Conversations with Bourdieu - The Johannesburg Moment

8/2/2019 Conversations with Bourdieu - The Johannesburg Moment

1/40

E d h v g s u n } b d h u

Cd wsm bgw

}lg

KdlnhhguCwsjAdAgh}

zb}l


2/40

E d h v g s u n } b d h u Cd wsm bgw

}lgKdlnhhguCwsjAdAgh}

zb}l


3/40

E d h v g s u n } b d h u Cd wsm bgw

}lgKdlnhhguCwsjAdAgh}

zb}l


4/40

Ywcobulgm bh Udw}l Nfsben cr;

Zb}u Whbvgsub}r Ysguu> Knh Uaw}u Nvghwg

Kdlnhhgucwsj

zzz(zb}uysguu(ed({n

Edyrsbjl} Abelngo Cwsnzdr nhm @nso vdh Ldom} 39>3

Fbsu} ywcobulgm 39>3

BUCH 2:!2:


5/40

E d h } g h } u

NccsgvbN}bdhu Nhm Nesdhrau

YsgfNeg abelNgo cwsNzdr

Ysdodjwg; ]lg Kdlnhhgucwsj Adagh} @Nso vdh ldom} >

E d h v g s u n } b d h > udebdodjr Nu N edacN} uYds} 2

Cdwsmbgw Agg}u Cdwsmbgw abelNgo cwsNzdr 2

Cdwsmbgw bh Udw}l Nsben @Nso vdh ldom} 37

E d h v g s u n } b d h 3 }lgdsr Nhm YsNe}beg 5>

Ans| Agg}u Cdwsmbgw abelNgo cwsNzdr 5>

Cdmbgu d Mgfnheg @Nso vdh ldom} =6

E d h v g s u n } b d h 5 ewo}wsNo mdabhN}bdh 7>

Jsnaueb Agg}u Cdwsmbgw abelNgo cwsNzdr 7>

Uracdobe Elnooghjg @Nso vdh ldom} 6:

E d h v g s u n } b d h = edodhbNobua Nhm sgvdow}bdh :=

Fnhdh Agg}u Cdwsmbgw abelNgo cwsNzdr :=

Vbdogheg @Nso vdh ldom} 2>

E d h v g s u n } b d h 7 YgmNjdjr df }lg dYYsguugm >95

Fsgbsg Agg}u Cdwsmbgw abelNgo cwsNzdr >95

Mbuebyobhg @Nso vdh ldom} >>35

Cgnwvdbs Agg}u Cdwsmbgw abelNgo cwsNzdr >35

]snhudsabhj Yn}sbnselr4 @Nso vdh ldom} >=7

v


6/40

E d h v g s u n } b d h : bh}googe}wNou Nhm }lgbs Ywcobeu >7>

Aboou Agg}u Cdwsmbgw abelNgo cwsNzdr >7>

]lg Uracdobe Zdsom d Ydob}beu @Nso vdh ldom} >62

E d h v g s u n } b d h < aNhwfNe}wsbhj mbuugh} >:7Cwsnzdr Agg}u Cdwsmbgw abelNgo cwsNzdr >:7

]lg Ansjbh d Fsggmda @Nso vdh ldom} >29

cbcobdjsNYlr 3>2

bhmg| 336

vb


7/40

vbb

NccsgvbN}bdhu Nhm Nesdhrau

NHE Nsbenh Hn}bdhno Edhjsguu

EDUN]W Edhjsguu d Udw}l Nsbenh ]snmg Whbdhu

EYF Edaawhb}r Ydobebhj Fdswa

EZY Edaawhb}r Zds` Ysdjsnaag

MN Mgadesn}be Noobnheg

FOH Fsdh} mg Obcsn}bdh Hn}bdhnog$

Hn}bdhno Obcgsn}bdh Fsdh}

FDUN]W Fgmgsn}bdh d Udw}l Nsbenh ]snmg WhbdhuAGE Agacgs d }lg G|gew}bvg Edwhebo

UNEY Udw}l Nsbenh Edaawhbu} Yns}r

UZDY Udebg}r/ Zds` nhm Mgvgodyagh} Bhu}b}w}g

WMF Whb}gm Mgadesn}be Fsdh}


8/40

YsgfNeg

Ar fdws!rgns u}bh} zb}l }lg Fdsm YlMu/ zlbel lnm csdwjl} ag }d }lgWhbvgsub}r df }lg Zb}zn}gsusnhm fds }lsgg zgg`u gvgsr rgns/ lnm edag }dnh ghm( @nso vdh Ldom}/ }lgh ne}bhj mbsge}ds df UZDY ,}lg Udebg}r/ Zds`nhm Mgvgodyagh} Bhu}b}w}g" bhvb}gm ag }d edag }d Zb}u fds n ugagu}gs dh

n Agoodh Vbub}bhj Ysdfguudsulby( B zdwom zds` zb}l u}wmgh}u nhm fnewo}rnhm noud jbvg ywcobe oge}wsgu( ]lgsg znu bh}gsgu} bh ar jbvbhj oge}wsgu dh}lg zds` df Ybgssg Cdwsmbgw/ zlbel B lnm ysgvbdwuor mdhg n} }lg Whbvgsub}rdf Zbuedhubh( B sgvbugm nhm g|ynhmgm }lgug oge}wsgu fsda ub| }d gbjl}( Nun} Zbuedhubh/ }lg bmgn znu }d csbhj }djg}lgs fnewo}r nhm u}wmgh}u fsdambffgsgh} mgyns}agh}u nhm mgvgody nhd}lgs ubmg }d UZDYu ne}bvb}bgu(

Cw} Zb}u zdwom cg n mbffgsgh} g|ygsbgheg no}djg}lgs/ nu Cdwsmbgw znuhd} }lg ydywons }lgdsbu} bh Udw}l Nfsben }ln} lg znu bh Zbuedhubh( Nf}gs

noo/ Cdwsmbgw znu hd} dhor n }lgdsbu} df }lg Hds}l nhm fsda }lg Hds}l/cw} adsg uygebfbenoor df Fsnheg nhm fsda Fsnheg/ zlbel anmg lba adsgwhfnabobns }lnh Nhjod!Nagsbenh }lgdsbu}u( Lbu edhvdow}gm u}rog df zsb}!bhj/ lbu gooby}beno ugh}ghegu/ lbu gswmb}bdh nhm lbu ylbodudylbeno jsdwhmbhj bh uwa/ lbu mgyodragh} df ewo}wsno enyb}no an`g lbu zds` elnooghjbhj}d neeguu(

Nu B lnm mdhg bh Zbuedhubh/ B udwjl} }d bh}gsysg} Cdwsmbgw cr ysgugh}!bhj lbu bmgnu bh sgon}bdh }d Ans|bua }lsdwjl n ugsbgu df banjbhnsr edhvgs!un}bdhu cg}zggh Cdwsmbgw nhm Ans|/ Jsnaueb/ Fnhdh/ Fsgbsg/ Cgnwvdbs/Aboou nhm arugof/ sguyge}bvgor( Cdwsmbgw an`gu sgfgsgheg }d Ans| bhmggm/ lbu zds` bu n mggy ghjnjgagh} zb}l Ans| ,nu zgoo nu Mws`lgbanhm Zgcgs" cw} Ans| hgvgs sgegbvgu n uwu}nbhgm g|nabhn}bdh( Nu fds

abelNgo cwsNzdr


9/40

| YsGFNEG

Jsnaueb/ Fnhdh nhm Cgnwvdbs/ lbu uen}}gsgm sgfgsghegu nhm fdd}hd}gu nsgedh}gay}wdwu/ zlbog Fsgbsg nhm Aboou lnsmor jg} n agh}bdh( Hdhg}lgoguu/}lgsg nsg udag bh}gsgu}bhj ynsnoogou nhm edhvgsjghegu zb}l }lgug }lgd!

sbu}u }ln} adsg df}gh }lnh hd} gvnydsn}g whmgs eodugs g|nabhn}bdh( Arghmgnvdws znu }d sguewg }lgug fbjwsgu cwsbgm bh Cdwsmbgw zb}l n vbgz}d ysdcogan}bubhj cd}l Cdwsmbgw nhm Ans|bua( ]lg Ans|bu}u B eldug nhm B sgnobug Aboou lnm nh nacbjwdwu sgon}bdhulby zb}l Ans|bua zgsgnoo edhegshgm zb}l mgvgodybhj n }lgdsr df uwygsu}swe}wsgu ds bmgdodjbenomdabhn}bdh/ nhm }lgsgfdsg adu} edhvgsjgh} zb}l zln} obgu n} }lg egh}sgdf Cdwsmbgwu dywu; }lg }lgdsr df uracdobe mdabhn}bdh( ]lgug }lgdsbu}unoud lnm bayds}nh} }lbhju }d unr ncdw} bh}googe}wnou nhm }lg ywcobe fnegdf udebno uebgheg/ nhm lgsg }dd }lgsg znu awel }d mgcn}g/ nu Cdwsmbgwznu nhm u}boo bu }lg ysg!gabhgh} ywcobe udebdodjbu} df dws gsn( Ob`gAns|bu} }lgdsr/ Cdwsmbgw znu noznru edhegshgm zb}l }lg sgon}bdh df}lgdsr nhm ysne}beg(

U}boo/ }lbu znu Udw}l Nfsben/ nhm gvgh bf Ans|bua lnm adsg ewssgherlgsg }lnh bh d}lgs yns}u df }lg zdsom/ b} znu hdhg}lgoguu fonjjbhj0 nhm/adsgdvgs/ Cdwsmbgwu edhegshu zb}l uracdobe mdabhn}bdh uggagmsgadvgm fsda }lg Udw}l Nfsbenh ub}wn}bdh/ zlgsg ylrubeno vbdogheguggagm fns adsg unobgh} udag}lbhj ncdw} zlbel Cdwsmbgw lnu ob}}og }d

unr cgrdhm udag df lbu gnsor zsb}bhju dh Nojgsbn( Ar dsbjbhno bh}gh}bdhznu }d }sr nhm uldz }lg ubjhbfbenheg df Cdwsmbgw }d }lg Hgz Udw}lNfsben0 }lbu znu/ nf}gs noo/ n }bag df }lg u}swjjogu cg}zggh Nfsbenh Hn}bdhnoEdhjsguu Rdw}l ognmgs Kwobwu Anogan nhm Edhjsguu df Udw}l Nfsbenh]snmg Whbdhu ysgubmgh} [zgobh{ban Vnvb/ u}swjjogu }ln} abjl} cg uggh nuysgebugor dygh znsfnsg df n uracdobe `bhm/ zb}l Vnvb gvgh enoobhj fds nobfgu}rog nwmb} fds Anogan gffge}bvgor ~wgu}bdhbhj }lg cnubu df swobhj!eonuu mbu}bhe}bdh/ n ~wgu}bdhbhj }ln} zdwom cg mbffbewo} }d banjbhg bh

Fsnheg/ zb}l b}u ug}}ogm uracdobe dsmgs( B} znu noud }lg }bag df ysgynsn!}bdh fds }lg FBFN Udeegs Zdsom Ewy/ n uyge}neog bf gvgs }lgsg zgsg dhg}ln} ncudscgm }lg n}}gh}bdh df }lg gh}bsg ydywon}bdh/ anu`bhj }lg sgnobh}gsgu}u n} yonr( Njnbh/ }lg uracdobe zdsom df ydu}!nyns}lgbm Udw}lNfsben edwom hd} cg mbusgjnsmgm( U}boo/ b} edwom cg nsjwgm }ln} Cdwsmbgwuubjhbfbenheg abjl} cg }lg hdh!nyyobencbob}r df lbu bmgnu }d Udw}l Nfsben/b(g( }ln} lbu bmgnu nsg bssgvdencor Hds}lgsh ds Fsghel(

]lg gbjl} edhvgsun}bdhu lgom dvgs n ygsbdm df ub| zgg`u bh Fgcswnsrnhm Ansel 39>9 csdwjl} bh esdzmu fsda mbffgsgh} ~wns}gsu df }lg whbvgs!ub}r/ nhm gnel ysgugh}n}bdh znu fdoodzgm cr lgn}gm g|elnhjgu( ]lgr zgsganmg noo }lg adsg bh}gsgu}bhj cr @nso vdh Ldom}/ zld edhubu}gh}ormgfghmgm Cdwsmbgw njnbhu} Ans|bu} mg}sne}dsu/ uldzbhj ldz lbu bmgnu md


10/40

abelNgo cwsNzdr |b

lnvg vnobmb}r bh Udw}l Nfsben( Ar dzh n}}gay} }d bhedsydsn}g Udw}lNfsben bh}d }lgug edhvgsun}bdhu ysdvgm }d cg yno}sr nhm zddmgh/ nhm udzlgh b} enag }d zsb}bhj wy }lg oge}wsgu/ B bhvb}gm @nso }d sguydhm zb}l lbu

dzh sgfoge}bdhu( Lg lnu mdhg }lbu bh nh g|egy}bdhno anhhgs/ bh n ughugsg}wshbhj Cdwsmbgw }d zlgsg lg cgjnh lbu udebdodjbeno obfg Nfsben( Nf}gsnoo/ anhr df Cdwsmbgwu ncbmbhj bmgnu nsg }n`gh fsda lbu bh}gsysg}n}bdh df}lg @ncrog `bhulby udebg}r bh Nojgsbn( B} znu fsda lbu u}wmbgu df }lg@ncrog }ln} lg mgvgodygm }lg hd}bdhu df uracdobe enyb}no/ abusgedjhb}bdh/lncb}wu/ anog mdabhn}bdh nhm ud fds}l( Cdwsmbgw nyyobgm }lgug bmgnu }dFsghel udebg}r/ nhm @nso lnu hdz }n`gh }lga cne` }d Nfsben/ ydbh}bhj }d}lg uracdobe mbaghubdhu df }dzhulby vbdogheg/ }lg ydzgs df }lg edhegy}df lncb}wu/ }lg mbuebyobhnsr admg df gmwen}bdh nhm }lg yoneg df bh}googe}w!nou bh edh}gaydsnsr Udw}l Nfsben(

Bf B ysgugh}gm n sn}lgs nsbm edhvgsun}bdh cg}zggh Cdwsmbgw nhmAns|bua/ @nso lnu g|}ghmgm }lg edhvgsun}bdhno admg }d dhg cg}zgghHds}lgsh nhm Udw}lgsh }lgdsr/ cw} cnugm dh adsg }lnh }lsgg mgenmgu dfghjnjgm sgugnsel nhm edh}gu}n}bdh bh gmwen}bdh/ oncdws nhm edaawhb}r(@nso csbhju }d }lg fdsgfsdh} n uwcdsmbhn}g sgjbu}gs bh Cdwsmbgwu zsb}bhju/}lg mbaghubdhu df u}swjjog/ esbubu nhm udebno }snhufdsan}bdh( Lg mdgu hd}/ldzgvgs/ ghjnjg Cdwsmbgwu zsb}bhju nu n edacn} uyds} nhm lg mdgu hd}

mbuabuu ds bjhdsg gb}lgs arugof ds Cdwsmbgw/ cw} wugu Cdwsmbgw }d edh!u}swe} n mbnodjwg ncdw} }lg Udw}l Nfsben df rgu}gsmnr/ }dmnr nhm }dads!sdz( Ud zg hdz dffgs n ug} df edhvgsun}bdhu dh edhvgsun}bdhu bh }lg ldygdf uyns`bhj fws}lgs mgcn}g nhm mbuewuubdh ncdw} }lg }snkge}dsr df Udw}lNfsben/ ncdw} }lg edh}bhwbhj vb}nob}r df Ans|bua nhm ncdw} }lg sgogvnhegdf Cdwsmbgwu }ldwjl} }d mbffgsgh} edh}g|}u(

]lgug edhvgsun}bdhu lnvg cghgfb}}gm fsda anhr d}lgs edhvgsun}bdhuzb}l edoognjwgu nhm u}wmgh}u; bh Cgs`gogr zb}l \bwrbhj Elghj/ Fnsggh

Ynsvg{/ Jsg}elgh Ywsugs/ Mronh Sbogr/ Dfgs Ulnsdhg/ Eblnh ]wjno/ nhmOde Zne~wnh}/ zldug cdd} enay edwsug dyghgm ar grgu }d }lg ghdsab}rdf Cdwsmbgwu nelbgvgagh}u0 bh Anmbudh zb}l Gsb` Zsbjl}/ Jnr Ugbmanh/Ansn Odvganh nhm An}} Hbel}gs0 nhm bh Kdlnhhgucwsj zb}l Csbmjg}@ghhr/ Dwyn Ogldwogsg/ Yg}gs Nog|nhmgs/ Bsan mw Yoguubu/ YsbulnhbHnbmdd/ Abelgoog Zboobnau/ Vbul Un}jns/ Gsbe Zdscr/ Ulbsggh Noor/ ]bhnWru/ Nhmsbgu Cg{wbmghldw}/ Udhkn Hnswhu`r!Onmgh/ Nlagm Vgsbnvnnhm Kne`bg Ede`( Guygebno }lnh`u }d Kgff Unoon{/ zld jnvg ag mg}nbogmedaagh}nsr dh cd}l }lg Anmbudh nhm }lg Kdlnhhgucwsj Edhvgsun}bdhuzb}l Cdwsmbgw/ nhm }d nh nhdhradwu ugedhm sgvbgzgs zld noud jnvg wug|egoogh} edaagh}u dh }lg msnf} anhwuesby}( B lnvg }sbgm }d nmmsguu }lgbsesb}bebuau nhm uwjjgu}bdhu bh }lg cdd`( Onu}/ cw} hd} ognu}/ fds }lg ynu} =7


