Conversion Conversion Technologies Technologies Agenda Item 16 & 17 Agenda Item 16 & 17 September 22, 2004 September 22, 2004 Judy Friedman Judy Friedman Fernando Berton Fernando Berton Rob Williams Rob Williams Keith Weitz Keith Weitz Susan Collins Susan Collins
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Conversion Technologies Agenda Item 16 & 17 September 22, 2004 Judy Friedman Fernando Berton Rob Williams Keith Weitz Susan Collins.
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Conversion Definition:Conversion Definition:“…non-combustion thermal, chemical, biological means…”“…residual solid waste from which recyclables have been…diverted and/or removed…” “…products meet quality standards for use in marketplace…”“…minimum amount of residuals remaining after processing.”
Board Findings for Diversion Credit:Board Findings for Diversion Credit:Jurisdiction continues to implement recycling/diversion programs.Facility complements existing infrastructure and converting solid waste previously disposedFacility maintains/enhances environmental benefitsFacility maintains/enhances economic sustainability of IWM system
Level of Credit:Level of Credit:10% if jurisdiction meet all criteria aboveAnnually evaluate diversion credit2005 Annual Report – Evaluate effects of diversion credit
AB 2770-Technical EvaluationAB 2770-Technical Evaluation
Define and describe each conversion Define and describe each conversion technology technology
Evaluate technical performance Evaluate technical performance characteristics, feedstocks, characteristics, feedstocks, emissions, and residuesemissions, and residues
Identify the cleanest, least polluting Identify the cleanest, least polluting technologiestechnologies
Describe and evaluate the life-cycle Describe and evaluate the life-cycle environmental and public health environmental and public health impacts of each conversion impacts of each conversion technologytechnology
Compare to other solid waste Compare to other solid waste management practicesmanagement practices
Describe and evaluate the impacts on Describe and evaluate the impacts on the recycling and composting marketsthe recycling and composting markets
AB 2770 ImplementationAB 2770 Implementation
RFP/IAA ProcessRFP/IAA Process Public Input/workshopsPublic Input/workshops Comments (verbal and written)Comments (verbal and written) Response to CommentsResponse to Comments Peer ReviewPeer Review ListserveListserve
CT Major CategoriesCT Major CategoriesThermochemical ProcessesThermochemical Processes
PyrolysisPyrolysis Typically indirectly heated, without oxygenTypically indirectly heated, without oxygen 750750oo F to 1500 F to 1500oo F F
GasificationGasification Typically uses air or oxygen, can use steam, hydrogen and Typically uses air or oxygen, can use steam, hydrogen and
other other Uses less air/oxygen than for incinerationUses less air/oxygen than for incineration Typically above 1300Typically above 1300oo F F
TechnologTechnologyy
Primary Primary ProductProduct
Secondary Secondary ProductProduct
ResidueResidue
Gasification Fuel GasSynthesis Gas
Fuels, Chemicals, Power
Char, Ash, Liquids
Pyrolysis Pyrolytic oils Fuel GasSynthesis Gas
Fuels, Chemicals, Power
Char, Ash
Incinerators vs. CT
Differences with Incineration: Volume of output gases about 65% less per ton
of feedstock Primary product is fuel/synthetic gas Provides opportunity for gas cleanup Air pollution control for exhaust gases
Incinerators have no intermediate gas cleanup Air pollution control on exhaust gases only Requires addition of excess oxygen/air
CT Major CategoriesCT Major CategoriesAnaerobic Biochemical ProcessesAnaerobic Biochemical Processes
Anaerobic Digestion Bacteria break down feedstock No oxygen
Fermentation Also anaerobic process Cellulosic materials require hydrolysis prior to fermentation Conversion by yeast and bacteria, may use recombinant
Installed capacity > 2.5 million TPYInstalled capacity > 2.5 million TPY= Approximately 8% of total organic = Approximately 8% of total organic
material material landfilled in Californialandfilled in California
Facility ProblemsFacility Problems
Pyrolysis Facility – GermanyPyrolysis Facility – Germany Serious accident to due plug of wasteSerious accident to due plug of waste Escaping pyrolytic gasesEscaping pyrolytic gases Plant personnel hospitalizedPlant personnel hospitalized Reason for accidentReason for accident
Poor feedstock preparationPoor feedstock preparation Accepting large items such as mattressesAccepting large items such as mattresses
Learning experienceLearning experience Japanese companies using similar process Japanese companies using similar process
successfullysuccessfully
Facility ProblemsFacility Problems
Gasification Facility – AustraliaGasification Facility – Australia Char gasification componentChar gasification component Financial problemsFinancial problems Parent company ceased fundingParent company ceased funding
Operating FacilitiesOperating Facilities
BiochemicalBiochemical Predominantly anaerobic digestion in Predominantly anaerobic digestion in
EuropeEurope Installed capacity in 2000 = 1.1 million Installed capacity in 2000 = 1.1 million
TPYTPY Installed capacity in 2004 = 2.8 million Installed capacity in 2004 = 2.8 million
Other use of synthesis gas may have lower emissions
Thermochemical Systems Thermochemical Systems ResiduesResidues
Liquids/condensates can be created Liquids/condensates can be created which require treatment before which require treatment before disposal (Standard methods)disposal (Standard methods)
Scrubber solutions from some Air Scrubber solutions from some Air Pollution Control Devices (Standard Pollution Control Devices (Standard methods)methods)
