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I CONTENTS
PREFACE
1. INTRODUCTION
1 . 1 Purpose1 2 Scope and Application1 3 Detinitions
2. ASSESS-MENT OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY
2.1 Duty to Conduct Assessment
3. CONTROL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY
3.1 Duty to Control Exposure
4. CO'MPLAINTS AND INVESTIGATIONS
4.1 Complaints Procedure
4.2 Actionso
Complaints
5. INFORMATION, INSTRUCTION AND TRAINING
5.1 Duty of Employer
6. RECORDKEEPING
6.1 Keeping of Records
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)Appendix 2: Assessment of Indoor Air QualityAppendix3: Registration as Indoor Air Quality ssessoAppendix4: Changes Affecting Assessment ValidityAppendix 5: Complaints ProceduresAppendix6: Records To Be Kept
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PREFACE
Good indoor air quality (IAQ) is required for a healthy indoor w o r k environment.Poor indoor air quality can cause a varietyofshort-term and long-term health problems.Health problems commonly associated with poor IAQ include allergic reactions,
respiratory problems, eye irritation, sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia.
IAQ problems occur in buildings that are served by a c o m m o n ventilation and/or a irconditioning system. IAQ problems can be due to indoor air pollutants or to inadequateventilation.
There are many sources of indoor air pollutants and among the c o m m o n ones are -environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) emitted due to burning of tobacco products;various c he m ical substances such as formaldehyde emitted from furnishings; volatile
organic compound; emitted from the use and application of solvents; and ozoneemitted from photocopiers and laser printers. I t should be noted here that ETS hasbeen recognized as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Researchon Cancer (IARC) in 2002 and exposure to it w i l l increase the risk of coronary heartdisease.
Thi s codeof practice has been drawn up to ensure that employees and other occupantsare protected from poor indoor air quality that could adversely affect their health and
well being, and thereby reduce their prodrrctivity
Employers a re encouraged to use this code of practice as a guide to comply with thegeneral duties of employers prescribed under section 5of the Occupational Safetyand Health Act 1994 (Act 514). Even though compliance with this code is notmandatory at the moment, it can be used as evidence of good practice in a court ofIaw.
Minister of Hum a n R e sourc e sMalaysia
July 2005
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of th i s Code of Practice is to set minimum standard s that will protectthe health of e n ~ p l o y e e sand other occupants of an indoor or enclosed environmentserved b y a com mo n mechanical ventilation and/or air condition ing system.
1 2 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
This Code of Practice wi l l apply to all non industrial places of work in industrieslisted under Schedule 1 of th e Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 5 14 .This Code
-
i) Establishes a set of maximum exposure limits for fivec o ~ n m o n l yencounteredindoor air contqtninants of chemical origin;
ii) Describes a mechani sm to identify, evaluate and control these i ndoor ai rcon tam inants;
i i i Specifies oth er appropriate occupational safety and health measures; and
iv) Does not apply to indoor air contaminants of biological origin such as mites,
viruses and spores.
Appendix 1 gives further information on issuesof indoor air quality and the commo nadverse effects associated with exposure to the five contaminants especially in indooror enclosed working environment that is served by a commo n mechanical ventilatingand/or air condi t ioning system.
1.3 DEFINITIONS
bar
means a coun ter in a public building, restaurant or cafe in which alcohol orrefreshment is served;
"cafeteria"means a restaurant wher e a person chooses and pay s for his meal at acounter and carry i t to a table;
''ceiling limit'' mean s th e airborne concentration of a contain inant that is not to beexceeded at any t ime durin g the work shift;.
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''commercia1 establishment"means any physical facility where the buying andselling of goods and services is carried out;
"discotheque"means a club etc f b r dancing t o music;
"educational facilities and training facilities"means any enclosed facility designed
to provide education and training throughinformation or instruction or practical
training including, but not limited to a school, institution, college, polytechnic,university, training centre a nd function or seminar rooms offered by establishment;
CCenvir~nmenta ltobacco smoke"means substances i n the indoor air arising from
tobacco smoke;
CCgamingestablishment"
means a public building or room whe re people playgambling g a m e s for money or risk a sum of money against another's on t he basis ofthe outcome of an unpredictable event:
"health care facilityT' means any hospital, clinic, doctor's office, dentist's offke.