11/40

|bb YsGFNEG

rgnsu B lnvg lnm }lg jddm fds}whg df obu}ghbhj }d/ ognshbhj fsda nhm obvbhjzb}l }zd jsgn} bh}gsysg}gsu df Udw}l Nfsben Owob Enoobhbedu nhm GmmbgZgcu}gs nhm b} bu }d }lga }ln} B mgmben}g }lgug edhvgsun}bdhu(


12/40

@Nso vdh ldom}

Ysdodjwg

]lg Kdlnhhgucwsj Adagh}

Fds}r rgnsu njd/ bh }lg gnsor >2:9u/ Mwscnh g|ygsbghegm n fgsagh} df hgzbmgnu }ln} zgsg }d ysdfdwhmor ulnyg sgubu}nheg }d nyns}lgbm( ]lg egh}snofbjwsgu bh }lbu fgsagh} zgsg }zd elnsbuan}be bh}googe}wnou/ U}gvg Cb`d nhmSbe` ]wshgs( Cb`d nhm lbu edasnmgu fdwhmgm }lg Cone` Edhuebdwuhguu

advgagh} nhm b}u dsjnhbun}bdhno fdsau/ }lg Udw}l Nfsbenh U}wmgh}uDsjnhbun}bdh nhm }lg Cone` Ygdyogu Edhvgh}bdh/ fsda zlbel gagsjgm nhgz jghgsn}bdh df ydob}beno ne}bvbu}u zld zgh} dh }d dsjnhbug }snmgwhbdhu/ edaawhb}r dsjnhbun}bdhu nhm }lg Whb}gm Mgadesn}be Fsdh}( Sbe`]wshgsu bmgnu ncdw} yns}bebyn}dsr mgadesner nhm }lg ysdkge}u lg bhb}b!n}gm }d uwyyds} n hnuegh} cone` }snmg whbdh advgagh}/ yns}or bh sguydhug}d }lg elnooghjg df Cone` Edhuebdwuhguu/ bhfowghegm anhr df }ldug zldedh}sbcw}gm }d }lg cwbombhj df }lg }snmg whbdh advgagh}(

]lg Mwscnh fgsagh} znu hd} dhor ncdw} }lg bmgnu df bh}googe}wnou0 b}znu noud ncdw} n ulbf} bh ydywons edhuebdwuhguu( Bh >2:5 udag >99/999zds`gsu yns}bebyn}gm bh n znvg df u}sb`gu bh Mwscnh/ csgn`bhj zb}l }lg~wbguegheg df }lg >269u( Cr }lg ghm df }lg mgenmg cd}l Cb`d nhm ]wshgslnm cggh boogm cr }lg Ugewsb}r Ydobeg( ]lgbs bmgnu/ ldzgvgs/ edh}bhwgm }dulnyg }lg sgubu}nheg advgagh} bh mbffgsgh} znru }lsdwjldw} }lg >2229; 23250Zgcu}gs/ >225"(


13/40

3 YsDODJWG

]ln} znu }lg Mwscnh adagh}( ]lbu cdd` bu uwc}b}ogm }lg Kdlnhhgucwsjadagh}( Zln} md zg agnh cr }lbu4

N} }lg ubayogu} ogvgo/ }lg }b}og bu n sgfgsgheg }d }lg fne} }ln} }lg cdd`

jsgz dw} df n ugsbgu df oge}wsgu dh Ybgssg Cdwsmbgw/ }lg jsgn} Fsghel udeb!dodjbu}/ jbvgh n} }lg Whbvgsub}r df }lg Zb}zn}gsusnhm bh Kdlnhhgucwsj bh39>9( ]lg ubjhbfbenheg df }lg sgfgsgheg }d yoneg bu hd} ubayor }ln} }lgoge}wsgu }dd` yoneg lgsg/ cw} }ln} }lgr ysgugh}gm nh deenubdh fds bh}gssd!jn}bhj }lg sgogvnheg df Cdwsmbgwu zds` }d Udw}l Nfsben nhm/ adsgbayds}nh}or/ edhfsdh}bhj }lg agnhbhj df Udw}l Nfsben fds Cdwsmbgwu}lgdsr( B} bu }lsdwjl g|yodsbhj }lg ubjhbfbenheg df }lbu bh}gssdjn}bdh nhmedhfsdh}n}bdh }ln} zg enh nssbvg n} udag ughug df }lg yduubcog agnhbhj dfn Kdlnhhgucwsj adagh}(

Bh edh}snu} }d }lg Mwscnh adagh}/ }lg Kdlnhhgucwsj adagh} bu nydu}!nyns}lgbm adagh}0 }ln} bu }d unr/ b} bu n adagh} df ydob}beno swy}wsgzb}l nyns}lgbm n adagh} df }lg hgz Edhu}b}w}bdh/ mgadesner/ sgedh!u}swe}bdh nhm }snhufdsan}bdh(

Rg} bh dws cdd` zlbel ysgugh}u n awo}bonrgsgm edhvgsun}bdh/ hd}dhor cg}zggh Cdwsmbgw nhm nh nssnr df bh}gsodew}dsu ysgugh}gm crAbelngo/ hd} dhor cg}zggh Kdlnhhgucwsj nhm Cdwsmbgw/ cw} noudcg}zggh Abelngo nhm arugof B nsjwg }ln} }lbu yoneg ,Kdlnhhgucwsj nhm

b}u lbh}gsonhm" bu mbu}bhjwbulgm cr n fsne}bdwu nhm }wscwogh} ug} df udebnoedh}gu}n}bdhu/ cd}l uanoo nhm onsjg/ dvgs }lg ulnyg df nh gagsjbhj udebnodsmgs bh ydu}!nyns}lgbm Udw}l Nfsben( Ud ulnsy bu }lbu edh}gu}n}bdh/ udawo}b!egh}sgm nhm mbvgsug/ }ln} zg anr uygn` df awo}byog odeno adsnodsmgsu/ n udebno fsnjagh}n}bdh nhm n ysdfdwhm mbudsmgsbhj df udebg}r/zlbel nsg gvbmgh} bh anhr mbffgsgh} znru/ nadhj }lga nh nsjwagh} mggybh }lg lgns} df dws udebg}r dvgs }lg agnhbhj df onz nhm dsmgs(

]lwu/ fsda }lg u}ns}/ }lg Kdlnhhgucwsj adagh} bu dhg }ln} mbuswy}u

}lg u}ns` cbhnsr df dyysguubdh nhm fsggmda nhm }lg edafds}bhj }snkge}dsrdf }snhufdsan}bdh nhm sgedhu}swe}bdh( Hds uldwom zg banjbhg }ln} uwelnsjwagh}u nhm edh}gu}n}bdhu }n`g yoneg dhor dh }lg fns ygsbylgsbgu df dwseb}r/ bh yonegu ob`g ]sdwcog ,mbuewuugm bh }lg anbh cdmr df }lg cdd`"/ fsdazlbel b}u }dzgsbhj cwbombhju nhm }zbh`obhj objl}u enhhd} gvgh cg uggh(]lgr }n`g yoneg nu zgoo bh b}u lgns}/ bh }ldug cwbombhju nhm }lgbs u}sgg}u/ nuzgoo nu b}u ognfr uwcwscu(

Dhg df }lg bedhu df Kdlnhhgucwsj bu }lg Edhu}b}w}bdhno Edws} nhm }lgzbmgs Edhu}b}w}bdh Lboo ysgebhe}( B} uracdobugu }lg hgz ydu}!nyns}lgbmdsmgs bh Udw}l Nfsben }lg dsmgs df mgadesner nhm lwanh sbjl}u( ]lgEdhu}b}w}bdh nhm b}u Edws} nsg uwyydugm }d sbug ncdvg udebg}r/ kwu} nu }lgrsbug ncdvg }lg enedyldhr df Kdlnhhgucwsj dh }lgbs lboo/ nhm ysgubmg dvgs


14/40

@Nso vdh ldom} 5

noo bhu}b}w}bdhu/ mgobcgsn}bhj/ nmkwmben}bhj nhm ysdvbmbhj jwbmnheg bh }lgedhu}swe}bdh df n hgz dsmgs(

Cw} bh sgnob}r/ zln} bu }lg sgnel df }lg Edhu}b}w}bdh nhm b}u Edws}4

]sdwcog b}ugof bu dhor 59 ds =9 `a nznr fsda }lg Edhu}b}w}bdhno Edws} nu}lg lbjlznr jdgu/ cw} }lg Edhu}b}w}bdh nyygnsu }d lnvg ob}}og fdseg }lgsg/kwu} nu }lg onz uggau }d lnvg ob}}og ysgugheg( Bf }lg Sgywcobe bu mgfbhgm cr}lg edhu}b}w}bdhno dsmgs/ }lgh ]sdwcog cgodhju bh n mbffgsgh} Sgywcobe0 ds/ygslnyu/ ]sdwcog bu n yoneg df u}swjjog cg}zggh edh}ghmbhj Sgywcobeu(

Edhu}b}w}bdh Lboo bu ldag }d n advbhj g|lbcb}bdh dh }lg edhmb}bdhu df}lg nyns}lgbm knbou nhm }lg sdog df }lgug knbou bh ugewsbhj }lg nyns}lgbmdsmgs( Vbub}dsu enh cg fdsjbvgh fds banjbhbhj }ln} }lgsg nsg hd odhjgs knboubh dws edhu}b}w}bdhno mgadesner/ nhm }ln} bf }lgsg nsg/ edhmb}bdhu fds ysbu!dhgsu nsg mgegh} nhm lwanhg( ]lg }sw}l bu vgsr mbffgsgh} dws knbou nsgadsg dvgsesdzmgm }lnh gvgs cgfdsg/ nhm vbdogheg nhm edsswy}bdh edh!}bhwg }d ygsvnmg anhr df }lga( Zln} sdog md }lgr yonr bh ugewsbhj }lgydu}!nyns}lgbm dsmgs4 ]lg Edhu}b}w}bdh hd mdwc} uggau sgad}g cd}l }d}lg bhensegsn}gm nhm }lgbs knbogsu(

Hds enh }lg Edhu}b}w}bdh sganbh ncdvg }lg fsnr( ]lg Edhu}b}w}bdhnoEdws} b}ugof bu bhesgnubhjor n} }lg egh}sg df edh}sdvgsur/ snhjbhj fsda }lgmbuyw}g cg}zggh Kwmjg Lodyg nhm udag Edhu}b}w}bdhno Edws} kwmjgu }d

}lg ysdeguu df nyydbh}bhj n hgz elbgf kwu}beg( ]lgsg enh cg ob}}og mdwc}}ln} }lg unag edh}gu}n}bdhu/ }lg unag cn}}ogu dvgs }lg hn}wsg df dsmgs/ }lgunag enedyldhr df Kdlnhhgucwsj zboo hgeguunsbor yghg}sn}g b}u bhhgszds`bhju( ]lg ysdjsguubvg obcgsno edhughuwu }ln} elnsne}gsbugm b}u gnsorrgnsu anr zgoo jbvg znr }d ulnsy mbffgsghegu }ln} sgfoge} zbmgs mbvgs!jghegu/ gnel zb}l uwcu}nh}bno edhu}b}wghebgu bh udebg}r/ dvgs uwel ~wgu!}bdhu nu udebno edhugsvn}bua ds }lg sgon}bvg ydzgs df }lg g|gew}bvg csnheldf jdvgshagh}(

Kdlnhhgucwsj bu noud }lg eb}r df lgnm dffbegu/ nhm }lg u}sgg}u dw}ubmg}lg lgnm~wns}gsu df }lg Nfsbenh Hn}bdhno Edhjsguu ,NHE" bh 39>> zgsgzb}hguu }d vbdogh} eonulgu cg}zggh }lg ydobeg nhm }lg uwyyds}gsu df }lgysgubmgh} df }lg NHE Rdw}l Ognjwg/ Kwobwu Anogan/ ysd}gu}bhj njnbhu}}lg mbuebyobhnsr lgnsbhju csdwjl} njnbhu} lba nhm lbu g|gew}bvg cr }lgNHE( ]lbu ysdvbmgu n msnan}be banjg fds n ysdfdwhmor whu}ncog NHEzlbel n} }lg unag }bag g|bu}u bh n u}n}g df ysdfdwhm ynsnorubu mwg }d }lgfbgseg u}swjjogu cg}zggh mbffgsgh} fne}bdhu df }lg gob}g/ nu zgoo nu mbffgsgh}edhu}b}wghebgu df }lg ]sbyns}b}g Noobnheg/ dvgs }lg edh}sdo nhm mbsge}bdh df}lg dsjnhbun}bdh ,Vdh Ldom}/ 39>>n"( Nw}ldsb}r nhm mbuebyobhg lnvgcgedag g|}sgagor whu}ncog nhm lbjlor edh}gu}gm zb}lbh }lg dsjnhbun}bdh/awel nu }lgr lnvg bh }lg csdnmgs udebg}r( Bhmggm/ }lg NHE jghgsno


15/40

= YsDODJWG

ugesg}nsr znshu }ln} }lg NHE bu bayodmbhj cgenwug elndu nhm nhnselrnsg jddm fdsgu}u fds abuelbgf ,]lg U}ns/ 3> Ugy}gacgs 39>>"(

]lwu/ Kdlnhhgucwsj edhfsdh}u wu zb}l noo }lg edh}snmbe}bdhu nhm }gh!

ubdhu df ydu}!nyns}lgbm sgnob}r n} }lgbs adu} bh}ghug( Cr vbs}wg df b}u mrhn!abua nhm uenog/ }lg eb}r ugsvgu }d sgfsne} }lga ud }ln} }lg mrhnabe bh}gs!ne}bdh cg}zggh dsmgs nhm mbudsmgs/ cg}zggh awo}byog dsmgsu nhm }lg knj!jgm gmjgu df swbh/ cgedag adu} vbubcog nhm adu} bh}ghug bh }lbu yoneg(Kdlnhhgucwsj znu noznru n} }lg egh}sg df }lg an`bhj nhm sgan`bhj df}lg Udw}l Nfsbenh dsmgs( Ldzgvgs/ }lbu adagh} bu mbffgsgh}/ elnsne}gs!bugm/ nu hd}gm ncdvg/ cr nh lbu}dsbe swy}wsg(

Hgz fdsegu/ hgz ysdcogau nhm hgz ~wgu}bdhu edag }d }lg fdsg nu zggagsjg fsda }lg swbhu df }lg dom( Anhr df dws nuuway}bdhu nsg ~wgu!}bdhgm nhm awel df zln} zg }dd` }d cg }swg csgn`u }d ybgegu( Zg fbhmzg lnvg }d }lbh` njnbh( Eonulbhj hnssn}bvgu ysdvbmg wu zb}l no}gshn}bvgznru df hnabhj dwsugovgu/ gvbmgh} bh }lg awo}byog agnhbhju nuubjhgm }ddws eb}r( Nsg zg n zdsom!eonuu Nfsbenh eb}r bh }lg an`bhj/ nu }lg eb}rnw}ldsb}bgu zdwom lnvg wu cgobgvg4 Bu Kdlnhhgucwsj }lg ugedhm!jsgn}gu}eb}r nf}gs Ynsbu/ nu Kdlnhhgucwsj ns}bu} Zboobna @gh}sbmjgu }b}og ud bsdhb!enoor ysdeonbau4 Nsg zg n ]lbsm Zdsom uowa4 Nsg zg n ub}g df }lg NfsbenhSghnbuunheg/ ds nsg zg nhd}lgs nhgemd}g bh }lg }nog df Nfsd!yguubabua4

Bu Odhmdh n uwcwsc df Kdlnhhgucwsj/ bh nhd}lgs df @gh}sbmjgu awubhju,Enagsdh/ Elsbu}dv!Cn`nsjbgv & Edg}{gg/ >222; >92"4 Bu Kdlnhhgucwsjn uwcwsc df Onjdu/ ds Lnsnsg4 Zldug u}dsr bu b} bh zlbel zg yonr dw}dws sdogu4

Njnbh/ zg nsg sgabhmgm df }lg ulnsy edh}snu} zb}l }lg Mwscnhadagh}( ]lg on}}gs znu fdwhmgm dh }zd cbhnsbgu }lg eonuu cbhnsr dfzds`gs vgsuwu enyb}nobu} nhm }lg snebno cbhnsr df }lg cone` dyysguugm vgs!uwu zlb}g mdabhn}bdh( Cd}l df }lgug cbhnsbgu mgubjhn}gm }lg njgh}u df lbu!

