Control Strategies for PAA Wastewater Disinfection at WWTPs with Variable Effluent Quality Philip Block 1* , Scott Morgan 2 , Kati Bell 3 , Sarah Stewart 4 1 PeroxyChem, Philadelphia, PA 2 City of Memphis, TN 3 CDM Smith, Nashville, TN 4 CDM Smith, Houston, TX ABSTRACT The dose of peracetic acid that is required to control microbial concentration in wastewaters will depend on a number of factors, including: target microorganism, the disinfection contact time, and the characteristic quality of the wastewater effluent. Wastewater characteristics that impact peracetic acid oxidant demand, and hence disinfection performance, may include natural organic matter, reduced metals, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids. For most treated municipal wastewater effluent, the quality of the wastewater is such that the peracetic initial oxidant demand is relatively low and stable over time. This allows PAA dose to be controlled using simple flow-pacing, once the oxidant demand is known. With recent advances in on-line, continuous PAA monitoring probes, feedback control based on effluent PAA residual could also be combined with flow pacing to provide robust and reliable PAA dose control. However, there are situations where wastewater effluent quality is highly variable, due to any number of factors, such as intermittent industrial discharges to the wastewater treatment plant. Changing effluent conditions can result in variable PAA demand; thus, more active control on PAA dosing may be required to optimize PAA performance in an effort to minimize operational costs. KEYWORDS: peracetic acid, disinfection, process control, water quality INTRODUCTION While chlorination is still the most commonly used disinfection technology for municipal wastewater in the US, formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) has become a concern, and is one of the major drivers for wastewater utilities to consider alternative disinfection technologies. In recent years, peracetic acid (PAA) has gained momentum as an alternative disinfection technology to chlorine 1-3 due to its lack of DBP formation, its lower aquatic toxicity profile, and its lower oxidant demand. Upon reaction with bacteria and viruses,
20
Embed
Control Strategies for PAA Wastewater Disinfection at ... Control_whitepa… · natural organic matter, reduced metals and suspended solids, PAA decomposes to oxygen, water and acetic
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Control Strategies for PAA Wastewater Disinfection at WWTPs
with Variable Effluent Quality
Philip Block1*
, Scott Morgan2, Kati Bell
3, Sarah Stewart
4
1PeroxyChem, Philadelphia, PA
2City of Memphis, TN
3CDM Smith, Nashville, TN
4CDM Smith, Houston, TX
ABSTRACT
The dose of peracetic acid that is required to control microbial concentration in wastewaters
will depend on a number of factors, including: target microorganism, the disinfection contact
time, and the characteristic quality of the wastewater effluent. Wastewater characteristics that
impact peracetic acid oxidant demand, and hence disinfection performance, may include natural
organic matter, reduced metals, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total
suspended solids. For most treated municipal wastewater effluent, the quality of the wastewater
is such that the peracetic initial oxidant demand is relatively low and stable over time. This
allows PAA dose to be controlled using simple flow-pacing, once the oxidant demand is
known. With recent advances in on-line, continuous PAA monitoring probes, feedback control
based on effluent PAA residual could also be combined with flow pacing to provide robust and
reliable PAA dose control.
However, there are situations where wastewater effluent quality is highly variable, due to any
number of factors, such as intermittent industrial discharges to the wastewater treatment plant.
Changing effluent conditions can result in variable PAA demand; thus, more active control on
PAA dosing may be required to optimize PAA performance in an effort to minimize
operational costs.
KEYWORDS: peracetic acid, disinfection, process control, water quality
INTRODUCTION
While chlorination is still the most commonly used disinfection technology for municipal
wastewater in the US, formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) has become a
concern, and is one of the major drivers for wastewater utilities to consider alternative
disinfection technologies. In recent years, peracetic acid (PAA) has gained momentum as an
alternative disinfection technology to chlorine1-3
due to its lack of DBP formation, its lower
aquatic toxicity profile, and its lower oxidant demand. Upon reaction with bacteria and viruses,
natural organic matter, reduced metals and suspended solids, PAA decomposes to oxygen,
water and acetic acid. As a result, chlorinated by-products are not formed. In addition, PAA
does not persist in the environment once discharged, so quenching, which would be the
analogous process to de-chlorination, is typically not required.
Peracetic acid is delivered as an equilibrium solution comprised of peracetic acid, hydrogen
peroxide, acetic acid (vinegar) and water, and has been used in a variety of industries, including
the medical and food safety markets, as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent. While its use as a
wastewater disinfectant is relatively new in the US municipal market, its effectiveness on
controlling bacterial microorganisms is well-known4.
The effective dose of peracetic acid will depend on a number of factors, including: the target
microorganism, disinfection contact time, and the quality of the wastewater effluent.
Wastewater characteristics that impact PAA oxidant demand, and hence performance, may
include natural organic matter, reduced metals, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand and total suspended solids. For many wastewater treatment facilities, the quality of the
wastewater is such that the PAA oxidant demand is relatively low and stable over long periods,
and may only show seasonal variability. In addition, the demand on the PAA is generally very
rapid, occurring within the first few minutes of contact time. As a result, once the initial PAA
dose is determined through jar or pilot testing, meeting a specific microbial reduction
requirement becomes a matter of maintaining a constant PAA dose. This allows for PAA
dosing to be controlled using simple flow-pacing. With advances in on-line, continuous PAA
monitoring probes, feedback control based on effluent PAA residual can also be combined with
flow pacing.
However, there are treatment facilities where wastewater effluents have characteristics that are
highly variable, with water quality fluctuating weekly, sometimes even daily. This may be due
to any number of factors; one example is where wastewater is impacted by industrial discharges
that may have compositional changes arising from operational and production scheduling.
