CONVR 2012 Proceedings

CONVR 2012 Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality November 1-2, 2012, Taipei Taiwan Edited by Yu-Cheng Lin National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan Shih-Chung Jessy Kang National Taiwan University, Taiwan 12th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual RealityOrganizations Organizer National Taiwan University Supporting Organizations and Sponsors National Science Council Bureau of Foreign Trade Ministry of Education Smart Aging Alliance Autodesk Taiwan Ltd. CECI Engineering Consultants, Inc., Taiwan Chien Kuo Construction Co.,Ltd. China Engineering Consultants Inc., Taiwan

Moh and Associates, Inc. Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Ltd. ISBN: 978-986-03-4289-5 All rights reserved 2012 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Published and printed at National Taiwan University Press, Taiwan, by University Publishing Service. November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, TaiwanInternational Advisory Committee: Shang-Hsien Hsieh (Chair), National Taiwan University, Taiwan Chimay J. Anumba, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Nashwan Dawood, Teesside University, UK Feniosky Pea-Mora, Columbia University, USA Lucio Soibelman, University of Southern California, USA Xiang-Yu Wang, Curtin University, Australia Nobuyoshi Yabuki, Osaka University, Japan Organizing Committee: Shih-Chung Jessy Kang (Chair), National Taiwan University, Taiwan Hung-Ming Chen (Co-Chair), National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Albert Y. Chen (General Secretary), National Taiwan University, Taiwan Yu-Cheng Lin (Publication), National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan Po-Han Chen (Program), National Taiwan University, Taiwan Su-Ling Fan (Local Arrangement), Tamkang University, Taiwan Chien-Cheng Chou (Website), National Central University, Taiwan I-Chen Wu (Registration), National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Taiwan Kuo-Liang Kevin Lin, I-Shou University, Taiwan i12th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual RealityInternational Scientific Committee: Changbum Ahn, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA Burcu Akinci, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Homan Bahnassi, Concordia University, Canada Amir Behzadan, University of Central Florida, USA Manfred Breit, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Switzerland Ioannis Brilakis, University of Cambridge, UK Gerhard Girmscheid, ETH Zrich, Switzerland Mani Golparvar-Fard, Virginia Tech, USA Jie Gong, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA Ning Gu, The University of Newcastle, Australia SangUk Han, University of Illinois, USA Sangwon Han, University of Seoul, Korea YoMing Hsieh, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Vineet Kamat, University of Michigan, USA Puteri Shireen Jahn Kassim, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia Hiam Khoury, American University of Beirut, Lebanon Tsuneya Kurihara, Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Japan Kincho Law, Stanford University, USA Ghang Lee, Yonsei University, Korea SangHyun Lee, University of Michigan, Ann-Arbor, USA Fernanda Leite, The University of Texas at Austin, USA KenYu Lin, University of Washington, USA Emmajane Mantle, University of Glamorgan, UK Katsuhiko Muramoto, Pennsylvania State University, USA Abbas Rashidi, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA XinYi Song, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Kenichi Sugihara, Gifu-Keizai University, Japan Georg Suter, Vienna University of Technology, Australia PingBo Tang, Arizona State University, USA Menghan Tsai, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Nobuyoshi Yabuki, Osaka University, Japan Zhenhua Zhu, Concordia University, CanadaiiNovember 1-2, 2012, Taipei, TaiwanPreface Weareverypleasedtoholdthe12thInternationalConferenceonConstructionApplications ofVirtualReality(CONVR2012)atNationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan.Thefirst CONVRwasheldinTeesside,UKin2000,andtheconferencessincehavebeenheldin Chalmers,Sweden(2001),Blacksburg,VA,USA(2003),Lisbon,Portugal(2004),Durham, UK (2005), Orlando, FL, USA (2006), Penn State, PA, USA (2007), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2008),Sydney,Australia(2009),Sendai,Japan(2010),andWeimar,Germany(2011).We wouldliketoinviteyouthisyeartoTaipei,acitywellknownforitswelcomingattitude towards foreign visitors to Taiwan. Informationandcommunicationtechnologyhasadvancedrapidlyandwiththeutilizationof computer-basedvisualizationisquitedevelopedandwidelyapplied.TheprogressofVirtual Reality(VR),AugmentedReality(AR),andBuildingInformationModels(BIM)is particularlyswift.Theseforward-lookingtechnologiesofferthepotentialforconsiderable benefits at all stages of implementation, from initial planning and conceptual design to facility management and operations. CONVR 2012 will bring together researchers and practitioners from a variety of fields such as architecture, civil engineering, and construction to exchange ideas and methods for new VR, AR,andBIMapplications.Theaimofthisconferenceistoreportideas,improvements, products,andapplicationsthatareinnovativeandforinternationalresearchactivitiesand strategies within the fields of Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC). InresponsetoourCallforPapers,wereceived102abstracts,ofwhich64werefinally acceptedbytheInternationalScientificCommitteeaftertworoundsofrigorousreview.The proceedingsincludeall64acceptedpapersandfourkeynotespeakers.Weareverypleased withthequalityofconferencepapersandwishtothanktheauthorsforalltheireffortsin contributing to our conference. WehopethatCONVR2012andthepublicationoftheproceedingswillcontributetothe developmentandapplicationofinformationandcommunicationtechnologyforAEClong into the future. Finally, we hope that you enjoy the conference papers and will join us at future CONVR events. With Warmest Regards, Yu-Cheng Lin (Editor, National Taipei University of Technology) Shih-Chung Jessy Kang (Conference Chair, National Taiwan University) iii November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, TaiwanTABLE OF CONTENTS Organizations ...........................................................................................................i Preface .................................................................................................................... iii Keynote Speech CREATING SMARTER FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE USING SENSORS, DATA ANALYTICS, VISUALIZATION AND INTELLIGENT DECISION SUPPORT: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND RECENT RESEARCH AT CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY .....................................................................................1 James H. Garrett TAIWANS BUILDING INFORMATION MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FROM AN INDUSTRYS APPLICATION PERSPECTIVE ...........................................3 Richard Moh VISUALISATION AND OPTIMISATION TOOLS FOR CO2 REDUCTION IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT ........................................................5 Nashwan Dawood CONTENT-DRIVEN USER EXPERIENCE .......................................................7 Shuen-Huei Guan I. Building Information Modeling (BIM) ..........................................9 INTEGRATIVE APPLICATION OF BIM AND TAIWAN GREEN BUILDING STANDARDS TO BUILDING ENVELOPES .................................................................................11 Po-Han Chen, Po-Chuan Chuang & Meng-Shen Kan THE DEVELOPMENT OF WEB BIM-BASED INTERFACE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN CONSTRUCTION ....................................19 Yu-Chih Su, Meng-Chung Lee, Chih-Yuan Li & Yu-Cheng Lin COUNTABLE BENEFITS OF VISUALIZING ONE-OF-A-KIND PROCESSES.......................................................................................................29 Hans-Joachim Bargstaedt DIGITAL MEDIATED TECHNIQUES FOR THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EVOLUTIONARY PECULIARITIES OF THE BUILT v12th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual RealityENVIRONMENT: THREE CASE STUDIES ....................................................37 Danilo Di Mascio APPLYING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING IN EVALUATING BUILDING ENVELOPE ENERGY PERFORMANCE ..........47 Cheng-Yuan Hsieh & I-Chen Wu BIM SUPPORTED DATA VISUALIZATION STRATEGIES FOR FACILITY MANAGEMENT .............................................................................54 Anne Anderson, Ken-Yu Lin & Carrie Sturts Dossick WORK PLANNING BASED ON A BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL ..............................................................................................................64 Sebastian Hollermann & Hans-Joachim Bargstdt TRANSFORMATION AND INTEGRATION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL FOR DISASTER MITIGATION ............................73 Chia-Ying Lin & Chien-Cheng Chou DEVELOPMENT OF A VISUAL DOMESTIC ENERGY ASSESSMENT TOOL ........................................................................................80 A. Mhalas, T. Crosbie & N. Dawood STUDYING CCTV COVERAGE IN AN MRT STATION USING BIM-BASED VR APPROACH ..........................................................................90 Huan-Ting Chen, Si-Wei Wu & Shang-Hsien Hsieh A 3D-WEB ENABLED FRAMEWORK FOR DELIVERING DIGITAL FACILITY ASSET MANAGEMENT ................................................................99 Edvinas Rasys, Michael Hodds & N. N. Dawood BUILDING-ENVELOPE-BASED INTEGRATION OF ENERGY SAVING AND COST EFFECTIVENESS USING BIM ..................................107 Po-Han Chen, Long Chan & Jeong-Shing Lee BIN-BASED APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERGROUND MRT STATION EMERGENCY EVACUATION-TIME EVALUATION FOR TAIPEI MRT DESIGN CHECKING .......................................................113 C.H. Wang, R. Moh, S.M. Kang, W.L. Lee, T.J. Pei & S.H. Hsieh INFORMATION CAPTURE AND REPRESENTATION OF MODEL-BASED DESIGN REVIEW PROCESS IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS ...........................................................................................122 Li Wang, Junlin Yi & Fernanda Leite viNovember 1-2, 2012, Taipei, TaiwanA BIM-BASED VISUALIZATION SYSTEM FOR STEEL ERECTION PROJECTS SCHEDULING .............................................................................132 Hsiang-Wei Lu, Wan-Li Lee, Chih-Chuan Lin & Po-Ming Huang INTEGRATION OF BIM AND CONSTRUCTION SIMULATION FOR SCHEDULING .................................................................................................142 Ming-Tsung Lee, Cheng-Yi Chen, Shao-Wei Weng, Shih-Hsu Wang, Wei-Chih Wang, Jang-Jeng Liu, Yuan-Yuan Cheng, Ming-Feng Yeh, Bing-Yi Lin & Cheng-Ju Kung ROBUST MATERIAL RECOGNITION FOR AUTOMATED BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING FROM UNORDERED SITE IMAGE COLLECTIONS .................................................................................152 Mani Golparvar-Fard, Andrey Dimitrov & Feniosky Pea-Mora BIM-BASED JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS .......................................................162 Jrgen Melzner & Hans-Joachim Bargstdt AUTOMATED AS-BUILT MODELING WITH SPATIAL AND VISUAL DATA FUSION .................................................................................172 Zhenhua Zhu IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY SYSTEM FOR BIM ..............................183 Julian Kang, Adithya Ganapathi & Hussam Nseir MAPPING BIM MODELS AND 3D GIS MODELS USING INSTANCE-BASED AND LINGUISTIC METHOD ......................................187 Yichuan Deng & Jack Chin Pang Cheng A STUDY ON DATA EXTRACTION FROM BIM MODELS FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ...................................................................198 C.L. Hung & S.A. Chou USER REQUIREMENTS FOR MOBILE AR AND BIM UTILIZATION IN BUILDING LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT .............................................203 Timo Kuula, Kalevi Piira, Anu Seisto, Mika Hakkarainen & Charles Woodward EXPLORE PATTERNS OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTIONS IN PARAMETRIC DESIGN ENVIRONMENTS ............................................212 Rongrong Yu, Ning Gu & Michael Ostwald vii12th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual RealityII. Augmented Reality (AR) and Sensing ......................................223 AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGIES FOR AEC PROJECTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................225 Sarah Rankouhi & Lloyd M Waugh AUGMENTED REALITY MARKERS AS SPATIAL INDICES FOR INDOOR MOBILE AECFM APPLICATIONS ...............................................235 Chen Feng & Vineet Kamat REAL-TIME MICRO PLANNER FOR CRANE OPERATIONS ...................243 Wei Han Hung & Shih Chung Kang ENHANCED HD4AR (HYBRID 4-DIMENSIONAL AUGMENTED REALITY) FOR UBIQUITOUS CONTEXT-AWARE AEC/FM APPLICATIONS...............................................................................................253 Hyojoon Bae, Mani Golparvar-Fard & Jules White COMMUNICATION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR WORKERS AND SUPERVISORS BY MULTIPLE-CAMERA HANDLING AND AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNIQUES .....................................................263 Takehiro Urano, Tsuneya Kurihara, Yuki Watanabe, Tatsuhiko Kagehiro, Tetsuya Tsubokura, Fumio Hatori & Yuichi Yashiro IMPROVING THE BENEFIT OF VIRTUAL REALITY SESSION DOCUMENTATION THROUGH AUGMENTED REALITY ........................271 Martin Heinig, Axel Friedewald & Hermann Ldding MOBILE AUGMENTED REALITY: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN REAL AND VIRTUAL IN SUSTANINABLITY EDUCATION ....................................................................................................282 Katsuhiko Muramoto & Vui Huynh A FRAMEWORK FOR UTILIZING CONTEXT-AWARE AUGMENTED REALITY VISUALIZATION IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION ....................................................................................................292 Amir H. Behzadan, Vineet R. Kamat 2C - MOBILE COLLABORATIVE FIRE HAZARD DETECTION SYSTEM ...........................................................................................................300 Hugo M. da Silva, Joo P. Jacob, Antnio F. Coelho & Rui Rodrigues VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING FOR ROBOTIC FABRICATION OF REBAR CAGES IN MANUFACTURED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................309 Akash Garg & Vineet R. Kamat viiiNovember 1-2, 2012, Taipei, TaiwanPERFORMANCE BETWEEN GENDERS IN ASSEMBLY TASK RELEVANT TO MEMORIZATION AFTER TRAINING USING AR AND MANUAL PRINTS .................................................................................319 Lei Hou & Xiangyu Wang EFFECTIVENESS OF VIRTUAL REALITY ON PRESENTING FIELD MONITORING DATA ......................................................................................323 Yo-Ming Hsieh & Ya-Sue Liu SOLAR RADIATION SURVEY METHOD WITH IMAGE STITCHING .............................................................................................................................332 Yoshihiro Yasumuro, Takashi Shimomukai, Hiroshige Dan & Masahiko Fuyuki PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MODELING AND SLING LENGTH MEASUREMENTS OF A RIGGING SYSTEM ENGINEERED FOR INDUSTRIAL MODULE ERECTION ............................................................340 Ming-Fung Francis Siu, Sheng Mao, Ming Lu & Simaan Abourizk NAVIGATION IN VIRTUAL REALITY USING MICROSOFT KINECT .............................................................................................................................350 Florian Kammergruber, Andreas Ebner & Willibald Gnthner EMOTIONAL 3D EXPERIENCE IN AUGMENTED HERITAGE REALITY THROUGH ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FUSION ...................360 Matteo Fabbri, Emanuele Borasio, Daniel Blersch & Christoph Froehlich III. 3D/4D Modeling .........................................................................367 4D VISUALIZATION OF RAILROAD TRANSPORT OPERATIONS OF EQUIPMENT TO A POWER GENERATION FACILITY ........................369 Brandon S. Reisser & John C. Hildreth A SPACE MODEL FOR PERSONAL LIGHTING CONTROL ......................379 Georg Suter, Filip Petrushevski & Milos Sipetic AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF 3D BUILDING MODELS BY STRAIGHT SKELETON COMPUTATION ....................................................389 Kenichi Sugihapa & Zhen-jiang ShenA 3D CAD ENGINE WITH DATA MODELS BASED ON INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ..................................................................399 ix12th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual RealitySatoshi Kubota, Etsuji Kitagawa, Kantaro Monobe, Kenji Nakamura & Shigenori Tanaka EMERGENCY MEDICAL DISPATCH: A CASE STUDY OF NEW TAIPEI CITY ....................................................................................................407 Hsiao-Hsuan Liu & Albert Y. Chen IV. Real Time Visualization .............................................................415 FROM PHYSICAL TO VIRTUAL: REAL-TIME IMMERSIVE VISUALISATIONS FROM AN ARCHITECTS WORKING MODEL .........417 Gerhard Schubert, Christoph Anthes, Dieter Kranzlmller & Frank Petzold 3D MODEL VR APPLIED IN TOURISM PLANNING-TAIWAN TAOYUAN HAKKA FOLK TOURISM PLANNING FOR EXAMPLE .......427 Ren-Jwo Tsay & Jian-Yuan Chen INCREASED INTERACTION WITH MULTI-USER VIRTUAL REALITY IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ................................................434 Janne Porkka, Nusrat Jung, Sunil Suwal, Pivi Jvj, Anssi Savisalo, Jani Pivnen & Jarkko Sireeni A HEATSTROKE PREVENTION SYSTEM FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS USING SIMULATION AND VR ................................................443 Nobuyoshi Yabuki, Takuya Onoue, Tomohiro Fukuda & Shinji Yoshida VIRTUAL REALITY: FACTORS DETERMINING SPATIAL PRESENCE, COMPREHENSION AND MEMORY ......................................451 Bimal Balakrishnan, Danielle Oprean, Brad Martin & Melina Smith DIGITAL ECOLOGIES: A SHIFTING PARADIGM FOR CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................460 Robert Amor & Dermott McMeel SERIOUS PLAY: INTUITIVE ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTUAL DESIGN WITH IMMEDIATE STRUCTURAL FEEDBACK AND ECO-NOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS.................................................................................................467 Manfred Breit, Li Huang, Frank Lang, Fabian Ritter & Andr Borrmann VIRTUAL REALITY AND SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION APPLIED IN TECHNICAL TRAINING IN BRAZILIAN CONSTRUCTION ...............476 Fabiano Stange & Sergio Scheer xNovember 1-2, 2012, Taipei, TaiwanSURFING IN THE VIRTUAL DIGITAL LIBRARY A LINKED DATABASE STRUCTURE FOR INTUITIVE INFORMATION-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF CHILDREN ............................486 Ko-Chiu Wu AUTOMATED 3D HUMAN SKELETON EXTRACTION USING RANGE CAMERAS FOR SAFETY ACTION SAMPLING ..........................494 SangUk Han, Madhav Achar, SangHyun Lee & Feniosky Pea-Mora V. Simulation and Planning .............................................................503 SIMULATION MODELLING FOR ORGANIZING THE BUILDING MACHINERY WORK AT THE CONSTRUCTION SITE ..............................505 Alexander Ginzburg SIMULATION OF PROCESS INTERACTION FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE DURING CONSTRUCTION ..................................................510 Vitali Kochkine, Jrgen Schweitzer, Ilka von Gsseln & Nils Rinke GENERATING WORKSPACE REQUIREMENTS IN A FINISHING EXECUTION PHASE ......................................................................................521 Trang Dang, Amir Elmahdi & Hans-Joachim Bargstdt ONSITE PLANNING OF 3D SCANNING FOR OUTDOOR CONSTRUCTIONS WITH MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING ..............532 Hiroshige Dan, Yoshihiro Yasumuro, Taisuke Ishigaki & Tatsuaki Nishigata GLOBAL PATH PLANNING IN 4D ENVIRONMENTS USING TOPOLOGICAL MAPPING ............................................................................542 Vitaly Semenov, Konstantine Kazakov & Vladislav Zolotov LOGISTICS AND LAYOUT PLANNING OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT ON A VR-MULTI-TOUCH-TABLET ......................................552 Andreas Ebner, Florian Kammergruber, Tim Horenburg & Willibald Gnthner EXPLORING USER EXPERIENCE OF WAYFINDING IN A LARGE AND COMPLEX HOSPITAL ..........................................................................561 Mi Jeong Kim, Sooyeon Han & Xiangyu Wang A SIMULATION DRIVEN VISUALIZATION APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTION MOBILE RESOURCES PLANNING ..............................571 Amr El-Nimr, Yasser Mohamed & Simaan AbouRizk xi12th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual RealityDEVELOPMENT OF GRID-BASED NETWORK MODEL FOR PATH FINDING IN REAL DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS .....................................579 Tatsuru Tomii & Koji Makanae Author Index .......................................................................................................587 xiiNovember 1-2, 2012, Taipei, TaiwanKEYNOTE SPEECH I Prof. James H. Garrett,Thomas Lord Professor and Head in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, USA. Title:Creatingsmarterfacilitiesandinfrastructureusingsensors,dataanalytics,visualizationandintelligent decision support: opportunities, challenges, and recent research at Carnegie Mellon University Abstract: The U.S. infrastructure