}dsr nhm oden}gm }lga bh anu}gs hnssn}bvgu df ysdjsguu( Cd}l hnssn}bvguysdvbmgm fds n }sbwaylno ghmbhj nf}gs odhj ygsbdmu df uwffgsbhj nhm u}swj!jog( ]lg Kdlnhhgucwsj adagh} bu }ln} ghmbhj/ ldzgvgs/ b} mbuswy}u }ldughgn} cbhnsbgu( ]lg anu}gs hnssn}bvgu nhm }lgbs adsno egs}nbh}bgu nsg hdodhjgs eogns( Bh b}u yoneg zg lnvg awo}byog uracdobe dsmgsu bh edh}gh}bdhdvgs uwel an}}gsu/ ynsnorubu bh dws ysgugh} nhm whegs}nbh}r bh dws fw}wsg(

B} bu ygslnyu bhgvb}ncog }ln} }lg ub}wn}bdh uldwom jbvg sbug }d nh n}}gay}}d nuugs} n hgz cbhnsr }ln} cg}zggh dsmgs nhm mbudsmgs( ]lwu/ zg lnvg}lg u}sghj}lghbhj df udebno edhugsvn}bua nhm }lg nuugs}bdh }ln} }lg gsd!ubdh df adsnob}r nhm nw}ldsb}r awu} cg edwh}gsgm zb}l n hgz nw}ldsb}r/gacgmmgm bh bhu}b}w}bdhu uwel nu }lg g|gew}bvg dsjnhu df }lg u}n}g ds }lgudebno u}swe}wsgu df yn}sbnselr( Zg lnvg }lg bhesgnubhjor vbdogh} sguydhugu


16/40

@Nso vdh ldom} 7

df }lg ydobeg }d cd}l esbag nhm udebno ysd}gu}( Zg lnvg hgz n}}gay}u }dedh}sdo bhfdsan}bdh/ }d obab} }lg uyneg df }lg ysguu(

B} bu gnur fds ysdjsguubvgu }d fnoo cne` dh adsnobu}be sguydhugu }d }lbu

`bhm df nuugs}bdh df edhugsvn}bvg dsmgs nhm edwh}gsydug }lg ysdjsguubvgvnowgu df }lg Edhu}b}w}bdh( Cw} zg abjl} md cg}}gs }d bh}gssdjn}g adsgensgfwoor }lg udwsegu df }lbu sguydhug/ nhm }d }lbh` adsg mggyor ncdw}zlr }lgsg bu n ygsvnubvg ughug }ln} adsnob}r nhm nw}ldsb}r nsg bh esbubu(Anhr ygdyog bh yonegu ob`g ]sdwcog odhj fds nh dsmgsobhguu zb}lbh zlbel}d edhmwe} }lgbs mnbor obvgu( Nhm zlgsg }lg u}n}g fnbou }d jwnsnh}gg }ln}dsmgs/ zg lnvg }lg fdsegfwo nw}ldsb}nsbnhbua df vbjbonh}g adcu nhm |ghd!yldcbe esdzmu baydubhj n vgsr mbffgsgh} `bhm df dsmgs dh edaawhb}bgu(

Zg g|yobeb}or ysgugh} }lg Kdlnhhgucwsj adagh} ob`g }lg Mwscnhadagh} cgfdsg b} nu n adagh} df }lgdsg}beno ghmgnvdws; bhmggm/ }lgmbuswy}bdh df anu}gs hnssn}bvgu nhm }lgbs n}}ghmnh} egs}nbh}bgu an`gu nfsgul ghjnjgagh} zb}l }lgdsr baygsn}bvg( Ud zg }wsh }d Ybgssg Cdwsmbgw(Cdwsmbgw bu ysbansbor n }lgdsbu} df dsmgs nhm b}u sgysdmwe}bdh( Zg edh!fsdh} }lbu Cdwsmbgw zb}l }lg nsjwagh}n}bvg/ whswor nhm vbdogheg!onmghudebno sgnob}bgu df Udw}l Nfsben zb}l/ ysgebugor/ }lg Kdlnhhgucwsjadagh}( Nhm bh }lbu }lgn}sg/ zg edhmwe} n ugsbgu df edhvgsun}bdhucg}zggh Cdwsmbgw nhm ,adu}or" Ans|bu} bh}googe}wnou nhm }lgdsbu}u/

g|yodsbhj }lg bh}gsuge}bdhu nhm mbvgsjghegu cg}zggh }lgbs }lgdsbgu nhmlbu( ]lbu bu n mdwcor nyysdysbn}g ghmgnvdws/ cgenwug/ bh edh}snu} }dCdwsmbgw/ Ans|bua bu n }lgdsr df u}swjjog nhm elnhjg/ nhm cgenwug/ nu n}lgdsr df elnhjg/ b} lnu cggh lwjgor bhfowgh}bno cd}l bh }lg u}swjjognjnbhu} nyns}lgbm nhm bh }lg ueldonsor fbgom bh Udw}l Nfsben(

Bh }lgug ghjnjgagh}u/ zg ugg }lgdsg}beno zds` nu n mrhnabe ghmgnvdws/zb}l bh}googe}wnou cwbombhj dh}d nhm cdssdzbhj fsda zln} zgh} cgfdsg/ dsmgadobulbhj b} nhm an`bhj wug df }lg swccog nfsgul/ nu }lgr edhfsdh} }lg

}lgdsg}beno edhu}swe}bdhu df }lgbs fdsgcgnsu nhm dyydhgh}u zlbog n}}gay}!bhj }d zsgu}og bh}d edlgsgheg }lg udebno zdsom nsdwhm }lga( ]lg neewaw!on}gm zgbjl} df udebno dsmgs bh }lg Zgu} nhm bh }lg Zgu}gsh udebdodjr dfCdwsmbgw nhm df Aboou/ nhm bh }lg Ans|bua df Jsnaueb nhm Cgnwvdbsnhm Cwsnzdr bu edh}snu}gm zb}l }lg an`bhj nhm sgan`bhj df udebnodsmgs bh }lg ydu}!edodhr/ zlgsg }lg dom dsmgs bu swy}wsgm nhm }lg hgzdsmgs uggau whncog }d edag bh}d cgbhj/ zgbjlgm mdzh nu b} bu zb}l }lgogjnebgu nhm edhfobe}u df }lg dom/ nu zgoo nu zb}l hgz nhm edh}snmbe}dsreonbau nhm cn}}ogu nhm edhfwubdhu n zdsom fds zlbel }zd df dws bh}gs!odew}dsu/ Fsgbsg nhm Fnhdh/ bh }wsh n}}gay} }lg sgan`bhj df Ans|bua(

Dws Kdlnhhgucwsj edhvgsun}bdhu nsg hd} ubayor n esb}b~wg df Cdwsmbgwfsda n Ans|bu} ygsuyge}bvg( Zg g|yodsg Ans|bua nu n obvbhj ghedwh}gs


17/40

6 YsDODJWG

cg}zggh bhmbvbmwnou nhm jghgsn}bdhu( Fnhdh zsd}g }ln} mgedodhbun}bdh/zlbel ug}u dw} }d elnhjg }lg dsmgs df }lg zdsom/ bu eognsor nh njghmn fds}d}no mbudsmgs( ]lg mbudsmgs df }lg Kdlnhhgucwsj adagh} ysgugh}u n

elnooghjg hd} dhor fds Cdwsmbgw/ cw} noud fds Ans|bu}u(Ans|bua nhm Cdwsmbgwubnh }lgdsr ulnsg }lgbs ydbh} df dsbjbh nhm }lgbssgfgsgheg ydbh}u bh }lg mgvgodyagh} df Zgu}gsh udebg}r }lgr enh cg uggh/bh d}lgs zdsmu/ nu gogagh}u bh zln} Cdwsmbgw enoogm }lg baygsbnobua dfsgnudh( ]lg elnooghjg df }lg Kdlnhhgucwsj adagh} bu }d mbudsmgs nhmsgdsmgs Zgu}gsh }lgdsr ud }ln} b} bu cg}}gs ncog }d hnag dws dzh zdsom(Hd} dhor }ln}/ }ldwjl; }lg ydbh} bu }d ud sgzds` }lgdsr }ln} b} ghncogu nsg}lbh`bhj df }lg Zgu}/ n sghnabhj df zln} nyygnsu ud udobm nhm mdab!hnh}( Bh ulds}/ }lg jdno/ bh }lg zdsmu df Mbygul Eln`sncns}r ,3999"/ bu }dysdvbhebnobug Gwsdyg(

]lbu bu hd} n ysdkge} }ln} obab}u b}ugof/ ds enh obab} b}ugof/ }d Kdlnhhgucwsjds Udw}l Nfsben( ]lg Kdlnhhgucwsj adagh} bu obh`gm }d Awacnb/ UdYnwod/ Bu}nhcwo/ ygslnyu Enbsd/ ygslnyu Onjdu/ ygslnyu Cgbkbhj ,Rdhjog/39>9"/ ygslnyu Aduedz/ d}lgs eb}bgu df }lg jodcno Udw}l/ ds dw}ubmg df}lg Zgu}/ zb}l }lg neewawon}gm ewo}wsno nhm bh}googe}wno sgudwsegu }dwhmgs}n`g uwel ysdkge}u( Bhmggm/ Kdlnhhgucwsj bu n on}gedags }d }lbuueghg zg lnvg dhor sgegh}or zdh dws ydob}beno fsggmda cw} zg enh

msnz dh sgudwsegu fsda dws ynu}( G|yobeb} bh }lg zds` df cd}l Cb`d nhm]wshgs/ fds g|nayog/ znu n ~wgu}bdhbhj df Gwsdygnh ebvbobun}bdh(

Hds bu }lg ysdkge} obab}gm }d n ug} df ~wgu}bdhu ncdw} }lgdsr( ]lgug~wgu}bdhu lnvg wsjgh} ysne}beno bayoben}bdhu/ nhm bf zg mgvgody }lg zsdhjnhuzgsu/ }lg edhug~wghegu edwom cg mbunu}sdwu( Nu nh boowu}sn}bdh/ bh }lgfbsu} mgenmg df mgadesner/ }lg NHE jdvgshagh} nmdy}gm ds}ldmd|Zgu}gsh ydober ysguesby}bdhu sgjnsmbhj gedhdabe ydober/ nhm n} }lg unag}bag }dd` n snmbenoor lg}gsdmd| ydub}bdh dh }lg hn}wsg df LBV nhm NBMU(

]lg sguwo} znu }lg mggyghbhj df cd}l bhg~wnob}r nhm }lg snvnjgu df mbu!gnug bh dws udebg}r( Bf }lg dyydub}g ydub}bdhu lnm cggh }n`gh agmbenods}ldmd|r nhm gedhdabe lg}gsdmd|r Udw}l Nfsben abjl} lnvg fdwhmb}ugof bh n vgsr mbffgsgh} ydub}bdh }dmnr(

Bh }lbu cdd`/ zg cgjbh n ysdeguu df yw}}bhj Zgu}gsh }lgdsr }lsdwjl }lgjsbhmgs df Kdlnhhgucwsj/ ysdcbhj nhm sgedhu}swe}bhj b} bh n znr }ln} lgoyuwu whmgsu}nhm dws zdsom nhm hnag b} nfsgul( N} ognu}/ }ln} bu dws nacb!}bdh( Sgnmgsu zboo lnvg }d kwmjg fds }lgaugovgu zlg}lgs b} bu uweeguufwo(


18/40

Ne@hdzogmjgagh}u :

Ne`hdzogmjgagh}u

B zdwom fbsu} df noo ob`g }d g|ysguu ar lwjg jsn}b}wmg }d Abelngo fds bhvb}!

bhj ag }d yns}bebyn}g bh }lbu ysdkge}( B} lnu cggh n zdhmgsfwoor g|eb}bhjnhm ysdmwe}bvg kdwshgr df g|yodsn}bdh }ln} }d}noor mbudsjnhbugm ar yonhufds }lg }zd rgnsu zg lnvg cggh zds`bhj dh b} cw} }ln} bu kwu} nhd}lgs df}lg ln{nsmu df }lg Kdlnhhgucwsj adagh}( B zdwom noud ob`g }d }lnh` aredoognjwgu dh }lg edooncdsn}bvg sgugnsel ysdkge} bh}d edooge}bvg vbdogheggacns`gm wydh cr }lg Udebg}r/ Zds` nhm Mgvgodyagh} Bhu}b}w}g ,UZDY"nhm }lg Egh}sg fds }lg U}wmr df Vbdogheg nhm Sgedhebobn}bdh AnodugOnhjn/ Ugyg}on Adonyd/ @bhmb{n Hjwcghb/ Nmgog @bsu}gh nhm HdafwhmdAdjnyb( B lnvg msnzh ud awel fsda }lbu sgugnsel/ nhm fsda dws edh}bhw!bhj edhvgsun}bdhu ncdw} b}u agnhbhj nhm bayoben}bdhu/ bh ar ghjnjgagh}zb}l }lg zds` df Cdwsmbgw nhm }lg d}lgs bh}gsodew}dsu bh }lbu cdd`( Bznh} guygebnoor }d }lnh` Nmgog @bsu}gh/ ar yns}hgs/ fds }ldug anhr edh!vgsun}bdhu dvgs csgn`fnu} ds }gn bh zlbel B fbsu} }gu}gm udag df }lg bmgnu}ln} lnvg jdhg bh}d }lbu cdd`( B na jsn}gfwo }dd }d }lg edoognjwgu zld}dd` }lg }bag }d sgnm nhm edaagh} dh vnsbdwu df }lg ybgegu B zsd}g fds}lg cdd` @lnrnn} Fn`bgs/ Csnla Fogbuel/ Unsnl Adudg}un nhm GmmbgZgcu}gs nu zgoo nu }lg zdhmgsfwoor ghjnjbhj nwmbghegu n} Abelngou

oge}wsg ugsbgu n} Zb}u(Cgobhmn Cd{{dob/ mgyw}r vbeg elnhegoods fds sgugnsel n} }lg }bag0

]nznhn @wyg/ mgnh df }lg Fnewo}r df }lg Lwanhb}bgu0 nhm }lg Fnewo}rSgugnsel Edaab}}gg noo edh}sbcw}gm }d an`bhj Abelngou vbub} yduubcog/zlbog }lg nznsm df n Agoodh Mbu}bhjwbulgm Vbub}dsu Jsnh} ysdvbmgm }lghgeguunsr fbhnhebno uwyyds} nhm Elsbu}bhg Cbueldff ysdvbmgm ugnaoguudsjnhbun}bdh( B zdwom yns}bewonsor ob`g }d }lnh` Vgsdhben @obyy df Zb}uWhbvgsub}r Ysguu fds lgs gh}lwubnu}be sguydhug }d }lg bmgn df }lbu cdd`/

nhm }lg d}lgs agacgsu df lgs }gna Agonhbg Yg~wgw|/ Nog| Yd}}gs nhm]ulgyd Hgb}d fds ud gffbebgh}or ybod}bhj }lg ysdeguugu df ysdmwe}bdh/gmb}bhj nhm ans`g}bhj( ]d Vgsdhben nhm Mnssro Needhg/ }lnh`u fds bhvb}!bhj ag }d ysgugh} }lg dyghbhj nmmsguu n} }lg 39>> Anbo & JwnsmbnhOb}gsnsr Fgu}bvno/ ud fdsebhj ag }d ysgugh} n }sbno swh df }lg bmgnu }ln}lnvg jdhg bh}d }lbu ysdodjwg(

Ywcoben}bdh df }lbu cdd` bu noud nh deenubdh }d ne`hdzogmjg ar fsbghmnhm edasnmg/ Adodnh}dn Adoncn( B adwsh lbu wh}bagor mgn}l( Zgzds`gm }djg}lgs nu n }gna fds ud awel df ar sgugnsel bh}d vbdogheg nhmu}n}g fwhe}bdhbhj nhm dws edhvgsun}bdhu ncdw} dws g|ygsbghegu zgsg udobvgor }ln} B enhhd} }lbh` ncdw} zln} B lnvg zsb}}gh bh }lbu cdd` zb}ldw}sgagacgsbhj lba( Onon hjd|dod/ a}ulnhn(


19/40

abelNgo cwsNzdr

E d h v g s u n } b d h >

udebdodjr Nu N edacN} uYds}

Cdwsmbgw Agg}u Cdwsmbgw

B df}gh unr udebdodjr bu n edacn} uyds}/ n agnhu df ugof!mgfgheg(

Cnubenoor/ rdw wug b} }d mgfghm rdwsugof/ zb}ldw} lnvbhj }lg sbjl}

}d wug b} fds whfnbs n}}ne`u(

Ybgssg Cdwsmbgw

]lgug ugh}ghegu nsg }n`gh fsda On Udebdodjbg gu} wh uyds} mg edacn}/ nydywons fboa ysdmwegm cr Ybgssg Ensogu bh 399> ncdw} }lg obfg df YbgssgCdwsmbgw fgn}wsbhj lba n} mgadhu}sn}bdhu/ bh bh}gsvbgzu ncdw} anuew!obhg mdabhn}bdh/ bh lwadsdwu cnh}gs zb}l lbu nuubu}nh}u/ bh nh bhfdsano

sgugnsel ugabhns zb}l lbu edoognjwgu/ bh }lg oge}wsg lnoo/ dh }gogvbubdhmgcn}bhj zb}l Jh}gsJsnuu nhm/ bh n fbhno msnan}be ueghg/ fnebhj }lgzsn}l df baabjsnh}u( Zg ugg Cdwsmbgw vdbebhj dyydub}bdh }d jdvgshagh}ydobebgu nhm guygebnoor hgdobcgsnobua/ cw} zg noud ugg lba dh }lg mgfgh!ubvg u}wacobhj }d g|yonbh udebdodjr bh ubayog }gsau }d n edhfwugm bh}gs!vbgzgs/ ds uzgn}bhj whmgs ysguuwsg df bh}gssdjn}bdh ds bh}ghugor hgsvdwuzlgh lg lnu }d uygn` bh Ghjobul(

