktfaudf ard`ijs`tjais &trjoms+ ojakadjn`k imtwarcs+
sanjmtjms+ mtn)* f`vm ommi rmspaihjid ta nrjsms sjinm tfm omdjiijid ag tfmjr mxjstminm+
ard`ijs`tjai`k nrjsjs e`i`dmemit js ` rmk`tjvmky imw hjsnjpkjim tf`t f`s memrdmh wjtfji tfm k`st
twmity ym`rs `s `i `n`hmejn spmnj`kjs tjai)>7 @ v`st qu`itjty ag hmgjijtjais garnrjsjs f`vm ommi
prahunmh ji e`i`dmemit kjtmr`turm `ih hmo`tms naitjium avmr wfmtfmr nrjsms n`i om hmgjimh ji
` pasjtjvjst e`iimr wjtf ` rjdjh smt ag nrjtmrj` ar `i jitmrprmt`tjvm aim wfmrm tfm mxjstminm ag `
nrjsjs hmpmihs mitjrmky ai jihjvjhu`k pmrnmptjais)>4 Jt js `pp`rmit tf`t tfmrm js ia uijvmrs`k `kk%
minaep`ssjid hmgjijtjai gar ` nrjsjs) Jt vmry eunf hmpmihs ai tfm vjmwpajit ag tfm aosmrvmr+ tfm
hmdrmm ag pmrnmjvmh jep`nt vmrsus tfm `ntu`k jep`nt+ tfm hmdrmm ag jitmrruptjai `i mvmit
n`usms+ faw w`vms trjddmrmh oy tfm mvmit rjppkm tfraudf `i ard`ijs`tjai `ih faw `i
ard`ijs`tjai js prmp`rmh ta hm`k wjtf jt)
>>ng) O`ttr`e 0:::+ p) 0?
>8ng) X`kmo ?20?o+ pp) N0
>=OurstmjiFaks`ppkm ?226+ p) :
>7 ng) Tmid ?22:+ p) 48
>4ng) EnNaiimkkHrmii`i ?227+ p) =:
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 00
Xfm nrjsjs eahmks prmsmitmh ji naitmepar`ry kjtmr`turm mjtfmr nainmitr`tm ai jinjhmits sunf `s
i`tur`k hjs`stmrs+ s`gmty% `ih smnurjty%rmk`tmh mvmits+ rmput`tjai`k jssums `ggmntjid `i
ard`ijs`tjai ar ai gji`inj`k `ih ejse`i`dmemit nrjsms) Imvmrtfmkmss+ iaim ag tfm nrjsjs typm
eahmks `rm suggjnjmitky naeprmfmisjvm ta min`psuk`tm `kk nrjsjs mvmitu`kjtjms `i ard`ijs`tjai
apmr`tjid ji tfm ?0st nmitury e`y minauitmr)
Ji arhmr ta pravjhm oauih`rjms ta hjstjidujsf ` nrjsjs grae atfmr mvmits+ tfm gakkawjid hmgjijtjai
usmh tfraudfaut tfjs tfmsjs f`s ommi nrm`tmh `s ` naisakjh`tjai ag cmy mkmemits ag snfak`rky
hmgjijtjais6 trjddmrmh oy &pmrnmjvmh `ih `ntu`k*>: kaw prao`ojkjty mvmits82 tf`t `rm
`ssanj`tmh wjtf `i jifmrmitky `oiare`k+ uist`okm `ih naepkmx sjtu`tjai80 `ih &usu`kky* f`vm `
sfart hmnjsjai tjem `ih ` v`ryjid hmdrmm ag surprjsm8? `ssanj`tmh wjtf tfme) Nrjsms `rm mvmits
wjtf fjdf ar sjdijgjn`it jep`nt ai tfm str`tmdjn aolmntjvms+ rmput`tjai ar mxjstminm ag `i
ard`ijs`tjai8> wjtf ` passjokm imd`tjvm autnaem88)
@i jepart`it nrjsjs `ttrjoutm js nf`idm) Nf`idm ji tfjs jist`inm js rmgmrrjid ta `ktmr`tjais ji tfm
mxtmri`k ar jitmri`k mivjraiemit) @i mkmemit ag tf`t mivjraiemit eust sfjgt gar `i mvmit tf`t n`i
usu`kky om e`i`dmh ai ` h`y%ta%h`y o`sjs ta draw jita ` nrjsjs)
@iatfmr sjdijgjn`it nrjsjs `ttrjoutm js jts kjcmkjfaah ag annurrminm `ih suosmqumit kmidtf ag
hmnjsjai tjem) Xfm hmgjijtjai fjdfkjdfts tf`t nrjsms `rm kaw prao`ojkjty mvmits wjtf ` v`ryjidhmdrmm ag surprjsm+ em`ijid tf`t mjtfmr tfm ard`ijs`tjai js iat `w`rm tf`t tfjs mvmit naukh annur+
f`s hmtmrejimh tf`t tfm kjcmkjfaah js sa kaw tf`t jt n`i t`cm tfm rjsc+ ar js g`nmh wjtf ` oujkhjid
>6ng) O`rtai K) ?228+ p) 0=
>:
ng) Jihmmh+ e`iy `utfars `drmm tf`t ` sjtu`tjai omnaems ` nrjsjs wfmi aim ar earm st`cmfakhmr draupspmrnmjvm jt `s sunf) &Naaeos+ ?227*82
ng) Tmjnc 0::>+ p) 7>>
80ng) R@^ ?22?200 Nrjsjs e`i`dmemit ^mptmeomr ?200+ p) 0
8?ng) O`rtai ?228+ p) 0=
8> ng) R@^ ?22?200 Nrjsjs e`i`dmemit ^mptmeomr ?200+ p) 0
88ng) CijdftRrmtty 0::7+ p) 08
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 0?
nrjsjs+ ` kaw jep`nt mvmit tf`t js ejse`i`dmh ar uihmrmstje`tmh `ih uiprmhjnt`oky hmvmkaps
jita ` nrjsjs gar tfm ard`ijs`tjai)
Gar tfm purpasms ag tfjs tfmsjs+ jt js jihjspmis`okm ta nkm`rky hme`rn`tm tfm oarhmrs omtwmmi
nait`jimh jinjhmits ar mvmits) Omn`usm jinjhmits `rm mssmitj`kky garmsmm`okm mvmits+ n`usmhoy ciawi rjscs tf`t dmimr`tm ` ora`hky prmhjnt`okm smt ag naismquminms8=+ ` g`jr hmdrmm ag hmt`jk
n`i om mxpmntmh ji jinjhmit e`i`dmemit pk`is) Fawmvmr+ nrjsms wjtf `kk tfmjr iu`inms ha iat
kmih tfmesmkvms ta sunf fjdfky strunturmh rmspaisms) Xfjs suddmsts tf`t nrjsjs e`i`dmemit
pk`is ha iat omimgjt grae hmt`jkmh kjsts ag `ntjais ar `ntjvjtjms) Ji g`nt+ nrjsjs e`i`dmemit immhs
gkmxjokm n`p`ojkjtjms+ r`tfmr tf`i prm%prmp`rmh rmspaism pranmhurms)87
@ nrjsjs n`i om smmi `s ` guintjai ag jep`nt `ih tjem3 tfmrmgarm+ tfm ard`ijs tjai`k rmspaism ta
nrjsms n`i om `ksa pkattmh ai tfm s`em twa `xms) Gjdurm 0 omkaw sfaws tfm tr`hjtjai`k
pk`nmemit ag nrjsjs e`i`dmemit wjtfji tfm spmntrue ag ard`ijs`tjai`k rmspaism aptjais)
Gjdurm 0< Xfm spmntrue ag ard`ijs`tjai`k rmspaisms ta uigarmsmmi mvmits84
Tfjkm strunturmh `ih prmhjnt`okm jinjhmits n`i om hm`kt wjtf oy `ppkyjid prm%hmgjimh memrdminyrmspaism pranmhurms+ `t tfm s`em tjem tfmy f`vm tfm patmitj`k ta hmvmkap ji ` iai%kjim`r `ih
sn`km%grmm &`ih fminm+ uiprmhjnt`okm* g`sfjai tfraudf smkg%rmjigarnjid emnf`ijns kjcm pasjtjvm
gmmho`nc kaaps) @s st`tmh ji tfm Orjtjsf N`ojimt Aggjnms ^t`ih`rh gar Nrjsjs E`i`dmemit
/Nrjsms `rm `ssanj`tmh wjtf fjdfky naepkmx praokmes+ tfm gukk jepkjn`tjais `ih i`turm agwfjnf e`y om uinkm`r `t tfm tjem) M`nf passjokm sakutjai e`y f`vm smvmrm naismquminms agaim gare ar `iatfmr)/86
Xfmsm `rm jifmrmit nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag naepkmx systmes `ih wjkk om hmsnrjomh ji tfm gakkawjid
nf`ptmrs)
0)?)0) Tfy nrjsms annur
Omgarm `i`kysjid saem ag tfm g`nts jhmitjgjmh m`rkjmr+ ` rmvjmw ag wf`t sfjgts mvmits jita nrjsms
immhs ta om uihmrt`cmi) Xfjs qumstjai sjts `t tfm narm ag mvmry ard`ijs`tjai hm`kjid wjtf `
nrjsjs) Orjtjsf t`ih`rhs R@^?22 &?200* st`tms ag tfm p`rtjnjp`its sjepky hjh iat ciawjg tfmjr ard`ijs`tjai f`h ` systme ji pk`nm ar iat)
=0ng) Cmrnfimr 0:6?+ p) 0?6
=? ng) _jmkmy ?227+ p) 4
=>ng)fttpQ^uotkmtyQtruepsQstr`tmdy%\@TZ@?20>20?22:8>>83
k`st vjsjtmh 2? ^mptmeomr ?20>
http://www.zawya.com/story/RiskMap_2013_Subtlety_trumps_strategy-ZAWYA20130120094334/http://www.zawya.com/story/RiskMap_2013_Subtlety_trumps_strategy-ZAWYA20130120094334/http://www.zawya.com/story/RiskMap_2013_Subtlety_trumps_strategy-ZAWYA20130120094334/http://www.zawya.com/story/RiskMap_2013_Subtlety_trumps_strategy-ZAWYA20130120094334/7/29/2019 Coping with Crisis and Complexity.A complexity science-informed approach to crisis management
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 0=
Gjdurm ?< ^urvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< Hams yaur ard`ijs`tjai f`vm ` nrjsjs e`i`dmemit
systme1
Ji tfm suosmqumit qumstjai+ 7- ? p`rtjnjp`its wmrm iat `okm ta `ssmss tfm e`turjty ag tfmjr
ard`ijs`tjais nrjsjs e`i`dmemit3 fawmvmr+ tfm `iswmr jihjn`tms ` dmimr`kky fjdfjepkmemit`tjai st`tus gar tfasm ard`ijs`tjais tf`t naisnjausky nfasm ta smt up ` gare`k systme)
Gjdurm >< ^urvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Faw wmkk meomhhmh js nrjsjs e`i`dmemit ji yaur
ard`ijs`tjai1/
Xfmsm gjihjids `rm naidrumit wjtf tfm g`nt tf`t east ard`ijs`tjais nfaasm ta tmst tfmjr nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit systmes `ih tr`ji tfmjr nrjsjs e`i`dmemit tm`es ym`rky) Fawmvmr+ tfm rmk`tjvmky
fjdf prapartjai ag p`rtjnjp`its tf`t tr`ji aiky mvmry twa ym`rs ar hait tr`ji `t `kk jihjn`tms ` k`nc
ag jepk`it`tjai wjtfji saem ard`ijs`tjais) Rk`is ejdft f`vm ommi prahunmh `s p`rt ag ` pjmnm
ag ejih jijtj`tjvm past%@r`o ^prjid out imvmr rm`nfmh tfm jepkmemit`tjai st`dm)
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 07
Gjdurm 8< ^urvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Faw agtmi hjms hams yaur ard`ijs`tjai tr`ji jts nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit tm`e1/
Mvmi tfaudf tfm nainmpt ag wm`c kjics &`s hmsnrjomh k`tmr ji tfjs tfmsjs* js rmk`tjvmky imw `ih
jts jepkjn`tjais ai nrjsjs e`i`dmemit ymt immh ta om mxpkarmh ji drm`tmr hmt`jk+ tfmrm w`s `nkm`r uihmrst`ihjid tf`t jigare`k naiimntjais `ih kaasm imtwarcs pk`y ` vmry jepart`it &>=- !