laboratories associated with health care treatment, and other establishments involvedin the provision of health care;
"indoor air quality assessor"means an employee or any person appointed by theemployer and registered with the Director General ofOccupational Safety and Health
to carry out assessnlents of risks to health, and includes an occupational hygienist;
karaoke lounge'' means a public room where people entertain themselves bysinging, using a machine that plays only the music of songs so that people can singthe word
themselves;
Ccnon -industrial lace of work7' means an indoor or enclosed working environmentthat is served by a common mechanical ventilating and/or air conditioning system,where there are persons at work, such as but not limited to
I . offices,educational and training facilities, commercial establishments, and healthcare facilities;
11. cafeterias a n d restaurants;
111 gaming establishment, pubs, bars, karaoke lounges and discotheques;but does not include premises that are used primarily as manufacturing and productionfacilities and vehicles;
normal business activity" means the typical or usual business activity;
L c ~ ~ ~ ~ p a n t ' 'means any person in a place of work, and include an employee client.patient, resident, patron, student, visitor or guest;
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'Goccupationalhygienist', means a person who possesses a college or universitydegree s) in engineering, che m istry, physics, medicine, o r related physical orbiological sciences who , by virtue of special studies and training, has acquiredcompetence in industrial hygiene.
office7'means a room, set of rooms or building where people work, usually sittingat desks;
"prescribed activities" means any activity that could pose health hazard to the
occupants, including but not limited to:-
(a) applying o r removing floor coverings inc l~ td ingcarpeting, floor tiles andother surfaces;
(b) applying wall coverings;(c) painting or t h e application of similar coatings;(d) cleaning carpets;(e) applying floor f inishing and stripping products;
f) applying qst control products; and(g ) applying caulking, sealing, or glazing compounds;
''pub mean s a building serving alcoholic and other drinks, and often also food tothe customer;
restaurant means any establishment which is primarily devoted to the serving offood t o the public;
'bunacceptable means the concentration of one or more air corltam in ants listed incolumn I ofTable I have exceeded the maximum limits listed in co lumn I of TableI ; or. the safe work procedure for prescribed activities is not established andimplemented; or, there are medical complaints at a point of time from employees oroccupan ts related to th e indoor air quality; or, any o ther situations related to indoorair quality deemed relevant by the indoor air quality assessor.
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2. ASSESSMENT OFINDOOR AIR QU LITY
2 1 D U T YTO CONDUCT ASSESSMENT
2 1 1 Every en~ployershould assess the risks arising from the indoor airquality at the place of work to the health of his employees.
2.1 2 The assessment should be carried out during normal business activityand must take into consideration the following:
(a) The sources of indoor air contaminants;
(b) Employees' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke;(c) EmployeesTexposure to air contaminants, either from indoor or
outdoor sources;(d) The prescribed activities;(e) The adequacy of mechanical ventilation at the place of work;f)
The necessity to monitor an employee's exposure; andg ) The necessary actions to be taken to improve the indoor air quality
at the place of work.
2.1 3 The assessment carried out under paragraph 2.1.2 must include themeasurement of the indoor air contaminants listed in column I of Table1. Appendix 2 gives f urtherguidanceon indoor air quality assessment.
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Table 1:List Of Indoor Air Contaminants and the
Maximum Limits
Indoor Air Contaminants
Eight-hour
time
weighted average
airborne concentration
Carbon dioxideCarbon monoxide
FormaldehydeRespirable particulatesTotal volatile organic compounds
Where:
C i s f h e c e i l i n g l i r n i f
mg m3
s
milligrams per cubic meter ~ f ~ r i rt 5OCelsius and onemosphere pressure
ppm is parts c>f vapour or gm per" mill ion parts o contaminated air byvo
unw
2 1 4
he assessment referred to in paragraph 2 .1 . 1 should be conducted by anindoor air quality assessor
and
the assessment report must be forwarded tothe employer within one month upon completion of the assessment.Appendix3 describes the procedure for registration as an indoor air qualityassessor with the Director General.
2 1
S The assessment of indoor air quality should be repeated whenever there arechanges in the indoor environment. that affects the results of the latestassessment or not more than five years have elapsed since the last assessment.
Appendix 4 describes the c l~ange sthat affect the assessment validity.
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3.CONTROL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY
3.1 DUTY TOONTROLEXPOSURE
3.1. I An employer should ensure that his employees or any other occupants at theplace of work are not exposed to any of the contaminants listed in Tableexceeding the corresponding maximum limits.
3.1.2 Where the assessment report indicates that t h e indoor air quality is
unacceptable, an employer should initiate to implement any a f t h e followingmeasures within one month after receiving the report: -
(a) elimination o r relocation of the source of the air contaminants, and theappropriate location of the air supply o r exhaust openings of t h emechanical ventilation system;
(b) substitution of the building material or office chemicals with those thatare less l~a rmfu l
(c) improving ventilation;(d) i~ista l la t ionof air cleaning devices;(e) control of exposure to envi ron~nenta ltobacco smoke;(f) administrative controls including work scheduling, provision of
information. instruction and training; establishment of healthy workpractices, procedure or policies; o r
(g) a combination of the above measures.