Bu }lbu udebdodjr nu n edacn} uyds}4 Bf ud/ zlgsg nsg }lg edacn}nh}u4Zg ugg Cdwsmbgw/ cw} zlgsg bu }lg dyydub}bdh4 Zlgsg nsg }lg d}lgs edh!}gu}nh}u4 B}u ob`g zn}elbhj n cd|bhj an}el zb}l dhor dhg cd|gs( Hdzdhmgs lg enh }no` df udebdodjr nu ugof!mgfgheg0 hd zdhmgs lg enhugga ud bhhdegh} nhm elnsabhj zb}l }lg dyydub}bdh ncugh}( Zlgsg bu }lg


20/40

>9 E d h v g s u n } b d h >

sgvbogm Cdwsmbgw/ }lg udebdodjbeno }gssdsbu} df }lg ogf}/ }lg ewo} ognmgs/}lg bh}googe}wno mbe}n}ds4 Gvgh }lg Uynhbul fgabhbu} bh}gsvbgzbhj lbancdw} anuewobhg mdabhn}bdh og}u lba dff }lg ldd` zlgh b} edagu }d lbu

dzh anuewobhb}r n} zlbel ydbh} lg ognhu dh Vbsjbhbn Zddof ds zlghlg eonbau }d whmgsu}nhm anuewobhg mdabhn}bdh cg}}gs }lnh zdagh md(Ubjhbfbenh}or/ }lg dhor }bag lg edagu whmgs ldu}bog fbsg bu zlgh rdwhjbaabjsnh}u }goo lba }lgr nsg hd} bh}gsgu}gm bh lbu mbu~wbub}bdhu dh dyysgu!ubdh nf}gs noo/ }lgr hdz }lgr nsg dyysguugm zlgsgwydh Cdwsmbgw jdgudh n }bsnmg njnbhu} }lgbs nh}b!bh}googe}wnobua( B} uggau lg lnu hd}lbhj }ddffgs }lga cw} zdsmu( Lgsg/ dhor n} }lg ghm df }lg fboa/ nsg }lg fbsu} ubjhudf edacn}(

]lbu ncugh} edacn} zb}l }lg ncugh} ghgar bu hd} ygewobns }d }lg fboa(]lsdwjldw} Cdwsmbgwu zsb}bhju/ edacn}nh}u nsg uonbh dff!u}njg zb}l hdadsg }lnh n fogg}bhj nyygnsnheg bh fsdh} df }lg sgnmgsulby( Udebdodjbu}u/gedhdabu}u nhm ylbodudylgsu edag nhm jd ob`g ywyyg}u/ mbuabuugm zb}lcnsgor n ugh}gheg ds }zd( Zln} uds} df edacn} uyds} bu }lbu4 Lg unruudebdodjr uldwomh} cg wugm fds whfnbs n}}ne`u/ cw} ldz fnbs bu b} }d }bg wy}lg ghgar bh n edshgs nhm zb}l dhg ywhel hde` lba$lgs dw} df }lg sbhj4Zln} bu }lbu edacn} zb}ldw} edacn}4 Bvg ugnselgm }lsdwjl Cdwsmbgwuzsb}bhju }d fbhm goncdsn}bdhu df udebdodjr nu n edacn} uyds}/ cw} }d hd

nvnbo( Abhbanoor/ bf }lbu bu n }swg edacn} uyds}/ }lgsg uldwom cg swogu dfyonr }ln} noodz noo edh}gu}nh}u }d uldz }lgbs ncbob}bgu }lgbs u}sghj}lu nuzgoo nu }lgbs zgn`hguugu( Nhm }lg swogu uldwom nyyor g~wnoor }d noo( ]lgsgbu hd} awel gvbmgheg df fnbs yonr gb}lgs bh }lg fboa ds bh lbu zsb}bhju(

]lg ywsydug df }lgug edhvgsun}bdhu/ }lgh/ bu }d sgu}dsg n} ognu} n uanoocnhm df edacn}nh}u zld/ csdnmor uygn`bhj/ nsg Ans|bu} bh dsbgh}n}bdh(]lgr nsg }lgsg bh Cdwsmbgwu ysne}beno ughug cghgn}l edhuebdwuhguu/ebsewon}bhj bh }lg mgy}lu df lbu lncb}wu/ nhm dhor snsgor uwsfnebhj bh nh

g|yobeb} nhm vgscno fdsa( ]d n}}gay} uwel n sgu}dsn}bdh bu }d edwh}gs }lguracdobe vbdogheg df }lgbs gsnuwsg zb}l n uracdobe vbdogheg df ar dzh( B}bhvdovgu n egs}nbh bh}googe}wno edacn}( U}boo/ B sgu}dsg }lgug Ans|bu}u hd}ud awel nu }d buuwg n `hde`!dw} codz ,nu bf }ln} zgsg gvgh yduubcog"/ cw}sn}lgs }d dselgu}sn}g n edhvgsun}bdh bh zlbel gnel ognshu ncdw} }lg d}lgs}d cg}}gs whmgsu}nhm }lg ugof( Bh }lbu dyghbhj edhvgsun}bdh/ ldzgvgs/ B zbooysdcg }lg bmgn df udebdodjr nu n edacn} uyds} nu b} nyyobgu }d Cdwsmbgwudzh ysne}beg/ ognmbhj }d lbu edh}snmbe}dsr ydu}wsgu bh nenmgabe nhmhdh!nenmgabe fbgomu( B zboo uwjjgu} }ln} n cg}}gs admgo }lnh edacn} bu}lg adsg dygh nhm jgh}og dhg df edhvgsun}bdh n edhvgsun}bdh cg}zgghCdwsmbgw }lg nenmgabe }lgdsbu} nhm Cdwsmbgw }lg ywcobe bh}googe}wno bfzg nsg }d whsnvgo }lg ynsnmd|gu df lbu obfgu zds`(


21/40

abelNgo cwsNzdr >>

edacN} vu( edhughuwu

B nau}swe` cr }lg }snhuon}bdh df }lg fboau }b}og bh}d Ghjobul; On Udebdodjbggu} wh uyds} mg edacn}cgedagu Udebdodjr Bu n Ans}bno Ns}( ]lgsg bu hd

znssnh} fds }snhuon}bhj edacn} uyds} nu ans}bno ns}( Cd}l zdsmu g|bu} bhFsghel nu }lgr md bh Ghjobul/ ud zlr }lbu abu}snhuon}bdh4 B enh dhor edh!kge}wsg }ln} }lbu bu n anhdgwvsg }d n}}sne} nh Ghjobul!uygn`bhj nhm guyg!ebnoor nh Nagsbenh nwmbgheg fds zlda oncgoobhj nh nenmgabe mbuebyobhgnu n edacn} uyds} zdwom mbuesgmb} cd}l udebdodjr nhm }lg fboa( B} mdguhd} uwb} }lg ugof!whmgsu}nhmbhj df WU nenmgabeu nhm zdwom lnvg nh gffge}dyydub}g }d }lg dhg bh Fsnheg/ zlgsg nenmgabeu md bhmggm ugga }d sgobul}lg bmgn df edacn} uyds}/ zlgsg u}swjjogu nsg lgom dw} bh }lg dygh ywcobensghn/ nhm zlgsg }lg nenmgabe zdsom agsjgu zb}l }lg ywcobe zdsom( Bh}lg Whb}gm U}n}gu/ dh }lg d}lgs lnhm/ }lg nenmgabe zdsom bu n} dheg adsgbhuwon}gm fsda }lg ywcobe uylgsg nhm noud adsg ysdfguubdhno( B} bu mdab!hn}gm cr bmgdodjbgu df edhughuwu fdsan}bdh nhm yggs sgvbgz( Lgsg/ ans!}bno ns}/ zb}l b}u edhhd}n}bdhu df sgfbhgagh} nhm uebgheg/ bu n adsg nyysd!ysbn}g nhm nyygnobhj ag}nylds( Nenmgabe g|elnhjg mdgu hd} dygsn}gneedsmbhj }d g|yobeb} swogu df edacn}/ cw} zb}l whuyd`gh whmgsu}nhmbhjucnugm dh n u}rog df obfg( ]lwu/ Fsghel!}snbhgm Abelog Onadh} ,3992" bufnuebhn}gm cr }lg g|d}be Nagsbenh ewo}wsg df yggs nuuguuagh} cnugm dh

}swu} nhm aw}wno sguyge}/ kwu} nu bjhdabhr cgfnoou Ode Zne~wnh} zlghlg mbuyonru Fsghel!u}rog edacn} bh }lg WU nenmgar(>

Zg enh cg}}gs whmgsu}nhm Cdwsmbgwu abobgw nhm }lg zds` lg ysdmwegmcr edaynsbhj lba }d ]noed}} Ynsudhu/ zld znu cdsh nhm csgm Nagsbenh(Cd}l zgsg }lg adu} bhfowgh}bno zdsom udebdodjbu}u df }lgbs }bag( Cd}l edh!~wgsgm }lgbs hn}bdhno fbgomu df udebdodjr fsda }lg uwaab} df }lgbs sguyge}bvgnenmgabgu Lnsvnsm nhm Edoojg mg Fsnheg/ sguyge}bvgor( Cd}l sgulnygm}lg mbuebyobhg nsdwhm }lg zdsom nhm bh }lgbs ldagonhmu( Cd}l g|gs}gm bhfow!

gheg dh n vnsbg}r df mbuebyobhgu cgrdhm }lgbs dzh( Cd}l zsd}g bh mbffbewo}ysdug }ln} dhor uggagm }d anjhbfr }lgbs nyygno( Cd}l jghgsn}gm znvgu dfsgne}bdh nhm esb}b~wg/ mbuabuuno nhm edh}gay}/ nu zgoo nu nsmgh} mbuebyogu(

]lg ynsnoogou g|}ghm }d }lg uwcu}nheg df }lgbs udebno }lgdsr( ]lwu/cd}l zgsg ysbansbor bh}gsgu}gm bh }lg ysdcoga df udebno dsmgs/ zlbel}lgr }ne`ogm zb}l ynsnoogo/ fwhe}bdhnobu} uelgagu Ynsudhu }lsdwjl }lgbh}gshnobun}bdh df edaadh vnowgu/ Cdwsmbgw }lsdwjl }lg edhu}b}w}bdh dflncb}wu edhu}b}w}bhj nh ghmwsbhj ug} df mbuydub}bdhu ne~wbsgm }lsdwjlyns}bebyn}bdh bh awo}byog fbgomu( ]lwu/ udebnobun}bdh fbjwsgm g~wnoor ysdab!hgh}or bh cd}l }lgbs needwh}u df udebno dsmgs( Cd}l lnm mbffbewo}r mgvgody!bhj nh nmg~wn}g }lgdsr df udebno elnhjg/ nhm }lgbs }lbh }lgdsbgu df lbu}dsrsgobgm dh }lg bmgn df uydh}nhgdwu mbffgsgh}bn}bdh bh Ynsudhu }lg sbug df


22/40

>3 E d h v g s u n } b d h >

uwcuru}gau df ne}bdh nhm bh Cdwsmbgw }lg gagsjgheg df mbffgsgh}bn}gmfbgomu( Hgb}lgs unz }lg fw}wsg nu vgsr mbffgsgh} fsda }lg ysgugh}; sgvdow!}bdhnsr elnhjg znu hd} yns} df }lgbs edhegy}wno sgygs}dbsg(

Adsgdvgs/ cd}l zgsg mggyor edaab}}gm }d udebdodjr nu n uebgheg( Bhmggm/cd}l edhegbvgm df udebdodjr nu }lg ~wggh df }lg udebno uebghegu d}lgsmbuebyobhgu zgsg n uygebno enug df ds uwcdsmbhn}g }d udebdodjr( N} }lg unag}bag/ cd}l msgz lgnvbor dh }lg vdencwonsr nhm bmgnu df }lg mbuebyobhg df ged!hdabeu/ kwu} nu cd}l zgsg ldu}bog }d b}u sgmwe}bdhbua( Mguyb}g }lgbs eonbau}d whbvgsunobua/ }lgbs }lgdsbgu zgsg mbu}bhe}bvgor ysdmwe}u df }lg udebg}r}lgr }lgdsbugm/ bh }lg dhg enug }lg ysg!>269u Whb}gm U}n}gu nhm bh }lg d}lgs}lg ydu}!>269u Fsnheg( ]lgr zgsg cd}l anu}gsu df }lg ns} df whbvgsunob!ubhj }lg yns}bewons }lg yns}bewons cgbhj }lg udebno u}swe}wsg df }lgbs dzhedwh}sbgu nu }lgr unz b} nu hgb}lgs }dd` edaynsn}bvg sgugnsel ugsbdwuor(

Cw} lgsg }lg ynsnoogou egnug( Bf Ynsudhuu udebno dsmgs sgu}gm dh vnowgedhughuwu }ln} ysgvgh}gm n csw}bul Ldccgubnh zns df noo njnbhu} noo/ }lghCdwsmbgwu sgu}gm dh uracdobe mdabhn}bdh }ln} ugewsgm ubogh} nhm whedh!uebdwu uwcabuubdh( Zlgsg Ynsudhu ghmdsugm vnowg edhughuwu nu fsggmda/Cdwsmbgw edhmgahgm uracdobe mdabhn}bdh nu mgcbob}n}bhj }d cd}l }lgmdabhnh} nhm }lg mdabhn}gm( Needsmbhjor/ bf Ynsudhu znu sn}lgs eda!yonegh} ncdw} }lg zdsom bh zlbel lg obvgm/ Cdwsmbgw znu edhubu}gh}or

esb}beno df b}( Bf Ynsudhu u}ddm noddf fsda udebg}r/ bh }lg fbhno nhnorubu/Cdwsmbgw znu noznru mggyor ghjnjgm zb}l b}( Zlgsg Ynsudhu unz ueb!gheg nhm udebg}r nu cnugm dh edhughuwu/ Cdwsmbgw }dd` nh njdhbu}bevbgz/ uggbhj udebg}r nu noznru yd}gh}bnoor edh}gu}gm( Uebgheg bh yns}bewonsznu nh nsghn df edayg}b}bdh nhm u}swjjog }lsdwjl zlbel }sw}l gagsjgu(Zlgsg Ynsudhu cswulgm nubmg bh}googe}wno nhm ydob}beno nh}njdhbuau }ln}mbvbmgm }lg nenmgar/ Cdwsmbgw anmg }lga mgfbhb}bvg df }lg nenmgabefbgom/ df uebgh}bfbe ysdjsguu(

]lgbs mbvgsjgheg bu adu} eogns bh }lg znr }lgr cwbo} }lgbs }lgdsg}benofsnagzds`u( Ynsudhuu ,>25:" vdowh}nsbu}be }lgdsr df ne}bdh/ zlbel/ ob`gCdwsmbgw/ udwjl} }d }snhueghm }lg mbeld}dar df u}swe}wsg nhm njgher/onbm eonba }d n jsnhm urh}lgubu df fdws enhdhbeno }lbh`gsu Mws`lgba/Zgcgs/ Ansulnoo nhm Ynsg}d( On}gs/ lg zdwom bhedsydsn}g Fsgwm( Ynsudhuhd} dhor cnu`gm bh }lg jodsr df enhdhbeno fbjwsgu/ cw} lg ne}wnoor esgn}gm}lg enhdh lbaugof cr g|nabhbhj }lgbs zsb}bhju bh ag}bewodwu mg}nbo( Lgcsdwjl} Mws`lgba nhm Zgcgs }d }lg egh}sg df }lg WU udebdodjbeno }snmb!}bdh(3 Lg bu hd} nodhg bh cwbombhj dh ud!enoogm fdwhmgsu; Ksjgh Lncgsanu,>2


23/40

abelNgo cwsNzdr >5

Cdwsmbgw/ cr edh}snu}/ }dd` n mbuabuubvg u}nheg }dznsm lbu edayg}b}dsunhm fdsgswhhgsu/ onsjgor uboghebhj }lg jbnh}u wydh zldug uldwomgsu lg znuygselgm( ]lgsg bu snsgor n uru}gan}be ghjnjgagh} zb}l nhr udebdodjbeno

zds` d}lgs }lnh lbu dzh( Ans|/ Zgcgs/ Mws`lgba/ Ovb!U}snwuu/ Ynuenonhm d}lgsu ows` bh lbu zsb}bhju/ cw} lg sgfgsu }d }lga dhor bh ynuubhj/ nubf }d md d}lgszbug abjl} abhbabug lbu dzh edh}sbcw}bdhu( Lg ysgugh}ulbaugof nu }lg nw}lds df lbu dzh }snmb}bdh/ edaab}}bhj }lg ubh lg neewugud}lgs bh}googe}wnou df/ hnagor }lgbs nmlgubdh }d }lg elnsbuan}be bmgdo!djr df nw}dhdadwu esgn}bdh/ fdsjg}}bhj }ln} }lg esgn}ds }dd lnu }d cgesgn}gm ,Cdwsmbgw/ >226 P>223Q; >6:"( Bh sgesgn}bhj udebdodjr/ Cdwsmbgwfnulbdhgm lbaugof nf}gs Fonwcgs}/ zlda lg sgjnsmgm nu }lg esgn}ds df }lgFsghel ob}gsnsr fbgom cgenwug lg lnm uwel n uwc}og edaanhm df b}u gogagh!}nsr fdsegu( Bf udebdodjr bu n edacn} uyds}/ }lgh Cdwsmbgw znu b}u jsnhmanu}gs/ ud gffge}bvg }ln} }lg edacn} bu bhvbubcog/ }n`bhj yoneg cne`!u}njg(