is a trillion dollar investment, defined broadly to include road systems and bridges, water distributionsystems,watertreatmentplants,powerdistributionsystems,telecommunicationnetworksystems, commercialandindustrialfacilities,etc.Inspiteoftheenormousinvestmentsmadeinthesesystemsandtheir importancetotheUSeconomy,theyareinasignificantlydeterioratedstate.Sensingtechnologies,data modelingand miningapproaches,advancedvisualization and decision supportcan be deployedtoimprovethe performanceand/orreducethelife-cyclecostandsocietalimpactsofalllife-cyclephasesoffacilitiesand infrastructure systems. ThePennsylvaniaSmarterInfrastructureIncubatoratCarnegieMellon,whichincludestheCenterforSensed CriticalInfrastructure,theIBMSmarterInfrastructureLabatCarnegieMellon,theFacility/Infrastructure InformationModelingandVisualizationLabandtheFacility/InfrastructureAnalyticsLab,isperforming researchonwhatactionableinformationabouttheconditionandusageofourfacilitiesandinfrastructure systemsisneededandhowbesttocapture,modelandreasonaboutitsoastoimprovethemaintenanceand operation of this infrastructure. In this talk, I will give a brief overview of the research going on in the PSII and then present more details about several projects:1) a framework for gathering and integrating data about HVAC systems, stored in a number of standardizeddatamodels,sothatlargenumbersofavailableanalyses,decisionsupportfunctionsand visualizations can be readily conducted using the collected and integrated data; 2) an approach for gathering and visualizingworkordersinfacilitiessoastobetterunderstandmaintenancehotspotsinafacilityandwhere building information models may need to be updated to remain accurate; 3) an approach for using multiple laser scansintimetoidentifyvariationsbetweenrealityandbuildinginformationmodels;4)anapproachfor evaluating howwella buildinginformationmodelcanimprovetheaccuracy ofindoorlocalizationalgorithms, which are extremely important for emergency response and facility management; 5) representing and visualizing, in building information models, the data about damaged building components collected using laser scanners and other sensor systems; and 6) the use of 3D immersive visualization for supporting decision making regarding the design and evaluation of energy efficient buildings. ThisworkhasbeendoneincollaborationwithmycolleaguesProfessorsBurcuAkinci,MarioBergesand SemihaErganinourAdvancedInfrastructureSystemsGroupatCarnegieMellonandourstudents:Xuesong (Pine) Liu, Asli Akcamete, Te Gao, Saurabh Taneja, Engin Anil, and Sheryl Yang. 112th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual RealityBio of Prof. Garrett: JamesH.Garrett,Jr.istheThomasLordProfessorof Civil and Environmental Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University.Hehasbeentheheadofthedepartment since2006.Heiscurrentlyafaculty-co-directorofthe PennsylvaniaSmarterInfrastructureIncubator(PSII), whichisaresearchcenteraimedatcreatingand evaluating sensing, data analytics and intelligent decision support for improving the construction, management and operation of infrastructure systems. Garrett also currently servesastheco-ChiefEditoroftheASCEJournalof Computing in Civil Engineering. Garrett received his BS (1982), MS (1983) and PhD (1986) in Civil Engineering fromCarnegieMellonUniversity.Heisaregistered professional engineer in the state of Texas. Garrettsresearchandteachinginterestsareoriented towardapplicationsofsensorsandsensorsystemstocivilinfrastructureconditionassessment;applicationof data mining and machine learning techniques for infrastructure management problems in civil and environmental engineering;mobilehardware/softwaresystemsforfieldapplications;representationsandprocessingstrategies tosupporttheusageofengineeringcodes,standards,andspecifications;knowledge-baseddecisionsupport systems.Garretthaspublishedhisresearchinover60refereedjournalarticles,over80refereedconference papers, over 90 other conference papers and 10 sections or chapters in books or monographs. Garrettwasawardedthe2007StevenJ.FenvesAwardforSystemsResearchatCarnegieMellon,the2006 ASCE Computing in Civil Engineering Award, and the ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering Best PaperAwardin2001forthepaperheco-authoredwithHanKiliccote,entitled"StandardsUsageLanguage (SUL): An Abstraction Boundary between Design Systems and Standards Processors." He is a co-recipient of the 1993ASCEWellingtonPrizeforhispaperentitled"Knowledge-BasedDesignofSignalizedIntersections," whichheco-authoredwithRahimBenekohalandJeffreyLinkenheld.Heisalsoaco-recipientofthe1990 ASCE Moisseiff Award for his paper entitled "Knowledge-Based Standard-Independent Member Design", which heco-authoredwithStevenJ.Fenves.In1994,hewasalsoaHumboldtStipendiatandspent6monthsatthe University of Karlsruhe and the Technical University Munich. 2November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, TaiwanKEYNOTE SPEECH II Mr.RichardMoh,SeniorVicePresident,CorporateDevelopment,SpecialAssistanttotheChairman, MAA Group Consulting Engineers, Taiwan Title:TaiwansBuildingInformationManagementDevelopment,OpportunitiesandChallengesfroman Industrys Application Perspective Abstract: Duetotheadvancementofcomputersoftwareandhardware,BuildingInformationManagement(BIM)is revolutionizingtheArchitecture,EngineeringandConstruction(AEC)industryspracticesworldwide.Plenary Session II will introduce the developments, opportunities and challenges of BIM development in Taiwan through projectexamplescarriedoutbyanengineeringconsultingfirm.Thepresentationwillsharehowan engineeringconsultingfirmadoptstheBIMconceptundercurrentindustryenvironmentandthechallenges faced in near future. 312th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual RealityBio of Mr. Moh: RichardMohistheCorporateDevelopmentSenior Vice President and Special Assistant to the Chairman of MAA Group Consulting Engineers. MAA Group is aleading900peoplemultidisciplinaryengineering consultingfirminEast/SoutheastAsiaestablishedin 1975.HeisaholderofProjectManagement Professional and is the Chairman of Young Engineers CommitteeandViceChairmanofInternational& CrossStraitAffairsCommitteeoftheChinese AssociationofEngineeringConsultants.Heisalso the Director of Construction Management Association oftheRepublicofChina.Educatedwithan undergraduatedegreeincivilengineeringanda masters degree in engineering management at Cornell University and an MBA degree from Wharton School ofManagement,andhavinglivedinmanycountries,Richardbringsauniquesetofskillstothecompany management.RichardisresponsibleofthecorporatedevelopmentofMAAGroup,whichincludesgeneral managementimprovementsandthedevelopmentofnewideassuchasBuildingInformationModeling(BIM). Since 2009, he has been leading the company in the commitment of adopting BIM in its services to achieve the vision of integrating engineering and architecture disciplines. 4November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, TaiwanKEYNOTE SPEECH III Prof. Nashwan Dawood, Professor and Director of TFI, Teesside University, UK Title: Visualisation and Optimisation Tools for CO2 Reduction in Built Environment Abstract: While many cities in Europe and in the world have issued climate change policies and set targets for reduction of CO2emissions,theirimplementationinbuiltenvironmentandinparticularurbanplanningpracticeremainsa majorchallenge.DevisingeffectivedecisionsystemswhichsupportCO2emissionsreductiondemandsa systemsapproachwhichenablesdifferentactors-policymakers,planners,engineers,consultants,and inhabitants-tocorrelateadiversityofproblems,spanningacrossdistinctdomainsandgeographicscales. Visualisationandoptimisationtechnologiesaresettoplayamajorroleinenhancingthedecisionmaking processesandtoimproveourunderstatingoftheconsequencesofdifferentinterventionstrategies.The presentationwillincludeexperiencefromtwoEUprojectsthathavebeeawardedtoTeessideUniversityin conjunction with EU academics and industry partners. TheEUprojectstobepresented,INTUBE(IntelligentAnalysisofEnergyInformation)andSEMANCO (Semantic Technologies for CarbonReduction in Urban Planning). The technical contents of these projects are basedontheintegrationofenergyrelatedopendatastructuredaccordingtostandards,semanticallymodelled andinteroperablewithasetoftoolsforvisualizing,simulatingandanalyzingthemultipleinterrelationships betweenfactorsdeterminingCO2production.FortheSEMANCOproject,aSemanticEnergyInformation Framework(SEIF)isbeingdevelopedtomodeltheenergy-relatedknowledgeplannersanddecisionmakers need.Thetoolsinteroperatingwiththeframeworkwillsupportsystemsinnovationandincludeavailable technologies,enhancementstoexistingopensourceplatforms,andnewtechnologicalsolutions.SEMANCO carries out an analysis requirements to support the application of the tools by the different stakeholders involved in energy related urban planning. The development of the visualisation and optimisation tools and methods will be informed by three case study scenarios in Spain, UK and Denmark which will cover three geographical scales -neighbourhood,municipalandregional-includingbothexistingandnewurbanareas.Thecasestudieswill identifytherelevantindicatorsandtheinterrelationshipbetweenfactorscontributingtoCO2productioninthe analysedurbanareas.Basedonthisanalysis,toolsandmethodsarebeingdevelopedastheprojectprogress. Theirapplicationwithinthecasesofstudywilldemonstratequantifiableandsignificantreductionofenergy consumption and CO2 emissions achieved through ICT and will make it possible to assess their social impact. Keywords: Visualisation, Pptimisation, CO2 reduction in built environment 512th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual RealityBio of Prof. Dawood: ProfessorDawood,initiatorofCONVRconferenceseries,is currentlyDirectoroftheCentreforConstructionResearch& Innovation (CCIR) and Professor of Construction Management and IT at the University of Teesside, UK. He is also Director of theTechnologyFuturesInstitute,throughwhichthe engineeringandtechnologyresearchisstructuredand supported. This role includes responsibilityfor developing and promoting research polices throughout the institution. ProfessorNashwanDawoodisaspecialistinproject constructionmanagementandtheapplicationofITinthe constructionprocess.Thishasrangedacrossanumberof researchtopicsincludingBIMtechnologiesandprocesses, sustainability,InformationTechnologiesandSystems (5D,VR,ICTforenergyefficiency),riskmanagement, intelligentdecisionsupportsystems,costforecastingand control and business processes. ProfessorDawoodhasextensiveexperienceofleading internationallyrecognisedresearchworkinBIMtechnologyandprocessesandintheapplicationof5D modelinginconstructionprocesses,andhassuccessfullygeneratedpeerreviewedfundedprojectsfromthe EngineeringandPhysicalSciencesResearchCouncil,theTechnologyStrategyBoard,andEU/Framework Programme. This has resulted in more than 200 peer reviewed journal and conferences publications Professor Dawood also has significant and long-standing experience of working with major industrial partners in theUKandinternationallytodevelopandapplyresearchresultsaspartoffurthercollaborativeprojects.In particular he is currently running international research and development projects in South Korea, Japan, Qatar, Europe and USA in the areas of 5D modeling, serious game engine technologies application to training and ICT (Information and Communication technologies) for energy efficient buildings . He is also regularly invited to be a key note presenter in a international events. 