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CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF SPANISH VERB MORPHOPHONOLOGY ~6stor Luis Barillas A. Lic. en Letras Universidad de Los Andes 1974 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics @ ~e'stor Luis Barillas A. 1979 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY December 1979 A l l rights res~rved. T h i s work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the authcr.
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Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

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Page 1: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

CONTRIBUTIONS

TO THE STUDY OF SPANISH VERB MORPHOPHONOLOGY

~ 6 s t o r L u i s B a r i l l a s A .

L i c . e n L e t r a s U n i v e r s i d a d d e L o s Andes 1974

A THESIS SUBMITTED I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ARTS

i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t

of

L a n g u a g e s , L i t e r a t u r e s , a n d L i n g u i s t i c s

@ ~ e ' s t o r L u i s B a r i l l a s A . 1979

SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY

December 1979

A l l r i g h t s r e s ~ r v e d . T h i s work may n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d i n w h o l e o r i n p a r t , b y p h o t o c o p y

o r o t h e r means, w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n of the a u t h c r .

Page 2: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

APPROVAL

Name : ~ 6 s t o r Luis B a r i l l a s A .

Degree: Master o f A r t s

T i t l e o f Thes i s : Con t r ibu t ions t o t he Study of Spanish Verb P4orphophono logy

Examining Committee:

Chairman: Richard C . DeArmond

E . W . Roberts Sen io r Superv isor

- -1

E. R. Colhoun

Y /

d e g a s Externa l Examiner

Assoc ia te Professor Department of Mathematics

Simon F rase r Univers i ty

Date Approved: December 2 7 , 1979

i i

Page 3: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE

I h e r e b y g r a n t t o Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y t h e r i g h t t o lend

my t h e s i s o r d i s s e r t a t i o n ( t h e t i t l e of which i s shown below) t o u s e r s

of t h e Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , and t o make p g r t i a l o r s i n g l e

c o p i e s o n l y f o r s u c h u s e r s o r i n r e sponse t o a r e q u e s t from t h e l i b r a r y

of a n y o t h e r u n i v e r s i t y , o r o t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n , on i t s own

b e h a l f o r f o r one of i t s u s e r s . I f u r t h e r a g r e e t h a t pe rmiss ion f o r

m u l t i p l e copying of t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may be g r a n t e d

b y me o r t h e Dean of Graduate S t u d i e s . It i s unders tood t h a t copying

o r p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be a l lowed

w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n pe rmiss ion .

T i t l e of ~ h e s i s / ~ i s s e r t a t i o n :

Author : ----- - r)

( s i g n a t u r e )

(name)

( d a t e )

Page 4: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

ABSTRACT

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF SPANISH VERB NORPHOPHONOLOGY

T h i s t h e s i s p r o p o s e s a n a n a l y s i s t h a t e x p l a i n s p r i m a r i l y

t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] o b s e r v e d i n t h e t h r e e i r r e g u l a r s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r I f t o h a v e w , s a b e r " t o knowtt , a n d c a b e r

" t o f i t - ( i n t o ) l t , a n d t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [p-')!I] o b s e r v e d i n s a b e r a n d

c a b e r . I claim t h a t t h e s e v e r b s a r e m c r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d --- a n d t h a t t h e y c o n s t i t u t e a s u b g r o u p of v e r b s w i t h s i m i l a r

a l t e r n a ' f o n s i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e ,

a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e , which a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e

m a n i f e s t e d by t h e r e g u l a r v e r b s o f t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n .

The t h e o r e t i c a l b a s e of t h i s s t u d y i s t h e f r a m e w o r k of

g e n e r a t i v e p h o n o l o g y , s p e c i f i c a l l y a s p r o p o s e d b y Chomsky a n d

H a l l e ( 1 9 6 8 ) . It w i l l b ~ e n r i c h e d b y t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h r e e

a d d i t i o n a l c o n c e p t s u s e d i n p h o n o l o g i c a l t h e o r y , n a m e l y G R A D U A L i

DIFFUSION (Wang, 1 3 6 9 ) , L I N E A R MODEL o f a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l

r u l e s (Newton, 1970) , a n d RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION ( F o l e y ,

1977) . The a n a l y s i s i s a l s o c c ~ c e r n e d w i t h f i v e s u b s s t s of

i r r s g u l a r f i rst , s e c o n d , a n d t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s : a) p l a c e r

iii

Page 5: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

!!to p l e a s e " a n d t raer If to b r i n g w ; b ) p o d ~ g I f t o b e a b l e r ' , p o n e 2

l f t o p u t t 1 , a n d r e s p o n d e r " t o a n s w e r v 1 ; c) q u e r e r I t to w a n t " a n d 122 --- " t o seet f ; d ) h a s ~ " t o m a k e f t , decir " t o s a y 1 * , a n d v e n i r l 1 t o

comb!@; a n d e) ---- a n d a r " t o walk l l , e s t a r I f t o b e t 1 , a n d t e n e r " t o

h a v e l l . T h e d a t a a re r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f L a t i n - A m e r i c a n S p a n i s h

s p o k e n b y e d u c a t e d u r b a n s p e a k e r s , a n d are r e s t r i c t ed t o t h e

s l m p l e v e r b f o r m s i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e . However , two

k i n d s o f d a t a a re u s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s e c c n d c o n j u g a t i o n

v e r b s p lacer I - - , I t r a e r a n d v e r . Verb forms u s e d by e d u c a t e d u r b a n -=

s p s a k e r s w h i c h I w i l l refer t o a s " S t a n d a r d Dataw, a n d t h o s e

f o r m s s t i l l u s e d b y u n e d u c a t e d r u r a l s p e a k e r s w h i c h I w i l l c a l l