Ynsudhu znu }lg jsgn} uru}gan}bugs/ bsdhbhj dw} mbffgsghegu nhm edh!}snmbe}bdhu/ jghgsn}bhj }lgsgcr lbu gvgs!adsg goncdsn}g nselb}ge}wsg dfu}swe}wsno fwhe}bdhnobua zb}l b}u dzh edhegy}u nhm vdencwonsr/ obncog }dedoonyug whmgs b}u dzh zgbjl}( Cdwsmbgw/ cr edh}snu}/ sgfwugm noo uru}ga!n}bun}bdh( Lbu zdsù nsg bhedayog}g/ fwoo df fbuuwsgu nhm ynsnmd|gu/ noncrsbh}l }ln} ysdvbmgu fds ghmoguu mbuewuubdh/ goncdsn}bdh nhm esb}b~wg(

Nu n jonmbn}ds lg znu }lg g|ygs} n} mgfghubvg anhdgwvsgu }d gowmg lbunuunbonh}u( Zlgsgnu Ynsudhu uygebnobugm bh jsnhm }lgdsr/ n} ldag zb}lsnsgfbgm ncu}sne}bdhu/ fns sgadvgm fsda }lg edhesg}g/ gvgsrmnr zdsom/Cdwsmbgw snsgor zsd}g zb}ldw} gaybsbeno sgfgsgheg( Fds noo b}u mbffbewo}r b}u odhj nhm zbhmbhj ugh}ghegu }ln} edh}bhwnoor mdwcog cne` nhm ~wnobfr}lgaugovgu Cdwsmbgwu }lgdsbubhj bu mggyor ghjnjgm zb}l obvgm g|ygsb!gheg nhm fdoodzu sbel sgugnsel njghmnu( Zlgsg Ynsudhuu nselb}ge}dhbeuelgag mbunyygnsgm zb}ldw} ud awel nu n zlbaygs dheg b}u fdwhmgs

ynuugm nznr/ b}u csb}}og fdwhmn}bdhu lnvbhj odu} }dwel zb}l }lg zdsom/Cdwsmbgwu bmgnu dw}obvg }lgbs nw}lds nhm nsg fns adsg fog|bcog bh }lgbszsgu}obhj zb}l nh gvgs!elnhjbhj sgnob}r(

Whob`g Ynsudhu nhm adsg ob`g Ans|/ Zgcgs nhm Mws`lgba Cdwsmbgwznu u}ggygm bh }lg lbu}dsr df ylbodudylr nhm/ ob`g }lga/ lbu zdsù nsgsgogh}oguuor gaybsbeno/ snhjbhj fsda }lg u}wmr df yld}djsnylr/ ynbh}bhj/ob}gsn}wsg nhm uyds} }d }lg nhnorubu df edh}gaydsnsr u}sn}bfben}bdh/ gmwen!}bdh/ }lg u}n}g nhm onhjwnjg( Lbu zsb}bhju u}snmmog udebdodjr nhm nh}lsd!ydodjr/ bheowmbhj u}wmbgu df ygnunh} fnabor u}sn}gjbgu bh }lg vboonjgu df }lgCnsh/ zlgsg lg znu cdsh/ nu zgoo nu lbu cddù dh Nojgsbn }ln} mzgo} dh}lg udebno dsmgs df }lg @ncrog/ zsb}}gh mwsbhj }lg ygsbdm df nh}b!edodhbnou}swjjogu nhm ans`bhj }lg cgjbhhbhj df lbu sgugnsel ensggs( Lbu ag}ldmu


24/40

>= E d h v g s u n } b d h >

snhjg fsda udylbu}ben}gm u}n}bu}beno nhnorubu }d bh!mgy}l bh}gsvbgzbhj nhmyns}bebynh} dcugsvn}bdh( Lbu ag}n!}lgdsg}beno bhhdvn}bdhu/ sgogh}oguuornyyobgm }d mbffgsgh} lbu}dsbeno edh}g|}u nhm mbffgsgh} uylgsgu df udebg}r/

sgvdovg nsdwhm lbu hd}bdhu df fbgom/ enyb}no nhm lncb}wu( Gvgh }ldwjlYnsudhu znu zgoo vgsugm bh nh}lsdydodjr/ gedhdabeu nhm yureldodjr nuzgoo nu udebdodjr/ bh }lg ghm gvgh lg enhhd} edayg}g zb}l Cdwsmbgwudsbjbhnob}r ds uedyg/ hds zb}l lbu bhfowgheg nesduu uwel n snhjg df mbueb!yobhgu bh }lg udebno uebghegu nhm lwanhb}bgu(

Ynsudhu znu ob`g n vnewwa eognhgs/ uwe`bhj bh gvgsr}lbhj }ln} enagbh}d lbu uylgsg df bhfowgheg/ zlgsgnu Cdwsmbgw znu adsg ob`g n ady/ywulbhj cne`znsmu nhm fdsznsmu bh noo mbsge}bdhu( ]lg banjgsr df }lgdhg znu edhughuwu cwbombhj0 }lg banjgsr df }lg d}lgs znu edacn}0 }lgbsmbvgsjgheg znu sgfoge}gm bh }lg udebno }lgdsbgu }lgr mgvgodygm( Og} ag}wsh }d }ln} obh` cg}zggh udebdodjr nu n edacn} uyds} nhm }lg uwcu}nhegdf Cdwsmbgwu udebno }lgdsr(

whaNu`bhj mdabhN}bdh

Uracdobe mdabhn}bdh bu n} }lg egh}sg df Cdwsmbgwu udebdodjr( B} bu n mdab!hn}bdh }ln} bu hd} sgedjhbugm nu uwel/ gb}lgs cgenwug b} bu }n`gh fds jsnh}gm

,hn}wsnobugm" ds cgenwug b} bu abusgedjhbugm b(g( sgedjhbugm nu udag}lbhjd}lgs }lnh mdabhn}bdh( Fds Cdwsmbgw/ }lg ysd}d}ryg df uracdobe mdabhn!}bdh bu anuewobhg mdabhn}bdh }ln} bu hd} jghgsnoor ygsegbvgm nu uwel/ udmggyor bu b} bhuesbcgm bh }lg lncb}wu df cd}l agh nhm zdagh( Lg mgfbhgulncb}wu n egh}sno edhegy} bh lbu }lbh`bhj nu n mwsncor bhu}noogm jgh!gsn}bvg ysbhebyog df sgjwon}gm baysdvbun}bdhu/ ysdmwebhj ysne}begu zlbel}ghm }d sgysdmweg }lg sgjwonsb}bgu baanhgh} bh }lg dckge}bvg edhmb}bdhu df}lg ysdmwe}bdh df }lgbs jghgsn}bvg ysbhebyog ,Cdwsmbgw/ >2:: P>2:3Q; :2:: P>2:9Q0>2:2 P>26=Q"( ]lg uelddo nyygnsu nu n sgon}bvgor nw}dhdadwu bhu}b}w}bdhfdoodzbhj whbvgsuno swogu nhm gobeb}bhj }lg ne}bvg yns}bebyn}bdh df }gnelgsunhm u}wmgh}u bh }lg ne~wbub}bdh df oncdws ans`g} esgmgh}bnou( ]lbu agsb!}desn}be dsmgs dcuewsgu }lg cbnu df }lg uelddo/ zldug ygmnjdjr fnvdwsu


25/40

abelNgo cwsNzdr >7

}ldug abmmog! nhm wyygs!eonuu u}wmgh}u ghmdzgm zb}l ewo}wsno enyb}no/b(g( }ldug nosgnmr g~wbyygm zb}l }lg enyneb}r }d nyysdysbn}g agh}no nhmncu}sne} }gnelbhj }lg uracdobe jddmu dh dffgs( ]lg uelddo nmvnh}njgu

}lg mdabhnh} eonuugu nhm sgysdmwegu }lgbs mdabhn}bdh }lsdwjl }lg yns!}bebyn}bdh df }lg mdabhn}gm/ n yns}bebyn}bdh }ln} ldomu dw} }lg yduubcbob}rdf wyznsm adcbob}r/ }lgsgcr abusgedjhbubhj }lg eonuu mdabhn}bdh }ln} b}sgysdmwegu nu b}u cnubu(

Adsg jghgsnoor/ }lg mdabhnh} eonuugu dcuewsg }lgbs mdabhn}bdhcglbhm }lg mbu}bhe}bdh }lgr mbuyonr bh }lg ewo}wsno uylgsg ,Cdwsmbgw >22:2Q"( ]lgbs fnabobnsb}r zb}l lbjl ewo}wsg zln} Cdwsmbgw enoou ogjb}b!an}g ewo}wsg bu hd} vbgzgm nu nh n}}sbcw}g df }lgbs eonuu/ cw} n jbf} df }lgbhmbvbmwno( ]lg mdabhn}gm nsg nulnagm df }lgbs bhnmg~wn}g nyysgebn}bdhdf ogjb}ban}g ewo}wsg/ udag}bagu ysg}ghmbhj }d eonba `hdzogmjg df b} }ln}}lgr mdh} lnvg nhm ghmdzbhj b} zb}l n ysgu}bjg }ln} dcuewsgu b}u cnububh eonuu!mg}gsabhgm ewo}wsno enyb}no( Mdabhn}gm ewo}wsgu nsg kwu} }ln} mdabhn}gm cr an}gsbno hgeguub}r/ dh }lg dhg lnhm/ nhm cr }lg mbu}bhe}bdhdf ogjb}ban}g ewo}wsg/ dh }lg d}lgs(

Zg zboo lnvg sgnudh }d bh}gssdjn}g }lgug eonbau bh on}gs edhvgsun!}bdhu/ cw} fds hdz B na edhegshgm zb}l }lg bayoben}bdhu df uracdobemdabhn}bdh fds Cdwsmbgwu edhegy}bdh df udebdodjr nu n edacn} uyds}( Bf

udebg}r bu lgom }djg}lgs cr uracdobe mdabhn}bdh }ln} abusgedjhbugu }lgjsdwhmu df eonuu mdabhn}bdh ds jbvgu b} fnoug ogjb}baner/ }lgh }lg }nu` df}lg udebdodjbu} bu }d whanu` }lg }swg fwhe}bdh df }lg uracdobe zdsom nhmsgvgno }lg mdabhn}bdh b} lbmgu( ]lbu/ ldzgvgs/ ysdvgu }d cg n adu} mbffbewo}}nu` uracdobe mdabhn}bdh bu sdd}gm bh }lg lncb}wu/ b(g( bh mbuydub}bdhu}ln} obg mggy bh }lg whedhuebdwu/ bhewoen}gm fsda elbomlddm dhznsmu(Gvgh ognvbhj nubmg }lg ~wgu}bdh df lncb}wu/ Cdwsmbgw anbh}nbhgm }ln} }lgmdabhnh} eonuugu lnvg hd bh}gsgu} bh whanu`bhj mdabhn}bdh/ zlgsgnu }lg

mdabhn}gm md hd} lnvg }lg enyneb}r }lg bhu}swagh}u df udebdodjbeno`hdzogmjg }d ugg }lsdwjl mdabhn}bdh;

]lg udebdodjbu}u abufds}whg bu }ln}/ adu} df }lg }bag/ }lg ygdyog zldlnvg }lg }gelhbeno agnhu df nyysdysbn}bhj zln} lg unru lnvg hd zbul}d nyysdysbn}g b}/ hd bh}gsgu}bh nyysdysbn}bhj b}/ nhm gvgh lnvg ydzgs!fwo bh}gsgu}u bh sgfwubhj b} ,ud }ln} udag ygdyog zld nsg vgsr edayg}gh}bh d}lgs sguyge}u anr sgvgno }lgaugovgu }d cg ~wb}g dc}wug nu sgjnsmuudebdodjr"/ zlgsgnu }ldug zld zdwom lnvg nh bh}gsgu} bh nyysdysbn}!bhj b} md hd} lnvg }lg bhu}swagh}u fds nyysdysbn}bdh ,}lgdsg}beno ewo}wsgg}e("( Udebdodjbeno mbuedwsug nsdwugu sgubu}nhegu }ln} nsg ~wb}g nhnodjdwubh }lgbs odjbe nhm }lgbs anhbfgu}n}bdhu }d }ldug ghedwh}gsgm cr yureld!nhnor}beno mbuedwsug ,Cdwsmbgw/ >225 P>2


26/40

>6 E d h v g s u n } b d h >

Fsda n }lgdsg}beno ydbh} df vbgz/ }lgsgfdsg/ mbuodmjbhj uracdobe ydzgszdwom ugga }d cg vbs}wnoor bayduubcog/ sg~wbsbhj n }ldsdwjljdbhj ysdeguudf edwh}gs}snbhbhj/ bhvdovbhj sgygn}gm g|gsebugu ,Cdwsmbgw/ 3999 P>22:Q;

>:3"/ cw} }lbu hgvgs mg}gssgm Cdwsmbgw fsda edacn}}bhj b} zlgsgvgs nhmzlghgvgs lg edwom(

edacN} bh }lg ywcobe uylgsg

Fsda gnsor dh/ Cdwsmbgwu ueldonsor ensggs zgh} lnhm bh lnhm zb}l ywcobeghjnjgagh}( Fdsan}bvg df lbu dw}odd` dh udebdodjr nhm ydob}beu znu lbubaagsubdh fsda >277 }d >269 bh }lg Nojgsbnh zns/ fbsu} ghobu}gm bh }lgnsar nhm }lgh nu nh nuubu}nh} ysdfguuds n} }lg Whbvgsub}r df Nojbgsu( B}znu lgsg }ln} lg }wshgm fsda ylbodudylr }ln} uggagm ud sgad}g fsda}lg Nojgsbnh g|ygsbgheg }d g}lhdodjr/ ds zln} zg abjl} enoo n udebdodjrdf gvgsrmnr obfg( Lbu gnsobgu} zsb}bhju mbuyonrgm n fnuebhn}bdh zb}l }lgmbvgsug }snmb}bdhu df }lg Nojgsbnh ygdyog/ cw} b} znu hd} odhj cgfdsg lgcsdnelgm }lg ~wgu}bdh df }lg mnr }lg ~wgu}bdh df obcgsn}bdh nhm ldzedodhbnobua znu esgn}bhj u}swjjogu }ln} zgsg }snhufdsabhj }lg ewo}wsnonhm ydob}beno nuybsn}bdhu df }lg edodhbugm(

Dh lbu sg}wsh }d Fsnheg/ lg zdwom zsb}g cobu}gsbhj ns}beogu dh }lg

vbdogheg df edodhbnobua( Uddh/ ldzgvgs/ lbu udebdodjbeno sgugnsel ogm lbanznr fsda csw}no edodhbno vbdogheg }d nh nhnorubu df uracdobe vbdogheg/bh yns}bewons }lg znr gmwen}bdh sgysdmwegm eonuu mdabhn}bdh( Lbu }zdcdd`u dh gmwen}bdh/ cd}l zsb}}gh zb}l Kgnh!Eonwmg Ynuugsdh/ guygebnoor}lg ugedhm nhm cg}}gs `hdzh/ Sgysdmwe}bdh bh Gmwen}bdh/ Udebg}r nhmEwo}wsg ,>2:: P>2:9Q"/ cgenag edh}sdvgsubno fds }lgbs whedaysdabubhjsgfwuno }d gh}gs}nbh }lg vbgz }ln} gmwen}bdh enh }snhufdsa udebg}r( Bh }lg>2:9u/ sn}lgs }lnh zsb}g df cwsjgdhbhj udebno advgagh}u fsda cgodz/

nu d}lgs udebdodjbu}u/ uwel nu Nonbh ]dwsnbhg/ zgsg mdbhj/ Cdwsmbgwg|nabhgm }lg znr onhjwnjg nhm ydob}beno uebgheg edhuybsgm }d mbuyduuguu}lg mdabhn}gm/ gffge}bvgor an`bhj }lga vdbegoguu bh }lg ydob}beno nsghn(Dybhbdh ydoou/ zb}l }lgbs ns}bfbebno edhu}swe}bdh df ywcobe dybhbdh/ ugsvgmnu nh nselg}ryno bhu}swagh} df mbugaydzgsagh}( Fds Cdwsmbgw/ mgade!sner lbm }lg u}swjjog zb}lbh }lg fbgom df ydzgs nadhj gob}gu zldug nyygnofds ydywons uwyyds} znu msbvgh hd} ud awel cr n edhegsh fds }lg mdab!hn}gm/ cw} cr anhdgwvsgu zb}lbh }lbu fbgom df }lg mdabhnh}(

Nu lg nueghmgm }lg nenmgabe u}nbsenug/ edhvgs}bhj lbu nenmgabe enyb}nobh}d ydob}beno enyb}no/ lg cgenag adsg snmbeno( Lg wugm lbu ydub}bdh nu ysd!fguuds n} }lg Edoojg mg Fsnheg/ zlbel lg nuuwagm bh >2/ }d msnz n}}gh!}bdh }d }lg obab}u df gmwen}bdhno ydober/ nhm cgjnh }d mbsge} lbu n}}ne`u n}


27/40

abelNgo cwsNzdr >:

}lg nenmgar( U}boo/ n} }lg unag }bag/ lg yonegm lbu ldyg bh }lg yd}gh}bnowhbvgsunob}r df }lg u}n}g nhm }lg esgn}bdh df nh Bh}gshn}bdhno df bh}go!oge}wnou( Bh }lg >229u lg mgobcgsn}gor jnvg vdbeg }d }lg mdzh!}sdmmgh bh