6November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, TaiwanKEYNOTE SPEECH IV Mr. Shuen-Huei Guan,R&D manager of Digimax Inc., Taiwan Title: Content-Driven User Experience Abstract: By a narrow definition, virtual reality is an artificial environment that is presented in such a way that audiences believe and accept it as a real environment. Virtual reality aims to provide, enhance or even create a perceptible world that is firmly believed to exist whether it is real or imaginary. It is a science about perception, recognition, and presentation that permits real-time experiences and improvisation. Content presentation that allows real-time experiences and improvisation is about emotions, context and storytelling. Human beings convey their experiences via a wide-range of methods, and the application of computer generated animations, like virtual reality, is just one of them. I would like to share my experience on how to create "reality" through digital content. 712th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual RealityBio of Mr. Guan: Shuen-HueiGuanisR&DmanagerofDigimaxInc.,ananimation studiolocatedatTaipei/Taiwan,aimingtoproduceinfluencing featureanimations/films.Hehasbeeninvolvedinanimation industryforeightyears,participatingtitlesof"Adventuresthe NationalPalaceMuseum","QuantumQuest:ACassiniSpace Odyssey", opening ceremony of 2010 Asian Games, and others. Shuen-Huei Guan is currently Ph.D. candidate in Graduate Institute ofNetworkingMultimedia,NationalTaiwanUniversity.During productioninDigimax,healsopublishedseveralworkstoACM SIGGRAPH, IEEE journal, and other related conferences. 8November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan I. BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) 912th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual Reality10November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan INTEGRATIVEAPPLICATIONOFBIMANDTAIWANGREEN BUILDING STANDARDS TO BUILDING ENVELOPES Po-Han Chen, Po-Chuan Chuang & Meng-Shen Kan, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University ABSTRACT: The world climate has changed dramatically within these decades. Many countries around the world arenowtryingtofindoutpossiblewaystoreduceenvironmentalimpact,andhaveestablishedtheirown environmental regulations. In construction field, green building is considered a practical technology to achieve thisgoal.However,ittakesalotoftimeandefforttoqualifyforgreenbuildingstandardduetodealingwith massive parameter calculation, and the energy-saving efficiency can't be straightly calculated, either. In order to improve this difficulty, the study integrates BIM (Building Information Modeling) with its comprehensive building information and Taiwan's green building standard (EEWH-NC) to conduct information transferring and energy consumptioncalculation ofbuilding envelope(ENVLOAD).Theresultwillbedirectlyshown onthedeveloped interface, and case study verifies it's within 5% margin of error. With this integration system developed in this study, the designer can save a lot of time and think about better building design. In the future, the integration can work with more complex building design, attracting more potential users using BIM and make the most of its building information. KEYWORDS: BIM, green building, ENVLOAD, Automation. 1.INTRODUCTION According to IPCC (Intergovernmental panel on climate change)'s report, the world temperature has climbed up rapidly. The increase amount of green house gases, especially carbon dioxide, is mainly coming from the overuse offossilfuelandthechangingformoflanduse.ThestatisticaldatacollectedfromNationalChengKung Universityshowsthecarbondioxideemittedfromconstructionindustryaccountsfor28.8%oftotalcarbon emission in Taiwan. Thus, developing sustainable engineering in Taiwan construction industry has become a very critical issue. In green building design, many countries have developed their own green standards, techniques, and provideratingsforqualification.Butinrealconstructionuse,designertendstousedesignwhichispreviously acceptedbyauthoritybecausetheycan'tinstantlycalculatetheenergysavingefficiencynorknowifthenew design meets all the standards. ( ZENG Xu - dong , ZHAO Ang2006). The calculation takes too much time and effort. In some cases, the energy saving performance is even worse than those non-adopting energy saving designs. Now with computer-aided design technology, software including BIM and energy simulation software have been usedinbuildingdesigningstage,buttherehasn'tbeenanysoftwaredesignedforTaiwan'sgreenbuilding assessment. The energy saving efficiency and evaluation of green building are still relying on manual calculation, whichnotonlywastestoomuchtimebutalsohashigheroccurrenceoferror.Also,withmorelargescaleand complexconstructionprojectbeingdeveloped,itisbelievedthatacomputerized,paperless,andautomatic working environment will be the future trend. Many international and Taiwan consulting companies are investing in this development. Inordertoimprovethemassivecalculationandtimespentoncheckingdata,thestudyintegratesBIMwith Taiwansgreenbuildingstandardtoconducttheautomaticcalculationprocess.Theenergyconsumptionof building envelop can be directly shown on the developed interface within very short time, saving a lot of time and increasing design quality and efficiency. The proposed interface is expected to be a plug-in program attached in the BIM-RevitArchitecture.Afterarchitecturedesignfinishes,theenergyconsumptionofbuildingenvelop (ENVLOAD), HSC (Heat Source Capacity), and EAC (Electronic Air Cleaners) can be automatically calculated and shown. Also, each parameter will be provided for designer as reference if theres something that needs to be corrected or checked. The study also wants to create a developing base of integrating BIM and Taiwans green building standard for further research. 2.LITERATURE REVIEW In recent years, there are more and more studies focusing on the environmental assessment issues of buildings. Wang(2005), Chang(2005), and Lo(2006) report that water and electricity expense accounts for the most part in buildingslifecyclecost.Therefore,howtocontroltheenergyconsumptionofair-conditioningsystem,which 1112th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual Reality influences the water and electricity cost the most, is the key point of controlling the total life cycle energy cost. Therearedifferent partsofthebuildingsincludingthe buildingenvelope,indoorspace, androofs,etc.,among them,thedesignofbuildingenvelopeisprobablythemostkeystrategiesintheconstructionofbuildings.An integrated thermal model was proposed by Morrissey and Home (2010), who use life cycle costing approach to anextensivesampleofdominanthousedesignstoinvestigatelifecyclecostsinacooltemperateclimatein Melbourne, Australia. Results suggest that most cost-effective building design is alwaysmore energy efficient. Therefore,itcanbeconcludedthatearlyenergyefficiencyevaluationofnewbuildingsisquiteimportantin termsofcostandenergysaving.Kneifel(2009)ranatotalof576energysimulationsfor12prototypical buildingsin16citiesinStates,theresultsshowconventionalenergyefficiencytechnologiescanbeusedto decrease energy use in new commercial buildings by 2030% on average and up to over 40% for some building typesandlocations.Theabovestudiesallshowgoodexamplesofwhytheevaluationofenergy-saving efficiency of buildings is so important. A well-designed energy-saving and heat insulation system in the building designingstagecanlargelysaveenergyandthusprotecttheenvironment.Taiwansgreenbuildingevaluation systemincludesnineindicators:bio-diversity,greenery,soil-watercontent,energysavings,CO2emission reduction, construction waste reduction, water resource, garbage and sewage improvements, indoor environment quality which are categorized by ecology, energy saving, waste reduction and health (EEHW). Many new-built buildings in Taiwan are dedicated to achieve those standards. 2.1ENVLOAD ENVLOADisanindicatorusedforpredictingtheannualcoolingandheatingloadsofofficeandresidential buildings. The calculation methodology proposed by Lin (1990) has its significance on energy load assessment becauseusers cancalculatethecoolingandheatingload ontheirownratherthanasking for professional help. ENVLOADhasnowbeenadoptedinmanystudiestoevaluatetheenergyloadsofbuildings.Lai(2008)used ENVLOADcalculationandintegrateditwithnaturalventilationsystemofofficebuildingstoproposea conservation coefficient system, encouraging more adequate building window designs. In Huangs study (2002), itisnotonlyusedanddevelopedasasimplifiedmethodologytoevaluatetheheatloadofair-conditioning system, but also propose a predicting system of air-conditioning capacity. Its widely application and integration can still be further developed and expected. The calculation process will be explained as follows: It is calculated usinglinearregressionequations. Theseequationsareverysimpleandacceptable becausetheyconsistof only two weather variables (temperature difference and solar heat gain) and three building variables (insulation, solar shading and thermal capacity). In multiple regression analysis, the object function (the energy consumption of air conditioning)issimulatedbydynamiccomputerprogramHASP8001,andtheconstantsandpartialregression coefficientsareobtainedthroughvarianceanalysisbetweenthevaluesofobjectfunctionandtheabove theoreticalpredictorvariables.Toensurethewideadaptabilityforbuildingmodelsandclimaticcontexts,27 office building spaces and 54 residential building with distinct design in orientations, constructions, glass areas, floor levels, types were used for simulation models, and 18 climates distributed throughout Taiwan, Korea, Japan and the U.S. for weather input. The statistical samples include 486 office buildings and 972 residential buildings. TheresultshowedtheR2valuesofthemultipleregressionequationwerebetween0.848to0.972,which illustratingthehighaccuracytothismethod.Itcanbewidelyappliedforinternationalclimates,whichhas successfullyachievedthegoalofsimplicityandwideadaptability(Lin,1990).ENVLOADcalculationand parameter definition are shown as follows: ENvL0AB = au + a1 u +a2 L BB + aS (Hk IEk) (2.1)u = ui Ac (2.2)Ac = a +b Tu - c Tu2 (2.3)Tu = ui L (2.4)L = ui Ai + u.S ui AiAFp + Iox (2.5)Nk = |(Ki pi Ai) +u.uSS (ui Ai)] + u.S |(Ki pi Ai) +u.uSS (ui Ai)]Ap (2.6)The parameter of calculating ENVLOAD can be categorized into two types: 12November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan Climate Related Parameters: Temperature and Solar Heat Buiding Parameters: Heat Capacity, Sheltering and Heat Insolation 2.2BIM (Building Information Modeling) BIM(BuildingInformationModel)referstosoftwarewhichcontainsmassivebuildinginformationdata includingarchitectural,structural,MEP(Mechanical,Electrical,and Plumbing)systemsinformation.Itcan be usedinthedesigning,constructing,andtheoperationstageofbuilding.Withitsvisualizedbuildingmodel automatically built within the software, users can easily see how the design works with other part of the building. BIM can be seen as a database of a project, which is the most useful advantage of BIM. BIM is now widely used in cost analysis, spatial conflict check, scheduling, work simulation, and energy-saving simulation (Hartmann, T., J. Gao, et al., 2008). 