"Rel ic Dataw. It i s t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s t h e s i s t o show: a ) t h a t

t h e v e r b s p l a c e r , a n d t r a e r a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e t h r e e v e r b s

h a b e r s a b e r a n d c a b e r b e c a u s e t h e y s h a r e t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] ---t ---r

i n t h e p r e t e r i t e r e l i c f o r m s ; b) t h a t p o n e r , p o d e r , a n d

r e s p o n d e r a r e a l s o r e l a t ed t o t h e seme t h r e e v e r b s a s well a s t o -- t h e s u b s e t (a) b e c a u s e of t h e r a i s i n g o f t h e r o o t b a c k v o w e l /o/

t o [ u ] i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e ; c) how a n d a r , e s t a r , a n d

t e n s r w h i c h h a v e a n [ u ] i n t h e i r p r e t e r i t e s a r e r e l a t e d t o ---

h a b e r s a b e r , a n d c a b e r , a n d a l s o t o t h e s u b s e t s (a-d) m e n t i o n e d - - , --,- --- a b o v e ; d ) t h a t q u e r e r , vgg, a n d v e n i r , w h i c h m a n i f e s t a f r o n t

v o w e l [ e - i ] r a i s i n g a l t e r n a t i o n , a n d hater, d e c i r , t h a t h a v e a n

[ i ] i n their p r e t e r i t e s , c c n s t i t u t e a p a r a l l e l w i t h t h o s e v e r b s

w h i c h show t h e b a c k v o w e l [ a - u ] , [ o - u ] a l t e r n a t i o n s ; a n d e) t h a t

t h e v e r b s m e n t i o n e d i n ( a -d ) a b o v e a r e l i n k e d t o g e t h e r i n terms

Page 6: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

~ f s h a r e d m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s t h a t o p e r a t e g r a d u a l l y o n

v a r i o u s forms o f t h e p a r z d i g r n s o f t h e i r l e x i c a l items.

T ~ E r u l e s of G l i d e F o r m a t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s , V o u e l

C o n t r a c t i o n , Vowel R e d u c t i o n , a n d V o c a l i c R a i s i n g a re f o r m u l a t e d

a n d m o t i v a t e d i n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e a l t e r n a t i o n s [ a - u ] ,

Lo-u], a n d [ e - i ] o b s e r v e d i n t h e s e t o f i r r e g u l a r v e r b s

m e n t i o n e d a b o v e .

H i s t o r i c a l a n d s y n c h r o n i c d a t a from o t h e r Romance l a n g u a g e s

s u c h a s P o r t u g u e s e , P r e ~ c h , I t a l i a n , a n d C a t a l a n a r e p r e s e n t e d

t o s u p p o r t t h e r u l e s , r u l e c r d e r i n g , a n d u n d e r l y i n g

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s p r o p o s e d i n ' h i s s t u d y .

Page 7: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

DEDICATION

t o n a r y , klaryne/s, and M a r y l u i s a .

Page 8: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I w i s h t o a c k n o w l e d g e my o b l i g a t i o n a n d t o e x p r e s s my

s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e t o P r o f e s s o r E.W. R o b e r t s a n d P r o f e s s o r E.R.

C o l h o u n o f s i m o n F r a s e r u n i v e r s i t y u n d e r whose s p e c i a l g u i d a n c e

t h i s t h e s i s p r o c e e d e d a n d whose g e n e r o u s c o o p e r a t i o n a n d

c o n s t a n t e n c o u r a g ~ m e n t h a v e made p o s s i b l e i t s c o m p l e t i o n . I am

a l s o g r a t e f u l t o D r . C e s a r e o V i l l e g a s f o r r e a d i n g t h e work a n d

s o r v i n g a s t h e e x t e r n a l e x a m i n e r o f t h i s t h s s i s . Deep

a p p r e c i a t i o n a n d s i n c e r e t h a n k s are e x t e n d e d t o t h e U n i v ~ r s i t y

o f C a r a b o b o ( V a l e n c i a - V e n e z u e l a ) a n d t o Simon F r a s e r U n i v ~ r s i t y .

v i i

Page 9: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

S e c o n d conjugatioc:....................................3

................................. T h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n : . . . . 4

........... ............. 1. 1 . 2 THEORETICAL APPROACH. .,. 12

1.1.3 THE D A T A ~ m ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ m e ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ m m ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ m ~ m ~ m ~ a e m ~ ~ . m m ~ m 1 9

FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER 1 m . ~ ~ m m ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m m . r n ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ r n ~ ~ ~ m m ~ m 3 I