0?* ar mvmi jihjspmis`okm &?7- ! :* rakm gar tfm sunnmssguk e`i`dmemit ag ` nrjsjs)
Gjdurm =< ^urvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Faw jepart`it `rm yaur jigare`k naiimntjais ji
e`i`dmemit ji ` nrjsjs1/
Iat surprjsjidky+ ` v`st e`larjty ag tfm p`rtjnjp`its f`h ta `ntjv`tm tfmjr nrjsjs e`i`dmemit
tm`es euktjpkm tjems ji tfm twa ym`rs prjar ta tfm survmy omjid naihuntmh) Xfjs js `ssmssmh ta
om rmgkmntjvm ag tfm pakjtjn`k jist`ojkjty `ih `nnaep`iyjid smnurjty rjscs `ih nrjsms gar ousjimssms
apmr`tjid ji tfm Ejhhkm M`st `ih @grjn` sjinm m`rky ?200) Xfjs js gurtfmr narraoar`tmh oy Gjdurm
4+ wfjnf sfaws tf`t tfm e`larjty ag nrjsms wmrm apmr`tjai`k nrjsms+ wfjnf `rm eastky jijtj`tmh
mihadmiausky oy tfm mivjraiemit ji wfjnf tfm ousjimss apmr`tms)
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 04
Gjdurm 7< ^urvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /F`s yaur nrjsjs e`i`dmemit systme ommi `ntjv`tmh ji
tfm p`st ? ym`rs1/
Gjdurm 4< ^urvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Tfjnf typm ag nrjsjs f`vm yau mxpmrjminmh east
grmqumitky1/
Tfmi mx`ejijid tfm `iswmrs ji Gjdurm 6+ saem oj`sms immh ta om t`cmi jita `nnauit) Tfjkm `k`rdm prapartjai ag tfasm survmymh s`jh tf`t tfmy tfjic tfmjr `ppra`nf ta nrjsjs e`i`dmemit js
mggmntjvm+ jt js passjokm tf`t ard`ijs`tjais wjtf `i jimggmntjvm nrjsjs e`i`dmemit systme ejdft
iat f`vm survjvmh kaid miaudf tfraudf tfm tureajk ji tfm rmdjai ta om prmsmit gar tfjs survmy)
Gurtfmr+ tfm gare`k rmspaisjojkjty gar nrjsjs e`i`dmemit vmry agtmi kjms wjtf smnurjty hjrmntars
tfm survmymh `uhjminm fminm+ ` imd`tjvm `iswmr ta tfjs qumstjai waukh naistjtutm `hejttjid `
pragmssjai`k g`jkurm)
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 06
Gjdurm 6< ^urvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Hjh yau gjih yaur nrjsjs e`i`dmemit systme
mggmntjvm1/
@s gar tfm autkaac gar tfm imxt 0? eaitfs+ east p`rtjnjp`its `ssmss rmdjai`k pakjtjn`k jist`ojkjty
&?7- :* ar rmduk`tary nf`idms &?0- 4* ta om tfm east kjcmky n`usms gar ` nrjsjs ta jep`nt tfmjr
ard`ijs`tjai)
Gjdurm :< ^urvmy rmsukts gar tfm qumstjai< /Tfjnf tfrm`t ha yau tfjic js east kjcmky ta hjsrupt yaur
ousjimss ji tfm imxt 0? eaitfs1/
O`smh ai tfm n`sm stuhy warcsfap naihuntmh wjtf `kk tfm p`rtjnjp`its tfm `utfar `ssmssms tf`t
east p`rtjnjp`its f`h ` naeeai uihmrst`ihjid ag tfm dmimr`k `ppra`nf ta `i mggmntjvm nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit systme `s hmsnrjomh oy Ejtragg+ wfa hjstjidujsfmh gjvm pf`sms ji nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit< sjdi`k hmtmntjai3 prmp`r`tjai prmvmitjai3 nait`jiemit &h`e`dm kjejt`tjai*3
rmnavmry3 `ih km`rijid) Fawmvmr+ ji tfm `utfars mxpmrjminm `s ` nrjsjs e`i`dmemit naisukt`it
tfmrm smmes ta om ` prmhaeji`it ganus ai nait`jiemit &h`e`dm kjejt`tjai*< tfm `ntu`k
e`i`dmemit ag tfm jinjhmit)=8 @s hmsnrjomh wjtfji tfm imxt nf`ptmrs ag tfjs tfmsjs+ naepkmxjty
rmqujrms tf`t ard`ijs`tjais meor`nm ` nrjsjs nukturm `s ` suosmt ag ard`ijs`tjai`k nukturm tf`t
nrm`tms mi`okjid naihjtjais gar pmrnmjvjid+ omf`vjid+ `ih naeeuijn`tjid nrjsms wjtfji warc
smttjids) Fawmvmr+ nrjsjs nukturm n`iiat om jepasmh oy smijar e`i`dmemit) _`tfmr+ nrjsjs
=8ng) Ejtragg 0::6+ pp) 0=?2
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 0:
nukturm js `i memrdmit prapmrty `rjsjid grae naitjiujid imdatj`tjais `oaut v`kums+ em`ijids
`ih prjarjtjms omtwmmi tfm ard`ijs`tjai`k emeomrs `ih tfm mivjraiemit wjtfji wfjnf tfmy
apmr`tm)==
0)>) Naepkmxjty tfmarjms+ naepkmx systmes `ih imtwarcs
Eunf kjcm nrjsjs e`i`dmemit+ naepkmxjty `ih naepkmxjty snjminm `rm stjkk memrdjid oahjms ag
ciawkmhdm+ ji wfjnf tfm s`em tmres `rm hmgjimh oy rmsm`rnfmrs ji euktjpkm w`ys)
@s Kmtjnfm iatms+ /naepkmxjty tfmarjsts n`i hjsnuss memrdminm `ih smkg%ard`ijs tjai `s wmkk
`s $naepkmx `h`ptjvm systmes$ SU `ih `ntu`kky om rmgmrrjid ta vmry hjggmrmit uijvmrsms ag
hjsnaursm)/=7
Ji arhmr ta kjejt gurtfmr naigusjai+ e`lar nainmpts ji naepkmxjty tfmary wjkk om hmsnrjomh ji tfmgakkawjid nf`ptmrs) Xfraudfaut+ tfm kjics omtwmmi naepkmxjty `ih nrjsjs e`i`dmemit wjkk om tfm
tfrm`h ag tfjs nf`ptmr) W`i ]hmi mt `k) suee`rjsms< /naepkmxjty o`sjn`kky tmkks us tf`t mvmrytfjid
js naiimntmh ta mvmrytfjid mksm/)=4
Xfmrm js `i jepart`it hjstjintjai omtwmmi naepkmx `ih naepkjn`tmh) ^aem systmes f`vm ` vmry
k`rdm iueomr ag naepaimits `ih pmrgare sapfjstjn`tmh t`scs+ out ji ` w`y tf`t n`i om
`i`kysmh `nnur`tmky3 sunf ` systme js naepkjn`tmh) Naivmrsmky+ naepkmx systmes `rm
naistjtutmh oy sunf jitrjn`tm smts ag iai%kjim`r rmk`tjaisfjps `ih gmmho`nc kaaps tf`t aiky nmrt`ji
`spmnts ag tfme n`i om `i`kysmh `t aim tjem) Xfmrm `rm v`rjaus mitmrt`jijid mx`epkms ta omttmr
hmsnrjom tfjs hjggmrminm+ r`idjid grae naep`rjid lueoa lmts &naepkjn`tmh* ta e`yaii`jsm
&naepkmx*+=6 ` sp`nm sfuttkm ta ` sauggk &naepkmx omn`usm jts jidrmhjmits `rm jrrmvmrsjoky
&saemtjems uiprmhjnt`oky* tr`isgaremh hurjid jts prmp`r`tjai*+=: ar ` w`sfjid e`nfjim ta `
n`t)72
Naep`rjid sanjmty+ e`rcmts+ `ih ard`ijs`tjais ta kjvjid+ `h`ptjid systmes js `kkurjid `ih wfjkm
tfmsm e`i%e`hm systmes e`y iat om strjntky ojakadjn`k+ tfmy rmsmeokm tfm ojakadjn`k ji tf`t tfmy
==R`r`scmv`s mt `k) ?20>+ p) 088
=7Kmtjnfm ?222+ p) =8=
=4 v`i ]hmi mt `k) ?220+ p) =4
=6ng) Njkkjmrs 0::6+ pp) >8
=:ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) ?=
72ng) X`kmo ?20?`+ p) ?>8
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | ?2
euktjpky `ih rmpkjn`tm) X`kmo usms tfm mx`epkm ag rueaurs+ jhm`s+ tmnfiakadjms ar ousjimssms
tf`t `rm nkasmr ta tfm n`t tf`i ta tfm w`sfjid e`nfjim out tmih ta om ejst`cmi gar w`sfjid
e`nfjims)70 F`zy o`smh fjs rmsm`rnf ai tfm `ssueptjai tf`t ard`ijs`tjais n`i om rmprmsmitmh
`ih uihmrstaah `s naepkmx `h`ptjvm systmes `s hmgjimh oy Fakk`ih+ wjtf jihjvjhu`ks `ntjid `s
jitmrhmpmihmit+ smej%`utaiaeaus `dmits+ wfa km`ri `ih n`i jinarpar`tm jigare`tjai `oaut tfm
mivjraiemit ji tfm strunturm ag tfm systme3 naismqumitky+ tfm nakkmntjvm `s ` wfakm n`i km`ri
tfraudf nf`idms ta jts strunturm)7?