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4.COMPLAINTS AND INVESTIGATIONS
Complaints Procedure
An employer should establish a procedure to deal with complaints from
employees and other occupants with signs and sym ptoms related to poorindoor air quality. Appendix 5 gives guidance on the establishment of thecomplaint procedures.
Upon receipt of a complaint, the employer must ensure that an investigationis conducted t o ascertain the cause of the complaint. and a report prepared,without delay.
Actions on Complaints
Where a complaint is received in accordance with the procedures establishedunder paragraph 4.1, the employer should ensure that:
(i) the complaint is communicated to the building owner ; and(ii) i f the complaint is found to be valid, the employer or and owne r should
take action t o address the problem t l~ rough he institution of the control
measures spelled out under paragraph 3.1.
C ode
of Practice u nclroor A r Qualityu
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I 5.INFORMATION,INSTRUCTION ANDTRAINING
Duty ofEmployer
5 1 1 An employer should ensure that all his employees are informed, instructed
and trained on the-
0
(i i
( i i i )
causes of poor indoor air quality a nd the effects to health arising from it;
detr imental ef fects f r o m envi ronmenta l tobacco sm oke an d itscontribution to the overall indoor air quality; a nd
contents of this code of practice, the identification of signs and symptomsassociated with the illnesses commonly associated with poor indoor airquality, and t he identification of poor ventilation conditions a nd si gnsof deteriora tion in the air-conditioning or mechanical ventilation system.
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6.RECORDKEEPING
6.1 Keeping ofRecords
6.1. I A records that are generated under this code of practice should be kept fora period of not less than thirty years. Appendix 6 explains the guidance onrecord keeping.
6 1 2
Whenever an employer ceases to carry on business and another personsucceeds him, the employer ceasing business should handover, and thesuccessor employer should retain all records to be maintained under this
code of practice.
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APPENDIX 1: INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)
A,1 BACKGROUND
Good indoor air quality is desired for a healthy indoor environment. Poor indoor airquality can cause a variety of short-term and long-term health problems. Healthproblems commonly associated with poor IAQ include allergic reactions, respiratory
problems, eye irritation, sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia.
IAQ problems arise in non-industrial buildings (an indoor or enclosed work spacethat is served by a common ventilating and/or air conditioning system where thereare person at work, but does not include premises that are used primarily asmanufacturing
and production facilities and vehicles) when there is an inadequate
quantity of ventilation air being provided fo r the amount of air con ta~n inan t spresentin that space. Hence, IAQ and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems
(HVAC) are closely related.
A.2 SOURCES OF POOR LAQ
IAQ problems can be due to indoor air pollutants contaminants or to inadequatepollution controls despite otherwise normal or baseline rates of ventilation. Sourcesof indoor air pollutions are from different origins:
a) the occupants themselves (such as exhaled carbon dioxide gas);
b) inadequate materials or materials with technical defects used in theconstruction of the building;
c) the wor k performed within (such as cleaning of carpet);
d) excessive or improper use of normal products (pesticides. disinfectants,products used for cleaning and polishing);
e) combustion gases (such a s smoking); and
f
cross-contamination coming from other poorly ventilated zones.
A.3 PARAMETERS TO INDICATE JAQ
The parameters to indicate whether an indoor environment is comfortable and healthyor otherwise can be summarised as follows:
a) C h e m i c a I contaminants, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds and environmental tobacco smoke
ETS);
b) Physical conditions, such a ir temperature, air velocity and humidity;
c)Biological agents, such as mites, virus, and spores; and
d) Radiation such as radon.
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A.4 HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO POOR IAQ
Th e health effects due to IAQ can be categorized a s follows:
a) Health effkcts due to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from passives m o k i n g that contains many different types of chemical substances:
b) Sick building syndrome; and
c) Legionella disease.
Health effects of ETS
ETS is defined as substances in indoor air arising from tobacco smoke. Th e mainsource of ETS is cigarette smoking. ETS comprises smok e that i s generated from
the combust ion of cigarette in between puff (main components) and also comprisessmok e that is exhaled out by the smoker. ETS contains more than one thousandchemical substances and more than 20 toxic chemicals an d carcinogens. Chemicals
usually
associated with ETS are 11icot ine, itrosam nes, polyarom atic hydrocarbons
PAHs),
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, acrolein, formaldehydeand hydrogen cyanide.