3.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY After retrieving data from BIM, it is firstly categorized and changed into specific format. After categorizing the data, compile it and conduct the calculation process. Detail data selection process is stated as follow: 3.1Using API in Data Selection 3.1.1Heat Conductivity (Ui) of Building Envelope in Air-Conditioning Area InordertocalculatetheUi,roomswillbecategorizedaccordingtoair-conditioningandnonair-conditioning area. Then the roof, wall, and window will be separated apart from the room to calculate the heat conductivity of each building part. There are many building materials, each of them has its own Ui value, thus the automation of calculation process is really important in terms of time saving. 3.1.2Area of Building Envelope (Ai) in Air-Conditioning Area The data selection process is similar to Ui. The difference is the process of switching imperial unit (aquare foot) to metric unit(M2), which is the standard unit of Taiwans green building standard. 3.1.3Heat Conductivity (Ui) of Building Envelope in Non Air-Conditioning Area and Area of Building Envelope (Ai) in Non Air-Conditioning Area Both the data selection processes are the same as Ui and Ai, when it is categorized as non air-conditioning area, same selection process will be made to conduct the data calculation. 1312th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual Reality Fig.1 Calculation Flow Chart 3.2Data coming in Indirect Process 3.2.1Total air-conditioning floor area (AFp) in perimeter area and the total air-conditioning floor area in interior area (AFi) The interior and perimeter area are closely related, the data selection process should be done simultaneously. The definition of perimeter area is the area summed up by the area at a distance of 5 meters inside from the joint line. The Revit can automaticallycalculate the floor area of each room and floor except the perimeter area, thus the studydeveloptheprogramandconductthecalculation.Theformulasofcalculatingperimeterareaarelisted below: Inteiioi Aiea of 0ne Layei Builuing = (a - 1u) (b - 1u)(3.1) Peiimetei Aiea of 0ne Layei Builuing = a b - (4.1)(3.2) Parameter a refers to building length and b refers to width. After calculating the interior area, perimeter area can beeasilycalculatedaccordingtoformula(4.2).Thestudyonlyconsiderssimplebuildingshapeincluding rectangular. Also, deciding the accurate coordination of building is another important contribution of this study. Thejudgment process will be transferred to programming codes, thus the perimeter area can be calculated. Theprogrammingadjustmentofeachcoordinateisacriticalstep.Thestudyproposedeightcriteria,four adjustment direction to conduct the adjustment process. The start point will be set as reference point, through the counterclockwise data checking process, both of the x value and y value will minus 5 units, thus the shape will beformedandconductthenextprocedure.Afterhavingthosecoordinatedata,theywillbeusedinformula (3.3)~(3.5) to calculate the interior floor area. xn+1x1(3.3) 14November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan yn+1y1(3.4) A12(xy+1 - yx+1)n=1(3.5) After having the interior floor area, perimeter area can be calculated using formula (3.2). The highest floor also belongs to perimeter area, thus the AFi and AFp calculations will be shown in formula (3.6) and (3.7). AFi = Inteiioi Aiea of 0ne Layei Builuing (Numbei of Floois - 1)(3.6) AFp = Total Flooi Aiea - AFi= Peiimetei Aiea of 0ne Layei Builuing (Numbei of Floois - 1) + Bighest Flooi Aiea (3.7) 3.2.2The cooling degree hours (DH) and the building located areas insolation hours (IHk) Calculation DHandIHkwillbedifferentaccordingtodifferentregionsincludingaltitudeandbuildingdirection.The building and the geographical information are not difficult to have, but the building direction adjustment will be more complex. The judgment process is shown below: In realconstructionproject,thebuilding directionisnotalwaysin perfectN-S or E-W direction.Thusittakes quitemuchtimeindatatransferringandcalculating.Withthisproposedmethodologyofdecidingthebuilding direction,itreallysavesalotoftime.Thepreviousmanualtablecheckingmethodissimilartothex-y coordination. The y value can be found as long as x value is determined, then the coordinate will be transferred using code mode and integrated into the program. The table checking process is shown as follows: Withtheinterfaceproposedfromthisstudy,itwillbequiteconvenientforusertoadoptinrealprojectuse because most of the table-checking and calculation will be done by automation of program, all the necessary data are within the program. When using the plug-in interface, user can select the building type and input information, within one click, the developed interface will instantly show the calculation results and each value. 3.2.3ThebuildingenvelopInsulationGainCoefficient(Mk)ofeachdirection,sunshading coefficient(Ki), Solar Heat Gain Rate(i) In calculating the three values, the glass-covered area, Ki and i should be firstly calculated. Some of the value calculation has been introduced in previous part. Here are the simplified calculation process of Ki and i: 3.2.4Sun Shading Coefficient(Ki) Ki value is related to building outside shelter. The study chooses horizontal shelter, and its characteristic will be consideredinthecalculation process.The modificationcoefficientcan be retrieved bytablechecking,thusthe depth ratio can be calculated by measuring the lengh of window and the depth of sun shade. 3.2.5Solar Heat Gain Rate The glass material in Revit database doesnt contain the attribute, thus the study create a new attribute and input the value in order to conduct more comprehensive calculation. 3.2.6The cooling energy consumption of ENVLOAD (a0) and partialregression coefficient(a1, a2, and a3) The value of a0, a1, a2, and a3 will be different according to building types. The building type selection will be designed in the input interface, as long as user choose the accurate building type, the program will automatically conduct the calculation. Thus those coefficients are all been set within the program. 1512th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual Reality 3.2.7Indoor Heat (G), average indoor heat (Gi), and average indoor heat gain (Tu) Thecalculationofannualindoorheatwillneedthevalueofaverageindoorheat(Gi)andaverageindoorheat gain ( Ac). The Gi is also different according to building types. Similar to the calculation of a0~a3, user will only have to choose the accurate building type, the program will automatically conduct the calculation. 4.VERIFICATION Theinputbuildingdataisa11-floorofficebuildinglocatedinTaipeicity,Taiwan.Afterestablishingthe necessary building information into Revit, the verification process is conducted. The comparison result between true value and calculation results is shown in Fig.2. The comparison ENVLOAD is within 5% margin of error. Fig.2 Verification Result 5.CONCLUSION ThestudydevelopsaninterfaceusingBIMwithitsmassivebuildinginformationandconductsthe energy-saving process which automatically calculates the ENVLOAD, showing the possibility of using BIM in calculating energy-saving efficiency of building envelop. The study includes the following contributions: 5.1 Showing the possibility of integrating BIM with other software ThestudyshowstheapplicationvalueofusingBIMinbuildingdesignprocess,makingthemostofusingthe database in BIM, attracting more potential owners to use and develop BIM technology. 5.2Instantly calculate ENVLOAD The proposed interface can automatically calculate the ENVLOAD within a very short period of time, saving a lot of time and effort compared with previous manual calculation process. Once theres any design change, user will only have to correct the data then the result can be instantly shown on the interface. 5.3The integration of BIM and green building standard Theregulationsinbuildingenergy-savingtechnicalbookareintegratedwithBIMinthisstudytoconductthe automatic calculation process. Thus users wont have to manually check and deal with many complicated data, lowering the occurrence of error and promoting the use of BIM. 16November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan 5.4The integration of software/interface will be the new trend ThoughRevitArchitectureisquiteusefulfordesigners,itisstillnotacceptedbymanyusersbecauseof application restriction. The proposed interface in this study is a good performance for user to input the necessary data and automatically conduct the data calculation. Autodesk company will soon released a new version of BIM, whichiscalledBuildingDesignSuitetocombinetheothersoftwareintoonesingleBIMsoftware.Thestudy shows the similar trend with software integrating development. 5.5Provide a developing base for future studies The developing process and difficulties are all well recorded and stated in this study, thus it can be a very good referenceforfuturestudies.Withthisdevelopingbasis,futurestudycantrytoincorporatemoresoftwareand standard for user to adopt the technology. 6.RECOMMENDATIONS The study has developed the integration process and interface, but the system is still not comprehensive enough andcanbefurtherdevelopedtomeetdifferentkindsofneeds,thusforfuturestudyherearethe recommendations: 6.1Integrate with more green building standards Thereareothergreenstandardsincludingthelighteningsystemwhichcanbeintegratedwiththeproposed interface.WiththelighteningsystemdatainBIM,theindicatorrelatedtolighteningsystemcanbeeasily calculated and conduct the energy-saving calculation. 6.2Calculate floor area with air-conditioning system in perimeter area. Thestudyfailstocheckiftheair-conditioningornonair-conditioningareaislocatedintheperimeterarea, therefore the floor area in perimeter area cant be precisely and straightly calculated. There are more and more buildingwithcomplexexteriordesign,thustheprocessshouldbeimproved,whichcanbedonebyextracting more data from BIM to conduct more complex floor area calculation. 