Xfjs tfmsjs gakkaws tfjs gr`emwarc `ih+ ji kjim wjtf tfm euktj%hjsnjpkji`ry `ppra`nf ag naepkmxjty
snjminm+ hr`ws grae gjihjids grae tfm gjmkhs ag imtwarc snjminm+ ojanfmejstry+ emhjnjim+ `ih
e`i`dmemit tfmarjms+ omimgjttjid grae ora`h mxpmrjminm `ih wjhm v`rjmty ag mvakutjai`ry
`h`pt`tjai+ `s wmkk `s ` vmry kaid pmrjah ag sunnmssguk smkg%ard`ijs`tjai `ih nrjsjs e`i`dmemit)
@ih wfmrm omttmr ta km`ri kmssais `oaut tfm hyi`ejns ag survjv`k `ih `h`pt`ojkjty tf`i grae kjgmjtsmkg1
Tf`t hjggmrmitj`tms tfm naepkmx grae tfm naepkjn`tmh ji jts raats `rm iat lust aosmrv`okm
nf`r`ntmrjstjns kjcm memrdminm `ih iai%kjim`rjty &wfjnf wjkk om mxpkarmh ji tfm gakkawjid
nf`ptmrs*3 tfm e`ji struntur`k hjggmrminm kjms ji tfm jepart`inm ag tfm naiimntjais `ih tfm
rmk`tjais omtwmmi tfm jitmr`ntjid+ `ih jitmrhmpmihmit `dmits ag tfm systme) Naepkmx systmes
`rm gukk ag jitmrhmpmihminjms)7>
0)>)0) Naepkmx @h`ptjvm ystmes
Lafi Fakk`ih+ ` pjaimmr ji tfm gjmkh ag naepkmxjty rmnadijsmh m`rky tf`t+ p) :
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | ?>
hjstrjoutjai js qujtm hjggmrmit ta tfm iare`k &ar omkk nurvm* gar D`ussj`i hjstrjoutjai) Xfjs js
sjdijgjn`it omn`usm tfm t`jks ag tfm pawmr hjstrjoutjai `rm naisjhmr`oky straidmr3 tfmy nait`ji `
fjdfmr prao`ojkjty ag `i mvmit annurrjid tf`i tfm s`em t`jks ag tfm omkk nurvm) @ guih`emit`k
hjggmrminm omtwmmi tfm twa js tf`t tfm omkk nurvm js o`smh ai tfm jihmpmihminm ag annurrjid
mvmits+ wfmrm`s tfm pawmr k`w t`cms jita `nnauit saem kmvmk ag rmk`tjaisfjp omtwmmi tfasm
mvmits) Oy hmgjijtjai+ naepkmx systmes `rm oujkt wjtf euktjpkm jitmrrmk`tjaisfjps `ih tfmrmgarm
f`vm `i jitmrhmpmihminm tf`t e`y gakkaw ` vmrsjai ag tfm pawmr k`w+ wfjnf f`s ` eunf fjdfmr
prao`ojkjty ag mxtrmem annurrminms tf`i hams tfm omkk nurvm)48
0)>)?)?) Rrjinjpkm .?< @dmits jitmr`ntjais `ktmr tfm systme avmr tjem
Xfmsm jitmr`ntjais immh iat om pfysjn`k `ih wjkk om east grmqumitky om rmk`tmh ta sf`rjid
jigare`tjai)4=
Jitmr`ntjais `rm kan`k wjtf dkao`k mggmnts
^tu`rt C`ugge`i mx`ejimh tfjs nf`r`ntmrjstjn grae tfm st`ihpajit ag ojakadjn`k mvakutjai `ih
najimh tfm mxprmssjai tfm `hl`nmit passjokm+47 em`ijid tf`t nf`idm wjtfji ` kjvjid systme
eavms stmp%oy%stmp out dr`hu`k mxp`isjai ag tfm `hl`nmit passjokm `kkaws k`rdm%sn`km nf`idms
ta memrdm avmr tjem) Xfm jigare`tjai js eahuk`tmh `kaid tfm w`y `ih n`i om mif`inmh+
supprmssmh ar `ktmrmh ji `i uiprmhjnt`okm e`iimr)44 Ejtkmtai%Cmkky aosmrvms+ p) ?:
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | ?8
p`rtjnjp`tm ji jigkuminjid `i autnaem+ `ih m`nf e`y jigkuminm tfm `ntjais ag atfmr p`rts)4:
Fawmvmr+ `s n`i om smmi ji sw`res+ ojakadjn`k ar sanj`k imtwarcs+ tfmrm mxjst nmrt`ji sjepkm
mkmemits ag naeeai uihmrst`ihjid ai tfm e`nra kmvmk) Djkpji mt `k) rmgmr ta ` stuhy naihuntmh
oy E`rr` tf`t sfaws+ p) 8
6>ng) Kuhmsnfmr 0?2:?20>+ p) :
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | ?=
Jitmr`ntjais rm rmnurrmit
Djkpji mt `k) hmsnrjoms tfjs gm`turm `s gakkaws< mggmnts ag jitmr`ntjai `rm kaapmh+ em`ijid tfmy
n`i gmmh o`nc `t `iy pajit ji tfm systme+ mjtfmr pasjtjvmky &ta minaur`dm nf`idm* ar imd`tjvmky
&ta minaur`dm st`ojkjty*)
68
Ourstmji mt `k) hmsnrjom /naepkmx sjtu`tjais ji ` naepkmxmivjraiemit/6= `s ` Naepkmx @h`ptjvm Emss &N@E*) Ji ` N@E)?)>)
:0ng) X`kmo ?20?`+ pp) 06006?
:? Djdmrmizmr ap) ?220+ p) 8>
:>Fjh`kda ?200+ p) ==6
:8H`vjsRawmkk 0::?+ p) >06
:= OajsatEnCmkvmy ?200+ p) ?4:
:7ng) Kuhmsnfmr 0?2:?20>+ p) 0?
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R`dm | ?4
Jitmr`ntjais `rm iai%kjim`r
Iai%kjim`rjty ji naepkmx systmes du`r`itmms tf`t se`kk n`usms n`i f`vm k`rdm rmsukts+ `ih
vjnm vmrs`) Jt js ` prmnaihjtjai gar naepkmxjty):4 Iai%kjim`rjty ag n`usm `ih mggmnt ji naepkmx
systmes `rm tfm raat n`usm ag tfm uiprmhjnt`ojkjty ag sunf systmes) Tjtfji naepkmx systmes tfmnaiimntjais `ih jitmr`ntjais omtwmmi jihjvjhu`k `dmits e`ttmr earm tf`i tfm nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag
tfm jihjvjhu`k jtsmkg) Xfm rmsukts ag tfmsm jihjvjhu`k jitmr`ntjais `rm uiprmhjnt`okm) ^e`kk n`usms
n`i f`vm ` pragauih jep`nt ai tfm ard`ijs`tjai+ wfjkm k`rdm mvmits e`y iat uismttkm ` naepkmx
systme) Xfjs nf`r`ntmrjstjn js agtmi aosmrvmh ji tfm emnf`ijns omfjih ard`ijs`tjai`k nf`idm
pranmssms< wfjkm k`rdm%sn`km jijtj`tjvms sunf `s `i ard`ijs`tjai`k str`tmdjn rm`kjdiemit n`i
sfaw vmry kjttkm jep`nt ai tfm ard`ijs`tjais h`y%ta%h`y ousjimss+ se`kk rueaurs ar dassjp n`i
nrm`tm r`hjn`k ih r`pjh nf`idm+ mggmntjvmky naistjtutjid i ard`ijs`tjai`k nrjsjs)
Oajsat mt `k) st`tm tf`t tfm e`ji p`r`emtmrs gar `kkawjid wf`t tfmy n`kk tjiy jijtj`tjid mvmits
&XJMs* ta prap`d`tm r`pjhky tfraudf ` systme+ passjoky prahunjid mxtrmem autnaems+ `rm
tmisjai `ih naiimntjvjty) Xfjs n`i om mxmepkjgjmh oy tfjicjid `oaut ` gjsfjid imt omjid nut
omtwmmi twa iahms ag tfm imt) Jg tfm imt kjms nruepkmh up ji ` pjkm+ tfm nut wjkk smp`r`tm twa
iahms ag tfm imt out km`vm tfm rmst ag tfm imt uihjsturomh) Fawmvmr+ uihmr tmisjai+ sunf ` nut
naukh jist`itky sprm`h grae aim mih ag tfm imt ta tfm atfmr3 sjejk`r hyi`ejns f`vm ommi
aosmrvmh ji k`rdm%sn`km pawmr ok`ncauts ji tfm ]^+:6 wfmrm fjdfky naiimntmh `ih
jitmrhmpmihmit systmes jinkuhm uiprmhjnt`okm gmmho`nc kaaps)
Xfmrm `rm v`rjaus mx`epkms ag iai%kjim`r omf`vjaurs ji ard`ijs`tjai`k nrjsms) Xfm uiprmhjnt`oky
vjakmit `ih wjhmsprm`h rm`ntjai ag tfm Euskje warkh `gtmr ` H`ijsf imwsp`pmr ji ?226
puokjsfmh n`rtaais hmpjntjid tfm Rrapfmt Eaf`eemh js aim mx`epkm):: Xfjs nf`r`ntmrjstjn ag
naepkmx systmes js mxpk`jimh ji earm hmt`jk ji nf`ptmr0)>)?)>)
Emr`kj suee`rjsms tfm rmk`tjais omtwmmi `h`pt`ojkjty+ memrdmit omf`vjaurs ih iai%kjim`rjty oy
st`tjid tf`t
:6ng) OajsatEnCmkvmy ?200+ pp) ?:2?:0
::ng) OON ?20>+ s)p)
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | ?6
nf`r`ntmrjsmh oy memrdminm `ih smkg%ard`ijs`tjai o`smh ai tfm kan`k `h`ptjvm omf`vjaur agtfm systme$s naistjtumits)
022
@s wjtf tfm naiimntjai omtwmmi ejnra% `ih e`nra%kmvmk rukms hmsnrjomh ji 0)>)?)?+ tfm s`em
jitmr%kmvmk naiimntjais n`i om smmi ji tfm `h`ptjvm omf`vjaur ag ` naepkmx systme ta jts
mivjraiemit< memrdmit nf`r`ntmrjstjns ai tfm kan`k ejnra kmvmk n`usm systme%wjhm+ e`nra%kmvmk`h`pt`tjai) Xfjs mggmnt n`i om aosmrvmh wfmi tfm t`ntjn`k `ntjvjtjms ag sunnmssguk nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit tm`es ji ` nrjsjs sjtu`tjai `kkaw tfm ard`ijs`tjais str`tmdjn km`hmrsfjp ta
naeeuijn`tm tfm kan`k sunnmssms ta ` dkao`k `uhjminm `ih dr`hu`kky `h`pt iat aiky tfmjr nrjsjs
str`tmdy out patmitj`kky `ksa tfm ard`ijs`tjais arjmit`tjai jg appartuijtjms `rjsjid grae tfm nrjsjs
sjtu`tjai `rm jhmitjgjmh `ih smjzmh)
0)>)?)>) Rrjin jpkm .>< Naepkmx systme s rm smkg%ard `ijsji d
@i mssmitj`k gm`turm ag naepkmx systmes js tf`t tfmy `rm smkg%ard`ijsjid) @s Rrjnm aosmrvmh+aim ag tfm o`sjn jisjdfts ag naepkmxjty tfmary js tf`t hyi`ejn systmes tmih ta mvakvm ji tfm
hjrmntjai ag jinrm`smh naepkmxjty avmr tjem3020 tfjs mvakutjai hams iat imnmss`rjky `nnaep`iy
nf`as ar mxf`ustjai ag tfm systme) Xfm strunturms `kkawjid sunf ` smkg%ard`ijs`tjai f`vm ommi
tmremh hjssjp`tjvm strunturms oy Jky` Rrjdadjim+ wfa gauih tf`t ` hjssjp`tjvm systme wjkk
hjspmrsm mimrdy uitjk jt rm`nfms ` tr`isjtjai st`tm `t wfjnf jt e`y mjtfmr smkg%hmstrunt ar smkg%
ard`ijsm jita ` imw+ memrdmit gare)02? Ourstmji mt `k) n`kk tfmsm mvmits tjppjid pajits
Gakkawjid tfm prjinjpkms ag naepkmx systmes+ tfm R@^ Nrjsjs E`i`dmemit ^t`ih`rh iatms tf`t
`gtmr ` nrjsjs4
02>OurstmjiFaks`ppkm ?226+ p) >
028R@^ ?22?200 Nrjsjs e`i`dmemit ^mptmeomr ?200+ p)67
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | ?:
@s Njkkjmrs iatms+ wfmi wm f`vm ta mxpk`ji uimxpmntmh+ fjdf%jep`nt jinjhmits sunf `s ` stanc%
e`rcmt nr`sf ar ` suhhmi autorm`c ag pakjtjn`k vjakminm+ wm tmih ta smmc jihjvjhu`k g`ntars tf`t
naeojimh ta n`usm jt) Xfjs cjih ag `i`kysjs `ttmepts ta mxpk`ji tfm omf`vjaur ag k`rdm+ naepkmx
systmes oy mxtr`pak`tjid grae tfm omf`vjaur ag se`kk+ sjepkm systmes) ]igartui`tmky tfjs
mxtr`pak`tjai g`jks omn`usm ag tfm smkg%ard`ijsjid omf`vjaur ag naepkmx systmes)02=
Oajsat mt `k) st`tm tf`t tfm twa cmy mkmemits djvjid rjsm ta smkg%ard`ijs`tjai `rm `h`ptjvm tmisjai
`ih naiimntjvjty)027 Naiimntjvjty omtwmmi tfm jitmr`ntjid p`rts em`is tf`t mvmry jitmr`ntjai
omtwmmi `dmits js gakkawmh oy ` km`rijid pranmss) Mvmitu`kky tfmsm se`kk kan`k eavmemits km`h
ta k`rdm%sn`km p`ttmris) @s Djkpji mt `k) iatm+ tfm autnaem ag sunf ` $na%mvakutjai$ js agtmi
rmgmrrmh ta `s $memrdminm$+ hmgjimh `s /uiprmhjnt`okm p`ttmris ag arhmr tf`t `ppm`r tfraudf `
pranmss ag smkg%ard`ijs tjai)/024 Rravjtaka mt `k) hmsnrjom jt `s gakkaws
02:ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) ?6
002ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) >>
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | >2
nr`sfms+ dj`it gjres+ mtn)/ `ihmxpk`ji sn`km`ojkjtywjtf tfm mx`epkm ag ` n`ukjgkawmr< nuttjid agg `
gkarmt grae ` n`ukjgkawmr wjkk prahunm ` se`kkmr gkarmt grae wfjnf `iatfmr se`kkmr gkarmt n`i om nut
agg `ih sa ai) M`nf wjkk om se`kkmr tf`i tfm prmvjaus out m`nf wjkk f`vm tfm s`em sf`pm+
strunturm `ih dmimsjs) Xfjs em`is tf`t sn`km%grmm n`usms ar sn`km`ojkjty /dmimr`tm tfm s`em
hyi`ejn+ mggmnt+ ar nf`r`ntmrjstjn `t euktjpkm kmvmks ag ` systme)/000
X`kmo hmsnrjoms tfm jep`nt ag tfjs gr`nt`k strunturm ai e`nra systmes) Tfmi ` systme &m)d) `i
ard`ijse* omimgjts grae ` f`reguk jinjhmit+ jt kaacs kjcm sunnmssguk `h`pt`tjai ta tfm
mivjraiemit grae tfm autsjhm) Fawmvmr+ grae tfm jisjhm tfmrm `rm wjiimrs `ih kasmrs< se`kkmr
systmes wjtfji tfm systme &m)d) ard`is ji `i ard`ijse ar nmkks wjtfji `i ard`i* wjkk hjm wfjkm tfm
e`nra systme wjkk survjvm) Fm n`kks tfjs k`ymrjid gr`nt`k smkg%sjejk`rjty+ rmgmrrjid ta ` vjsjai oy
Omiajt E`ihmkorat)00?