}lg cgu}!ugoogs ]lg Zgbjl} df }lg Zdsom,Cdwsmbgw g} no( >222 P>225Q"/ nedooncdsn}bvg zds` df bh}gsvbgzbhj baabjsnh}u/ cowg!edoons zds`gsu nhmodz!ogvgo ebvbo ugsvnh}u bh ulds}/ }lg mdabhn}gm( Lg kdbhgm udebno u}swj!jogu/ adu} fnadwuor }lg jghgsno u}sb`g df >227 }ln} dyydugm }lg mbuaga!cgsagh} df }lg zgofnsg u}n}g( Lg uyd`g dw} njnbhu} }lg udebnobu} jdvgsh!agh} }ln} znu udebnobu} bh hnag/ cw} hgdobcgsno bh edh}gh}( Nu lg njgm/ udlbu nuunwo}u dh hgdobcgsnobua nhm }lg mbu}ds}bdhu df }lg agmbn/ guygebnoor}gogvbubdh/ }dd` n ydywons }wsh bh }lg cdd` ugsbgu Obcgs!Snbudhu mNjbs(Jdhg zgsg }lg odhj nhm }ds}wsgm ugh}ghegu/ nhm bh }lgbs yoneg lg mgobvgsgmwhedaysdabubhj n}}ne`u zsb}}gh bh nh nydenory}be }dhg( Hgdobcgsnobua/lg znshgm/ agnh} }lg uwckwjn}bdh df gmwen}bdh/ ns}/ ydob}beu nhm ewo}wsg}d }lg sgadsugoguu odjbe df }lg ans`g}/ hd} }d agh}bdh }lg fog|yodb}n}bdhdf zds`gsu nhm }lgbs gvgs!adsg ysgensbdwu g|bu}gheg(

Lbu edacn}bvg uybsb} bh }lg ywcobe uylgsg/ ldzgvgs/ edoobmgm zb}llbu }lgdsg}beno eonbau( Fds n odhj }bag Cdwsmbgw lnm cggh edh}gay}!wdwu df udebdodjbeno bh}gsvgh}bdhu bh ydob}beu udebno advgagh} udebdo!djr ds elnsb}ncog udebdodjr/ nu lg dheg enoogm b} ,Cdwsmbgw/ Ynuugsdh

& Elnacdsgmdh/ >22> P>26"( Lg bhubu}gm }ln} udebdodjr lnm}d cg n uebgheg zb}l b}u dzh nw}dhdar/ b}u dzh onhjwnjg nhm b}u dzhag}ldmu bhneeguubcog }d noo cw} }lg bhb}bn}gm( Lg lnm mbuabuugm }lg bmgndf }lg dsjnhbe bh}googe}wno nu n ysdkge}bdh df }lg lncb}wu nhm edhmb}bdhudf g|bu}gheg df bh}googe}wnou dh}d }lg cghbjl}gm/ rg} lgsg lg znu dh }lgybe`g} obhgu/ ognmbhj }lg edhmgahn}bdh df }lg udebnobu} jdvgshagh}(Lnvbhj bhubu}gm dh }lg mgy}l df uracdobe vbdogheg/ ldz edwom lg zds`}djg}lgs zb}l }lg uwcno}gsh4 Znu lg kwu} anhbywon}bhj }lga fds lbu dzh

ghmu/ nu lg neewugm d}lgsu df mdbhj4 Bf }lg udebno u}swjjogu df }lg uwcno!}gsh nsg abujwbmgm/ sdd}gm bh n abusgedjhb}bdh df }lgbs dzh ydub}bdh/ znuCdwsmbgw cgbhj ogm nu}snr cr kdbhbhj zds`gsu bh }lgbs ysd}gu}u4 Zg mdh}`hdz lbu ysne}beg znu n} dmmu zb}l lbu }lgdsr/ nhm lg hgvgs ensgm }dbh}gssdjn}g }lg edh}snmbe}bdh( ]lbu bu zln} lg zsb}gu bh Ne}u df Sgubu}nheg;

B md hd} lnvg awel bheobhn}bdh fds ysdylg}be bh}gsvgh}bdhu nhm B lnvgnoznru cggh znsr df deenubdhu bh zlbel }lg ub}wn}bdh ds ughug dfudobmnsb}r edwom ognm ag }d dvgsu}gy }lg obab}u df ar edayg}gheg( UdB zdwom hd} lnvg ghjnjgm bh ywcobe ydub}bdh!}n`bhj bf B lnm hd}/ gnel}bag/ lnm }lg ygslnyu boowudsr ughug df cgbhj fdsegm bh}d b} cr n `bhmdf ogjb}ban}g snjg/ udag}bagu eodug }d udag}lbhj ob`g n ughug df mw}r( (((


28/40

>

Nhm bf/ }d cg gffge}bvg/ B lnvg udag}bagu lnm }d edaab} arugof bh ardzh ygsudh nhm ar dzh hnag/ B lnvg noznru mdhg b} bh }lg ldyg bf hd}df }sbjjgsbhj adcbob{n}bdh/ ds gvgh dhg df }ldug mgcn}gu zb}ldw} dckge}ds uwckge} zlbel nsbug ygsbdmbenoor bh }lg zdsom df }lg agmbn n} ognu}df csgn`bhj }lg nyygnsnheg df whnhbab}r zlbel bu }lg jsgn}gs yns} df }lguracdobe fdseg df }lg mdabhnh} mbuedwsug ,Cdwsmbgw/ >22


29/40

abelNgo cwsNzdr >2

no}ldwjl }lgr anr ugg }lgaugovgu nu nw}dhdadwu/ bh}googe}wnou nsg bayob!en}gm bh }lg u}n}g }lsdwjl b}u adhdydor df }lg ogjb}ban}g wug df uracdobevbdogheg/ }lsdwjl edhugesn}gm eonuubfben}bdhu nhm en}gjdsbgu(

Cw} bh}googe}wnou/ nenmgabeu nhm udebno uebgh}bu}u nsg hd} noo df n ybgeg(Zlbog adu} md hd} sgedjhbug }lgbs edh}sbcw}bdh }d uracdobe mdabhn}bdh/udag/ ob`g Cdwsmbgwu fdoodzgsu/ md uygoo dw} }lg }sw}l df uracdobe mdab!hn}bdh( ]lbu mbvbubdh df bh}googe}wnou bh}d }ldug zld lnvg n jddm ughugnhm }ldug zld lnvg cnm ughug enoou fds nh nhnorubu df nenmgabe fbgomu }ln}sgvgnou zln} zg nsg wy }d cglbhm dws uesgghu df dckge}bvb}r nhm uebgheg/ydbh}bhj }d }lg znru zg mgegbvg cd}l dwsugovgu nhm d}lgsu( Bh ulds}/ }lgudebdodjr }ln} zg nyyor }d d}lgsu awu} g~wnoor cg nyyobgm }d dwsugovgu(]lg ywsydug df uwel sgfog|bvb}r/ ldzgvgs/ bu hd} }d mghdwheg dws fgoodzuebgh}bu}u/ cw} }d obcgsn}g }lga fsda }lg boowubdhu ueldonu}be fnoonebgu }ln} uysbhj fsda }lg edhmb}bdhu whmgs zlbel }lgr ysdmweg `hdzogmjg/hnagor }lgbs fsggmda fsda an}gsbno hgeguub}r( Cdwsmbgw esb}bebugu lbu fgo!odz nenmgabeu fds hd} sgedjhbubhj ldz }lgbs an}gsbno edhmb}bdhu ulnyg}lgbs `hdzogmjg ysdmwe}bdh/ nhm ud }lgr abu}n`ghor fdbu} }lgbs }lgdsbgudh}d }lg uwckge}u zldug ne}bdhu }lgr }lgdsbug( Fds Cdwsmbgw/ }d cg}}gswhmgsu}nhm }lg edhmb}bdhu df }lg ysdmwe}bdh df `hdzogmjg bu n edhmb}bdhfds ysdmwebhj cg}}gs `hdzogmjg(

]lbu udwhmu vgsr fbhg bh ysbhebyog/ cw} bh ysne}beg }lg uebgh}bfbe fbgom/hd oguu }lnh nhr d}lgs fbgom/ bu n edacn} {dhg bh zlbel ne}dsu u}swjjog}d ghfdseg }lgbs vbgz df }lg zdsom }lgbs }lgdsbgu/ ag}ldmdodjbgu nhmylbodudylbgu( Bhmggm/ Cdwsmbgw ,3999 P>22:Q; >>6" sgfgsu }d }lg uebgh!}bfbe fbgom nu dhg df nsagm edayg}b}bdh bh zlbel udag ne}dsu anhnjg}d neewawon}g enyb}no n} }lg g|yghug df d}lgsu( Lg nuuwagu/ ldzgvgs/}ln} }lg swogu df uwel edacn} ghuwsg }lg ysdmwe}bdh df }sw}l ds/ adsgneewsn}gor/ }lg sgmwe}bdh df fnouglddm gvgh }ldwjl/ nu lg unru bh lbu

ns}beog dh }lg uebgh}bfbe fbgom/ }lgsg bu nh gvgs!bhesgnubhj edhegh}sn}bdh dfenyb}no zb}l b}u dzh edhugsvn}bvg }ghmghebgu( Zln} lnyyghu }d }ln} dyghedayg}b}bdh fds }sw}l zlgh }lg uebgh}bfbe fbgom bu adhdydobugm cr n fgzydzgsfwo ne}dsu4 Zln} nuuwsgu }lg nueghmnher df jddm ughug dvgs cnmughug/ Cdwsmbgwubnh udebdodjbu}u dvgs hgdobcgsno gedhdabu}u4 Nsg }lgsgswogu df edacn} ds mdgu nhr}lbhj jd4

Bh lbu dzh ysne}beg df uebgheg Cdwsmbgw enh cg ~wb}g sw}loguu bh gu}nc!obulbhj lbu mdabhn}bdh( Nu nosgnmr agh}bdhgm/ lg mgvd}gu ob}}og }bag }dsgedjhbubhj }lg edh}sbcw}bdhu df d}lgsu/ }ghmbhj }d edhu}b}w}g lbaugof nu}lg udwo dsbjbhn}ds df lbu bmgnu( Lg anr cg u}nhmbhj dh }lg uldwomgsu dfjbnh}u/ cw} }lgr nsg bhvbubcog/ sgysguugm cgodz }lg uwsfneg( Lg uggau }dmgyodr }lg sgedjhb}bdh df d}lgsu bh fdd}hd}gu nhm ne`hdzogmjgagh}u }d


30/40

39 E d h v g s u n } b d h >

an|babug }lg sgedjhb}bdh }ln} lg sgegbvgu( Lbu vgsr zsb}bhj bu n fdsa dfuracdobe vbdogheg/ }srbhj }d baysguu wydh }lg sgnmgsu lbu dzh mbu}bhe}bdh}lsdwjl gud}gsbe sgfgsghegu/ nyygnou }d Jsgg` nhm On}bh/ nhm odhj!zbhmgm

ugh}ghegu/ noo df zlbel lnvg nh bh}babmn}bhj gffge}( ]ldug zld mnsg }ddyghor mbunjsgg zb}l lba bf }lgr nsg uwffbebgh}or bayds}nh} nsg mggagm}d uwffgs fsda bssn}bdhnob}r/ zgn`!abhmgmhguu ds gvgh yureldodjbeno mbu!dsmgsu anhbfgu}gm bh sgysguubdh nhm mgfgheg agelnhbuau( Ds/ adsg uba!yor/ }lgr g|ysguu }lg bh}gsgu}u }ln} }lgr lnvg cr vbs}wg df }lgbs yoneg bh }lgnenmgabe fbgom( Lg g|gsebugu uracdobe vbdogheg zb}lbh }lg fbgom df uebghegnjnbhu} }lgug bhfbmgou/ noo bh }lg hnag df }lg Sgnoydob}b` df sgnudh nhm}d whanu` uracdobe vbdogheg bh }lg zbmgs udebg}r( ]lsdwjldw}/ lg bu uduwsg }ln} lg bu sbjl} }ln} nhr u}sn}njga }d vnh~wbul }lg dyydub}bdh uggaukwu}bfbgm( Lgsg/ edacn} df}gh nyygnsu hd} nu ugof!mgfgheg/ cw} nu whfnbsn}}ne`u dh ghgar edacn}nh}u(

Zlbog lnyyr }d oden}g d}lgsu bh }lg nenmgabe fbgom nhm g|yonbh }lgbsygsuyge}bvgu bh }gsau df }ln} ydub}bdh/ lg fnbou }d nyyor }lg unag ysbhebyog}d lbaugof( ]lg hgnsgu} zg jg} }d uwel n ugof!nhnorubu nsg lbu eonbau }ddw}ubmgs u}n}wu/ edabhj nu lg mbm fsda n ygnunh} cne`jsdwhm zb}l n eogf}lncb}wu/ }ln} noodzu lba jsgn}gs bhubjl} bh}d }lg zds`bhju df }lg nenmgarnhm/ bhmggm/ df }lg zdsom( Lbu U`g}el fds n Ugof!nhnorubu ,Cdwsmbgw/ 399:

P399=Q" bu kwu} }ln} n u`g}el }ln} mguesbcgu lbu uwffgsbhju bh cdnsmbhjuelddo nhm nu nh dw}ubmgs bh }lg edog Hdsanog Uwysbgwsg/ cw} }goouwu hg|} }d hd}lbhj df Cdwsmbgw nu n edacn}nh} bh }lg uebgh}bfbe fbgom(Bhmggm/ Cdwsmbgw hgvgs whmgs}dd` n udebdodjbeno bhvgu}bjn}bdh df }lg fbgomdf udebdodjr/ bh zlbel lg znu bhmggm n/ bf hd} }lg/ egh}sno yonrgs }lgFsghel fbgom( ]lg hgnsgu} lg jg}u bu Ldad Nenmgabewu ,Cdwsmbgw/ >22


31/40

abelNgo cwsNzdr 3>

mgjsgg n} }lg edog Hdsanog Uwysbgwsg nhm cwbomu n uelddo df udebdodjrzb}l b}u dzh vdencwonsr/ ag}ldmdodjr/ }lgdsr/ kdwshno/ g}e( B} bhvdovgumbusgedjhbubhj d}lgsu nhm g|gsebubhj uracdobe mdabhn}bdh dvgs }lga/

zlbel/ bf uweeguufwo/ bu n} dmmu zb}l }lg ysdkge} df sgfog|bvb}r nhm ghmnh!jgsu }lg vgsr ysdkge} df uebgheg(Bh }lgug }lsgg ynsnmd|gu }lg ywcobe ghjnjgagh} df udebdodjbu}u/ }lg

sgon}bvg nw}dhdar df fbgomu/ }lg sgfog|bvb}r df uebgh}bfbe nhnorubu zgugg }lg edh}snmbe}bdh cg}zggh }lgdsr nhm ysne}beg( Cw} needsmbhj }dCdwsmbgwu dzh }lgdsr/ }lbu bu }d cg g|yge}gm }lgsg bu noznru n jnycg}zggh }lgdsr nhm ysne}beg( Zg fbhm }lbu nsjwagh} bh noo lbu ag}n!}lg!dsg}beno zsb}bhju fsda Dw}obhg df n ]lgdsr df Ysne}beg ,>2:: P>2:3Q"}d ]lgOdjbe df Ysne}beg ,>229 P>22:5 P>2=3Q" mgfbhgu }lg g}ldu df uebgheg nu anmg wy df fdws gogagh}u;whbvgsunobua/ edaawhbua/ mbubh}gsgu}gmhguu nhm dsjnhbugm uegy}bebua(Edayg}b}bdh }lgsg bu/ cw} }lbu mdgu hd} }n`g }lg fdsa df n edacn} uyds}bh zlbel }lg jdno bu }d mgfgn} }lg dyydub}bdh. Rg} df edwsug/ bhnuawel nuuebgheg bu n fbgom bh }lg Cdwsmbgwubnh ughug/ b} awu} lnvg sgon}bdhu df mdab!hn}bdh nhm uwckwjn}bdh }ln} yonr }lgaugovgu dw} nu edacn}( ]d mghr }ldug


32/40

33 E d h v g s u n } b d h >

sgon}bdhu df mdabhn}bdh/ nu bu }lg zdh} df }lg mdabhnh}/ bu b}ugof n u}sn}gjrdf mdabhn}bdh( B} bu hd} uwsysbubhj/ }lgsgfdsg/ }ln} Ynsudhu nhm Ags}dhuldwom lnvg n edhughuwu vbgz df uebgheg( Dh }lg d}lgs lnhm/ }d ghmdsug

}lg bmgn df udebdodjr nu n edacn} uyds} zb}ldw} nhr fws}lgs goncdsn}bdh df}lg swogu df }ln} edacn} noud g|ewugu dyyds}whbu}be u}sn}gjbgu df mbusgedj!hb}bdh/ g|ysdysbn}bdh nhm mbu}ds}bdh }ln} nsg bhbabeno }d uebgheg(