CHAPTER 2 ~ r n m ~ s r n ~ s ~ s s ~ r n ~ ~ ~ m r n ~ . . . ~ ~ ~ r n ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ r n ~ r n ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 8

PREVIOUS ANALYSES: A C R I T I Q U E m ~ m m ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ m s ~ m ~ ~ 3 8

2.1.ANALYSES PRESENTED BY BELL0 AND C U E R V O ( 1 8 8 1 ) . . . . . 3 9

............ 2. I . 1 T h e F i f t h G r o u p of R e l a t e d ~ ~ r m s . - 3 9

.......... 2 . 1 . 2 T h e S i x t h Group o f R e l a t e d Forms . , . . 4 6

.......... 2.1 .2 .1 An A n a l y s i s P r e s e n t ~ d b y ~ a r r i s . . . 5 1

..... .... ............. 2 .1 .2 .2 DECIR a n d HBCER ..,. .... 55

....... 2 . 1 . 3 T h e T e n t h Group o f I r r e g u l a r V e r b s . . , . . 6 2

v i i i

Page 10: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

............. 2 .2 ANALYSIS PRESENTED BY FOLEY (1 965) - 6 7

2.2.1 P r e s e n t a t i o n a n d Comments ...................... 69

..................................... 2.2.2 C r i t i q u e . . 83

............. 2 . 3 ANALYSIS PRESENTED BY CRESSEY (1972) 9 2

........ 2 .3 .1 A t h e m a t i c i t y i n i r r e g u l a r p a r t i c i p l e s ..95

.................. 3 .7 . H A B E R . SABER AND CABER e . e e e e e e 1 2 9

...... 3.1.1 F u t u r e E n d i n g s a n d P r e s e n t I n d . o f HABER 136

................................ 3 .1 .2 A N e w A n a l y s i s 141

................. 3.1.3 ~ p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d p . d e l e t l o n 177

...................... 3 .1 .4 C o n d i t i o n s o n 3 - d e l e t i o n 189

3 .2 R e d u c t i o n . C o n t r a c t i o n . M e t a t h e s i s and V o c a l i c R a i s i n g .......................................... 201

....................... 3 . 2 . 1 Haber . S a b e r . a n d C a b e r 204

3 . 2 . 2 P l a c e r and T r a e r ..................m......... . . 217

.................... 3 .2 .3 Pode r . P o n e r and R e s p o n d e r 220

3 .2 .4 Q u e r e r a n d V e r ................................ 225

3 .2 .5 Hace r . Decir a n d V e n i r ........................ 233

....................... 3 .2 .6 Andar. Es ta r and Tener * 2 4 3

FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER 3. s . . . . . l - 2 4 8

Page 11: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified
Page 12: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T a b l e

LIST OF TABLES

P a g e

F i r s t c o n j u g a t i o n

S e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n

T h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n

P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e : H a b e r , S a b e r a n d C a b e r

P r e i e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e : E s t a r a n d Andar

H a b e r a n d s a b e r

C a b e r a n d P o d e r

P o n e r a n d T e n e r

H a c e r a n d Q u e r e r

1 0 . Decir a n d V e n i r

1 1 . P r e s e n t S u b j u n c t i v e : H a b e r , S a b e r , a n d C a b e r

1 2 . P r e t e r L t e I n d i c a t i v e : . T r a e r a n d Ver

13. P l a c e r a n d R e s p o n d e r

1 4 . P r ~ t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e : Temer , H a b e r , S a b e r , a n d C a b e r 4 0

15. F u t u r e a n d C c n d i t i o n a l : C a b e r , S a b e r , H a b e r , P o d e r , a n d

Q u e r e r 47

1 6 . F u t u r e a n d C o n d i t i o n a l : Va le r , T e n e r , P o n e r , S a l i r ,

V e n i r , H a c e r , a n d Decir 48

1 7 . P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e : Decir 57

1 8 . P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e e n d I m p e r a t i v e : H a b e r , S a b e r , a n d

C a b e r 6 3

Page 13: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

1 9 . P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e : C a b e r

20 . D e r i v a t i o n : q u e p o a n d c a b e s

2 1 . P r e s e n t S u b j u n c t i v e : C a b e r e n d S a b e r

22 . D e r i v a t i o n : q u e p a a n d s s p a

2 3 . P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e : C a b e r , S a b e r , a n d Habe r

2 4 . D e r i v a t i o n : c u p e

25 . D e r i v a t i o n : hube a n d s u p e

2 6 . D e r i v a t i o n : q u e p o and se'

2 7 . D e r i v a t i o n : h e

28 . D e r i v a t i o n : h a y a 86

2 9 . I n f i n i t i v e s a n d P a s t P a r t i c i p l e s : A b r i r , ~ u b r i r , ~ o r i r ,

V o l v e r , E s c r i b i r , P o n e r , Decir, a n d Hacer 9 5

3 0 . D e r i v a t i o n : amado, rnuer to , and d i c h o 96

3 1 . D e r i v a t i o n : d i c h o and h e c h o 37

3 2 . I n f i n i t i v e s a n d P a s t P a r t i c i p l e s : ~ b r i r , ~ u b r i r , ~ o r i r ,