Solid residues (process and feedstock Solid residues (process and feedstock dependent)dependent) May have commercial use subject to May have commercial use subject to
toxicity– otherwise need disposaltoxicity– otherwise need disposal
Biochemical Process Air EmissionsBiochemical Process Air Emissions-Use of Biogas--Use of Biogas-
CARB Recommended BACT CARB Recommended BACT emissions for Biogas Fueled emissions for Biogas Fueled
reciprocating enginesreciprocating engines
(includes LFG)
(ppm) (lb/MW-hr)
NOx 50 1.9
VOC 130 1.9
CO 300 7.8
PM NA NA
US EPA has measured Dioxin emissions in LFG Flare and Engine exhaust concentrations up to 0.1 ng TEQ/N m3
Biochemical Process Air EmissionsBiochemical Process Air Emissions-Use of Ethanol--Use of Ethanol-
Ethanol produced from MSW Ethanol produced from MSW used as oxygenate in vehicle fuel used as oxygenate in vehicle fuel subject to same emission subject to same emission requirements as ethanol from requirements as ethanol from other sourcesother sources
Biochemical Process Biochemical Process Liquid ResiduesLiquid Residues
Liquid effluent from AD can be Liquid effluent from AD can be used as fertilizer- subject to used as fertilizer- subject to toxicity, otherwise will require toxicity, otherwise will require additional treatment before additional treatment before disposaldisposal
Spent solution from Acid Spent solution from Acid Hydrolysis must be neutralized Hydrolysis must be neutralized before disposalbefore disposal
Biochemical Process Biochemical Process Solid ResiduesSolid Residues
Feedstock Dependent - Large amount Feedstock Dependent - Large amount of solid residue compared to of solid residue compared to thermochemical conversionthermochemical conversion
Depending on amount of up-front Depending on amount of up-front sorting, there may be opportunity for sorting, there may be opportunity for plastics, other organics, glass, and plastics, other organics, glass, and metals recoverymetals recovery
Undigested/unfermented biomass Undigested/unfermented biomass solids can be composted, used as solids can be composted, used as thermochemical feedstock, or landfilled thermochemical feedstock, or landfilled
FindingsFindings
Thermochemical and Biochemical Thermochemical and Biochemical conversion systems are successfully conversion systems are successfully operating on MSWoperating on MSW
Market and Policy DrivenMarket and Policy Driven Europe – Public Health and GHG Reduction GoalsEurope – Public Health and GHG Reduction Goals
EU Landfill directive: Biodegradable Waste <35% of EU Landfill directive: Biodegradable Waste <35% of 1995 amount (by weight) by 20151995 amount (by weight) by 2015
High Prices paid for Renewable ElectricityHigh Prices paid for Renewable Electricity Carbon Trading MarketCarbon Trading Market High Tipping Fees - Limited Landfill CapacityHigh Tipping Fees - Limited Landfill Capacity
Japan – ‘Island Nation’ and GHG Reduction GoalsJapan – ‘Island Nation’ and GHG Reduction Goals Very limited Landfill CapacityVery limited Landfill Capacity Limited Domestic Energy ResourcesLimited Domestic Energy Resources
FindingsFindings
Thermochemical Systems compared Thermochemical Systems compared to Biochemical Systemsto Biochemical Systems Higher Temperatures and Faster Reaction Higher Temperatures and Faster Reaction
RatesRates Larger Capacity or Smaller ‘Footprint’Larger Capacity or Smaller ‘Footprint’
In general, best suited for dryer In general, best suited for dryer feedstocks, but can accept nearly all feedstocks, but can accept nearly all biomass and plastics (sorting is preferred)biomass and plastics (sorting is preferred)
Wider range of possible ProductsWider range of possible Products Usually less solid residueUsually less solid residue
FindingsFindings Biochemical Systems Compared to Biochemical Systems Compared to
Thermochemical SystemsThermochemical Systems Lower Temperatures and Slower Reaction RatesLower Temperatures and Slower Reaction Rates
Large Capacity Requires large facilityLarge Capacity Requires large facility Best suited for higher moisture feedstocksBest suited for higher moisture feedstocks Cannot degrade Plastics and a portion of the Cannot degrade Plastics and a portion of the
biomass (lignin) biomass (lignin) Sorting of the Feedstock is highly desirableSorting of the Feedstock is highly desirable More solid residue, but can be composted or More solid residue, but can be composted or
dried and used for thermochemical feedstockdried and used for thermochemical feedstock Exclusion from transformation category and Exclusion from transformation category and
allowance of full diversion credit provides allowance of full diversion credit provides economic incentive for AD over other CTseconomic incentive for AD over other CTs
Fractions of Total Mass and Energy of Fractions of Total Mass and Energy of ComponentsComponents in the in the California Landfill StreamCalifornia Landfill Stream
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Paper
/Car
dboa
rdFoo
d
Leav
es a
nd G
rass
Other
Org
anics
C&D Lum
ber
All non
-Film
Plas
tic
Film P
lastic
Branc
hes a
nd st
umps
Textile
s
Fra
ctio
n o
f T
ota
l (%
)
Mass Basis Energy Basis
Source; Williams et. al., (2003)
FindingsFindings
Development of CTs will lead to more Development of CTs will lead to more source separation or enhanced source separation or enhanced sortingsorting
Expected to improve recovery rates Expected to improve recovery rates of glass and metals for recyclingof glass and metals for recycling
RecommendationsRecommendations
The definition provided in AB 2770 The definition provided in AB 2770 for gasification should be revised to for gasification should be revised to provide a more scientifically correct provide a more scientifically correct description of the gasification description of the gasification process. process.