The International Agency for Research o Cancer (IARC) had announced in 2002that ETS i s a huma n ca rc inogen and it increases the risk of coronary heart diseases.
Sick-
Building Syndrome
"Sick building syndrome" is the name commonly been for illnesses that occur amongoccupants as a result of poor indoor air quality in building.
Some of these buildings may be inadequately ventilated. For example, mechanicalventilation systems m ay not be designed or operated to provide adequate amountsof outdoor intake air. People generally have less control ove r the indoor environmentin their offices than t hey do in their home. A s a result, there ha s been an increase in
the incidence of reported health problems.
Sometimes building occupants experience symptoms that do not fit the pattern ofany
p a r t i c ~ ~ l a r
illnessa n d are difficult t o trace to any specific source. This
phenomenon has been labeled as sick building syndrome. Sym ptoms that havearisen am ong occupants of"sick building" have varied from eye and n ose irritation,fatigue, cough,
rhinitis,
nausea, headache, sore throat or a coinbination of these.
A number of well-identified illnesses, such as Legionnaires' disease, asthma,hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and humidifier fever, h a v e been directly traced to
specific building problems. Thes e are called building-related iIlnesses. Most ofthese diseases can be treated; nevertheless, so me pose serious risks.
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Legionnaires' disease
Legionnaires' disease is one of the building-related illnesses. Identification of theexistence of this disease began in 1968 after an epidemic of illness characterized by
fever. headache and muscular pains was found to be associated with the airconditioning system of a health department building in Pontiac, Michigan, USA.
The bacteria that cause Legionnaires7 disease, legionella pneumophila wi l l grow inany environmental reservoir in which its nutrient, water and temperature requirementare met, and enters t he air when such sites are disturbed. Although this organism i subiquitous in the environment, airborne concentrations only occasionally reach levelsadequate to infect otherwise normal subjects.
Water-
cooling towers and warm water systems in buildings have beeni entifie
asmajor sources of this organism. Without treatment of the water or without adequatemaintenance of the system, legionella can proliferate and then be distributedthroughout the building by the air-handling system.
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APPENDIX 2: ASSESSMENT OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY
The purpose of conducting an assessment is to enable decisions to be made onappropriate control measures, the provision of information, and the necessity for air
monitoring as may be required to protect the health of employees and occupantsw h o may be exposed to air contaminants at the place of work.
Objective
lndoor air quality assessnlent is conducted with the foll owing objectives:
a) To i d e n t i e the sources of the air contaminants either within the place ofwork or from the outside air;
b) To evaluate the exposure of the occupants to the air contaminants;c) To evaluate the adequacy of existing control measures;d) To conclude the significanceof the health risk posed by the ai r contaminants;
and
e) To recommend appropriate control measures to prevent or reduce risks.
Factors to be considered in an assessment
These are the factors to be considered in an assessment of indoor ai r quality:
(a) sources of indoor air contaminants, such as f rom furnishings, electricalequipment, etc.
(b) employees expo sure t o environmental tobacco smoke, either directly or
passively;(c) employees expo sure to air contaminants, either from indoor or outdoor
sources;(d) prescribed activities, such as changing of carpets, repainting, etc.;(e) the adequacy of mechanical ventilation at the place o fwork such determining
the air change per hour and the fresh air supply rate, etc.;f) the necessity to monitor employees' exposure on a regular basis; and(g) the necessary actions to be taken to improve indoor air quality at the
workplace.
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Method of Measurement
a. Sample position
The sampling probe should be located between 75 and 120 cm from the floorat the centre of the room or an occupied zone.
b. Number of sampling points
IndoorAt least one sample should be taken from each floor or from each area serviced by
a separate air-handling unit. For large floor spaces, the recommended numbers ofsampling points are as follows:
Area ofbuilding
m2)
3,000 - 4,999
5,000 9,999
1 0,000 - 14,999
15,000-
19,99920.000-
29,999
30,000 or more
Minimum number ofsampling points
Outdoor
At least two samples should be taken at the entrance to the building or at the en-trance of th fresh air intake.
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Equipment to be used
Use direct-reading instruments with accuracy better than i 25%.
For respirable particulates, sampling is carried out using an instrument with a sizeselective device having a median cut size of 4 micrometer
nd
the following pen-etration characteristics:
particle aerodynamic diameter
(micrometer)
respirable particulate mass
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APPENDIX 3: REGISTRATIONAS INDOOR AIR QUALITYASSESSOR
Indoor air quality assessor should register with the Director General of Occupa-tional Safety a nd Health.