^mkg%ard`ijsmh nrjtjn`kjty
@i jepart`it tmre wjtfji smkg%ard`ijs`tjai js smkg%ard`ijsmh nrjtjn`kjty+ arjdji`kky jhmitjgjmh `ih
hmsnrjomh oy Rmr O`c)00> Tfmi ` pmrturo`tjai wjtfji ` systme n`iiat om hjssjp`tmh+ tmisjai wjkk
hmvmkap) Nsmremky hmsnrjoms jt s gakkawsng) O`cNfmi 0::0
008Nsmremky ?227+ pp) =:72
00=ng) Xfjmt`rtGardums ?200+ p) =6
007ng) C`ugge`i 0::0+ p) 62
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | >0
@s hmsnrjomh oy O`c+ mitjtjms tf`t survjvm wjkk e`jit`ji tfmesmkvms ji tfm emktjid zaim ji ` st`tm
ag smkg%ard`ijzmh nrjtjn`kjty+004 wfjnf em`is tf`t ` pranmss ag smkg%ard`ijs`tjai js jijtj`tmh wfmi
/fmtmradmimaus `dmits ji sm`rnf ag jepravmh gjtimss jitmrnaiimnt uihmr naihjtjais ag
mxadmiausky ar mihadmiausky jepasmh `h`ptjvm tmisjai)006 Imw arhmr js `i memrdmit
autnaem ag tfjs pranmss `ih n`i om aosmrvmh ji ojakadjn`k `ih sanj`k imtwarcs hurjid tjems ag
nrjsjs) Xfjs nainmpt js hmsnrjomh ji earm hmt`jk ji 0)>)>)0)
Ji sw`res `ih imtwarcs+ `s wmkk `s fue`is `ih ard`ijs`tjais+ tfjs memrdmit smkg%ard`ijs`tjai
n`i om aosmrvmh `ih hmsnrjomh `s p`ijn qu`cms00:ar imtqu`cms ^anjmty+ e`rcmts `ih nuktur`k
omf`vjaur `rm `pp`rmitky e`i%e`hm out draw jihmpmihmitky ta rm`nf saem gare ag smkg%
ard`ijs`tjai) Xfmy e`y iat om strjntky ojakadjn`k+ out tfmy rmsmeokm tfm ojakadjn`k ji tfm e`iimr
ji wfjnf tfmy euktjpky `ih rmpkjn`tm) Xa mepf`sjsm `i m`rkjmr rmgmrminm< tfmy `rm nkasmr ta tfm
n`t tf`i ta tfm w`sfjid e`nfjim out tmih ta om ejst`cmi gar w`sfjid e`nfjims+ wfjnf
saemtjems f`s kmh ta nrjsjs e`i`dmemit pk`is omjid wrjttmi kjcm e`iu`ks gar w`sfjid
e`nfjims)
^unnmssguk naepkmx systmes rmqujrm saem hasm ag vak`tjkjty gar smkg%ard`ijsmh nrjtjn`kjty) ^unf
v`rj`tjais ji tfm mivjraiemit `nt `s purdms) X`kmo usms tfm mx`epkm ag se`kk garmst gjrms tf`t
pmrjahjn`kky nkm`ism tfm systme &garmst* ag tfm east gk`ee`okm e`tmrj`k+ sa tf`t jt hams iat f`vm
004 ng) O`c 0::7+ pp) 06?=
006OajsatEnCmkvmy ?200+ p) ?6?
00:ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) 70
0?2jojh)+ p) 70
0?0ng) Fmkojid mt `k) ?222+ pp) 8648:2
0??ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) 70
0?>jojh)+ p) 70
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | >?
tfm appartuijty ta `nnueuk`tm+ systme`tjn`kky prmvmitjid n`t`strapfjn garmst gjrms) Fue`is hjm ji
g`vaur ag tfm fue`i dmim paak+ tr`hjid jihjvjhu`k gr`djkjty gar tfm survjv`k ag fue`ijty) Ji oatf
mx`epkms+ mkmemits ag tfm systme rmduk`rky orm`c hawi ai ` se`kk sn`km+ ji arhmr ta `vajh
k`rdm%sn`km dmimr`kjsmh n`t`strapfms0?8) Jt js gar sjejk`r rm`sais tf`t st`ojkjty n`i om hmtrjemit`k
gar ard`ijs`tjais< gjres omnaem vmry wm`c hurjid kaid pmrjahs ag stm`hy praspmrjty hmvajh ag
smto`ncs+ `ih fjhhmi vukimr`ojkjtjms `nnueuk`tm sjkmitky uihmr tfm surg`nm) Xa `i mvakutjai`ry
sunnmssguk naepkmx systme+ g`jkurm js ` nrjtjn`k naepaimit ag hm`kjid wjtf naepkmxjty `ih
`h`pt`ojkjty)
X`kmo dams sa g`r `s ta `hvan`tm trm`tjid rujimh mitrmprmimurs ji tfm s`em w`y wm faiaur
hm`h sakhjmrs+ pmrf`ps iat wjtf `s eunf faiaur+ out usjid tfm s`em kadjn) @s X`kmo mxpk`jis+
lust `s tfmrm js ia sunf tfjid `s ` g`jkmh sakhjmr+ hm`h ar `kjvm &uikmss fm `ntmh ji ` naw`rhky
e`iimr*+ kjcmwjsm tfmrm js ia sunf tfjid `s ` g`jkmh mitrmprmimur ar g`jkmh snjmitjgjnrmsm`rnfmr)
0?= Xfmjr s`nrjgjnm e`cms tfm systme straidmr) Xfjs pfmiaemiai w`s `ksa aosmrvmh
oy Cijdft mt `k)+ wfa naihuntmh ` stuhy ai tfm jep`nt ag mggmntjvm vmrsus iai%mggmntjvm nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit ai tfm sf`rmfakhmr v`kum ag `ggmntmh naep`ijms) Xfm rmsukts ag tfjs stuhy `rm
sfawi ji Gjdurm 02 `ih `rm `staijsfjid< ard`ijs`tjais wjtf mggmntjvm nrjsjs e`i`dmemit s`w `i
avmr`kk jinrm`sm ag 4- ji tfmjr sf`rmfakhmr v`kum `ih ` fm`ktfy rmnavmry wfmrm`s tfasm wfa g`jk
ta pk`i `ih suosmqumitky hmkjvmr `i jimggmntjvm rmspaism+ struddkm ta rmnavmr `ih smm `
hmnrm`sm ji tfmjr sf`rmfakhmr v`kum oy ejius 0=-)0?7
0?8ng) X`kmo ?20?`+ pp) 02202?3 >=2
0?=jojh)+ pp) 02202?3 >=2
0?7ng) CijdftRrmtty 0::7+ p) 08
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | >>
Gjdurm 02< Jep`nt ag mggmntjvm nrjsjs e`i`dmemit ai sf`rmfakhmr v`kum0?4
Xfjs ^nfuepmtmrj`i `ppra`nf ta uihmrst`ihjid naepkmx systmes0?6 js `ksa hmsnrjomh oy
Nsmremky+ wfasm gjihjids ai ojakadjn`k imtwarcs ih jepkjn`tjais ai naepkmxjty wjkk om mxpkarmh
ji nf`ptmr0)>)>) Xfm nf`kkmidm ji tfm pr`ntjn`k `ppkjn`tjai ag tfjs `ppra`nf gar ard`ijs`tjai`k
nrjsjs e`i`dmemit js ta hjstjk tfasm nf`r`ntmrjstjns `ih t`ntjns tf`t `kkaw gar tfm survjv`k ag tfm
ard`ijs`tjai3 o`smh ai tfm gr`nt`k%kjcm strunturm ag naepkmx systmes+ tfjs `ksa em`is `nnmptmh
g`jkurm `ih hm`tf ag naepaimits e`cjid up tfm systme)
0)>)?)8) Rrjin jpkm .8< Naepkmx sy stmes rm uist `okm
@s Djkpji mt `k) st`tm+ ji naepkmxjty%o`smh tfjicjid+ st`ojkjty js iat ` hmsjrmh st`tm3 jihmmh+ jt js
passjokm aiky wfmi tfm systme nm`sms ta om naepkmx)0?: ^jejk`rky+ Njkkjmr iatms tf`t2
Jt js jepart`it ta iatm tf`t jist`ojkjty ji naepkmx systmes js iat ta om naigusmh wjtf k`nc ag
raoustimss ar rmsjkjminm ag tfm systmes) @s Nsmremky st`tms0
Ji naepkmx systmes+ `i jihjn`tar gar tfm st`ojkjty ag tfm systme js tfm `eauit `ih jitmisjty ag tfm
jitmr`ntjais omtwmmi tfm `dmits ji tfm systme) Xaa gmw jitmr`ntjais em`i st`ojkjty &ji ` imd`tjvm
smism+ `s hmsnrjomh `oavm*+ wfjkm taa jitmism jitmr`ntjais km`h ta ` naepkmtm hjsarhmr) Jt js ji
tfm jitmremhj`tm r`idm+ omtwmmi taa kjttkm `ih taa e`iy jitmr`ntjais+ wfmrm memrdmit
pfmiaemi` rjsm % `t tfm mhdm ag $nf`as$)0>?