Lgsg B znh} }d edhubmgs n }lbsm admgo df uebgheg/ dhg cnugm dh mbn!odjwg( ]lg bmgn bu hd} }d uwyysguu mbffgsgheg bh }lg hnag df edhughuwu/cw} }d sgedjhbug mbffgsgheg nu n elnooghjg }d g|bu}bhj nuuway}bdhu nhmfsnagzds`u( Lgsg dhg elnooghjgu hd} bh dsmgs }d vnh~wbul/ cw} sn}lgs }dedhvgsug bh dsmgs }d cg}}gs whmgsu}nhm d}lgsu nhm/ }lsdwjl d}lgsu/ ognsh}lg obab}u nhm yduubcbob}bgu df dhgu dzh nuuway}bdhu nhm fsnagzds`u(N admgo df mbnodjwg bu hd} g|eowubvg df }lg d}lgs }zd admgou( Bh dsmgs}d edhvgsug/ }lgsg awu} cg udag edaadh jsdwhm }d an`g edhvgsun}bdhbh}goobjbcog( Nh bhhgs ebseog df njsggagh} bu hgeguunsr fds nh dw}gs ebseog dfmbunjsggagh}( G~wnoor/ bh dsmgs }d edhvgsug/ b} bu hgeguunsr }d jbvg vdbeg}d uwcdsmbhn}g ygsuyge}bvgu/ zlbel wuwnoor sg~wbsgu edacn}( Bh n fbgomdf mdabhn}bdh/ edhvgsun}bdh enhhd} cg }n`gh fds jsnh}gm/ cw} lnu }d cgnmvnhegm nhm mgfghmgm(

Bh }lg edhvgsun}bdhu }ln} fdoodz/ zg zboo csbhj }d obfg udag df }lg eda!

cn}nh}u Cdwsmbgw lnu uonbh( B zboo fdoodz Cdwsmbgwu ysguesby}bdh }ln} }dsgnm nh nw}lds b} bu hgeguunsr }d fbsu} yoneg lba ds lgs bh }lg edh}g|} df }lgfbgom df ysdmwe}bdh edayg}b}dsu/ noobgu nhm nh}njdhbu}u zld nsg }n`ghfds jsnh}gm cr }lg nw}lds nhm bhvbubcor ulnyg lbu ds lgs ysne}beg( B enh!hd} sgesgn}g noo }lg nenmgabe fbgomu zb}lbh zlbel Cdwsmbgw znu gacgm!mgm( ]ln} zdwom cg n }nu` fns cgrdhm ar enyncbob}bgu/ edvgsbhj nu b}zdwom ylbodudylr/ obhjwbu}beu/ ob}gsn}wsg/ ynbh}bhj nhm yld}djsnylr/ nuzgoo nu udebdodjbu}u nhm nh}lsdydodjbu}u bhmggm/ }lg gh}bsg Fsghel bh}go!

oge}wno fbgom( Ud B lnvg eldugh n mbu}bhe}bvg jsdwy df udebno }lgdsbu}u zldznhmgs ob`g jldu}u }lsdwjl Cdwsmbgwu dywu/ cgenwug/ whob`g Cdwsmbgw/}lgr cgobgvg }lg mdabhn}gm/ ds udag fsne}bdh }lgsgdf/ enh bhmggm whmgsegs}nbh edhmb}bdhu ygsegbvg nhm nyysgebn}g }lg hn}wsg df }lgbs dzh uwcds!mbhn}bdh( B na/ df edwsug/ }lbh`bhj df }lg Ans|bu} }snmb}bdh }ln} Cdwsmbgwghjnjgu/ wuwnoor zb}ldw} ud awel nu sgedjhbubhj b}/ nhm gvgh }d }lg ydbh}df mghrbhj b} n yoneg bh lbu bh}googe}wno fbgom( ]lbu bu bsdhbe bhmggm/ cw}ygslnyu hd} uwsysbubhj/ ubheg }lgug udebno }lgdsbu}u zgsg noo g|ygsbghegmedacn}nh}u/ vgsr awel Cdwsmbgwu g~wnou(

Bh u}njbhj }lgug edhvgsun}bdhu zb}l Cdwsmbgw/ B lnvg eldugh Ans|bu}uzb}l mbu}bhe}bvg ygsuyge}bvgu dh }lg yoneg nznsmgm }d bh}googe}wnou bh udebno}lgdsr nhm ywcobe obfg/ hnagor Jsnaueb/ Fnhdh/ Fsgbsg nhm Cgnwvdbs(


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abelNgo cwsNzdr 35

B cgjbh zb}l Ans|/ ygslnyu }lg jsgn}gu} jonmbn}ds df }lga noo/ zldugNelboogu lggo bu whmdwc}gmor }lg ncugheg df n }lgdsr df bh}googe}wnou/ nhmB ghm zb}l E( Zsbjl} Aboou/ hd agnh edacn}nh} lbaugof/ zld gsge}gm n

}lgdsg}beno nselb}ge}wsg ubabons }d Cdwsmbgwu(Zlbog Ans| mbm hd} ynr ugsbdwu n}}gh}bdh }d }lg ~wgu}bdh df bh}googe}wnou }lgbs yoneg bh udebg}r ds }lgbs oncdws ysdeguu lbu }lgdsr df enyb}nobuanu n ugof!sgysdmwebhj nhm ugof!mgu}sdrbhj uru}ga df ysdmwe}bdh bu hdhg!}lgoguu mggyor gacgmmgm bh Cdwsmbgwu }sgn}agh} df fbgomu df ewo}wsno nhmbh}googe}wno ysdmwe}bdh( ]lg whmgsorbhj u}swe}wsg df Cdwsmbgwu }ldwjl}bu ubabons }d Ans| nhm Ghjgouu ghjnjgagh} zb}l Lgjgobnh }ldwjl} onbmdw} bh ]lg Jgsanh Bmgdodjr ,>2:< P>26: P>273Q"/ zlbel bu nhg|gayonsr }sgn}agh} df }lg uracdobe vbdogheg df snebua( Fsda Fnhdh zg}wsh }d Fsgbsg/ zldug ydbh} df mgyns}wsg bu ~wb}g ubabons }d Cdwsmbgwu n mggy!ugn}gm ewo}wsno mdabhn}bdh ds bh}gshnobugm dyysguubdh( Cw} }lg

udow}bdh bu }d mgvgody n mbu}bhe} ygmnjdjr df }lg dyysguugm }ln} obcgsn}gu}lga fsda dyysguubdh( No}ldwjl Fsgbsg bu hd} agh}bdhgm cr hnag/ zgenh ysguwag }ln} Cdwsmbgw zdwom mbuabuu lba nodhj zb}l d}lgs fdsaudf esb}beno ygmnjdjr enoobhj fds }lg }snhufdsan}bdh df gmwen}bdh( Lnvbhjhd edhfbmgheg bh }lg edaadh ughug df }lg dyysguugm/ Cdwsmbgw zdwomsgkge} n ygmnjdjr }ln} sgobgu dh mbnodjwg nhm fdewu bhu}gnm df an`bhj }lgmdabhnh} ewo}wsg neeguubcog }d noo(

Zg }wsh hg|} }d Ubadhg mg Cgnwvdbs/ zldug needwh} df anuewobhgmdabhn}bdh nu uracdobe vbdogheg ysgmn}gu nhm uwsynuugu }lg needwh}Cdwsmbgw dffgsu bh lbu cdd`/ Anuewobhg Mdabhn}bdh ,399> P>22


34/40

3= E d h v g s u n } b d h >

uracdobe vbdogheg( ]lbu bu n }snvgu}r( Cgnwvdbsu needwh} df anuewobhgmdabhn}bdh nu uracdobe mdabhn}bdh bu hd} dhor uwygsbds }d Cdwsmbgwu/cw} noznru ugg`u ganhebyn}dsr elnooghjgu }d }ln} mdabhn}bdh/ no}ldwjl

obcgsn}bdh dhor edagu zb}l udebnobua( B }lgh }wsh fsda Cgnwvdbs }d E(Zsbjl} Aboou/ zldug needwh}u df ag}ldmdodjr nhm u}sn}bfben}bdh/ nhm}lgbs ywcobe ghjnjgagh}u nsg nu}dhbulbhjor ynsnoogo/ guygebnoor zlgh dhg}n`gu bh}d needwh} }lg mbffgsghegu bh lbu}dsbeno nhm hn}bdhno edh}g|}u( Zgenh ugg }ln} Aboou bu }lg Nagsbenh Cdwsmbgw ds Cdwsmbgw bu }lg FsghelAboou/ cd}l cdssdzbhj fsda/ cw} noud ensgfwo }d ugynsn}g }lgaugovgu fsda/Ans|bua( B ghm zb}l n edhvgsun}bdh cg}zggh Cdwsmbgw nhm arugof( Bhu}gnmdf uygn`bhj }lsdwjl }lg vdbegu df d}lgs Ans|bu}u/ B uygn` bh ar dzh vdbeg/csbhjbhj ar bh}gsysg}n}bdhu df mdabhn}bdh/ cnugm dh ar g}lhdjsnylbezds` bh enyb}nobua nhm u}n}g udebnobua/ bh}d mbnodjwg zb}l Cdwsmbgw/sgedhu}swe}bhj ar dzh whmgsu}nhmbhj df enyb}nobua nhm u}n}g udebnobua/zlbog ~wgu}bdhbhj }lg mgy}l df Cdwsmbgwu uracdobe mdabhn}bdh(

Bf Ynsudhu ysgugh}gm }lg jsdz}l df }lgdsr nu cnugm dh edhughuwu/ynygsbhj dvgs edhfobe}u nhm gaylnububhj urh}lgubu/ nhm bf Cdwsmbgw ysg!ugh}gm }lg jsdz}l df }lgdsr nu cnugm dh edacn}/ sgysguubhj }lg d}lgs/B ysgugh} }lg jsdz}l df udebno uebgheg nu cnugm dh mbnodjwg( Lgsg/ gnelubmg ognshu ncdw} b}u nuuway}bdhu nhm b}u obab}u }lsdwjl mbuewuubdh zb}l

d}lgsu/ ognmbhj hd} }d udag jsnhm urh}lgubu/ hd} }d aw}wno nhhblbon}bdh/cw} }d sgedhu}swe}bdh( ]lg jsdz}l df Ans|bua lnu noznru sgobgm dh nhghjnjgagh} zb}l udebdodjr nu b}u no}gs gjd/ nhm bh dws gsn }lg ysg!gabhgh}sgysgugh}n}bvg df udebdodjr bu Ybgssg Cdwsmbgw/ nhm ud lg ysdvbmgu }lgbayg}wu fds }lg sgedhu}swe}bdh df Ans|bua fds }lg 3>u} egh}wsr(


35/40

@Nso vdh ldom} 37

Cdwsmbgw bh Udw}l Nsben

Zln} B fbhm ud u}sb`bhj zlgh sgnmbhj Cdwsmbgw bh Udw}l Nfsben bu ldz nogs}lbu }g|}u nsg }d }lg }g|}wsgu df udebno dsmgs/ ldz new}gor edhuebdwu }lgrnsg df }lg neewawon}gm zgbjl} df egh}wsbgu df udebno u}swe}wsg }ln} mgfbhg}lg znr }lbhju nsg/ nhm ldz objl} }ln} zgbjl} uggau/ gacgmmgm nu b} bubh onhjwnjg nhm gacdmbgm bh ysne}begu }ln} lnvg gvdovgm jsnmwnoor dvgs}bag( Lbu nhnorubu bu fbhg!}whgm }d }lg bh}banebgu df mdabhn}bdh nhm uwcds!mbhn}bdh }d }lg znr }lgr nsg bhuesbcgm bh cdmbgu/ onhjwnjg nhm yurelgu(

Dws dzh udebno sgnob}r nyygnsu }d cg }lg ydons dyydub}g fsne}wsgm/edh}gu}gm/ mbuyw}n}bvg/ mbudsmgsor/ vbdogh}( Bh edh}snu} }d Cdwsmbgwuneedwh} df ysdfdwhmor u}ncog mdabhn}bdh/ sgysdmwegm nu b} bu }lsdwjl}lg udebno u}swe}wsg df fbgom/ lncb}wu nhm uracdobe vbdogheg/ zg lnvg elno!oghjg/ sgvgsuno nhm edhu}nh} ulbf}u bh agnhbhj( ]lg dsmgs df nyns}lgbm znuswy}wsgm nhm dvgs}lsdzh cr edwh}oguu bhb}bn}bvgu }ln} gh}nbogm hd} dhor

sgubu}nheg/ cw} }lg fdsan}bdh df edwh}gs!dsmgsu( Uracdobe vbdogheg bu njgh}og vbdogheg/ baygsegy}bcog nhm bhvbubcog gvgh }d b}u vbe}bau ,Cdwsmbgw/399> P>22


36/40

36 E d h v g s u n } b d h >

}d uygn` df }lg ughug uwel udebdodjr jbvgu wu }ln} dws udebg}r bu udag}lbhjoguu }lnh b} dwjl} }d cg/ ds }ln} zg lnvg hd} rg} nssbvgm n} dws mgu}bhn}bdh/n} n yoneg zg enh fggo bu udagldz zldog nhm g|yobencog(

Cdwsmbgw eognsor fbhmu }lg anu}gs en}gjdsbgu df udebdodjr bhnmg~wn}g/nhm ud lg sgzds`u udebdodjr/ bhvgh}bhj nhm sgfnulbdhbhj edhegy}u ud nu}d g|yodsg mdabhn}bdh/ dsmgs nhm udebno sgysdmwe}bdh( ]d md }lbu/ lgmsnzu fsda lbu g}lhdjsnylbe u}wmbgu nadhj }lg @ncrog bh Nojgsbn/ edh!mwe}gm wubhj n mbffgsgh} mbuebyobhnsr fsnagzds` nh}lsdydodjr( ]lbu bubh}gsgu}bhj; zlgsgnu udebdodjr nhm b}u anu}gs en}gjdsbgu gvdovgm bh n uru!}gan}be n}}gay} cr udebno uebgh}bu}u bh }lg Zgu} }d whmgsu}nhm }lgbs udebg}bgu}snhub}bdh }d admgshb}r/ nh}lsdydodjr znu mgubjhgm nu b}u ubu}gs mbuebyobhg/zb}l }lg ywsydug df whmgsu}nhmbhj hdh!Zgu}gsh }snmb}bdhno udebg}bgu/nhm }d md }lbu b} lnm }d nmdy} n edhegy}wnoor adsg fog|bcog/ dygh!ghmgmnyysdnel( B} lnm b}u anu}gs en}gjdsbgu }d cg uwsg/ cw} mgedodhbun}bdh nhm}lg ydu}!edodhbno zdsom elnooghjgm b}u bayobeb} nuuway}bdhu ysdfdwhmor(

Zlgh }lg nh}lsdydodjbeno jn{g bu }wshgm cne` dh }lg Zgu}/ b} udag!}bagu uggu }lbhju fsgulor nhm ysdvgu b}ugof ncog }d nmdy} n edhegy}wnobhvgh}bvghguu bh znru }ln} udebdodjr anr fbhm mbffbewo} }d md( ]lg mbu!ebyobhg }ln} nsdug }d edmbfr }lg Zgu}u vbgz df }lg d}lgs anr ysdvbmgudebno uebgh}bu}u zb}l n znr }d odd` n} }lg Zgu} mbffgsgh}or/ }lsdwjl mbf!

fgsgh} en}gjdsbgu/ ysgebugor nu nh d}lgs nhm anr gvgh ysdvbmg udebnouebgh}bu}u fsda }lg Udw}l zb}l }lg }ddou fds ysdvbhebnobubhj }lg Zgu} nhmb}u udebno uebgheg( ]d udag mgjsgg/ }lbu bu zln} lnyyghu zb}l Cdwsmbgw/zb}l lbu sg}lbh`bhj df }lg u}n}g/ fds g|nayog ,>22="(

B} uldwom noud cg unbm }ln} zln} nh}lsdydodjr one`u bh edh}snu} }dudebdodjr bu ysgebugor }lg fbsa u}swe}wsg ysdvbmgm cr n mggy edhegy}wnojsbm uwel nu }lg u}n}gudebg}rgedhdar }sbnm( ]lbu }dd bu gvbmgh} nu none` bh awel df Cdwsmbgwu zds` }lg fdewu dh mbuesg}g fbgomu zb}ldw} n

}lgdsr df ebvbo udebg}r0 }lg ubogheg ncdw} }lg mrhnabeu df gedhdabe }snhu!fdsan}bdhu nhm }lgbs bayne} dh udebno ysdeguugu/ fds g|nayog(Ognvbhj }lgug ~wgu}bdhu nubmg/ }ldwjl/ Cdwsmbgwu fdewu dh }lg ageln!

hbuau df dsmgs nhm }lg edhegy}u lg fbhmu b} hgeguunsr }d goncdsn}g bh dsmgs}d g|yodsg }lbu fbgom/ lncb}wu/ eonuubfben}bdh/ ewo}wsno enyb}no/ uracdobemdabhn}bdh nhm uracdobe vbdogheg anr ydbh} wu }dznsmu g|ne}or }lgub}gu }ln} awu} cg g|nabhgm bf zg nsg }d }lbh` ncdw} }lg obab}u df dsmgs(Uracdobe vbdogheg anr lgoy wu }d }lbh` ncdw} ylrubeno vbdogheg0 lncb}wuanr lgoy wu }d }lbh` ncdw} sgubu}nheg(

B} bu noud yduubcog }ln} }lg uwc}og}r df Cdwsmbgwu }lbh`bhj ncdw} mdab!hn}bdh nhm dsmgs anr nogs} wu }d }lg ysdeguugu df dsmgsbhj cghgn}l nuwsfneg }ln} nyygnsu whswor nhm fsnjagh}gm/ ydbh}bhj }dznsmu mggy


