COOLING LOAD AND HEAT TRANSFERS ANALYSIS FOR AIR ...eprints.ums.ac.id/14418/1/COVER.pdf · expansion valve uses thermostatic expansion valve. Exact calculation of cooling load will

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FINAL PROJECT

COOLING LOAD AND HEAT TRANSFERS ANALYSIS

FOR AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM OF

SUZUKI APV (GC 415)

RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting the Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department

Arranged by: TUNGGUL DEWA PERDANA

D200080211

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM

IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

2011

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DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY

I assert verily that the research entitles:

COOLING LOAD AND HEAT TRANSFERS ANALYSIS

FOR AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM OF

SUZUKI APV (GC 415)

That made to fulfill some of requirements to get bachelor degree of

Engineering in Automotive Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,

as far as I know it is not a plagiarism of a research that has been published, except

the information source that used to solve the problem.

Surakarta, February 2011

writer,

Tunggul Dewa Perdana

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SUMMARY

The condition of the earth is getting warmer temperature, forcing people to

seek various ways to avoid the warm air. Similarly, while driving car, people often

felt the warm in the cabin. So, one of solutions to these problems are use Air

Conditioning System (A/C) to reduce warm temperature in the cabin. Also, air

conditioning can removes moisture in the windshield when driving in rainy.

Cooling load calculation includes sensible heats from outdoor and latent heats

from indoor. Sensible heats are heat transfers from sunlight through car body to

interior cabin. Latent heats are heat transfers from passengers and air vent. Total of

heat transfers will produce a total of heat in the car cabin. Then total of heat transfers

converted into the power to determine Air Conditioning capacity. Good calculation

of cooling load will greatly affect the condition of the room and also used to

determine specifications of Air Conditioning components. Suzuki APV uses non

frosting evaporator coil with fins, condenser uses air condenser type with finned flat

tube and air as a cooling fluid, compressor uses swash plate compressor type, and

expansion valve uses thermostatic expansion valve. Exact calculation of cooling load

will reduce excessive fuel consumption due to the use of Air Conditioning.

Air Conditioning system of Suzuki APV uses basic of vapor compression

cycle and R-134a (HFC-134a) as a refrigerant. Total of sensible heat load is 5,687.68

Btu/hr and total of latent heat load is 1,164.11 Btu/hr. So, total of Air Conditioning

capacity is 2.69 hp (3 hp rounded). By using refrigerant R-134a, refrigeration system

of Suzuki APV has 89 % efficiency.

Key words: evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion valve and refrigerant

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

Praise and gratitude to be God the lord of universe, because of his blessing

and guidance the research paper can be done.

The final project entitles “Cooling Load and Heat Transfers Analysis for Air

Conditioning System of Suzuki APV (GC 415)” can be done because of helping and

supporting from other people. Therefore, writer sincerely would like to say thank and

appreciation to:

1. Ir. Agus Riyanto, MT., as a Dean of Mechanical Engineering of

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.

2. Ir. Sartono Putro, MT., as the Head of Mechanical Engineering of

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta and as the second supervisor

who has given the writer guidance, suggestion, and correction wisely.

3. Dr. Supriyono, as the Director of International Program of

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.

4. Ir. Tri Tjahjono, MT., as the first supervisor who has given the writer

inspiration, spirit, suggestion, and correction to the paper completion.

5. All lectures of Automotive Engineering Department for the guidance

during the study in the university.

6. Ir. FX. Sukidjo, MT., Danang Heru Hartanto, ST., and Hasto Wibowo,

A.Md., as the Automotive Laboratory Instructors of Gajah Mada

University who has given description about components of Air

Conditioning System of Suzuki APV (GC 415).

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7. His parents Tri Joko Purnomo, SH., M.Pd., and Sumardiyem, AM.Keb.,

S.SiT., thanks for affection, love, prayer, wishes, and guidance.

8. Wahju Hari Wibowo, ST., as a senior student who has given “Heating,

Ventilating and Air Conditioning Analysis and Design” reference books.

9. All students of International program of Automotive Department, thanks

a lot for the best suggestion and advice, hope we can the best engineer.