Xadmtfmr wjtf tfm iai%kjim`r nf`r`ntmrjstjn ag naepkmx systmes+ tfjs jist`ojkjty pasms tfm east
sjdijgjn`it nf`kkmidm ji `i ard`ijs`tjai`k nrjsjs< jitmrvmijid SU ji ` smisjtjvm systme ji wfjnf
mvmrytfjid js jitmrrmk`tmh+ SU n`i f`vm hr`stjn `ih uimxpmntmh rmsukts)0>> Xfjs gm`r ag
jitmrvmijid ji fjdfky naepkmx `ih ap`qum prmssurm sjtu`tjais n`i agtmi nrm`tm `i`kysjs
p`r`kysjs+ `s hmsnrjomh ji Mxpmrt Os n`sm stuhy< ji ` g`st%hmvmkapjid+ fjdf%rjsc sjtu`tjai+ `
fjdfky tr`jimh rmsmrvm aggjnmr lust naukh iat napm wjtf tfm `eauit `ih jitmisjty ag jinaejid `ih
agtmi naigkjntjid jigare`tjai ta tfm pajit wfmrm fm naukh iat om usmh gar tfm sjepkmst suppartt`scs `ih f`h ta om rmeavmh grae tfm snmim) Ji sunf ` snmi`rja+ sjepkm rukms n`i fmkp ta cmmp
aiky wf`t js jepart`it wjtfji tfm gr`em ag rmgmrminm `ih n`i pravjhm nainjsm dujh`inm ji
naepkmx sjtu`tjais)
0)>)?)=) Rrjin jpkm .=< Naepkmx sys tmes rm jrrmvmrsj okm
Ciawkmhdm wjtfji ` naepkmx systme js kan`tmh `t tfm kmvmk ag tfm jihjvjhu`k mkmemits tf`t
naeprjsm tfm systme)0>8 Xfjs em`is tf`t tfm fjstary ag tfm systme js `i mssmitj`k gm`turm ag tfm
memrdjid p`ttmris `ih omf`vjaurs) Njkkjmr e`cms jt nkm`r tf`t2Njkkjmrs 0::6+ p) >
0>0Nsmremky ?227+ p) 02>
0>?Xfjmt`rtGardums ?200+ p) =6
0>> K`d`hmn 0::>+ p) 046
0>8ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) >2
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | >=
Naepkmx systmes f`vm ` fjstary) Iat aiky ha tfmy mvakvm tfraudf tjem+ out t fmjr p`st js na%rmspaisjokm gar tfmjr prmsmit omf`vjaur) @iy `i`kysjs ag ` naepkmx systme tf`t jdiarms tfmhjemisjai ag tjem js jinaepkmtm+ ar `t east ` syinfraijn si`psfat ag ` hj`nfraijnpranmss)
0>=
@ e`ji hjggmrminm omtwmmi naepkmx systmes `ih tfm nk`ssjn Imwtaij`i eahmks ag systmes js
tf`t ji naepkmx strunturms tjem js ia kaidmr naisjhmrmh rmvmrsjokm)0>7 M`nf sunnmssjvm
hmvmkapemit memrdms grae ` spmnjgjn smt ag prmvjaus hmvmkapemits SU+ out iat ji ` kjim`r
smquminm tf`t n`i sjepky om gakhmh ar uigakhmh)0>4 Xa mxpk`ji tfm jep`nt ag tfjs ai nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit+ Djkpji mt `k) rmgmr ta E`rr` wfa hmhunms tf`t ard`ijs`tjai k nukturm+ r`tfmr tf`i `
spmnjgjn nrjsjs pk`i+ js aim ag smvmr`k g`ntars tf`t hmtmrejim sunnmssguk nrjsjs naeeuijn`tjai+0>6
`ih tf`t omn`usm ag tfm gr`nt`k%kjcm strunturm ag naepkmx systmes+ ard`ijs tjai`k fjstary puts jts
st`ep ai `kk `spmnts ag ` nrjsjs+ `t `kk kmvmks ag `i ard`ijs`tjai )0>:
Xfm jepart`inm ag tfm fjstary ag ` naepkmx systme js `ksa rmgkmntmh ji tfm w`y sunnmssguk
ard`ijs`tjais hm`k wjtf naepkmxjty) Grae tfm `i`kysjs ag Fjdf _mkj`ojkjty Ard`ijs`tjais &F_As*+
Tmjnc jhmitjgjmh `ttmitjvmimss `s ` cmy ard`ijs`tjai`k omf`vjaur tf`t mi`okms F_As ta
sunnmssgukky e`cm smism ag tfm g`st%p`nmh `ih fjdfky naepkmx mivjraiemit ji wfjnf tfmy
apmr`tm)082 Xfjs smism%e`cjid js `ksa gjreky `tt`nfmh ta fjstary+ `s em`ijid naems grae
p`yjid `ttmitjai wf`t f`s `krm`hy annurrmh080 `ih memrdms ji tfm prmsmit wfjkm rme`jijid
gjreky drauihmh ji tfm p`st) Fminm+ mvmry nrjsjs naistjtutms `i jrrmvmrsjokm mvmit gar `i
ard`ijs`tjai3 ard`ijs`tjai`k nf`idm+ om jt omimgjnj`k ar hmtrjemit`k+ js aokjd`tary past%nrjsjs)
Mvmi ard`ijs`tjais tf`t sunnmssgukky rmsakvm ` nrjsjs rmturi ta ` imw iare`k `ih iat ta tfmjr
prm%nrjsjs st`tm)
0)>)?)7) Rrjinjpkm .7< Naepkmx systmes f`vm pmrem`okm ih j k k %hmg jimh oau ih`rjms
Tfjkm dmimr`k systmes tfmarjms `ssuem ` hjstjint oarhmr omtwmmi ` systme `ih jts
mivjraiemit+ naepkmx systmes tfmary oujkhs ai tfm uihmrst`ihjid tf`t naepkmx systmes `h`pt
0>= Njkkjmrs 0::6+ p) >0>7
ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) >?
0>4 jojh)+ p) >4
0>6jojh)+ p) >2
0>:jojh)+ p) >2
082ng) Tmjnc^utnkjggm ?220+ pp) 0204
080jojh)+ p) 08
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | >7
naist`itky ta tfmjr nf`idjid mivjraiemits+ wfjnf km`hs ta nf`idms ji tfm mivjraiemit08? `ih+
tfus+ rmqujrms naepkmx systmes ta om smmi `s apmi08> `ih `s p`rt ag ` wjhmr naepkmx
systme)088
Ji tfm warhs ag Njkkjmrs0
088ng) Pujkk ?20?
08= Njkkjmrs 0::6+ pp) vjjjjx
087E`dujrm ?200+ p) 62
084DjkpjiEurpfy ?226
086Njkkjmrs 0::6+ p) >
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | >4
0)>)?)4) Rrjin jpkm .4< Naepkmx sys tmes rm jrrmhu njokm
@s hjsnussmh m`rkjmr+ hum ta memrdmit p`ttmris `ih iai%kjim`r omf`vjaurs+ ` naepkmx systme js
earm tf`i tfm sue ag jts p`rts) Xfmrmgarm+ jt js iat passjokm ta rmhunm tfm systme ta jts
naepaimit p`rts ar ta kaac `t s`epkms `ih e`cm dmimr`kjs`tjais gar tfm wfakm+ wfmi smmcjid ta
uihmrst`ih ` naepkmx systme)08: @ k`rdm systme ag kjim`r mkmemits n`i usu`kky om nakk`psmh
jita `i mqujv`kmit systme tf`t js vmry eunf se`kkmr)0=2 Xfm e`iimr ji wfjnf nrjsjs e`i`dmemit
f`s ommi `ppra`nfmh ji tfm p`st jivakvms snfme`tjsjid `ih sjepkjgyjid patmitj`k nrjsjs
snmi`rjas jita dmimrjn naepaimits `ih js
Xfm smvmi prjinjpkms hmsnrjomh ji tfjs nf`ptmr `rm tfm gauih`tjai gar uihmrst`ihjid faw
naepkmx systmes `ih naepkmx sjtu`tjais prmsmit tfmesmkvms ta nrjsjs e`i`dmrs) Xfm mxpmrtjitmrvjmws `ih n`sm stuhjms ji @iimx @ wjkk `jh ji hmeaistr`tjid faw tfmsm prjinjpkms `ppky ta
rm`k%warkh nrjsjs snmi`rjas)
0)>)>) Tfy imtwarcs e`ttmr
F`vjid tfm `ojkjty ta prmhjnt kmt `kaim naitrak tfm hyi`ejns ag naepkmx imtwarcs rme`jis `
nmitr`k nf`kkmidm tfraudfaut imtwarc snjminm) ^truntur`k `ih hyi`ejn sjejk`rjtjms `eaid
hjggmrmit rm`k imtwarcs suddmst tf`t saem uijvmrs`k k`ws ejdft om ji `ntjai) Crjaucav mt `k)
puokjsfmh ` stuhy ji I`turm tf`t sfaws tf`t tfm n`us`k imtwarc rmprmsmitjid tfm k`rdm%sn`km
08:ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) >?
0=2ng) Njkkjmrs 0::6+ p) >
0=0R`r`scmv`s ?227+ p) 6:8
0=? ng) DjkpjiEurpfy ?226+ p) >?
0=>Nsmremky ?227+ p) WJJ
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | >6
strunturm agsp`nmtjem ji aur `nnmkmr`tjid uijvmrsm js ` pawmr%k`w dr`pf wjtf straid nkustmrjid+
sjejk`r ta e`iy naepkmx imtwarcs sunf `s tfm jitmrimt+ sanj`k imtwarcs+ ar ojakadjn`k
imtwarcs)0=8 Tfjkm tfmsm systmes f`vm ommi tr`hjtjai`kky eahmkkmh `s r`ihae dr`pfs+ jt js
jinrm`sjidky rmnadijsmh tf`t tfm tapakady `ih mvakutjai ag rm`k imtwarcs `rm davmrimh oy raoust
ard`ijsjid prjinjpkms)0==
Ag naursm+ nmrt`ji naistr`jits `ih kjejt`tjais `ppky wfmi naep`rjid imtwarcs naisjstjid ag
ym`st o`ntmrj` wjtf sanj`k imtwarcs gauih ji ` dkao`k narpar`tjai3 sanj`k systmes immh ta om
stuhjmh ji tfmjr awi rjdft `s naepkmx sanj`k systmes)0=7 Fawmvmr+ oy kaacjid `t tfm dmimrjn
nf`r`ntmrjstjns ar prjinjpkms naeeai ta `kk i`tur`k naepkmx systmes `ih `t tfm naep`r`tjvm
`i`taey ag imtwarcs+ rmsm`rnfmrs `rm `okm ta sfaw tf`t tfmrm `rm uijvmrs`k prjinjpkms tf`t `ppky
ta hjggmrmit imtwarcs tf`t snjmitjgjn`kky `rm naepkmtmky uirmk`tmh out `rm gakkawjid tfm s`em
e`tfme`tjn`k ih `rnfjtmntur`k prjinjpkms)0=4
@ wjhm `rm` ag rmsm`rnf f`s kaid ommi hmvatmh ta uihmrst`ihjid faw pk`ymrs sunf `s oahjky
ard`is+ pmapkm+ ous staps+ naep`ijms ar nauitrjms naiimnt ta imtwarcs) @s Pujkk st`tms+ p) ?