V o l v e r , E s c r i b i r , P c n e r , ~ e c i r , a n d Hacer

3 3 . D e r i v a t i o r : a b i e r t o , c u b i e r t o a n d m u e r t o

3 4 . D e r i v a t i o n : v u e l t o a n d e sc r i to 103

3 5 . Ve rbs : v o l v e r , a b s o r b ~ r , a b s o l v e r , and e s c r i b i r 104

3 6 . D e r i v a t i o n : v u e l t o a n d e sc r i to 1 0 5

3 7 , ~ e r i v a t i o n : p u e s t o 106

3 8 . D e r i v a t i o n : d i c h o and h e c h o 107

3 9 . I r r e g u l a r v e r b s : p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e

4 0 . D e r i v a t i o n : am&, amo', corni, a n d comid

4 1 . D e r i v a t i o n : p r e t e r i t e of v e r i r

Page 14: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

F u t u r e : S p a n i s h , P o r t u g u e s e , I t a l i a n a n d F r e n c h 140

B a s i c P a r a d i g m of P h o n o l o g i c a l C h a ~ g e 145

P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e : Amar, Comer, Haber , S a b e r , a n d C a b e r 151

P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e of H a b e r 153

P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e of S a b e r 151r

P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e of C a b e r 155

p r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e o f Haber 156

p r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e o f S a b e r 157

P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e of C a b e r 158

P r e s e n t S u b j u n c t i v e o f H a b e r 159

P r e s e n t S u b j u n c t i v e o f S a b e r 160

P r e s e n t S u b j u n c t i v e of C a b e r 161

D e r i v a t i o n : [ e x q f n ] a n d l e x t ] 179

~ e r i v a t i o n : /N8x/ a n d /Ntx/ 181

Haber , S a b e r , a n d C a b e r 193

E x a m p l e s w i t h 195

58. E x a m p l e s w i t h [P I

5 3 . E x a m p l e s w i t h [ T I d e l e t i o n

6 0 . Armada, Apagada , a n d Nada

6 1 . Armaba, Apagaba, a n d A l a b a

6 2 . E x a m p l e s w i t h ~8 ] d e l e t i o n

63 . D e r i v a t i o n : p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f H a b e r

6 4 . E x a m p l e s w i t h ? - d e l e t i o n f r o m L a t i n t o ~ p a n i s h

6 5 . - E x a m p l s s w i t h h - d e l e t i o n frcm l a t i n t o S p a n i s h

6 6 . P r e s e n t a n d P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e

x i i i

Page 15: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

6 7 . H a b e r , S a b e r , a n d C a b e r : P o r t u g u e s e a n d P r o v e n z a l

68 . L a t i n a n d S p a n i s h : q u e s o , q u e s e r a , a n d b e s o

6 3 , D e r i v a t i o n : s6 a n d q u e p o

7 0 . D e r i v a t i o n : h u b e , s u p i s t e , a n d c u p i e r o n

7 1 . V e r b s : mover , t o s e r , c o s e r , c o c e r , a n d l l o v e r

7 2 . Relic f o r m s o f T r a e r a n d P l a c e r

73 . P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e : T r a e r a n d P l a c e r

7 4 . P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e : P o d e r a n d P o n e r

7 5 . P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e : Ver a n d Q u e r e r

7 6 . Preter i te I n d i c a t i v e : Ver

7 7 . p r e t e r i t e ~ n d i c a t i v e : H a c e r , Decir a n d V e n i r

7 8 . P r a t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e : Dije

7 3 . F u t u r e a n d C o n d i t i o n a l : Decir And H a c e r

8 0 . I m p e r a t i v e : D o c i r

8 1 . I m p e r a t i v e : H a c e r

82. I m p s r a t i v e : P o n e r , T e n e r , V e n i r , a n d S a l i r

8 3 . I m p e r a t i v e : Amar, T ~ m e r , a n d P a r t i r

8 4 . Some f o r m s from L a t i n t o ~ p a n i s h : s o l , s a l , mar , mes

8 5 . I m p e r a t i v e : Ver, Ser, a n d Leer

8 6 . P r e s s n t I n d i c a t i v e : Andar , E s t a r , a n d T e n e r

8 7 . P r e t e r i t e ~ n d i c a t i v ~ : P o r t u g u e s e a n d C a t a l a n

x i v

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION -------

1 .1 SCOPE OF THE THESIS: --- ---- -- --

1 . 1 . 1 T O P I C TO B E COVERED. ---- --- - -- -----

T h e p r e s e n t t h e s i s i s a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e s t u d y o f

S p a n i s h v e r b m o r p h o p h o n o l o g y .

S p a n i s h v e r b s a r e t r a d i t i o n a l l y c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h r e e

c o n j u g a t i o n s d e p e n d i n g m a i n l y o n t h e t h ~ m e v o w e l , t h a t "is, t h e

v o w e l t h a t f o l l o w s t h e r o o t of +he v e r b .

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F i r s t c o n i u q a t i o n : --- -

The p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f r e g u l a r f i rs t c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s

i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e 1 w i t h c a n t a r , " t o s i n g " .

T A B L E 1.