6.3Evaluate the cost efficiency of other building information Other building information including mechanical system can all be integrated into the cost efficiency calculation. The owner can predict and know how much expense he can save. 6.4Automaticallycreatenecessaryreportanddiagramwhichareneededfor qualifying green building standard. The study has accomplished the automation calculation of ENVLOAD, and the results data are all saved in the developedinterface.Withthischaracteristic,thereport anddiagramsandbecreatedbydesigningthestandard output format, thus saving a lot of time in preparation process. 7.REFERENCES Chang, Chia-Ruei (2005). Research on the Life-cycle Costs of Gymnasiums - A Case Study on the Gymnasiums of National Taiwan University, Department of civil engineering, National Taiwan University, R.O.C Taiwan. Hartmann,T.,J.Gao,etal.(2008).AreasofApplicationfor3Dand4DModelsonConstructionProjects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 134(10): 776-785. Huang,Kuo-Tsang(2002).AStudyontheSimplifiedMethodofEvaluatingtheAir-conditioningCapacity 1712th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual Reality ---EvaluatingtheCapacityofChiller base onENVLOAD,Departmentof Architecture,NationalChengKung University, R.O.C Taiwan Joshua Kneifel (2009), Life-cycle Carbon and Cost Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures in NewCommercial Buildings, Office of Applied Economics, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, United States Lai, Po-Hung (2008). Assessment on Ventilation Performance for Envload in Office Buildings, Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, R.O.C Taiwan Lin, Hsien-Te (1990). An Evaluation Method for The Energy Consumption of Building Air Conditioning-Lin's Simplified Method , Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, R.O.C Taiwan Lo,Yu-Ying(2006) . A Study of Maintenance Costs and Strategies of Student Dormitories Using Life Cycle Cost Concept Department of civil engineering, National Taiwan University, R.O.C Taiwan MorrisseyJ.andHorneR.E.(2010),LifeCycleCostImplicationsofEnergyEfficiencyMeasuresinNew Residential Buildings, Centre for Design, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. Wang, Ya-Huei (2005). Analysis on life-cycle cost of experimental school building in the universityemphasis on the stage of maintenance management Department of civil engineering, National Taiwan University, R.O.C Taiwan. ZENG Xu - dong , Z. A. (2006). Study on the Application of Energy Efficiency Building Design Based on BIM Technology. College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chong-qing University, ChongqingChina. 18November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan THEDEVELOPMENTOFWEBBIM-BASEDINTERFACE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN CONSTRUCTION Yu-Chih Su National Taipei University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Taiwan Meng-Chung Lee & Chih-Yuan Li Chien Kuo Construction Company, LTD, Taiwan Yu-Cheng Lin National Taipei University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Taiwan ABSTRACT: Various problems occurred while simply using construction drawing to communicate and respond among participants during construction phase. When information is unclear, general constructor need to discuss andobtainsufficientinformationfromotherprojectparticipants.Nowadays,emailcorrespondence,oneofthe most convenient ways, is adapted as a communication tool between participants, but project participants cannot communicate interactively by using text and pictures. Moreover, it cannot record and manage the communication informationduringtheprocess.WiththeadventoftheBuildingInformationModeling(BIM),BIMdigitally containspreciseinformationandrelevantdatawhichincludesthedescriptionof3Dobject-orientedCADthat canhelpreducingcognitivedifferences.Therefore,theaimofthestudyisdevelopingtheWebBIM-based InterfaceCommunicationSystem.ItisnotonlyprovidingparticipantstopublishthelatestBIMontheweb instantly,butalsogivestakeholderstheaccessibilitytoBIMmodelviawebbrowser.Furthermore,project participants can propose or answer questions by selecting precise component of the BIM model. Feedbacks can besavedbacktobothsystemdatabaseandBIMmodel.Intheend,thiscommunicationsystemwillbe implementedto aselected projectin Taiwantoverify ourproposed methodology, and benefits,limitations, and suggestions for future research. KEYWORDS: Building Information Modeling, Web-based System, Communication Management 1.INTRODUTION Constructionprojects,whicharecharacterizedbyextremecomplexityandnon-standardizedproduction, differ in that they are designed and executed to meet individual owner needs. Thus, effectively communicating project-relatedinterfacesareessentialtosuccessfulconstructionmanagement.Effectivelycommunicatingand managing interfaces can improve interface communication (IC) for interface management (IM) in construction, thereby eliminating unnecessary mistakes. Effective interface information sharing allows project participants to identifyexistinginterfacesandsolveinterfaceproblems.WithoutIC,poorlycoordinatedandcontrolled boundaryconditionsamongprojectparticipantscancausesuchinterfaceproblemsasdesignerrors,part mismatch,coordinationdifficulties,andconstruction conflicts.Conventionalinterfacecommunicationmethods include face-to-face meetings, telephone communication, and virtual design and construction (VDC). However, a typicalproblemencounteredduringconventionalcommunicationisthatdiscussionsmaynotbeeffectively understand and shared with others special regard to interfaces of CAD issues. Buildinginformationmodeling(BIM)isanewindustrytermreferringtoparametric3Dcomputer-aided design(CAD)technologiesandprocessesintheAECindustry(TaylorandBernstein,2009).Duringthe construction phase, participants typically communicate the interfaces through text-based document or e-mail way forsharinginterfaceinformationwithotherparticipants.Notably,ICisaninformation-intensivetaskinwhich extremelyusefulinformationismadeavailabletoparticipants.Inordertoassistinvolvedparticipantsin exchangingandrespondinginterfaceinformationspecialrelatedtointerfacesof3DBIMmodels,theprimary objectiveofthisstudyistofacilitateinterfacesharingandmanagementduringtheconstructionphase. Identifying,tracking,controlling,andmanaginginterfaceeventsandproblemsarecriticaltasksinIM.This studydevelopstheWEBBIM-basedInterfaceCommunication(BIMIC)Systemforengineerstoenhance interfaceinformationsharingandtrackingefficiency.Notably,thisstudyintegratesnovelweb-based communicatingplatformandthe3DBIMapproachtocommunicateandmanageinterfacesina3DBIM environment. The main function of the BIM approach in this study is 3D illustration and mapping of interfaces. The BIM approach retains interface information in a digital format, and facilitates easy illustrated and updating interfaceinformationinthe3DBIMenvironment.Byutilizingthe3DBIMmodels,projectparticipantscan 1912th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual Reality obtainanoverviewofpreviousandcurrentinterfaceeventsinagivenprojectandmanageinterfaces. Furthermore, project participants can track and access the most recent information for any interface, change, or conflict during the construction phase. Interfaces can be updated rapidly and made available to each participant viathe3DBIMenvironmentduringtheconstructionphase.ThisresearchisapilotstudytoapplytheBIMIC system for IC during a building project in Taiwan, and analyzes and discusses the entire IM process 2.LITERATURE REVIEW Interface communication and management in construction affects the cost, the scheduling, and the quality of projects,bothdirectlyandindirectly.Theinterfacescanbeidentifiedandtrackedininterfacemanagement involvedgeneralcontractorandallparticipantstoimprovetheconstructionprocessandminimizedeleterious change,andpromotebeneficialchange.Onlylimitedresearchhasexaminedinterfacecommunicationand managementsysteminconstruction.(1)Senthilkumaretal.(2010)presented a web-basedsystemforinterface managementforconstructionprojectsduringthedesignphase.(2)Siaoandlin(2012)presentedaweb-based system integrated with multilevel interface matrix for interface management during the construction phase. Wide application of BIM is due to its various benefits throughout project design and planning, construction andfacilitiesmanagement.Therearemanybenefits of BIMcitedinthe previous workin supporting decisions andimprovingprocessesthroughoutthelifecycleofaproject(Eastmanetal.,2008;ShenandIssa2010; Vanlandeetal.2008;Becerik-GerberandRice2010).Relatedtothepreconstructionphaseofaproject,these benefitsincludeidentificationofdesignconflictspriortoconstruction,enablingtheprefabricationof components prior to construction, accurate cost estimation, and accurate geometric representation of all parts of a facility (Li et al., 2006; Eastman et al., 2008; Shen and Issa 2010; staub-french and khanzode 2007: Goedert and Meadati2008).Duringtheconstructionphase,thesebenefitsincludelessrework,reductioninrequestsfor informationandchangeorders,communicationthroughvisualization,improvedproductivityinscheduling, fasterandmoreeffectiveconstructionmanagementwitheasierinformationexchange(Eastmanetal.,2008; Hardin 2009; Matta and Kam 2010; Azhar 2011). During the operation phase, these benefits will include control offacilitiesmanagementprogress,integratedlife-cycledata,rapidandaccurateinformationofupdatingand changing activities, more effective facility management with easier information exchange (Eastman et al., 2008; Hardin2009;staub-frenchandkhanzode2007;ManningandMessner2008;UnderwoodandIsikdag2010; Laura et al. 2012; Burcin et al. 2012). Despite many articles and system developments in academic and practice literature, there is a lack of systematic approaches to communicate and manage interfaces special to BIM-related discussioninthe3Dvisualenvironment.Tosolvethisproblem,theproposedwebBIM-basedInterface Management (BIMIC) system is developed to enhance interface communication performance. 