Coordinate Systems in Malaysia History, Future and Somewhere in Between For GMAT2700 Geodesy and Spatial Reference Frames By Nor Yahaya.

Coordinate Systems in Malaysia

History, Future and Somewhere in Between

For GMAT2700 Geodesy and Spatial Reference Frames

By Nor Yahaya

Malaysia

History of Malaysian DatumHistory of Malaysian Datum

• Starting with the geodetic datum - realized by establishing triangulation network.

Triangulation:

•Measurement of at least a baseline and angles•Basic principles:•If length of one side of a triangle is known and angles are accurately measured, the other two sides of the triangle can be measured

History of Malaysian DatumHistory of Malaysian Datum

• Old Triangulation Network for Peninsular Malaysia:

History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan Primary Triangulation

History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan Primary Triangulation

• Malayan Primary Triangulation– Primary Triangulation of Malaya (1913 – 1916)• Formed by the existing triangulation network• System was not unified through common adjustment• Resolved to one common system in 1948• Lat/ Long of the origin of Repsoid Triangulation (Kertau)

was decided to be altered.

History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan Primary Triangulation

History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan Primary Triangulation

• Malayan Revised Triangulation (MRT)• Used in Peninsular Malaysia since

1948• Consists of 77 geodetic stations, 240

primary stations, 837 secondary and 51 tertiary stations

• Adopted as a result of previous network re-computations + Primary Triangulation

• Reference ellipsoid – Modified Everest

• Origin – Kertau• Map projection – Rectified Skew

Orthomorphic (RSO)• Cadastral surveys projection –

Cassini Soldner

History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan Primary Triangulation

History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan Primary Triangulation

• Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68)• Geodetic network for Sabah and Sarawak• Results from the re-adjustment of the primary

control of East Malaysia• Origin – Bukit Timbalai, Labuan

Well suited for surveying of long

inter-station distances (ten kms – hundreds

kms)

Well suited for surveying of long

inter-station distances (ten kms – hundreds

kms)

Capable of 3D baseline

measurement

Capable of 3D baseline

measurement

All weather operationsAll weather operations

24/7 availability

24/7 availability

Globally applicableGlobally

applicable

Technology revolution

Needs Towards Geocentric Datum

GDM2000 – The Realization

MASS Network in Malaysia

Existing PMPGN and EMPGN

IGS Stations

GDM2000 – ImplicationsGDM2000 – Implications

GDM2000 – ImplicationsGDM2000 – Implications

• On Mapping– Change in coordinates ≈ 200m200m– Displacement:• 1:50000 4mm4mm on map• 1:10000 20mm20mm on map

– Change in gridsgrids and graticulesgraticules position– Change in coordinates of map features– Transformation process in mapping products will

be simplesimple

GDM2000 – ImplicationsGDM2000 – Implications

• On GPS Positioning– Currently is based on WGS84 coordinates– Not much difference:• GDM2000 is based on ITRF2000 epoch 00.0• WGS84 has been closely aligned to ITRF

– However will affect high precision absolute high precision absolute positioning

Coordinate System in Malaysia

References

• GDM2000 Technical Manual from Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia

• GMAT4900 lecture notes from C. Rizos, 2010