P r e s e n t I n d f c a t i v e Pre ter i te I n d i c a t i v e

1 .s. c a n t o [ k a ' n t o ] c a n t e ' [ kante ' ]

2 . s . c s n t a s [ k i n t a s ] c a n t a s t e [ k a n t d s t e ]

3 . s . c a n t a [ k a ' n t a ] c a n to' [ k a n t d ]

1. p. c a n t a m o s [ k a n t g m o s ] c a n t a m o s [ k a n t i m o s ]

3 . p. c a n t a n [ k i n t a n ] % c a n t a r o n [ k a n t g r o n ]

The root is c a n t a n d t h e t h e m e v o w e l i s i n a l l f o r m s e x c e p t i n

c a n t o z . The p e r s o n - n u m b e r e n d i n g s a re p, S , , d , m q ~ , a n d g --- r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Thus , t h e s p e n i s h r e g u l a r f i r s t c o n j u g a t i o n c o n s i s t s o f

t h o s e v e r b s whose t h e m e v o w e l i s g a n d t h e i n f i n i t i v e e n d i n g i s

Page 18: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

S e c o n d c o n j u q a t i o n ~ ---- --

The p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f r e g u l a r s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s

i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e 2 w i t h temer, " to f e a r u .

TABLE 2 .

P r e s ~ n t I n d i c a t i v e P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e

I .s, t e m o te'mo ] temi [ temi ]

2 . s . temes [t&mes] temiste [ temiste ]

3 . s. teme I te'me 1 temid L temydl

1 . p. tememos [ teme'mos] t e m i m o s [ temimos]

3.p. t e m e n [ t 4 m e n ] t e m i e r o n [ temy&on ]

The r o o t is a n d t h e t h e m e v o w e l is 2 i n a l l f o r m s e x c e p t i n

t 2 m 0 • ‹ t h e p ~ r s o n - n u m b e r e n d i n g s a r e t h e same a s i n t h e f i r s t --- 9

c o n j u g a t i o n .

It f o l l o w s t h a t t h e S p a n i s h r e g u l a r s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n

c o n s i s t s o f t h o s e v e r b s whose t h e m e v o w e l i s a n d t h e

i n f i n i t i v e e n d i n g i s 9.

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T h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n : ---

The f i v e f o r m s o f the p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f r e g u l a r t h i r d

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s a re i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e 3 w i t h ~ a r f i r "to

b r e a k f 1 .

TABLE 3 .

P r e s s n t I n d i c a t i v e P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e

1 . s . p a r t o [ p a ' r t o 3 p a r t : [ p a r t i 3 I

2 . s . p a r t e s [ p a / r t e s ] p a r t i s t e p a r t i s t e ]

3 . s . p a r t e [ p a ' r t e 1 p a r t i d [ p a r t y d l

I 1. pa p a r t i m o s [ p a r t i m c s ] p a r t i m o s [ p a r t ~ m o s ]

3 . p. p a r t e n [ p i r t e n ] p a r t i e r o n [ p a r t y d r o n ]

T h e r o o t i s p a r t a n d t h e p e r s o n - n u m b e r e n d i n g s a r e t h ~ same a s

i n t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n s . S i n c e t h e t h e m e v c w e l

a l t e r n a t e s b e t w e e n s t r e s s e d a n d u n s t r e s s e d 2, I a s s u m e a n

u n d e r l y i n g t h e m a t i c i a r ~ d a p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e which l o w e r s t h e

u n s t r e s s e d & t o 2 a s was p r o p o s e d b y H a r r i s ( 1 9 6 9 ) . 3

T h u s , t h e S p a n i s h r e g u l e r t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n c o n s i s t s o f

t h o s e v e r b s whose t h e m e v o w e l i s & a n d t h e i n f i n i t i v e e n d i n g i s

- ir . ---

He may r e a s o n a b l y a s s u m e , t h e n ,

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a . T h a t a v e r b is r e g u l a r i n t h e f irst , s e c o n d , o r t h i r d

c o n j u g a t i o r ~ i f t h e t h e m e v o w e l a n d t h e p e r s o n - n u m b e r

e n d i n g s a r e a s t h o s e o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p a t t e r n v e r b s

d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e s 1-3 a b o v e ; a n d f u r t h e r m o r e , t h e

v o c a l i c e n d i n g s o f t h e f i r s t a n d t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r

a r e s t r e s s e d i n t h e i r p r e t e r i t e s .

b . T h a t a v e r b i s i r r e g u l a r i f i t s p a r a d i g m d i f f e r s f r o m

t h a t of t h e p a t t e r n v e r b s .