Qualifications, experience and training
Those eligible fo r consideration for registration must possess the following qualifi-cations, experience a n d training:
a) A certified occupational hygienist by the American Board of Industrial Hy-
giene;
b) An occupational hygienist who isa full member of the Malaysian Industrial
Hygiene Association (MI HA);c) A registered assessors under the USECK IHRegulations 2000 who has at-
tended training in indoor air quality assessment conducted by NIOSH orMIHA; or
d) A registered hygiene technician I under the USECHH Regulations 2000who has attended training in indoor air quality assessment conducted byNIOSH or MIHA; or
e) A person with at least a Diploma in pure or applied sciences and has 1 yearexperience in measurement of airborne chemical and has attended trainingin indoor air quality assessment conducted by NIOSl I or MIHA.
Registration Procedure
An applicant m u s t apply in writing to be registered with the Director General and h emust f o ~ w a r dtogcthcr the t b l l o w i ~ ~ gitems: -
a) a cert if ied true copy of academic or profession l qualif3cations;
b) a certified Lrue copy of the National Registratian Identity Card (for Malay-
sian citizen) or Passport (f or foreign resident);
c) a certified true copy of work permit issued by the Malaysian Government(only tbr foreign resident);
d) details of working experience in occupational safety an d health includingthe name of supervisor(s) & his qualifications;
e) a certified t rue copy of the certificate of attendance of relevant courses; and
f
a certified true copy of the results of relevant course examination.
ode of Pructice onndoor
Air Quuiify
DOSH M l i Mi i t f H R
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Th e completed application shall be forwarded to: -
Th e Director General
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Levels 2 3& 4,
BlockD3,
Parcel DFederal Governmen t Administrative Centre,62502 Wilayah Persekutuan Putra Jaya
The prospective applicant may be asked to attend an interview o r present the find-ing of an assessment he had conducted, i f necessary.
Registration Validity
Successful applicants w i l l be registered for a maximum period of three (3) years.
The Director General may, however, prescribe a shorter duration. Notwithstanding,the Director Genera l may revoke the registration of any person before its expirationdate if:
a) his registration was obtained by fraud or misrepresentation; or
b) h e ha s failed to discharge his dirties as an indoor air quality assessor; or
C
he has been convicted of an offence under the Act or any regulations made
there under.
Renewal of Registration
A person apply ing to renew registration with the Director General should: -
a) Show proof that he had been engaged in work activities of an indoor airquality assessor every year; and
b) Have undergone continuing education in the field of occupational safety
and health.
Application for renewal of registration must be made at least three (3) months be-fore the expiration date of the current registration. writing to the Director General.
DOSH M l i Mi i f H R
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APPENDIX 4: CHANGES AFFECTINGASSESSMENT VALIDITY
Th i s refers to permanent changes that affect or may affect the result of an indoor air
quality assessment such as but not limited to the following:
a) New air-conditioning or mechanical ventilation system installed;
b) Walls or ceilings applied with a new coat of paint;
c) Ne w carpet o r new flooring material used;
d) New set of the f~ r rn i sh ingsbeing used;e) Additional photocopiers or laser jet printers being used;f Any additional machines or equipment, that is known to release chemical
subs tances into the indoor air, being used; andUse of air freshners
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APPENDIX 6: RECORDS TO BE KEPT
Records to be kept unde r this code include:
Assessment report including the resultsof indoor air contam inant measurement;Complaints a n d investigation reports; andTraining records.
Contents of Reports
Assessment report
Should include t h e following:
potential sources of indoor ai r pollutants;the measurement results for the ,fivecontaminan ts listed in l able ;
the condition o f t h e ventilation system, including the numberof air changesper hour and t he rate of fresh air changes;health complain ts as well as s igns and sympto ms related to indoor air qual-ity problem;the risk situation;recommend ations to improve indoor air quality;recommendations on h ow to maintain good indoor air quali ty in th e event
of carrying out presc.ribed activilies; a ndthe necessity to conduct further indoor air quality measut-emcnts.
omplaints and investigation report
Should includc tll following:a. documentation of the occurrence of signs and symptoms of occupant
discomfort o r damage to health;
b. alleged location of the source:c. date a n d t ime of the complaint;d. the date of investigation and the name of the investigator(s);e. t h e result of the investigation; and
f the action s taken.
Training records
Should include the following:
a) the date of the training sessions and th e na me of the trainer:
b) the content of the training programme; andC
the name and signature of trained employees.
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JAB. KESELAMATAN L KESIH T N
ISBN 983 2014-51-4