0=4ng) Pujkk ?20?+ p) 06
0=6jojh)+ p) 06
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | >:
0)>)>)0) Hyi`ejn imtwarc tapa kady uih mr nrjs js
Oy kaacjid `t faw ym`st o`ntmrj` nukturms rm`nt `ih eahjgy tfmjr jitmri`k naeeuijn`tjai `ih
strunturm uihmr strmss &ji tfm n`sm ag tfm o`ntmrj`+ strmss em`is rmhuntjai ag iutrjmits ar
mxpasurm ta fm`t sfancs*+ Nsmremky gauih straid sjejk`rjty ji tfm aosmrv`okm omf`vjaurs ag
tfmsm o`ntmrj`k imtwarcs ih fue`i+ sanj`k imtwarcs)0=:
Grae ` nrjsjs e`i`dmemit pmrspmntjvm+ aim ag tfm east jitmrmstjid gjihjids w`s tf`t o`ntmrj`k
imtwarcs uihmrda sjdijgjn`it struntur`k nf`idms uihmr nrjsjs) ]ihmr iare`k njrnuest`inms tfmjr
pfmiatypm js hmsnrjomh `s k`rdm+ em`ijid uinaihmismh+ `ih hjspk`yjid tfm typjn`k naiimntjai
nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag ` naepkmx systme wfmrm mvmrytfjid js naiimntmh ta mvmrytfjid wjtfaut e`lar
hjggmrminms ji tfm strmidtfs ag tfmsm naiimntjais) Fawmvmr+ wfmi put ji survjv`k eahm tfraudf
`ppkjn`tjai ag mxtmri`k strmssars+ tfm imtwarc hr`stjn`kky rmhunmh jitmr%draup naiimntjais+
tfmrmoy nrm`tjid earm smp`r`tm imtwarc eahukms tf`t wmrm stjkk naiimntmh+ tfaudf tfm strmidtfag tfmsm naiimntjais w`s sjdijgjn`itky rmhunmh3 Nsmremky n`kks tfjs tfm se`kk pfmiatypm)
Mssmitj`kky+ tfm systme rm`rr`idmh jtsmkg `ih qu`r`itjimh v`rjaus eahukms ta ejtjd`tm tfm
hmstruntjvm jep`nt ag grmm r`hjn`ks wfjnf+ ji ` tjdftky naupkmh systme+ naukh rm`nf hjst`it
mkmemits ag tfm systme earm m`sjky `ih n`usm earm h`e`dm) @iatfmr pasjtjvm autnaem ag tfjs
rmnaigjdur`tjai ag tfm systme w`s tf`t tfm jihjvjhu`k imtwarc eahukms naukh hmvmkap kan`k `ih
spmnjgjn sakutjais ta tfm nrjsjs tfmy wmrm g`njid) Tfjkm pratmji syitfmsjs mkmemits `rm tfm east
jepart`it mkmemit ag ym`st imtwarcs hurjid iare`k guintjai+ tfmsm mkmemits omnaem usmkmss ji
tfm `osminm ag iutrjmits grae wfjnf pratmji js syitfmsjsmh) ^urvjv`k pranmssms omnaem earm
jepart`it `ih tfm ym`st o`ntmrj` imtwarc eahukms nf`idm tfmjr jitmri`k warcgkaw oy rmhjrmntjid
jts mimrdy hjstrjoutjai ta mkmemits tf`t naukh pranmss pratmji hmdr`h`tjai jistm`h ag syitfmsjs+
ta `kkaw gar imtwarc survjv`k `s sfawi ji Gjdurm 00)
0=:ng) Nsmremky ?226+ p) =
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 82
Gjdurm 00< ^truntur`k nf`idms ji ym`st naeeuijty ji nrjsjs eahm &Oattae p`imk O< 0= ejiutms+
>4N fm`t sfanc*072
Oy nrm`tjid earm kan`k+ kmss%naiimntmh eahukms wjtf kmss jitmisjvm nait`nts+ tfm wfakm imtwarc`nfjmvms jinrm`smh gkmxjojkjty+ omttmr h`e`dm kan`kjs`tjai+ swjgtmr spmnjgjn ih mggmntjvm rmspaism+
`ih omttmr avmr`kk naigkjnt e`i`dmemit)070Earm dmimr`kky+ Nsmremkys rmsm`rnf tm`e sfaw tf`t
o`ntmrj` kjvjid ji ` v`rj`okm mivjraiemit f`vm earm smp`r`tm imtwarc eahukms+ `s tfmy `rm
naist`itky mxpasmh ta nrjsjs `ih tfm immh gar mggmntjvm nrjsjs e`i`dmemit js ` survjv`k
imnmssjty) Gjdurm 0? omkaw sfaws `i `ntu`k dr`pfjn`k rmprmsmit`tjai ag tfm hjggmrmit imtwarc
strunturm ag twa hjggmrmit ard`ijses+ kjvjid ji ` v`rj`okm mivjraiemit &kmgt* vmrsus kjvjid ji `
st`okm fast ard`ijse &rjdft*)
072Nsmremky ?226+ p) 02
070ng) Ejf`kjc mt `k) ?200+ p) >
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 80
Gjdurm 0?< ^e`kk+ euktj%eahuk`r pfmiatypm ai tfm kmgt ag tfm grmm kjvjid M) nakj o`ntmrjue vmrsus
k`rdm+ sjidkm e`lar narm pfmiatypm ai tfm rjdft ag tfm syeojait Ounfimr` kjvjid ` kmss
fastjkm!v`rj`okm mivjraiemit) Ok`nc njrnkms jihjn`tm imtwarc eahukms)07?
@s st`tmh `oavm+ tfm v`kum ag `ssmssjid nrjsjs e`i`dmemit grae ` naepkmxjty snjminm `ih
imtwarc snjminm pmrspmntjvm kjms ji tfm dmimr`k `ppkjn`ojkjty ag nmrt`ji &iat `kk* nf`r`ntmrjstjns)
Fminm+ `iatfmr stuhy ji wfjnf naeeuijn`tjai p`ttmris ji sanj`k imtwarcs prjar `ih hurjid ta `
nrjsjs mvmit wmrm aosmrvmh+ js ag sjdijgjn`inm ta ard`ijs`tjai`k nrjsjs e`i`dmemit `ih jts
nainkusjais n`i om `ppkjmh ta `i ard`ijs`tjais nrjsjs strunturm `ih `ppra`nf ta nrjsjsrmsakutjai) O`draw mt `k) mxpkarmh sanjmt`k rmspaism ta mxtmri k pmrturo`tjais `ih jhmitjgjmh
rm`k%tjem nf`idms ji naeeuijn`tjai `ih eaojkjty p`ttmris ji tfm vjnjijty ag memrdminjms+ sunf
`s oaeo `tt`ncs `ih m`rtfqu`cms+ wfjnf wmrm surprjsjidky sjejk`r ta Nsmremkys gjihjids ji
ym`st o`ntmrj` naeeuijtjms) Kjcm tfm e`iimr ji wfjnf ojanfmejsts usm hruds ta pmrturo tfm
st`tm ag ` nmkk ta omttmr uihmrst`ih tfm nakkmntjvm omf`vjaur ag kjvjid systmes+ O`draw mt `k)
kaacmh `t memrdminjms `s mxtmri`k sanjmt`k pmrturo`tjais+ fmkpjid uinavmr dmimrjn nf`idms ji
tfm sp`tj`k+ tmepar`k `ih sanj`k `ntjvjty p`ttmris ag tfm fue`i papuk`tjai)
O`draw mt `k) gauih tf`t naeeuijn`tjai spjcms `nnaep`iyjid memrdminjms wmrm oatf sp`tj`kky
`ih tmepar`kky kan`kjsmh+ out jigare`tjai `oaut memrdminjms sprm`h dkao`kky)07> @s js tfm n`sm
wjtf ojanfmejn`k imtwarcs+ tfm rmsm`rnfmrs naukh aosmrvm ` nf`idm ji tfm fue`i sanj`k
07?^z`k`y%Omca mt `k) ?20?+ p) ??2?
07>ng) O`draw mt `k) ?200+ p) ?
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 8?
imtwarc ta `hapt ` se`kk pfmiatypm+ wjtf `i jinrm`sm ji tfm iueomr ag n`kks pk`nmh ta grjmihs
`ih ` narrmspaihjid hmnrm`sm ji n`kks ta iai%grjmihs+ `s appasmh ta iai%memrdminy mvmits
wfmrm usmrs wmrm kmss kjcmky ta n`kk ` nkasm nait`nt)078 @sjhm grae tfm aovjaus struntur`k
sjejk`rjty ta tfm eahuk`r M) nakj imtwarc sfawi ji Gjdurm 0?+ Gjdurm 0> sfaws faw
naeeuijn`tjai wjtfji ` fue`i sanj`k imtwarc nf`idms grae omjid uistrunturmh+ k`rdm `ih
r`ihaeky naiimntmh &prmvjaus wmmc* `ih struntur`kky nf`idmh ta ` se`kk+ kan`kjsmh `ih
eahuk`r wmo)
Gjdurm 0>< Xap p`imk< tfm nait`nt imtwarc garemh omtwmmi `ggmntmh usmrs hurjid ` oaeojid)
Oattae p`imk< tfm n`kk p`ttmri omtwmmi usmrs tf`t `rm `ntjvm hurjid tfm memrdminy hurjid tfm
prmvjaus wmmc+ jihjn`tjid tf`t tfm jigare`tjai n`sn`hm aosmrvmh hurjid tfm oaeojid js aut ag tfm
arhji`ry)07=
078ng) O`draw mt `k) ?200+ pp) ^8
07=jojh)+ p) =
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 8>
Kaacjid `t `iatfmr fjdfky sunnmssguk nrjsjs e`i`dmemit ard`ijs`tjai+ tfm fue`i jeeuim
systme+ tfm s`em prapmrtjms n`i om aosmrvmh077) Tfmi uihmr `tt`nc+ tfm fjdfky naiimntmh+ kaw%
naepkmxjty imtwarc js tr`isgaremh ta ` earm sp`rsmky naiimntmh imtwarc+ mxfjojtjid ` fjdfmr
hmdrmm ag naepkmxjty) Hurjid tfmsm nf`idms+ tfm jeeuim imtwarc n`i rmnrujt `ih kasm mkmemits
`ih nf`idm tapakady)074
Gar tfm purpasms ag tfjs tfmsjs+ jt js ag jitmrmst ta uihmrst`ih tfm uihmrkyjid hyi`ejns `ih
naihjtjais tf`t `kkaw tfm imtwarcs ta `h`pt+ `ih ta hr`w nainkusjais gar fue`i ard`ijs`tjai`k
nrjsjs e`i`dmemit tm`es) Tf`t `rm tfm prm%naihjtjais ta `kkaw imtwarcs ta nf`idm tfmjr
strunturm uihmr nrjsjs1 Xfm rmsm`rnf ag Nsmremky `ih O`draw sfaw tf`t imtwarc tapakady
nf`idms uihmr nrjsjs ta `kkaw gar earm mggmntjvm nrjsjs e`i`dmemit ji ojakadjn`k nmkkuk`r
imtwarcs `ih fue`i sanj`k imtwarcs) Xfmsm nf`idms ji imtwarc tapakady `rm jitmihmh ta
mi`okm tfm imtwarc ta jinrm`sm jts pmrgare`inm uihmr nrjsjs `ih+ o`smh ai tfm gjihjids ag MxpmrtN+ tfmy `rm tfm prmrmqujsjtms gar memrdmit omf`vjaurs ji N@^) Oy nf`idjid tfmjr tapakady grae
k`rdm+ uinkustmrmh `ih kaasmky naiimntmh mkmemits ta naep`rtemit`kjsmh+ fjdfky naiimntmh
strunturms minaep`ssjid mkmemits wjtf hmgjimh `ih spmnjgjn guintjais+ imtwarcs n`i jsak`tm tfm
nrjsjs+ kjejt tfm rjsc ag tfm nrjsjs sprm`hjid tfraudf tfm wjhmr imtwarc+ `ih warc ai kan`kjsmh
sakutjais+ `kk wfjkm cmmpjid jigare`tjai gkawjid tfraudf tfm imtwarc iahms) @kk tfmsm mkmemits
&hjvmrsjty ag `dmits+ naiimntjvjty+ r`tm ag jigare`tjai gkaw* f`vm ommi jhmitjgjmh oy Mxpmrt N `s
omjid nrunj`k gar sunnmssguk nrjsjs rmsakutjai ji fue`i+ narpar`tm ard`ijs`tjais)076
Xfm qu`kjty ag tfm naiimntjai omtwmmi imtwarc `dmits js ` nainmpt tf`t Nsmremky hmsnrjoms `s
mssmitj`k ta `kkaw gar imtwarc nrjsjs e`i`dmemit) Xfm nainmpt ag wm`c kjics+ wm`c sjdi`ks `ih
nrm`tjvm mkmemits `rm hjsnussmh ji tfm imxt nf`ptmrs)
0)>)>)?) Tm`c k jics ih st`oj k j ty ag n aepkmx i mtwarcs
@gtmr aosmrvjid `ih stuhyjid nf`pmraim eakmnukms+ Nsmremky n`em ta tfm nainkusjai tf`t
imtwarc ciawkmhdm js ` cmy `ssmt wfmi pk`iijid jeemhj`tm nauitmr%em`surms `d`jist
nrjsjs)07:
077ng) D`usm ?200+ pp) 0>2%0>0
074ng) Nsmremky ?227+ pp) 0=60=:
076ng) Kuhmsnfmr 0?2:?20>+ p) :
07:Nsmremky ?227+ p) WJJ
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 88
@ nf`pmraim+ ar eakmnuk r nf`pmraim+ js ` pratmji tf`t fmkps tfm gakhjid ag atfmr pratmjis oy
prmvmitjid tfmjr `ddrmd`tjai ar oy p`rtj`kky uigakhjid tfme ta djvm tfme ` imw appartuijty ta
rmgakh) Nf`pmraim syitfmsjs js jihunmh oy strmss ar fm`t sfanc)042 _utfmrgarh mt `k) gauih tf`t jg
` nmrt`ji nf`pmraim eakmnukm warcs ji tfm grujt gky spmnjms hrasapfjk`+ `keast `kk tfm hrasapfjk`s
sfaw tfm s`em pfysjn`k nf`r`ntmrjstjns3 fawmvmr+ jg tfm nf`pmraim eakmnukm w`s h`e`dmh
tfraudf strmss+ j)m) fm`t sfancs+ tfm grujt gkjms wmrm smrjausky hmgaremh `ih kaacmh ejsmr`okm3
out+ ejsmr`okm ji hjggmrmitw`ys)?< `
naepkmx systme wjkk sfaw `i `h`ptjvm omf`vjaur ji arhmr ta na%mvakvm wjtf jts mivjraiemit) Xa
`nfjmvm tfjs+ tfm `tt`ncmh systme immhs ta om suggjnjmitky naepkmx ta mi`okm `i `hmqu`tm
`eauit ag rmspaism aptjais3 ji tfm n`sm hmsnrjomh oy _utfmrgarh mt `k)+ tfm rmspaism aptjais
e`tmrj`kjsmh ji ` v`rjmty ag hjvmrsm hrasapfjk` eut`tjais)
@iatfmr jitmrmstjid gjihjid grae tfjs stuhy js tf`t nf`pmraim eakmnukms f`h ` st`ojkjsjid mggmnt
ai tfm dmimtjn nahm ag tfm grujt gky) @s st`tmh ji smntjai 0)>)?)8+ ` cmy nf`r`ntmrjstjn ag naepkmx
systmes js tf`t tfmy `rm uist`okm) Nsmremky hmgjims tfm tmre st`ojkjty `s gakkaws< /@ imtwarc js
st`okm jg jt sfaws ` tmihminy ta rmturi ta jts arjdji`k p`r`emtmr v`kums `gtmr ` pmrturo`tjai/+04>
`ih?6
040jojh)+ p) WJJ
04?jojh)+
04>jojh)+ p) 02>
048jojh)+ p) ?6?