I n t h i s t h e s i s , I w i l l a s s u m e Harris ' p r o p o s a l t h a t t h e m e

v o w e l s d o n o t a p p e a r a s s u c h i n t h e l e x i c o n . R a t h e r , t h e y are

s p e l l e d o u t by a R e a d j u s t m e n t r u l e w i t h t h e e f f e c t o f (1) :

a [ l c o n j ] 0 ===> e 12 c o n j ] Root t -- X # ]v

i 1 3 c o n j ]

T h e r e s u l t s o f (1) a re i l l u s t r a t e d in (2) :

R u l e (1) a p p l i e s t o t h e u n d e r l y i n g f o r m s /am/ a n d /corn/ i n ( 2 a )

a b o v e , i n s e r t i n g t h e v c w e l s 2 a n d i n m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e

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morpheme b o u n d a r y i n c o n f i g u r a t i o n s (2b) . To s u p p o r t t h e e s s e r t l o n t h a t t h e m e v o w e l s m u s t b e s u p p l i e d

by r u l e r a t h e r t h a n b e i n g f u l l y s p e c i f i e d i n t h e l e x i c o n , Harris I

(1 963: 99) a r g u e s t h a t t h e r e a re j u s t t h r e e c o n j u g a t i o n a l c lasses

a n d h e n c e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t t h e m e v o w e l s a n d t h a t t h i s f a c t i s n o t

c a p t u r e d i f e a c h t h e m e v o w e l i s f u l l y s p e c i f i e d i n t h e l e x i c o n .

I n o t h e r w o r d s , i f t h e m e v o w e l s a r e f u l l y s p e c i f i e d l e x i c a l l y , '

t h e n i t i s a l e x i c a l i d l o s y n c r a c y o f e a c h v e r b stem t h a t i t s

t h e m e v o w o l i s r ~ o t /u/ o r / G / . ( S e e Harris, 1969 , s e c t i o n 3 . 8 )

The p u r p o s e cf t h i s t h e s i s i s t o p r o p o s e a n a n a l y s i s t h a t

e x p l a i n s p r i m a r i l y t h e a l t e r c a t i o n [ a - u ] o b s e r v e d i n t h e t h r e e

i r r e g u l a r s o c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r , " t o h a v e w , s a b e r , I t t o

knowtt, a n d c a b e r I t to f i t ( i n t o ) It a n d t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ p - p ]

o b s e r v e d i n s a b e r a n d c a b e r . I w i l l make t h e c l a i m t h a t t h ~ s e

v e r b s a r e m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e la ted a n d t h a t t h e y c o n s ~ i t u t e

a s u b g r o u p of v ~ r b s w i t h s i m i l a r a l t e r n a t i o n s i n t h e p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v 3 , p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e , which

a r e d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e m a n i f e s t e d by t h e r e g u l a r v e r b s o f t h e

s o c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n . 4

The a n a l y s i s w i l l a l s o b e c o ~ c e r n e d w i t h f i v e s u b s e t s o f

i r r e g u l a r f i r s t , s e c o n d a n d t h i r d c o n j u g a t l o n v e r b s : ( a ) ~ l a c e g

I t t o p l e a s e 1 ' a n d t r a e r I t to b r i n g t t ; ( b ) p o d e r I t t o be a b l e t t , p o n e 2 I--

l t?o p u t l t , a n d r e s p o n d s Itto a n s w e r t t ; (c) e e r e r --- l 1 to w a n t t t , a n d

Page 22: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

v e r " t o see t t ; ( d ) h a c e r I t to makett , d e c i r Itto s a y n , a n d v e n i r I t t o --- comet1; a n d ( e ) a n d a r " t o walkl8 , e s t a r I t to b e t t , a n d t e n e r " t o

h a v e t t . P l a c e r a n d t r a e r a re r e l a t e d t o t h e t h r e e v e r b s habey, -- s a b e r , a n d c a b e r b e c a u s e t h e y s h a r e t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] i n t h e ---- p r e t s r i t e formss. P o d e r , p o n e r , a n d r e s p o n d e r a r e a l s o r e l a t e d

t o t h e s a m e v e r b s a s well a s t o t h e s u b s e t (a) b e c a u s e o f t h e

r a i s i n g o f t h e r oo t b a c k v o w e l /o/ t o [ u ] i n t h e p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e 6 . A n d a r , estar a n d t e n e r h a v e a n u ] i n t h e i r

p r e t e r i t e s . 1 w i l l show i n 3 . 2 . 6 . o f c h a p t e r 3 how t h e y a r e ,

t h e r s f o r e , r e l a t e d t o h a b e , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r and a l s o t o t h e

s u b s s t s (a-d) m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . Q u e r e r , 1 ~ 2 a n d v e n i r , wh ich

m a n i f e s t a f r o n t v o w e l [ e - i ] r a i s i n g a l t e r n a t i o n , a n d h a c e r ,

d e c i r , t h a t h a v e a r i ] i n t h e i r p r e t e r i t e s , c o n s t i t u t e ,

t h e r e f o r e , a p a r a l l e l w i t h t h o s e v e r b s w h i c h show t h e b a c k vows1

[ a - u ] , [ o - u ] a l t e r n a t i o n s . T h e s e d a t a a n d t h e p r o b l e m s t h a t

a r i s s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r 3.

I n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e a l t e r n a t i o n s [ a - u ] , l o - u ] , a ~ l d

[ e - i ] o f t h e i r r e g u l a r f irst , s e c o n d a n d t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s

u n d e r a n a l y s i s , a s e t of p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s w i l l b e p r o p o s e d i n

C h a p t e r 3 . T h e r u l e s of M e t a t h e s i s a n d V o c a l i c R a i s i n g , which

a r e t h e most r e l e v a n t t o t h e a n a l y s i s , w i l l b e f o r m u l a t e d a n d

m o t i v a t e d .

