Jazz in the United States 1890-2011 Professor Frank Lyons Monday, 19 March 12
Fragmentation of Styles in the 1950’s
• Cool• West Coast• Hard Bop• East Coast• Modal• Third Stream
Monday, 19 March 12
Cool Jazz•1947 – Group of musicians began to gather
regularly at Gil Evans New York apartment
•1949/50 – Miles Davis Nonet recording sessions
•Band featured Gil Evans’ circle including Davis, Mulligan, Konitz and Lewis
•Released by Capitol as Birth of the Cool
Monday, 19 March 12
Miles Davis (1926-1991)
• Born into well-to-do family in Illinois
• Worked in Parker’s bebop quintet 1945-48
• Nonet recordings 1949-50• Developed intense lyrical
style of playing• Pioneered use of harmon
mute – became his signature sound
Monday, 19 March 12
Jeru (1949) - Mulligan
• Miles Davis – trumpet• Kai Winding – trombone• Junior Collins – French
horn• John Barber – tuba• Lee Konitz – alto sax• Gerry Mulligan –
baritone sax• Al Haig – piano• Joe Shulman – bass• Max Roach - drums
Monday, 19 March 12
Jeru (1949) - Mulligan• Recorded at first session with Miles Davis
Nonet• Cool style• Less overtly virtuosic• Sophisticated arrangement by Gerry
Mulligan• Different instruments conceived of as single
section• Use of classical instruments• Mixed race ensemble
Monday, 19 March 12
Boplicity (1949) - Henry (Davis/Evans)
• Miles Davis – trumpet• JJ Johnson – trombone• Sandy Siegelstein –
French horn• John Barber – tuba• Lee Konitz – alto sax• Gerry Mulligan –
baritone sax• John Lewis – piano• Nelson Boyd – bass• Kenny Clarke - drums
Monday, 19 March 12
Boplicity (1949) - Henry (Davis/Evans)
• Recorded at second session with Miles Davis Nonet
• Very cool style• Seamless integration of written and
improvised elements• Reaction against ferocity of bebop
Monday, 19 March 12
Modern Jazz Quartet
• John Lewis – Piano• Milt Jackson – Vibraphone• Kenny Clarke – Drums• Percy Heath - Bass
• Formed in 1952• Wore concert attire and played concert halls• Reaction against stereotypical image of black jazz musicians as junkies• Anti-drugs
Monday, 19 March 12
Django (1954) -Lewis
• John Lewis – Piano• Milt Jackson –
Vibraphone• Kenny Clarke –
Drums• Percy Heath - Bass
Monday, 19 March 12
West Coast Jazz
• After WW2 many moved to California to pursue the ‘American dream’
• Gerry Mulligan moved to the West Coast after the ‘Birth of the Cool’ sessions
• Formed a ‘pianoless’ quartet with Chet Baker on trumpet, Chico Hamilton on drums and Bob Whitlock on bass
• Developed more relaxed ‘cool’ style in keeping with lifestyle on West Coast
• Young fan base• Very popular on college circuit
Monday, 19 March 12
Walkin’ Shoes (1952) -Mulligan
• Gerry Mulligan – Baritone Sax
• Chet Baker – Trumpet• Bob Whitlock – Bass• Chico Hamilton -
Drums
Monday, 19 March 12
Bernie’s Tune (1955) - Miller, Lieber, Stoller arr. Mulligan
• Gerry Mulligan – Baritone Sax
• Bob Brookmeyer – Trombone
• Jon Eardley – Trumpet• Zoot Sims – Tenor Sax• Peck Morrison – Bass• Dave Baily - Drums
Monday, 19 March 12
Blue Rondo Alla Turk (1959)-Brubeck
• Dave Brubeck’s Quartet
• Time Out – album released in 1959
• Experimenting with odd-metre 2+2+2+3
• Odd-metre sections alternate with 4/4 swing sections
• Metric modulation between sections
Monday, 19 March 12
Take Five (1959) - Desmond
• Paul Desmond – Alto Sax
• Dave Brubeck – Piano
• Joe Morello – Drums
• Eugene Wright - Bass
Monday, 19 March 12
Take Five (1959) - Desmond
• Paul Desmond – Alto Sax
• Dave Brubeck – Piano
• Joe Morello – Drums
• Eugene Wright - Bass
Monday, 19 March 12
Hard Bop
• Reaction against white domination of West Coast jazz
• Black musicians looking to identifiably black styles
• Features from bebop mixed with blues andgospel
• Accent on backbeat 2 and 4 from R&B
Monday, 19 March 12
Doodlin’ (1954) - SilverHorace Silver and the Jazz Messengers
• Blues changes• Rhythmic
displacement• Gospel swing
feel• Emphasis on 2
and 4
Monday, 19 March 12
The Preacher (1954) - SilverHorace Silver and the Jazz Messengers
• Hank Mobley – Tenor Sax• Kenny Dorham - Trumpet• Horace Silver – Piano• Art Blakey – Drums• Doug Watkins - Bass
Monday, 19 March 12
John Coltrane (1926-67)
• Born in Hamlet, North Carolina• Went to music conservatory• Joined Miles Davis’ quintet in 1955• First made an impact as leader with 1957
recording Blue Train• After problems with drugs had a ‘spiritual
awakening’ in 1957
Monday, 19 March 12
Blue Train (1957) - Coltrane
• John Coltrane – Tenor Sax• Lee Morgan – Trumpet• Curtis Fuller - Trombone• Paul Chambers – Bass• Kenny Drew – Piano• Philly Joe Jones - Drums
Monday, 19 March 12
Straight, No Chaser (1958) - Monk
• Miles Davis Sextet recording of Monk standard• Contrast of cool sound of Davis with the searching
virtuosity of Coltrane• Coltrane extending harmonic boundaries
Monday, 19 March 12
So What - Davis (1959)
• From Kind of Blue – the biggest selling jazz recording of all time
• Constructed from dorian mode on D and Eb• 32-bar song form AABA• ‘Modal jazz’
• Miles Davis – Trumpet• Julian ‘Cannonball’ Adderley – Alto Sax• John Coltrane – Tenor Sax• Bill Evans - Piano• Paul Chambers – Bass• Jimmy Cobb - Drums
Monday, 19 March 12
Giant Steps (1959) - Coltrane
• John Coltrane – Tenor Sax
• Paul Chambers – Bass
• Tommy Flanagan – Piano
• Art Taylor - Drums
Monday, 19 March 12