3.SYSTEM FRAMEWORK ThecorrectnessoftheBIMmodelwilldirectlyaffecttheICoperationsinBIMICsystem.Inorderto avoid too many users to use BIM models simultaneously that affect the accuracy of the BIM models, users can updatetheinformationoftheBIMelementsdatabasedirectlyinBIMICsystem.Thelatestinformationinthe BIMelementsdatabasewillbeupdatedagainwhenBIMmodelscontentchanges.Inthisframework,the information of BIM can be saved and be updated in BIM elements database in BIMIC system without accessing theBIMmodelsdirectly.ICoperationsdonotneedallthebuildinginformationandonlypresentsthe information needed maintenance although BIM model may cover the whole building the information. Therefore, duringthepre-ICprogress,theBIMengineerisresponsibleformakingthedecisionregardingtoexportthe DWF(DesignWebFormat)fileofBIMmodelandsaveasBIMmodelssourceintheBIMICsystemin advanced based on requirement of the IC operations. The features and benefits of DWF format cant only retain buildinginformation-relatedofBIMmodel,butalsothefilesizeissmallerthangeneralBIMmodelsfile. IntegratedwithDWFfileas3DBIMillustration,BIMICsystemcanbeimprovedandenhancedinsystem performancewhenuseraccessBIMelementsdatabase.Furthermore,theBIMelementsdatabaseintheserver cankeepandremainaccurateinformationofBIMmodels.TheBIMICsystemserversupportsfourdistinct layers, each with its own responsibilities: management, database, application and presentation (see Fig. 1). This following section describes the distinct layers in the BIMIC system Management layer is to provide the BIM engineers to develop, modify and edit the BIM models. Only BIM engineers allow edit and export information of BIM models into BIM elements database directly and export BIM model into DWF files in the server side. Integrated the BIM API programming, Management layer of the BIMIC system can let data in the BIM models export to BIM elements database. Furthermore, interface information of 20November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan related BIM can also be written in the BIM elements database in the Management layer of the BIMIC system. TherearetwodatabasesinthedatabaselayeroftheBIMICsystem.TheyareBIMICdatabaseandBIM elementsdatabase.TheBIMICdatabasestoragesallcommunicationrecordsofinterfaces.BIMelements databasestoragescompleteBIM-relatedcomponentsinformationregardingtotherelatedinterfaces.TheBIM information is read-only in the BIMIC system. The information of BIM models cannot be input or modified in the BIMIC system. Furthermore, there is a relationship between BIMIC database and BIM elements database. TheapplicationlayerdefinesvariousapplicationsformajorsystemandAPImodules.Theseapplications offer indexing, BIM model data updating and transferring, status visualization, and report generation functions. TheapplicationlayerwillintegrateandutilizeBIMsoftwaretoopentheBIMmodelsbydevelopedDesign Review APImodules. When the APImodulesintheBIMICsystemtoreceiverequest fromtheclient.Finally, the application layer can automatically make data acquisition and analysis of BIM models based on request, and then send the results back to the client side. The presentation layer is the main implementation platform of BIMIC System. During the IC progress, the project manager and project participants can use the PC or tablet (client side) and utilities BIMIC system for IC operation.ThepresentationlayerincludesdisplayingthelocationinformationofBIMmodelautomatically, listing interface communication records, illustrating different respond regarding to problems associated with the BIM-related components automatically. Fig. 1: System Framework 4.SYSTEM IMPLEMENT In this study, BIM is used as an information model in the BIMIC system. One purpose is to utilize BIM models asthevisualizationtoolofinterfaces.TheBIMmodelsareappliedintheBIMICsystemtolinkandrelateto interfaceinformation(suchaseventdescriptionsandlocation).AutodeskRevitArchitectureandRevitMEP were used to create 3D BIM models. Autodesk Design Review was used to read BIM files (DWF files). Interface informationintegrationwiththeBIMcomponentsin3DBIMmodelswasachievedbyusingAutodeskRevit application programming interface (API) and Microsoft Visual Basic.Net (VB.Net) programming language. This following section demonstrates the implementation modules in the BIMIC system. Authority Management Module The authority management module is an access control mechanism preventing unauthorized users from entering system or retrieving sensitive related information. The BIMIC system requires all project participants to register. To register, users provide a unique User ID and password for authentication. As interface information or reports required by different project participants and different interfaces vary, general contractors have different access 2112th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual Reality rightsandauthoritiesthanotherparties.Therearethreetypesofusersinthisstudy.Theyaresystem administrator, project managers, and project participants. Interface Edition Module ThisinterfaceeditionmoduleletsuserseditrelatedBIM-basedinterfaceinformationassociatedwithrelated perspectiveBIMinformation(orattachedfiles).Furthermore,theinformationincludestheproposername, relatedrespondedparticipantsandcontactmailinformation.ThisinterfaceeditionmoduleisaBIM-based communication platform similar to instant messaging or forum which can online exchange opinions and ideas on aparticularinterface.Usersassociatedwithspecificinterfacescanpostquestions,responsesandcomments, therebygeneratingapermanentrecordofdiscussionsregardingspecificinterfaces.Thismoduleistoprovider projectparticipantstorespondorreplyfordiscussingspecificinterfaceswithattachingfilesregardingtothe BIM components in the 3D BIM models (see Fig 2) Interface Search Module The interface search module allows offer indexing, full text search, element ID search and location/area search functions.Thismoduleprovidestheusertosearchtheinterfaceseasilyandquicklybasedontheuser requirement(suchastheinterfacesubmitter,releasetimeofinterface,relatedcomponentIDnumbersofBIM models, and floor of building). The user also can search related interfaces via selecting elements in BIM model. Fig. 2: The Interfaces Edition in the BIMIC System TheBIMICsystemisbasedontheMicrosoftWindowsServer2008operatingsystemwithanInternet InformationServer(IIS)asthewebserver.TheBIMICsystemconsistsofthreedifferentuserareasproject participants,projectmanager,BIMengineerandsystemadministratorareas.AccesstotheBIMICsystemis controlled by passwords. In order to integrate system with BIM model, the system develops the followingAPI modules: Automated BIM Information Import API Module ThisAPImoduleprovidestoimportthebasicinformationofselectedBIMcomponentsintotheeditingform automaticallywithoutmanualdataentry whenuseris readytoeditinterfaceandclick BIMcomponentsinthe 3D BIM models (see Fig 3). BIM Highlighted Visualization API Module The module provides to illustrate relevant highlighted components with the bright colors to let user quickly and 22November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan effectively access the relevant BIM components of interfaces regarding to the location and condition if the BIM components in the 3D BIM models are selected as the relevant description of interface, (see Fig 4 and Fig 5). Fig. 3: The Selection of BIM components in the 3D BIM models in the BIMIC System Fig. 4: The BIM Highlighted Visualization in the BIMIC System 2312th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual Reality Fig. 5: Responding Interfaces with Highlighted BIM Models BIM Element Model Link Interface API Module ThismoduleismainlytoprovidethelinkfunctionalitytoaccessthelatestBIMmodelsintheBIMICsystem through updated whole or separated DWF file. The two databases are linked with element ID index thought data mapping.Therefore,theinformationcanutilizedfordataassociationbydatamappingtoretrievecomplete interface information based on element ID index between two databases (see Fig 6). Fig. 6: The linkage between BIMIC database and BIM elements database BIM Model Perspective Information API Module ThismoduleprovidestheusertosavethecurrentviewingBIMmodelperspectiveinformationsubmittedby users (such as view position, direction, elevation, distance, and zoom information). When user enter the system andclicktheinterfaceandthencanquicklyaccessthesame3Dviewpositionanddirectionforaclear understanding of interface relevant to BIM components in the 3D BIM models (see Fig. 7). 24November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan Fig. 7: BIM Model Perspective Information in the BIMIC System 5.DISCUSSION ThegeneralcontractorencouragedallparticipantstoutilizetheBIMICsystemascommunicateinterface.The BIMICsystemwasutilizedintheoffice-buildingprojecttoverifyitsefficacyanddemonstrateitsIC effectivenesswithBIMmodels.Duringtrackinginterfacesphase,allinterfacesareidentifiedbyresponsible participantsorprojectmanagers.BeforetheICphase,BIMengineerinitiallyutilizesAutodeskRevit Architecture or Revit MEP to create BIM models then export to DWF file format in the BIMIC system. During interfaceidentificationphase,projectparticipantseditinterfaceproblems,selectBIMmodel(DWFfiles),and linktheinterfaceproblemsassociatedwiththe3DBIMmodelscomponents.Theseinterfacesinclude descriptionsofunconfirmedproblems,detailedsituationdescriptions,andexplanationsofinterfaceproblem solutions.Finally,theengineersubmitsissuewithassociatedBIMcomponentsandtotheBIMICsystemfor approval.Afterapprovalisobtainedfromtheprojectmanager,relatedresponsibleparticipantswillreplytheir comments to BIMIC system. When processed interface is tacked, the system shows the latest status and result for each interface. Furthermore, participants can access related interfaces directly by clicking on BIM components in the 3D BIM models. All interfaces are centralized and stored in the central database to avoid redundancy. Table 1 shows comparison of current approach and proposed system. TheBIMICsystemprovidedsolutionstointerface-relatedproblems,andsupportedallinterfacesandchanges duringconstruction.TheprincipaladvantagesoftheBIMICsystemareasfollows.(1)TheBIMICsystem allowedprojectparticipantstotrackandmanageintegratedinformationwithBIMmodelsduringconstruction phase.(2)TheBIMICsystemallowedparticipantstocollaborateandcommunicateinterfaceissuesassociated withtheBIMcomponentsinthe3DBIMmodels.(3)TheBIMICsystemenabledparticipantstoidentify interfaces and changes to solve problems in advance. (4) The BIMIC system enhanced interface communication and management easily and effectively in the web-based 3D BIM environment. 