Consider whether technology specific Consider whether technology specific definitions are needed in statutedefinitions are needed in statute
Improved definitions, if needed, are Improved definitions, if needed, are given in the report.given in the report.
Recommendations (contd.)Recommendations (contd.)
Continue to investigate CTs in more Continue to investigate CTs in more detaildetail Need more complete emissions data of Need more complete emissions data of
existing facilities.existing facilities. More specific detail on commercial More specific detail on commercial
status.status. Assess social and economic costs of all Assess social and economic costs of all
Sponsor pilot scale demonstration Sponsor pilot scale demonstration facilities within Californiafacilities within California Include a number of different Include a number of different
technologiestechnologies Steering Committee of StakeholdersSteering Committee of Stakeholders Detailed analysis of systemsDetailed analysis of systems Open dissemination of resultsOpen dissemination of results
Goal is to develop verifiable and credible Goal is to develop verifiable and credible informationinformation
Recommendations (contd.)Recommendations (contd.)
Explore development of ‘Eco-Park’ Explore development of ‘Eco-Park’ concept (complete stream recycling concept (complete stream recycling facilities)facilities)
Improve the characterization of MSW in order Improve the characterization of MSW in order better predict the behavior of conversion better predict the behavior of conversion
systems.systems. Physical and Chemical PropertiesPhysical and Chemical Properties
Proximate, ultimate, and other elemental analysis Proximate, ultimate, and other elemental analysis including ash, metals, and toxic cogenersincluding ash, metals, and toxic cogeners
(cellulose/hemicellulose/lignin) for cellulosic components(cellulose/hemicellulose/lignin) for cellulosic components Protein/carbohydrate/fats for typical food and other Protein/carbohydrate/fats for typical food and other
wasteswastes
Recommendations (contd.)Recommendations (contd.)
To encourage CT development and To encourage CT development and reduce landfillingreduce landfilling
Explore financing mechanismsExplore financing mechanisms Co-location with existing waste Co-location with existing waste
handling facilitieshandling facilities
Other ReportsOther Reports
CADDET – August 1998CADDET – August 1998 Advanced thermal CTs will meet current Advanced thermal CTs will meet current
emission standardsemission standards Could meet tighter limitsCould meet tighter limits Lower emissions than mass burn Lower emissions than mass burn
technologytechnology Waste sorting for more homogeneous Waste sorting for more homogeneous
feedstockfeedstock Lower gas flowLower gas flow Improved producer gas combustionImproved producer gas combustion
Other ReportsOther ReportsCADDETCADDET
Prior to 1990 – Facilities used unsorted Prior to 1990 – Facilities used unsorted MSWMSW
Abandoned due to technical problemsAbandoned due to technical problems Proved that CTs required homogeneous feedstockProved that CTs required homogeneous feedstock Pre-sorting/size reduction imperative to remove Pre-sorting/size reduction imperative to remove
recyclablesrecyclables Presence of recycling programs may Presence of recycling programs may
Describe and evaluate the life-cycle Describe and evaluate the life-cycle environmental and public health impacts environmental and public health impacts of each conversion technologyof each conversion technology
Compare to other solid waste Compare to other solid waste management practicesmanagement practices
Describe and evaluate the impacts on the Describe and evaluate the impacts on the recycling and composting marketsrecycling and composting markets
Analysis based on hypothetical scenarios Analysis based on hypothetical scenarios in S.F. Bay Area and L.A. Basinin S.F. Bay Area and L.A. Basin
Growth Scenarios establishedGrowth Scenarios established
Board Q&ABoard Q&A
Public Testimony
Summary of Contractor RecommendationsSummary of Contractor Recommendations
UC Technical Study Lifecycle/Market Impact Study
Revise “Gasification” definition. Update the study results with environmental, operating, and market data from actual facilities in California and US, as they become available.
Formal vendor evaluation by neutral, third party
Analyze regions with a wider variation in waste composition.
Sponsor pilot-scale facility. Include steering committee