10. Those who cannot be mentioned one by one, writer wants to say his thank

and appreciation to all of them.

The writer realizes that this final project paper is far from being perfect, so

the writer sincerely welcomes any constructive comment, criticism, and suggestion

from anyone.

Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.

Surakarta, February 2011

The writer

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MOTTO

Prayer gives strength to the weak, making people does not believe to be believed and

to give courage to those who fear.

(Nasrul Kurniawan)

Our task is not to succeed. Our task is to try, because in trying that we find and learn

to build an opportunity to be success.

(Mario Teguh)

To live this life, everyone must pay attention from various sides. Each side should be

set so that humans can live properly. If there is one side of the forgotten, the ultimate

goal man would not be achieved perfectly. Only by setting a true human being can

achieve the ultimate goal of this life.

(Haryanto P.O)

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CONTENTS

Page

TITLE.............................................................................................................. i

DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY..................................... ii

VALIDATION SHEET ................................................................................... iii

VALIDATION PAGE ..................................................................................... iv

SUMMARY .................................................................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................. vi

MOTTO........................................................................................................... viii

CONTENTS .................................................................................................... ix

FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xii

TABLES .......................................................................................................... xv

CHAPTER I PREFACE

1.1 Background ............................................................................................ 1

1.2 Kinds of Air Conditioning Machine ........................................................ 2

1.3 Air Conditioning Application of Suzuki APV (GC 415).......................... 3

1.4 Air Conditioning Work ........................................................................... 3

1.5 Refrigerant Most Used ............................................................................ 5

1.6 Objectives ............................................................................................... 8

1.7 Scope Area ............................................................................................. 8

1.8 Methodology .......................................................................................... 8

1.9 Systematic Writing ................................................................................. 9

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CHAPTER II REFRIGERATION THEORY

2.1 Heat ........................................................................................................ 10

2.2 Substance................................................................................................ 12

2.3 Pressure .................................................................................................. 13

2.4 Atmospheric Pressure ............................................................................. 14

2.5 Manometer Pressure ............................................................................... 14

2.6 Absolute Pressure ................................................................................... 15

2.7 Temperature and Pressure ....................................................................... 16

2.8 Humidity ................................................................................................ 16

2.9 Movement Rate of Air ............................................................................ 17

2.10 Enthalpy ................................................................................................. 17

2.11 Entropy ................................................................................................... 18

2.12 Variable Gas From Basic Thermodynamics Theory ................................ 19

2.13 Conduction From Heat Transfers ............................................................ 20

CHAPTER III CALCULATION ANALYSIS

3.1 Cooling Load Analysis ........................................................................... 24

3.2 Analyzing Data ....................................................................................... 25

3.3 Cooling Load Calculation ....................................................................... 27

3.3.1 Sensible Heat Load ...................................................................... 27

3.3.2 Latent Heat Load ......................................................................... 62

3.3.3 Total Cooling Load ..................................................................... 64

CHAPTER IV MAIN COMPONENT ANALYSIS

4.1 Main Component Classified .................................................................... 66

4.1.1 Evaporator ................................................................................... 66

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4.1.2 Condenser ................................................................................... 69

4.1.3 Compressor ................................................................................. 72

4.1.4 Expansion Valve ......................................................................... 75

4.2 Heat Transfer Through 1st evaporator ...................................................... 78

4.3 Heat Transfer Through 2nd evaporator ..................................................... 84

4.4 Heat Transfer Through condenser ........................................................... 90

4.5 Vapor Compression Analysis .................................................................. 95

4.6 Compressor Analysis .............................................................................. 98

4.7 Expansion Valve Analysis ...................................................................... 100

CHAPTER V CLOSING

5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 102

5.2 Suggestion .............................................................................................. 102

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 103

APPENDIX

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FIGURES

Page

Figure 1.1 Car Air Conditioning System ....................................................... 4

Figure 1.2 Refrigerant Containers ................................................................. 7

Figure 2.1 Temperature Scale ....................................................................... 10

Figure 2.2 Charts of Sensible and Latent Heat to the Water .......................... 12