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 8=
Nsmremkys rmsm`rnf sfaws tf`t tfm st`ojkjsjid mggmnt ag nf`pmraim eakmnukms js o`smh ai tfmjr
n`p`ojkjty ta oujkh sa%n`kkmh wm`c kjics ta ` fjdf iueomr ag mkmemits wjtfji tfm imtwarc 3 fm
hmhunmh dmimr`kky `ppkjn`okm gjihjids grae `i`kysjid mx`ntky faw nf`pmraims e`i`dmh ta
e`cm naepkmx kjvjid imtwarcs raoust `d`jist mxtmri`k strmssars) Nsmremky hmgjims ` wm`c kjic
`s gakkaws< ` kjic js hmgjimh `s wm`c wfmi jts `hhjtjai ar rmeav`k hams iat nf`idm tfm em`i
v`kum ag ` t`rdmt em`surm ji ` st`tjstjn`kky hjsnmrijokm w`y)04=
Xfm prjinjpkm ag imtwarc rmsjkjminm tfraudf tfm prmsminm ag wm`c kjics w`s jijtj`kky hmsnrjomh oy
Dr`iavmttmr ji tfm 0:72s ji sanj`k imtwarcs) Nsmremkys rmsm`rnf `ih `ttmept ta dmimr`kjsm tfjs
nainmpt gar imtwarcs jihjn`tms tf`t wm`c kjics f`vm ` st`ojkjsjid guintjai iat aiky ji pratmjis
`ih sanj`k systmes out `ksa ai tfm psynfm+ `ije`k naeeuijtjms+ gjre sanj`k imts+ partgakjas+
tawis+ sagtw`rm+ mnasystmes+ fareaim imtwarcs+ tfm jeeuim systme+ k`idu`dm+ mkmntraijn
njrnujts+ `ih e`iy earm)047
Zmt `iatfmr mx`epkm ag systme st`ojkjty w`s rmvm`kmh `gtmr tfm tmrrarjst `tt`nc `d`jist tfm Tarkh
Xr`hm Nmitrm ai 00 ^mptmeomr ?220) @kk ag tfm mepkaymms ag ` naep`iy wfa cimw tfm
p`sswarh ta `nnmss ` smt ag nrunj`k h`t` f`h hjmh) G`nmh wjtf tfjs sjtu`tjai+ tfm rme`jijid
mepkaymms nfasm tfm gakkawjid ppra`nf+ p) :
06=ng) C`ugge`i 0::0
067ng) Ejtkmtai%Cmkky ?22>+ p) :
064jojh)+ p) :
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 86
Gjres+ davmriemit`k systmes `ih east atfmr ard`ijs`tjais `rm typjn`k gare`k imtwarcs+ j)m)
fjmr`rnfjn`k strunturms wfmrm kjics `rm straid) Ard`ijs`tjais naukh iat guintjai wjtfaut tfmsm
straid naiimntjais omtwmmi mkmemits ag tfm imtwarc)066 Nsmremky straidky `hvan`tms tfm immh
gar ` n`rmguk o`k`inm omtwmmi straid `ih wm`c kjics ji ousjimss imtwarcs)06: Fm hjggmrmitj`tms
omtwmmi praokme typms tf`t `rm fjdfky ganusmh `ih rmqujrm ` iare`tjvm `ppra`nf straid kjics
`ih hjggusm praokmes `ih jistruemit`k t`scswfmrm tfm je`dji`tjvm `ih nrm`tjvm usm ag wm`c
kjics n`i prahunm memrdmit sakutjais)0:2
Hjvmrsjty+ tfm v`st rmsaurnm ag tfm eyrj`h ag wm`c kjics+ pravjhms gar tfm mxtrmemky jepart`it
ouggmrjid n`p`njty ag naepkmx systmes+ wfjnf jinrm`sms tfmjr raoustimss `ih nf`inms ag
survjv`k ji tjems ag h`idmr `ih nrjsjs)0:0 Imtwarcs ar wmos `rm iat naist`itky naiimntmh) Xfmjr
raoustimss kjms ai tfmjr `ojkjty ta rm%mst`okjsf hare`it naiimntjais+ wfmi imnmss`ry)0:? Mxpmrt
N gukky `nciawkmhdms tfm jepart`inm ag kaasm naiimntjvjty ji imtwarcs ta `kkaw gar systme
rmsjkjminm) Tfjkm straid kjics tmih ta hmst`ojkjsm tfm systme wfmi iahms dmt naidmstmh oy
jigare`tjai ar hmstraymh oy nrjsjs+ jt js tfm kaasm naiimntjais tf`t `kkaw tfm jigare`tjai ta
njrnuevmit okancmh iahms `ih djvm tfm systme tfm rmqujrmh `eauit ag gkmxjojkjty)0:>
Ji ard`ijs`tjai`k nrjsjs e`i`dmemit `ih rmsjkjminm+ tfm nainmpt ag wm`c kjics js nkasmky rmk`tmh
ta `i ard`ijs`tjais n`p`ojkjty ta hmtmnt `ih rm`nt ta wm`c sjdi`ks)
0)>)>)>) Tm`c s jdi`ks
Iajsm &em`ijidkmss stjeukj* ji ` systme js o`h gar tfm imtwarc jg fjdf `ih naitjiuaus iajsm
kmvmks hjsturo `kk imtwarc guintjais)0:8 Tf`t js mssmitj`k gar m`rky hmtmntjai ag ` sjtu`tjai tf`t
naukh patmitj`kky hmvmkap jita ` nrjsjs+ js tfm `ojkjty ta hjggmrmitj`tm wm`c sjdi`ks grae tfm iajsm ji
066ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) ?24
06:ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) ?2>
0:2jojh)+ p) ?2>
0:0jojh)+ p) 7
0:?ng) Ejtkmtai%Cmkky ?22>+ p) ?4
0:>ng) Kuhmsnfmr 0?2:?20>+ p) 07
0:8ng) Nsmremky ?227+ p) =?
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | 8:
` systme) Xfm gjrst hanuemitmh aosmrv`tjais ag wm`c sjdi`ks &ar daah iajsm* wmrm s`jkars
rmparts ai tfm pmnukj`r pfmiaemiai tf`t hjsarhmrmh r`jihraps g`kkjid ai tfm anm`i n`i n`ke
raudf sm`s)0:= Jt js aiky `gtmr e`iy eaitfs ai sm` tf`t tfjs p`ttmri w`s rmnadijzmh+ tfm sjdi`k
jhmitjgjmh+ `ih tfm ciawkmhdm n`pturmh `ih p`ssmh ai)
Mxpmrt N fjdfkjdftmh sunf sjdi`k hmtmntjai `s `i mssmitj`k mkmemit ag nrjsjs e`i`dmemit nrjsjs
prmvmitjai) @ktfaudf N hams iat imnmss`rjky `drmm tf`t mvmry nrjsjs me`i`tms iatjnm`okm
sjdi`ks omgarm jt f`ppmis+ fm `drmms tf`t jt js trum ji east ag tfm n`sms `ih+ fminm+ m`rky sjdi`k
hmtmntjai js cmy ta sunnmssguk nrjsjs e`i`dmemit) N jhmitjgjms tfrmm hjggmrmit typms ag hmtmntars+ p) 8
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | =2
naep`iy f`h jts omstsmkkjid eaitf+ iaw vjmwmh ji ` pasjtjvm kjdft `s tfm `kkmd`tjais wmrm
pmrnmjvmh ta om g`ksm)0:4
Gjdurm 0=< ]iw`itmh sjejk`rjty ag kada `ih @r`ojn nf`r`ntmrs spmkkjid tfm i`em Eaf`eemh0:6
O`rtai jhmitjgjmh ` kjst ag typjn`k w`rijid sjdi`ks `i ard`ijs`tjai sfaukh eaijtar gar+ njtjid
jihjn`tars kjcm puokjn rmsjst`inm ta `i jiiav`tjai+ p`ttmris ag ejiar jinjhmits ar im`r%ejss
mvmits+ pmrsjstmit rueaurs+ pmrsjstmit nustaemr naepk`jits+ `ih atfmrs)0:: @kk ag tfm `oavm
kjstmh mvmits wjkk mxjst ji v`rjaus sf`pms ar gares wjtfji `i ard`ijs`tjai3 fawmvmr+ jt js tfm sjdi`k
strmidtf tf`t wjkk hmtmrejim rm`ntjai kmvmk) Xfraudf tfm usm ag gjktmrjid emnf`ijses+ prapmr
sjdi`ks e`y om hjstjidujsfmh grae tfm surrauihjid iajsm)?22
Xfm nainmpt aggmrs e`i`dmemit ` sakutjai ta tfm rmnurrjid praokme ag ejs`kjdiemit ag str`tmdjnpk`iijid wjtf tfm mxtmri`k ar jitmri`k mivjraiemit) @i ard`ijs`tjai js naigraitmh wjtf str`tmdjn
surprjsms wfmi imjtfmr tfm n`usms iar tfm passjokm rmspaisms `rm nkm`r) ?20
^tr`tmdjn pk`iijid js naivmrtjid mivjraiemit`k jigare`tjai jita nainrmtm `ntjai pk`is+
pradr`eems `ih ouhdmts) Xfjs js wfmrm @isagg jhmitjgjmh ` p`r`hax< jg `i ard`ijs`tjai w`jts
uitjk jigare`tjai js `hmqu`tm gar str`tmdjn pk`iijid+ jt wjkk jinrm`sjidky om surprjsmh oy nrjsms3 jg jt
`nnmpts v`dum jigare`tjai+ tfm naitmit wjkk iat om spmnjgjn miaudf gar tfaraudf str`tmdjn
0:4 ng) Kuhmsnfmr :26?20?