*Also i n C h a p t e r 3 , h i s t o r i c a l d a t a from S p a n i s h a s well a s

from o t h e r Rcmance l a n g u a g e s w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d s o a s t o s u p p o r t

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t h e r u l e s , r u l e o r d e r i n g , a n d u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

p r o p o s e d i n t h i s s t u d y .

It h a s b e e n a s s u m e d t r a d i t i o n a l l y t h a t h a b e r 7 i s " a n

i s o l a t e d v e r b " ( s e e Bel lo , 1 9 7 5 : 1 5 0 ) 8 o r , "a c o m p l e t e l y

i d i o s y n c r a t i c v e r b w ( s e e Harris, 1 9 6 9 : 9 7 ) . T h u s , s p e c i a l

a t t e n t i o n w i l l b e d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s d i s c o v e r i n g wha t i s i n v o l v e d

/ i n t h e i d e n t i t y of t h e f u t u r e e n d i n g s &, 2, -emos,

a n d t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f h a b e r , a n d i c t h e

m o r p h o l o g i c a l a n d p h o n o l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n i r r e g u l a r

f u t u r e stems l i k e h a b r - , s a b r - , , a n d c a b r - a n d t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e

i n f i n i t i v e forms h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r . N o t e t h a t t h e o n l y

d i f f s r e n c e b e t w e e n h a b r - a n d h a b ~ y is t h e a b s e n c a o f t h e t h e m e

v o w e l 2 i~ h a b r -. T h e s e a n d o t h e r r e l a t e d f a c t s w i l l l e a d t o

t h e c o n c l u s i c n t h a t h a b e r s h o u l d n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d a n i s o l a t e d

v e r b b u t r a t h e r a member of a g r o u p m c r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d

t o s a b e r a n d c a b e r .

T h e r e h a v e b e e n s e v e r a l g e n e r a t i v e s t u d i e s of t h e S p a n i s h

v e r b ( F o l e y , 1 9 6 5 ; Harris , 1 9 6 9 ; S a c i u k , 1 3 6 9 ; Willis, 1 3 6 9 ;

C r e s s e y , 1972; H a r r i s , 1972 ; H o o p e r , 1974; S t . C l a i r a n d P a r k ,

1974; H o o p e r , 1 9 7 6 ) . A l l of them a n a l y z e a n d d e s c r i b e t h e

r e g u l a r v e r b s of S p a n i s h . However , i r r e g u l a r v e r b s s u c h a s

h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r h a v e b e e n s y s t e m a t i c a l l y a v o i d e d b y ---- some* l i n g u i s t s .

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F o r e x a m p l e , H a r r i s (1969 :97) c l a i m s t h a t h a b e r is' a

c o m p l e t e l y i d i o s y n c r a t i c v e r b ; l a t e r on , i n a s t u d y o f f i v e

c l a s s e s o f S p a n i s h i r r e g u l a r v e r b s (see H a r r i s , 1972: 268 , f t .

no'le 11) h e s a y s t h a t t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f h a b e r i s u n i q u e

a n d , t h e r e f o r e , i t i s i g n o r e d . A n o t h e r e x a m p l e a p p e a r s i n S t .

C l a i r a n d P a r k ' s s t u d y o f t h e i r r ~ g u l a r p r e s e n t t e n s e v e r b s o f

S p a n i s h (1974:98) i l ? w h i c h t h e y refer t o t h e v c r b h a b e r a s a

v e r b r e p l e t e w i t h p r o b l e m s f o r t h e a n a l y s t . With r e s p e c t t o t h e

v s r b s a b e r , S t . C l a i r a n d P a r k (1974 :38) s a y t h a t t h e o n l y f o r m

t h a t t h e y c a n n o t h a n d l e i s t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r =' I t I know11

a n d i t i s t h i s f o r m t h a t co t o n l y makes s a b e r i r r e g u l a r i n t h e

p r o s e n t b u t a l s o a r e s i d u a l p r o b l e m . A l s c , F o l e y (1965:71)

c l a i m s t h a t t h e r e i s n o e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e /

f o r m d, s i n c ~ we e x p e c t *sepo l i k e guepc o f t h e v e r b c a b e r . .

F o l e y (1965) a n d C r e s s e y ( 1 9 7 2 ) a r e , a s f a r a s I h a v e b e e n

a b l e t o d i s c o v e r , t h e o n l y o n e s who p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i v e a n a l y s e s

o f t h e S p a n i s h i r r e g u l a r v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r . F o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 , c h a p t e r 4 ) p r o p c s e s a se t o f p h o n o l o g i c a l

r u l e s t o e x p l a i n t h e v o w e l 2 n d c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n a t i o n s o b s e r v e d

i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s of

t h e v e r b s c a b e r a n d s a b e r , a n d t h o s e o b s e r v e d i n t h e p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e of t h e t h r e e v e r b s . B u t F o l e y ' s a n a l y s i s is v s r p

l i m F t e d s i n c e h e c o n s i d e r s o n l y t h o s e f o r m s t h a t c a n u n d e r g o t h e

Page 25: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

s e t o f r u l e s t h a t h? p r o p o s e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , o n l y t h e v e r b c a b e r

i s a n a l y z e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d t w o

v e r b s , -- c a b e r a n d s a b e r , w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p r e s e n t

s u b j u n c t i v e . A l l o t h e r f o r m s a r e o m i t t e d .