37/40

@Nso vdh ldom} 3:

edh}bhwb}bgu df mdabhn}bdh nhm snebno dsmgsbhj mgsbvgm fsda dws edodhbnonhm nyns}lgbm ynu}/ nu zgoo nu uwcno}gsh fdsan}bdhu df sgubu}nheg nhmedwh}gs!dsmgs( Anhr nuyge}u df Udw}l Nfsbenh udebg}r fsda }lg csw}no

fne}u df gedhdabe edh}sdo nhm }lg mbu}sbcw}bdh df ydvgs}r }d }lg uwc}ogdsmgsbhj ysdmwegm bh onhjwnjg nhm uracdou nsg mggyor ulnygm cr }lbulbu}dsr/ cw} bh znru }ln} sganbh dyn~wg bh ywcobe mbuedwsug ysgebugor nu nedhug~wgheg df uracdobe vbdogheg(

Dh }lg d}lgs lnhm/ b} anr cg }ln} Cdwsmbgwu edhegy}u nsg sghmgsgmwugoguu bh dws udebno sgnob}r/ }ln} }lgr fow}}gs ncdw} ob`g ad}lu enwjl}bh u}sdhj uwhobjl}/ dw} df }lgbs gogagh}/ ydbh}bhj }d }lg hggm fds d}lgsedhegy}u( Nhm bhmggm/ dhg ldygu }ln} edh}bhwbhj bh}gssdjn}bdh dfCdwsmbgwu zds` cr }lg objl} df dws udebno sgnob}r lnu }lg yd}gh}bno hd}dhor }d jghgsn}g hgz bhubjl}u bh dws dzh sgugnsel/ cw} noud }d whug}}ogag}sdydob}nh udebdodjr nhm uln`g wy b}u anu}gs en}gjdsbgu/ edh}sbcw}bhj}d n sdcwu} ghjnjgagh} zlg}lgs bh }lg fdsa df edacn} uyds} ds mbn!odjwg cg}zggh egh}sg nhm ygsbylgsr/ Hds}l nhm Udw}l/ }lg Zgu} nhmadu} df }lg zdsom/ nu Yns}ln Eln}}gskgg yw}u b}(

]lgug edhvgsun}bdhu zb}l Cdwsmbgw nsg ug} wy guugh}bnoor nu n ugsbgu dfmbnodjwgu cg}zggh Ans|bu}u nhm Cdwsmbgw/ eldsgdjsnylgm cr n Ans|bu}/Abelngo Cwsnzdr( ]lbu }dd sgudhn}gu zb}l Udw}l Nfsbenh udebdodjr/

zlbel bh b}u adu} esgn}bvg nhm ysdobfbe zbhj }ln} bu }d unr/ b}u ysdjsguubvgzbhj bu Ans|bu} ds Ans|!bhuybsgm( ]lbu udebdodjr lnu edhegh}sn}gm dhudebno }snhufdsan}bdhu/ edodhbun}bdh nhm b}u bayne} dh }snmb}bdhno udebg}r/bhmwu}sbnobun}bdh/ u}n}g fdsan}bdh/ njsnsbnh }snhufdsan}bdh/ wscnhbun}bdh/eonuu fdsan}bdh/ yn}sbnselr/ elnhjbhj oncdws sgjbagu/ }snmg whbdhbua/wscnh sgubu}nheg nhm ud dh( ]lbu bu n sbel udebdodjr df }snhub}bdh/ }snhu!fdsan}bdh nhm u}swjjog( Zlr/ }lgh/ edh}gayon}g n edhvgsun}bdh zb}lCdwsmbgw4 Uwsgor zg lnvg zb}lbh }lg Ans|bu} udebdodjbeno }snmb}bdh bh

Udw}l Nfsben nhm zb}lbh }lg csdnmgs bh}gshn}bdhno sgudwsegu df Ans|buauwffbebgh} edhegy}wno nyynsn}wu }d zsgu}og zb}l dws sgnob}r4Dws Ans|bua }ghmu }d uwffgs fsda n ubabons ysdcoga }d dws udebdodjr(

B} }dd zds`u zb}l anu}gs en}gjdsbgu }lsdwjl zlbel enyb}nobua bu nhnorugm uelganu df elnhjg nhm nuuway}bdhu ncdw} }snhub}bdhu cg}zggh admgudf ysdmwe}bdh/ sgvdow}bdh nhm sgfdsa/ eonuugu nhm u}n}g/ eonuu u}swjjognhm bmgdodjr/ enyb}nobua nhm udebnobua/ udebno advgagh}u nhm sgubu}nheg zlbel }dd df}gh nsg anyygm ~wb}g eswmgor dh}d dws udebno sgnob}r( Ans|bua}ghmu }dznsmu sgmwe}bdhbua bh b}u nhnorubu df uwel unobgh} fgn}wsgu df dwslbu}dsr nhm dws ysgugh} nu edodhbnobua/ snebua nhm g}lhbeb}r(

Anhr Udw}l Nfsbenh Ans|bu}u nsg ewssgh}or ud bh}gh} dh fbhmbhj }lgubjhu df n eonuu advgagh} nhm }lg ysduyge}u fds nh no}gshn}bvg fw}wsg


38/40

3

}ln} }lgr jsnyyog bhuwffbebgh}or zb}l }lg edh}snmbe}bdhu/ nacbjwb}bgu nhmedayog|b}r df }lg ysgugh}( ]lg zds`bhju df mgadesner/ u}n}g gffds}u n}sgmbu}sbcw}bdh nhm mgvgodyagh}/ fns!sgnelbhj ydober bhhdvn}bdhu/ nhm/ dh

}lg d}lgs lnhm/ zds`bhj!eonuu |ghdyldcbn/ ydywons ysgkwmbeg/ snebno nhmg}lhbe bmgh}b}bgu/ }lg bh}sne}ncbob}r df yn}sbnselr/ sgygs}dbsgu df vbdogheg/udebno fsnjagh}n}bdh/ onzoguuhguu/ }lg fsnjbob}r df nw}ldsb}r }lgug sganbhob}}og g|yodsgm/ nhm ud }lg udebdodjr df elnhjg uggau mbuedhhge}gm fsda}lg ne}wno udebno elnhjgu }n`bhj yoneg noo nsdwhm wu(

]d }n`g dhg g|nayog; Ans|bu} nhnorubu df ydu}!nyns}lgbm udebg}r }ghmu}dznsmu n sb}wnobu}be mghwhebn}bdh df hgdobcgsnobua nhm }lg hgdobcgsnou}n}g edhegy}u }ln} nsg nuubjhgm }sgaghmdwu nhm fns!sgnelbhj g|yonhn!}dsr ydzgs/ cw} zlbel ~wb}g bjhdsg d}lgs/ g~wnoor bayds}nh}/ mbaghubdhudf u}n}g fwhe}bdhbhj( Ydu}!nyns}lgbm Udw}l Nfsben lnu uggh nh g|yodubdhdf sgmbu}sbcw}bvg udebno uyghmbhj cr }lg u}n}g/ zb}l }lg cwbombhj df 3(5aboobdh ldwugu nhm }lg msnan}be g|ynhubdh df udebno jsnh}u fsda 3(7aboobdh sgebybgh}u bh >226 }d >=(7 aboobdh bh 39>9 edhu}b}w}bhj }zd df}lg adu} dcvbdwu nelbgvgagh}u( Dh }lg d}lgs lnhm/ uge}bdhu df }lg u}n}gnsg bhesgnubhjor mdabhn}gm cr ysdeguugu df gob}g fdsan}bdh/ bheowmbhjyn}sdhnjg nhm edsswy}bdh/ nhm cr b}u u}n}wu nu }lg uracdobe ub}g fds }lgnuugs}bdh df Nfsbenh udvgsgbjh}r ,Vdh Ldom}/ 39>9n"( Hgb}lgs df }lgug

mbaghubdhu enh cg sgmwegm }d hgdobcgsnobua(Jbvgh }lgug zgn`hguugu zb}lbh ewssgh} udebdodjbeno Ans|bua bh Udw}l

Nfsben/ mbnodjwg cg}zggh Ans|bua nhm Cdwsmbgw/ zb}l lbu edhegh}sn}bdhdh uracdobe mdabhn}bdh nhm }lg sgysdmwe}bdh df udebno dsmgs/ anredh}sbcw}g }d }lg sgjghgsn}bdh df Udw}l Nfsbenh Ans|bua/ bhvb}bhj b} }dsg}lbh` b}u nuuway}bdhu nhm b}u znru df uggbhj(

]lgsg bu udag}lbhj goug nu zgoo( Cdwsmbgw/ zb}l lbu gaylnubu dh }lgedhu}swe}bdh df ueldonsor fbgomu nhm dh }lg hgeguub}r fds sgfog|bvb}r sgjnsm!

bhj ueldonsor ysne}begu/ bhvb}gu wu }d edhubmgs n an}}gs }d zlbel zg nsg}dd df}gh cobhm; }lg snebno u}swe}wsg df Udw}l Nfsbenh udebdodjr nhm zln}}lbu anr agnh fds }lg hn}wsg df }lg nhnor}beno hnssn}bvgu b} gu}ncobulgu(

]lg enhdhbeno nw}ldsb}bgu df Udw}l Nfsbenh udebdodjr nsg vbs}wnoornoo zlb}g( B} anr cg sguydhmgm }ln} }lg zlb}g nw}ldsu df anbhu}sgnaudebdodjr nsg adu}or ysdjsguubvg nhm Ans|bu}/ nobjhbhj }lgaugovgucsdnmor zb}l }lg bh}gsgu}u df }lg dyysguugm nhm dh }lg ubmg df mgade!sner( ]lgug ydbh}u anr cg }swg nu fns nu }lgr jd/ cw} zln} bu }lg ubjhbfb!enheg df }lg snebno u}swe}wsg df }lbu fbgom fds }lg ysdmwe}bdh df `hdzogmjgnhm }lg ugnsel fds }sw}l4 Bu b} hd} hgeguunsbor }lg enug }ln} adu} zlb}gueldonsu/ one`bhj }lg g|ygsbgheg df snebno dyysguubdh nhm hd} dhor }ln}/cw} g|ygsbghebhj }lg u}swe}wsgu df snebno dyysguubdh nu mdabhnh}u/ nhm


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@Nso vdh ldom} 32

}lgsgfdsg nu cghgfbebnsbgu nhm ysd}njdhbu}u df b}u uracdobe vbdogheg nsgob`gor }d lnvg n obab}gm fggo fds b}u yoneg bh udebno sgnob}r nhm }lgsgfdsg bh}lg ueldonsor nhnorubu df udebno sgnob}r4 ]d }n`g }lbu ydbh} fws}lgs/ zlb}g

ueldonsu lnvg n mbsge} u}n`g/ gad}bdhno nu awel nu an}gsbno/ bh edh}bhwbhj}d whmgsyonr }lg ubjhbfbenheg df snebno ydzgs(Nhm bhmggm/ Ans|bu} udebdodjr ,bh edh}snu} }d }lg edaawhbua df }lg

Udw}l Nfsbenh Edaawhbu} Yns}r" lnu }ghmgm }d }sgn} hn}bdhno dyysguubdh/snebua nhm snebno mbuesbabhn}bdh nu gybylghdaghn bh sgon}bdh }d }lg hns!sn}bvg df enyb}nobu} neewawon}bdh/ eonuu mdabhn}bdh nhm eonuu u}swjjog udag}lbhj }ln} Ans|bua noodzu noo }dd zgoo( ]lwu/ Cone` Edhuebdwuhguunhm }lg hn}bdhno obcgsn}bdh advgagh} zgsg sgjnsmgm zb}l n ysdfdwhmuegy}bebua; }lgbs fdewu dh gybylghdaghn znu nh bhmg| df }lgbs yg}}r cdws!jgdbu eonuu cnug( Bh }lg >2:9u anhr bh }lg zlb}g u}wmgh} Ogf}/ sgkge}gm nuobcgsno cr cone` u}wmgh}u zld zgsg mgvgodybhj }lg }lgdsbgu nhm ysne}begudf Cone` Edhuebdwuhguu n} }lg }bag/ }wshgm }d Ans|bua nhm bhvdovgagh}bh }lg fogmjbhj }snmg whbdh advgagh} ,Noor/ 3997"( Ysdjsguubvg zlb}gueldonsu }dd` nh nhnodjdwu }wsh bh }lg ueldonsor fbgom/ zsb}bhj njnbhu}zlb}g obcgsno lbu}dsbdjsnylr/ dh }lg dhg lnhm/ nhm }lg hn}bdhno obcgsn}bdhadvgagh} nhm b}u nuudebn}gm edaawhbu} advgagh}/ dh }lg d}lgs(

B} bu hd} dhor }lg ~wgu}bdh df sneg }ln} bu bayds}nh}/ ldzgvgs0 b} bu

noud n ~wgu}bdh df }lg g|}gh} }d zlbel }lg ueldonsor fbgom sgysdmwegu }lglgjgadhr df }lg Zgu}gsh enhdh/ nhm zb}l b} }lg uracdobe vbdogheg dflgjgadhbe sn}bdhnob}r njnbhu} }lg sgu} df }lg zdsom zln} Cdwsmbgw enoou}lg baygsbnobua df sgnudh( Bh }lbu odjbe/ Udw}l Nfsben cgedagu ubayor}lg odeno ub}g df n jodcno odjbe df mgvgodyagh} ds/ bh b}u Ans|bu} anhb!fgu}n}bdh/ df enyb}nobu} neewawon}bdh nhm sgysdmwe}bdh( ]lbu ~wgu}bdh buhd} gh}bsgor ugynsn}g fsda }lg snebno dhg/ ubheg }lgsg nsg n awo}b}wmg dfsgnudhu zlr zlb}g ueldonsu zb}l n ug}}ogs cne`jsdwhm abjl} fggo adsg

n} gnug sgysdmwebhj }lg Zgu}gsh enhdh bh zlbel Cdwsmbgw/ df edwsug/bu n }dzgsbhj fbjwsg }lnh ugg`bhj n ydub}bdh df esb}b~wg fdwhmgm bh }lgygsbylgsr( Zln} bu sg~wbsgm/ bh }lg zdsmu df Uwsgh Yboonr ,3992"/ bu hd}dhor n mgsnebnobun}bdh df `hdzogmjg ysdmwe}bdh/ cw} b}u mgedodhbun}bdh(

]lg ydzgs df zlb}g ueldonsu }d mgfbhg }lg u}n`gu nhm swogu df }lgueldonsor fbgom/ nhm }d ulnyg b}u nhnor}beno hnssn}bvgu/ b}u ewssbewon nhm b}u}lgagu anr nyygns }d cg bhvbubcog/ cw} bu noo }dd vbubcog }d anhr cone`u}wmgh}u nhm u}nff( ]lg uracdobe vbdogheg df zlb}g ughbdsb}r nhm nw}ldsb}rbu nobvg nhm sgyoben}gm bh }lg nenmgar( ]lg ueldonsor gu}ncobulagh} anredafds} b}ugof }ln} }lg hgz jghgsn}bdh df cone` ueldonsu nhm sgugnselgsuzboo edhfbhg }lgaugovgu }d nayobfrbhj }lg unhe}bfbgm hnssn}bvgu }lsdwjl}lgbs cg}}gs ncbob}r }d edhmwe} sgugnsel bh }dzhulbyu nhm zds`yonegu/


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cw} nosgnmr }lgr nsg uwcvgs}bhj/ edh}gu}bhj nhm sgedhu}swe}bhj }lg mdab!hnh} hnssn}bvgu(5 Sneg yonru n esb}beno yns} bh }lbu/ nu md hgz hnssn}bvguncdw} dws edodhbno lbu}dsr nhm ydu}!edodhbno sgnob}r/ nhm n sgedhubmgsn!

}bdh df }lg enhdh b}ugof/ bheowmbhj Cdwsmbgw( Hgz fdsau df edacn} bh }lgueldonsor fbgomu df udebdodjr nhm b}u ubu}gs mbuebyobhgu uldwom }lgsgfdsg cgnh}bebyn}gm nhm zgoedagm(

hd}gu

> Ugg }lg sguydhugu df Nhmgsudh ,3993"/ Mwhgbgs ,3993" nhm Hgzanh ,3993"}d Zne~wnh}u ,3993" n}}ne` dh }lgbs zds`(

3 ]lgsg bu/ df edwsug/ nh gogagh} df edacn} bh Ynsudhu }dd/ fds g|nayog/ bh }lgznr lg mgnou zb}l Ans| n} n }bag zlgh Ans|bua znu ghkdrbhj n egs}nbh sghnbu!unheg bh WU udebdodjr; PKQwmjgm cr }lg u}nhmnsmu df }lg cgu} edh}gaydsnsrudebno!uebgheg }lgdsr/ Ans|bnh }lgdsr bu dcudog}g ,>26:; >53"( Ans| znu nudebno }lgdsbu} zldug zds` fgoo gh}bsgor zb}lbh }lg hbhg}ggh}l egh}wsr lg

cgodhju }d n ylnug df mgvgodyagh} zlbel lnu cggh uwygsugmgm ,>26:; >57"(5 Fds sgegh} bh}gsvgh}bdhu/ ugg Noor ,3997"/ Cwlowhjw ,3996"/ Hnbmdd ,39>9"nhm Yboonr ,3992"(

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