0:6ng) Kuhmsnfmr :26?20?+ `utfars awi jkkustr`tjai
0::ng)O`rtai K) ?228+ p) ==
?22ng)E`icmkwjnCjt`f`r` ?202+ p) >
?20ng)@isagg 0:4=+ p) >
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | =0
pk`iijid)?2? Xfm sakutjai prmsmitmh oy @isagg urdms ard`ijs`tjais ta naisjhmr wf`t `ntjais `rm
gm`sjokm `t ` tjem wfmi jigare`tjai omnaems `v`jk`okm) Jijtj`kky+ `ntjais wjkk om uiganusmh+
`jemh `t jinrm`sjid tfm str`tmdjn gkmxjojkjty ag `i ard`ijs`tjai) @s tfm jigare`tjai omnaems earm
prmnjsm+ sa sfaukh tfm ard`ijs`tjais rmspaism+ mvmitu`kky tmreji`tjid ji ` hjrmnt `tt`nc ta tfm
tfrm`t ar appartuijty)?2>
Naisjhmrjid oatf tfm str`tmdjn pk`iijid `ih apmr`tjai`k kmvmk+ @isaggs eahmk js cmy ji nrjsjs
jhmitjgjn`tjai+ hmtmntjid tfm se`kkmr trjddmr mvmits) Jt js r`rm tf`t nrjsms annur wjtfaut `iy
jihjn`tjai ar `hvmrsm p`ttmri ag mvmits tf`t pajits taw`rhs ` imd`tjvm `nnueuk`tjai `ih `
patmitj`k nrjsjs) Tm`c kjics `ih rm`ntjai ta wm`c sjdi`ks `rm cmy pjkk`rs ji ard`ijses nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit n`p`ojkjtjms3 fawmvmr+ imtwarc snjminm f`s `ksa jhmitjgjmh tfm immh gar sa%n`kkmh
nrm`tjvm mkmemits) ^mntjai 0)>)>)8 hmsnrjoms tfm nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag nrm`tjvm mkmemits `ih faw
ard`ijs`tjai k nrjsjs e`i`dmemit n`i omimgjt grae tfmjr usm ji tjems ag nrjsjs)
0)>)>)8) Nrm`tjv m mkmemits
Nrm`tjvm mkmemits `rm tfm kjgm jisur`inm ag naepkmx systmes+ fmkpjid tfme ta survjvm hurjid `iy
uimxpmntmh h`e`dm3 tfm iueomr `ih jepart`inm ag nrm`tjvm mkmemits sfaukh jinrm`sm jg tfm
naepkmx ard`ijse mxpmrjminms ` gkuntu`tjid mivjraiemit)?28
Nsmremky hmsnrjoms nrm`tjvm mkmemits `s omjid hyi`ejn+ saemwf`t uiprmhjnt`okm naiimntars
ag hjst`it imtwarc eahukms) East jepart`itky+ nrm`tjvm mkmemits f`vm tr`isjmit+ wm`c kjics
km`hjid ta jepart`it pasjtjais &agtmi fuos* ji tfm imtwarc `ih omnaem mspmnj`kky jepart`it
wfmi tfm wfakm systme mxpmrjminms `i `typjn`k sjtu`tjai rmqujrjid ` iavmk+ nrm`tjvm sakutjai)?2=
Xypjn`k mx`epkms ag nrm`tjvm mkmemits `rm tfm `ntjvm nmitrms ag pratmjis+ tfm strmss pratmjis ag
nmkks+ stme nmkks ag ard`ijses+ pr`ntjn`kky `iy imurai ji tfm fue`i or`ji+ `ih nrm`tjvm pmapkm ar
draups) Nrm`tjvm mkmemits pk`y ` cmy rakm ji tfm hmvmkapemit+ survjv`k `ih mvakv`ojkjty ag
naepkmx systmes)?27
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty 0 Ard`ijs`tjais+ Nrjsjs+ `ih Naepkmxjty
R`dm | =?
Cmy nf`r`ntmrjstjns ag nrm`tjvm mkmemits `rm tf`t tfmy naiimnt hjst`it imtwarc rmdjais+ `ih
naist`itky nf`idm tfmjr pasjtjai wjtfji tfm imtwarc) @s tfm naepkmxjty ag ` systme jinrm`sms+
tfm eaojkjty ag jihjvjhu`k nrm`tjvm mkmemits mxp`ihs sa tf`t tfmsm mkmemits navmr earm `ih
earm ag tfm imtwarc)?24 G`rc`s st`tms tf`t
@ cmy t`cm`w`y gar ard`ijs`tjai`k nrjsjs e`i`dmemit js tfm immh ta oujkh ` hjvmrsm+
fmtmradmimaus nrjsjs e`i`dmemit tm`e tf`t jinkuhms mkmemits tf`t `rm grmm grae
ard`ijs`tjai`k f`ihnuggs `ih n`i eavm wjtfji tfm imtwarc) Xfm R@^ iatms tf`t
Fawmvmr+ ` nrjsjs tm`e naisjstjid purmky ag nrm`tjvm mkmemits waukh iat `nfjmvm `iytfjid
em`ijidguk wjtfaut wf`t G`rc`s n`kks ` praokme sakvmr) East iahms `rm praokme sakvmrs `ih
`rm spmnj`kjsmh ta ` nmrt`ji t`sc tf`t tfmy n`i naepkmtm &sakvm* wjtf fjdf mgffnjminy)?08 Atfmr
iahms `rm praokme hjstrjoutars3 fuos tf`t hjstrjoutm sjdi`ks) @s G`rc`s nainkuhms< StfmsmU
tfrmm typms ag omf`vjaurs hmsnrjomh `oavm n`i om ejxmh ji earm naepkmx imtwarcs+ p`rtjnuk`rky
tfasm minauitmrmh ji tfm rm`k warkh)?0=
Ard`ijs`tjais usu`kky `krm`hy f`vm suggjnjmit praokme sakvmrs &tmnfijn`k mxpmrts* `ih praokme
hjstrjoutars &e`i`dmrs*) Tf`t typjn`kky k`ncs ji ` nrjsjs snmi`rja `rm nrm`tjvm mkmemits) Xfm narm
nrjsjs e`i`dmemit tm`e n`i om sunf ` nrm`tjvm mkmemit+ sfjgtjid jts `ttmitjai `ih `kkan`tjid
rmsaurnms wfmrm tfmy `rm east rmqujrmh) Xfm prmnaihjtjais gar f`vjid tfjs grmmhae ag
eavmemit `ih nrm`tjvm patmitj`k `rm hjvmrsjty `ih rmhuih`iny wjtfji tfm narm nrjsjs
e`i`dmemit tm`e)
?0>R@^ ?22?200 Nrjsjs e`i`dmemit ^mptmeomr ?200+ p) 7
?08G`rc`s mt `k) ?200+ p) 0
?0=jojh)+ p) 0
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty ? Napjid wjtf naepkmxjty
R`dm | =8
?) Napjid wjtf naepkmxjty
Xfm gakkawjid smntjai hmsnrjoms tfm @sfoy ^p`nm+ ` tfmarmtjn`k eahmk mxpk`jijid tfm
kjejt`tjais `ih oarhmrs ag naepkmxjty hmnjsjai e`cjid) Xfm nf`ptmr wjkk tfmi mx`ejim tfm
tfmarjms ag oauihmh r tjai`kjty `ih g`st `ih grud`k fmurjstjns `s tmnfijqums ta suppart
naepkmxjty hmnjsjai e`cjid wjtfji tfmsm kjejt`tjais)
?)0) Eavjid ji tfm @sfoy^p`nm % rmspaism aptjais ta mxtmri`k
stjeukj ji naepkmx mivjraiemits
Xfm nainmpt ag tfm @sfoy ^p`nm oy Oajsat mt `k) js o`smh ai _ass @sfoy$s $k`w ag rmqujsjtm
v`rjmty+ wfjnf st`tms tf`t /` systme survjvms ta tfm mxtmit tf`t tfm r`idm ag rmspaisms jt js
`okm ta e`rsf`k `s jt `ttmepts ta `h`pt ta jepasjid tmisjais sunnmssgukky e`tnfms tfm
r`idm ag sjtu`tjais tfrm`ts `ih appartuijtjms naigraitjid jt)/?07 Gar kjvjid systmes+ sunf `
rmspaism n`i om mjtfmr ` purmky omf`vjaur`k aim &m)d) ` fareai`k rmspaism ar ` rmgkmx* ar `
okmih ag omf`vjaur `ih nadijtjai+ wfjnf km`h ta ` naisnjaus hmnjsjai o`smh ai
rmprmsmit`tjais ag jts mivjraiemit tf`t `rm naistruntmh aut ag $snfme`s$ strunturmh
hmsnrjptjais ag `i mxtmri`k warkh) Xfm omimgjt ag sunf snfme`s js tf`t tfmy `kkaw ` systme ta
hjstjidujsf omtwmmi em`ijidguk jigare`tjai `ih iajsm)?04 Tf`t naistjtutms jigare`tjai ar
iajsm gar ` systme js eastky ` guintjai ag tfm systmes mxpmnt`tjais+ fjstary+ eatjv`tjais `ih
luhdmemits+ ar ji tfm ard`ijs`tjai`k k`idu`dm+ jts narm ejssjais+ `jes `ih v`kums `ih tfm
memrdmit ard`ijs`tjai`k nukturm)
O`smh ai @sfoy$s k`w+ Oajsat mt `k) hmvmkapmh ` hj`dr`e jkkustr`tjid tfm @sfoy ^p`nm+ sfawi
ji Gjdurm 07 omkaw)
?07@sfoy 0:=7+ p) >?
?04ng)OajsatEnCmkvmy ?200+ p) ?4:
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty ? Napjid wjtf naepkmxjty
R`dm | ==
Gjdurm 07< Xfm @sfoy ^p`nm?06
Xfm vmrtjn`k `xjs rmprmsmits tfm rm`k%warkh stjeukj tf`t `ggmnt ` systme &ar `i ard`ijse*3 `
kaw%v`rjmty stjeukus gar ` nrjsjs e`i`dmemit tm`e ji `i ard`ijs`tjai naukh om+ gar mx`epkm+
tfm `iiauinmemit ag prmsjhmitj`k mkmntjai rmsukts ji ` nauitry tf`t f`s ia kjic`dm ar
jepart`inm ta tfm ard`ijs`tjais apmr`tjais) @ fjdf%v`rjmty stjeukus gar tfm s`em tm`e naukh
om tfm rueaur `oaut ` passjokm nait`eji`tjai ag aim ag tfmjr prahunts+ wjtf smvmrm jep`nt ai
naisuemrs) Ai tfm farjzait`k `xjs+ Oajsat mt `k) sfaw tfm v`rjmty ag ` systme$s rmspaisms ta
tfm stjeukj+ `ksa r`idjid grae kaw ta fjdf) @ kaw%v`rjmty rmspaism ta ` kaw%v`rjmty stjeukus
naukh sjepky om ta `nciawkmhdm tfm mkmntjai rmsukt+ e`cm ` emit`k iatm `ih atfmrwjsm t`cm
ia `ntjai) @ fjdf%v`rjmty rmspaism ta tfm kaw%v`rjmty stjeukus naukh om gar tfm tm`e ta stap `kk
apmr`tjais `ih wjtfhr`w `kk st`gg grae surrauihjid nauitrjms wfmrm tfmy apmr`tm) Xfjs waukh
pravm ta om hmv`st`tjid gar tfm ousjimss) Xfm gjrst rmspaism s`vms sn`rnm rmsaurnms ag
mimrdy `ih tjem3 tfm smnaih w`stms tfme) Xfm hj`dai`k ji tfm hj`dr`e jihjn`tms tfm pajit `t
wfjnf v`rjmty n`i om naisjhmrmh $rmqujsjtm$+ wfjnf em`is tf`t tfm v`rjmty ag tfm rmspaism
e`tnfms tfm v`rjmty ag tfm jinaejid stjeukj ji `i `h`ptjvm w`y jt g`njkjt`tms survjv`k) O`smh
ai tfm jitmkkjdminm ag tfm systme+ tfm rmspaism wjkk om mjtfmr earm nadijtjvm &gar earm
jitmkkjdmit systmes* ar earm omf`vjaur`k &gar kmss jitmkkjdmit systmes*) Ji tfm mx`epkm `oavm+
`i jitmkkjdmit systme waukh usm jts `i`kytjn`k n`p`njty ta `ssmss tfm jep`nt ag tfm jinaejid
stjeukus &mkmntjai rmsukts*+ tfmrmoy smp`r`tjid iajsm grae jigare`tjai+ `ih naukh hmnjhm ta
?06OajsatEnCmkvmy ?200+ p) ?6>
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Napjid wjtf Nrjsjs `ih Naepkmxjty ? Napjid wjtf naepkmxjty
R`dm | =7
eavm tfm stjeukus up ai tfm vmrt