These changing influent conditions can result in a variable PAA demand. This variable demand
may result in either an under-dosing of the PAA, if the residual feedback control cannot keep
up with the fluctuating demand changes, or an over-dosing of PAA, if an initial PAA dose is set
to cover the worst-case oxidant demand of the wastewater. In such cases, more active control of
the PAA dosing is required to optimize PAA performance and achieve reliable microbial
control, while minimizing chemical consumption costs. An alternative control scheme is to use
influent water quality parameters as input variables to drive a feed-forward control algorithm.
This requires an understanding of how specific water quality parameters impact PAA demand
over the full range of temporal water quality; and it is important to obtain sufficient data to fit
an algebraic formula on which process control can be based.
BACKGROUND
The City of Memphis’ M.C. Stiles Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) processes a combined
municipal and industrial waste stream. The industrial component of the wastewater is highly
variable across a range of industries. As a result, the treated effluent can still contain non-
biodegradable molecules that contribute to chemical oxygen demand, but not biochemical
oxygen demand (see Figure 1). When considering disinfection technologies to meet effluent
discharge standards at this WWTP, the compounds that impart color to the wastewater effluent
render use of UV disinfection impractical due to low UV transmittance (< 10-percent) and
represent a significant demand on chemical oxidants such as chlorine and peracetic acid. This
demand represents a substantial operating cost for oxidative disinfectants. Additionally, the time-
dependent nature of the industrial discharges induce a time variable in the oxidant demand,
making simple flow-paced disinfectant dosing schemes not practical or cost effective. The high
oxidant demand of the effluent and long contact time that is already available at the Stiles
WWTP in an existing contact basin also make simple residual, feed-back dosing schemes not
cost effective.
Figure 1 Variability of color in effluent from the M.C. Stiles WWTP
Recent work5 investigating oxidative disinfectants and the impact of water quality on
disinfection efficacy at the Stiles WWTP at the pilot reactor scale; results showed that peracetic
acid6 had a more favorable oxidant demand profile compared to chlorine chemistry. It was also
shown that one or more water quality parameters, such as color, chemical oxygen demand
(COD) or oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) could be used as a feed-forward control parameter
for oxidant dosing.
FULL-SCALE PAA TRIAL TO DEVELOP PAA DOSE CONTROL
A full-scale, six-month trial of PAA disinfection was conducted at the Stiles WWTP to
demonstrate the ability to use a feed-forward control scheme to consistently meet the target
microbial reduction required by the WWTP’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination NPDES
permit. The objectives of the trial included:
Characterization the impact of water quality on peracetic acid (PAA) demand over time,
Identification of key water quality parameters for use in feed-forward control of PAA
dosing,
Development of a PAA dose control algorithm,
Determination of the optimal PAA dose to achieve the required Escherichia coli (E. coli)
concentration for discharge under the NPDES permit, and
Demonstration and verification of continuous PAA control for disinfection compliance.
Trial Site Description
The Stiles WWTP is owned and operated by the City of Memphis and uses contact-stabilization
to meet treatment objectives. Figure 2 shows the general layout of the Stiles WWTP and Table
1 provides an overview of the historical plant performance along with permit limits.
The single grab daily maximum limit for E. coli is 487 cfu/100 mL, with a monthly geometric
mean limit of 126 cfu/100 mL. To determine whether PAA could be used to consistently meet
these limits, a full-scale PAA trial was conducted at the facility.
Figure 2. Overview of the Stiles WWTP
Disinfection Contact Tanks
Screening & Grit
Chambers
Final Clarifiers
Contact – Stabilization
Tanks
Final Clarifiers
Table 1. Historical effluent water quality characteristics at the Stiles WWTP.
Parameter
Daily Performance Data Draft NPDES Limit
Minimum observed
Average or mean
1
Maximum observed
Daily (minimum; maximum)
Weekly maximum
Monthly maximum
Daily Flow2 (MGD) 58 94 232 135 -- --
BOD3 (mg/L) 5 34 144 86.1 64.7 43.1
TSS3 (mg/L) 1 22 103 104 78 52
pH4 (s.u.) 6.5 7.2 8.1 6.0 – 9.0 -- --
E. coli5 (cfu/100mL) 1.3 x 10
4
6.0 x 105
(4.4 x 105 as
geomean) 1.1 x 10
7 487 ..
126 as geomean
Apparent color6
(PtCo units) 29 749 2084 -- -- --
True color6
(PtCo units) 24 619 2000 -- -- --
Apparent UVT6 (%) 0 9.3 36 -- -- --
Filtered UVT6 (%) 0.6 16 71.9 -- -- --
1arithmetic means were reported for all values except E. coli which is also reported as a geometric mean
2average daily influent flow values, period of record: 9/1/09 – 5/31/13
3daily values taken from composite effluent samples, period of record: 9/1/09 – 5/31/13
4daily values taken from grab effluent samples, period of record: 9/1/09 – 12/31/12
5daily values taken from grab effluent samples, period of record: 1/17/08- 7/11/13
6daily values taken from composite effluent samples, period of record: 8/11/11 – 5/21/13
The Stiles WWTP was originally constructed to provide chlorine disinfection; however, due to
concerns over disinfection by-products and their impact on aquatic organisms in the receiving
waterbody, the practice was never implemented. Thus, the WWTP has an existing contact
chamber (Figure 3); it is a typical two train serpentine configuration designed provide plug flow
for 15 minutes at the peak hour flow of 250 million gallons per day (MGD). Flows from the
north and south sides of the plant are combined in a mixing chamber at the head of the
disinfection contact tank; flow then splits into the north and south channels. It was assumed
throughout the PAA trial that flow was completely mixed with respect to flow, water quality and
E. coli concentrations in the mixing chamber prior to flow splitting into each of the two channels.
At the end of each channel, treated effluent flows over a weir, and combines in a common pipe