2512th International Conference onConstruction Application of Virtual Reality Table 1: Comparison of Current Approach and Proposed System Item Current ApproachProposed Approach Discuss interface Usethepaper-baseddocumentor e-mail system for discussion UtilizetheBIMICsystemto communicateinterfacesintegrated with BIM models throughtheweb browser Illustrate the interface Illustratetheinterfaceinthetext form attached with files Illustratetheinterfaceinthetext formintegratedwithBIMmodels attached with files Share interface Usee-mailsystemforinterface sharing UtilizetheBIMICsystemto communicateinterfacesintegrated withBIMmodelstoshare interfaces with others Track interface Paper-baseddocumentore-mailfortrack Track the interfaces record directly in the BIMIC system Search interfaceSearch interface using e-mail systemSearchinterfacefromtheBIMICsystemorthecomponentsofBIM models (DWF files) The primary limitations to applying the BIMIC system were as follows: Inthisstudy,theAutodesk DesignReviewisselectedasaweb versionoftheBIM modelViewer inthe BIMIC system. However, the required functions of the system need to be developed without the support of theAPIalthoughtheAutodeskDesignReviewprovidesmorecompleteAPIenvironmentcomparedto other software. IfthewholeBIMmodelispresenteddirectlytothepageontheBIMICsystem,itwillaffectthe smoothness and effectiveness of the system operation. Therefore, the whole model is necessary to split into parts of BIM model based on the user requirement to review BIM models effectively. Thegeneralcontractorisselectedastoapplyandusethesystemtocommunicatewithotherproject participantssupportedbytopmanagementinthegeneralcontractor.Regardtootherprojectparticipants (suchasarchitects,PCM,andowners),itwillneedtodevelopsuitablemechanismsandregulationsto require all project participants using the same system to communicate project-related interface for IM. 6.CONCLUSION TheapplicationofICintegratedwiththeBIMapproachforbuildingprojectsduringtheconstructionphaseis discussed in this work. This study implements the novel web-based BIMIC system for all project participants as an interface communication platform integrated with BIM models through the web browser without purchasing BIM commercial software. The web-based BIMIC system enhances interface communication effectively through 3DBIMenvironment.TheBIMICsystemprovidesinsightintofactorsimpactingICactivities,whichinturn assists participants in managing interfaces to improve construction management performance. The collection of interface events and problems by the BIMIC system allows projects participants and engineers to view 3D BIM models and related information of interfaces in the 3D BIM environment. The BIMIC system use BIMIC database to apply and analyze information from BIMmodels directly based on theSQLsyntax.TheBIMICsystemupdatesthelatestinformationintheBIMmodelsautomatically synchronizedtotheBIMelementsdatabase.AllrequiredinformationintheBIMmodelsautomatically synchronized to the BIM elements database based on required information for IC by the API development. The BIMICsystemwillretainexistingdataandupdateonlythechangeddataaftersynchronizationiftheexported informationalreadyexistsintheBIMelementsdatabase.ThemaincharacteristicoftheBIMICsystemisto providetopicdescriptionwhilecommunicatingwithcomponentsthatarerelevantto3DBIMmodeland 26November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan associated 3D view for project participants to quickly understand problems associated with BIM models through thewebbrowser.Whenusersrespondtotheinterfacediscussion,theywillviewthesameviewangleand relevant components of BIM models assigned by interface proposed user. The proposed solution can reduce the cognitivedifferencesofinterfacesdiscussionamongprojectparticipants.Wheninterfacesallrelatedto component selection, making the interface theme and BIM models relevant, effective integration of the course of the discussion in the BIM model to improve the status of the communication of information scattered in the past. For the participants are not familiar with BIM software interfaces, the BIMIC system is designed to simplify and easilysystemoperationbytheAPIdevelopment(suchasperspectivestorage,relatedcomponentsandimage viewing) to increase the system willingness use. Furthermore, all topics that are stored in the BIMIC system will be able to use this system to automatically output to common formats (such as Word, Excel, and PDF) and other electronic files for the usage of paper-based communication. 7.REFERENCES Eastman,C.,Teicholz,P.,Sacks,R.,&Liston,K.2008.BIMhandbook:Aguidetobuildinginformation modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Shen,Z.andIssa,R.2010.QuantitativeevaluationoftheBIMassistedconstructiondetailedcostestimates, ITCON 15: 234-257 [accessed 22 May 2011] Available from Internet: < http://www.itcon.org >. Vanlande, R., Nicolle, C., & Cruz, C. 2008. IFC and building lifecycle management. Automation in Construction, 134(7), 7078. Becerik-Gerber, B. and Rice, S. 2010. The perceived value of building information modeling in the US building industry, ITCON 15: 185-201. [accessed 20 May 2011] Available from Internet: < http://www.itcon.org >. 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Senthilkumar,Venkatachalam,Varghese, KoshyandChandran,Ajai. (2010).A Web-basedSystemforDesign Interface Management of Construction Projects. Automation in Construction, 19(2), 197-212. 28 29 November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan COUNTABLEBENEFITSOFVISUALIZINGONE-OF-A-KIND PROCESSES Bargstdt, Hans-Joachim Professor (Bauhaus-Universitt Weimar, Germany), Visiting Professor (National Taiwan University, Taiwan) ABSTRACT: The Construction processes are unique in several aspects. Many projects are of the one-of-a-kind type,whichmeansthattheplanningandthepreparationofworkareindividualforeachproject.Alsomost constructionprojectsarebrokendownintosmall-scaleworkpackages.Thepackagesarethenperformedby different contractors and subcontractors, all working on their own, although their working place is one and the same site. The documents, which are produced even within the scope of a standard building project, have developed to such ahugeamountthatnobodycanexaminethemthoroughlyandbearinmindallnecessarydetails.Whenusing Building Information Modelling, Simulation Environments and Augmented Reality, the different persons in charge ofthenumerousworkpackagescanbeaddressedindividually.Sotheactualsituationisveryfavourablefor applying innovative tools and methods. Thepaperdealswiththemultiplescalesandobjectives,whichthepersonsonsitehaveinordertogetall necessary information out of a BIM data base at the right time. A major focus is to show various aspects and views on the innovative planning tools for the different addressees. Also BIM offers various presentations of the results of in-depth and highly sophisticated work preparation. In order to enhance the process of realising what is given intheexecutionplansdrawnfromBIM,theperceptionofthedifferentstakeholdersonsiteareregarded.The aspectsarethenfurtherdevelopedtorespecttheunderlyinggeneralon-sitedemand,whichisthematching between the as-planned and the to-be-built status, and which then is transposed to the as-built status. Finally an overview is given for the benefits, which the people on site will gain from a proper visualisation of the necessary information about the detailed construction process. This also includes some estimation about the real cost benefits. KEYWORDS:buildinginformation,one-of-a-kind-process,visualization,transferofinformation,complete design, site management 1.OBJECTIVES IN DESIGNING ONE-OF-A-KIND-PRODUCTS 1.1The typical one-of-a-kind product The construction process is unique in several aspects. Many projects are one-of-a-kind, so that the planning and preparation of work is highly individualized. Still there are similarities to other branches as ship building, plant layout and others. Therefore it is interesting to reflect on the benefits of visualization of one-of-a-kind processes in abroaderperspective.Stillthefocusofthispapershallbeontheapplicationinconstructionandbuilding processes. One-of-a-kindisdefinedas someproject,processor production,whichisspecial and unique in some degree and hasnootherexactlylikeit.It stays in contrary to series items orseriesproductions.The one-of-a-kindproductsshow severalofthefollowing features,asworkedoutby FranzandPitschinthe ASIM-ArbeitsgruppeUnikat-prozesse(ASIM2011)in Germany, Fig. 1. Fig. 1: Indicators for one-of-a-kind production (ASIM 2011) 30 12th International Conference on Construction Application of Virtual Reality Theplanningofabuilding accordingtothisis one-of-a-kindandhighly complex.Itinvolvesquitea number of participants. Already theclientisoftendiversified andactingwithseveral representatives,forexample representingthespecialistsfor differentbuildingfunctionsin thefutureservicelifeofthe building, thefinancing etc.Itis notseldom,thatalreadythe clienthimselfchangeshisobjectivesandhisprioritiesseveraltimeswithinthedurationoftheproject,Fig.2. Several architects, engineers, project managers and other specialists, representatives from different authorities are involved, each with his own perspective of what could be the best solution. Then contractors and subcontractors are bound, who will interpret the so far given drawings and specifications according to their perception. 1.2The clients objectives Theplanningofamodernbuildingisnot sequentialanymore(fromfirstsketchto preliminarydesigntofinaldrawings,shop drawingsandsitepreparation).Todaymany aspects and details of the final result are prepared atdifferentstagesthroughouttheplanning process,nomatterwhethertheyaredueatthat phaseornot.Fig.3indicatesbythecoloring, thatoftensomedetailsforthelaterfinishingare decidedalreadyduringtheinitialphaseofidea. And on the other hand it is common, that the final designhasnotbeenfinishedyet,whenthe structural work is already completed. This is also duetotheverylongprocessofdesigningand buildingtheseone-of-a-kindproducts,because duringthelongperiodofplanningand constructionnewideas,aspectsandconstraints emerge. The concept of Building information modeling (BIM) allows to capture all the required informationwithin one system. By using sophisticated viewers and different filters it makes it easy to get an overview about the current status of planning aswell asdetails of thedesign. Still the process isnot deterministic,but rathergoverned by reflections, considering alternatives and different options throughout the process. Even if the final solution seems rather determined, a good architect or engineer tends to even finalize the planning and construction by giving it last corrections. A challenging task for any design engineer is to keep up with the objectives of the client. Very often we find that the determination of the clients is not very specific, so that a good project manager has to guide the client through all the different phases and alternatives. Sometimes he even has to prevent his client from being too open for more and more alterations. Many clients show the prioritization shown in Fig. 2, which changes in time. According to that figure the first choice for clients is the function and the quality of the building. At preliminary design stages the timeframe is often not fixed, whereas the costs are in amiddle position. When it comes to the bidding and award process, the costs, i.e. contract price becomes first priority. Second is the time until completion, whereas the quality standards are written in the contract documents and therefore are not given special attention. During the realization of the building the construction time becomes crucial. Quality and quality inspections are next, whereas sometimesthecostitems arepostponed to beresolved in later negotiations. Finally, after completion, themost sensible area for a client is quality and long life quality of the building. So this comes back on place one. Costs then will be negotiated very hard, whereas the time aspect, no matter, whether themilestones weremet or not, is no longer an item or consideration. Fig. 3: no sequential detailing of design Fig. 2: Objectives in the life cycle of a building 31 November 1-2, 2012, Taipei, Taiwan 2.THE ROLE OF VIZUALISATION IN CONSTRUCTION 2.1Objectives of visualization Thewell-knownGermanarchitect,Mein-hard von Gerkhan, once said by showing the newdesignoftheBerlinmainrailway station,Fig.4:whenpresentingt