Figure 2.3 Shape Changes from Liquid to Solid ........................................... 12

Figure 2.4 Atmospheric Pressure .................................................................. 14

Figure 2.5 Manometer Pressure Scale ........................................................... 15

Figure 2.6 Atmospheric, Manometer and Absolute Pressure ......................... 15

Figure 2.7 Conditions That Affect the Comfort of Body ............................... 17

Figure 2.8 Enthalpy Diagram ....................................................................... 18

Figure 2.9 Entropy Diagram ......................................................................... 18

Figure 2.10 Multiple Plates ............................................................................ 21

Figure 2.11 Heat Transfers in Electrical Analogy ........................................... 22

Figure 2.12 Multiple Pipes ............................................................................. 22

Figure 3.1 Dimensions of Suzuki APV (Left View) ...................................... 26

Figure 3.2 Dimensions of Suzuki APV (Top View) ...................................... 26

Figure 3.3 Dimensions of Suzuki APV (Back View) .................................... 27

Figure 3.4 Front Door................................................................................... 28

Figure 3.5 Mid Side Door ............................................................................. 32

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Figure 3.6 Rear Fender ................................................................................. 34

Figure 3.7 Front Door Glass ......................................................................... 35

Figure 3.8 Mid Side Door Glass ................................................................... 37

Figure 3.9 Quarter Window .......................................................................... 39

Figure 3.10 “A” Pillar .................................................................................... 40

Figure 3.11 “B” Pillar .................................................................................... 42

Figure 3.12 “C” Pillar .................................................................................... 44

Figure 3.13 “D” Pillar .................................................................................... 45

Figure 3.14 Roof ............................................................................................ 47

Figure 3.15 Windshield .................................................................................. 48

Figure 3.16 Rear End Door Glass ................................................................... 51

Figure 3.18 Floor ........................................................................................... 53

Figure 3.19 Front Wall ................................................................................... 56

Figure 4.1 Main Components of Air Conditioning ........................................ 65

Figure 4.2 Air Conditioning System of Suzuki APV ..................................... 66

Figure 4.3 Finned Tube of Evaporator .......................................................... 67

Figure 4.4 Mid side door .............................................................................. 67

Figure 4.5 Air Condenser ............................................................................. 69

Figure 4.6 Water Condenser ......................................................................... 70

Figure 4.7 Shells and Coil Condenser ........................................................... 70

Figure 4.8 Shells and Tube Condenser .......................................................... 71

Figure 4.9 Tube Within Tube Condenser ...................................................... 71

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Figure 4.10 Reciprocating Compressor ........................................................... 73

Figure 4.11 Swash Plate Compressor.............................................................. 74

Figure 4.12 Wobble Plate Compressor ........................................................... 74

Figure 4.13 Thermostatic Expansion Valve .................................................... 76

Figure 4.14 Manual Expansion Valve ............................................................. 77

Figure 4.15 Capillary Pipe .............................................................................. 77

Figure 4.16 1st Evaporator Constructions ........................................................ 78

Figure 4.17 2nd Evaporator Constructions ....................................................... 84

Figure 4.18 Condenser Construction .............................................................. 90

Figure 4.19 Vapor Compression Cycle ........................................................... 95

Figure 4.20 Double Evaporator Diagram ........................................................ 96

Figure 4.21 P – h Diagram ............................................................................. 97

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TABLES

Page

Table 1.1 Some Trademark of Refrigerant................................................... 7

Table 1.2 Refrigerant Container Colors “Du Pont” Brand ........................... 7

Table 3.1 Body Information ........................................................................ 27

Table 3.2 Thermal Resistance of Front Door ............................................... 30

Table 3.3 Front Door CLTD........................................................................ 31

Table 3.4 Thermal Resistance of Pillars ...................................................... 41

Table 3.5 Thermal Resistance of Floor ........................................................ 55

Table 3.6 Thermal Resistance of Front Wall ............................................... 57

Table 3.7 Total Sensible Heat .................................................................... 61

Table 3.8 Total Latent Heat ......................................................................... 64