I n C h a p t e r 2 of t h i s t h e s i s , F o l e y ' s a a a l y s i s w i l l b e

e x t e n d e d t o t h e o m i t t e d forms o f t h e t h r e ~ v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r ,

a n d c a b e r i n o r d e r t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t i t i s i n a d e q u a t e t o

a c c o u n t f o r them.

C r e s s e y (1972) l ists a s e t of i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e forms,

s p e c i f i c a l l y c u p e , s u p € , hube , t u v e , a n d u v e , e s t u v e , p u d e , p u s e ,

p r o d u i e , traie, v i n e , h i c e , a n d d i j e , w h i c h m u s t b e e x p l a i n e d

" i n terms of e x c e p t i o n f e a t u r e s a s s c p 5 a t e d w i t h t h e i r l e x i c a l

e n t r i e s , t h z t is , i n terms of t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l s y s t e m o u t l i n e d

i n Chomsky a n d H a l l e (1968) " (The Sound P a t t ~ r n of E n q l i s h , NPW

P o r k , H a r p e r , a n d Row). I n f a c t , t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s c u p e , s u p e ,

h u b e , r u v e , a n d u v e , a n d e s t u v e , a r e n o t d i s c u s s e d by C r e s s e y

s i n c e h e a s s u m e s t h a t t h e a n a l y s i s of s a b e r i n terms o f w

i n c r e m e n t r u l e s p r o p o s e d b y F o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 ) i s c o r r e c t a n d c a n b e

a p p l i e d t o them.

C o n s e q u e n t l y , t w o f a c t s a r e i m p o r t a n t f o r C r e s s e y : /

a . T h e stress p a t t e r n o f i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e s s u c h a s

vf i I n 4 ( 1 s t . p e r s o n s i n g . ) a n d 11 l n o ( 3 r d . p e r s o n s i n g . )

Page 26: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

d i f f e r f r o m t h a t of t h e r ~ g u l a r v e r b s s u c h a s c o m e r "to

eattt , f i rs t s i n g . corn[ f l a n d t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g .

corn![ dl. --

b. The roo t g t s o f p o d e r a n d p o n e r c a n n o t b e r a i s e d t o 3 i n

t h e i r p r e t e r i t e s p[ 6 l d e a n d prd 1se b y t h e R a i s i n g r u l e

p r o p o s e d b y Harris (1 969: 109) . I n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e i r r e g u l a r a l t e r n a t i o n s o b s e r v e d

i n t h e s e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s , C r e s s e y p o s t u l a t e s t w o p h o n o l o g i c a l

r u l e s a s m i n o r cases of H a r r i s t r a i s i n g r u l e m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . He

c o n c l u d e s h i s a n a l y s i s by c l a i m i n g t h a t h i s r a i s i n g r u l e a s a

whole e x p l a i r i s why non- low v c w e l s i n i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e f o r m s

a r g r a i s e d a n d t e n s e d w h e r e v e r t h e y h a p p e n t o b e i n t h e v e r b

forms.

It w i l l b e shown i n C h a p t e r 2 o f t h i s t h e s i s t h a t t h e

R a i s i n g r u l e a s f o r m u l a t e d by C r e s s e y d o e s n o t e x p r e s s a n y v a l i d

g e n e r a l i z a t i o n . I n f ac t :

a . C r e s s e y ' s r u l e s do n o t e x p l a i n why the r o o t 2 's a•’ =bag

, c a b e r , h a b e r , arLd p l a c e r f r o m t h e s e c c n d c o n j u g a t l o n

a r e r a i s e d t o 3 in t h e p r e t e r i t e .

b , C r e s s e y ' s r u l e s d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e

Page 27: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

v o w e l g i n t h e p r e t e r i t e s e s t u v e a n d g n d u v e f r o m t h e

f i r s t c o n j u g a t i o n , a n d tuve from t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n .

c. C r e s s e y ' s r u l e s c a n n o t e x p l a i n why t h e r o o t low vowel 2

o f h a c e r from t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n i s r a i s e d t o L i n

t h e p r e t e r i t e .

1 . 1 . 2 THEORETICAL APPROACH. --- -----

T h i s s t u d y is p r e s e n t e d p r i m a r i l y w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f

g e n e r a t i v e p h o n o l o g y , s p e c i f i c a l l y a s p r o p o s e d by Chomsky a n d

H a l l e ( 1 9 6 8 ) i n Ths Sound P a t t e r n of E n g l i s h .

I a s s u m e , f o l l o w i n g Chomsky a n d H a l l e , t h a t t h e

p h o n o l o g l c a l c o m p o n e n t of a g e n e r a t i v e grammar i s a s y s t e m o f

r u l e s t h a t a p p l i e s t o t h e s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a n

u t t e r a n c e a s m o d i f i e d by t h e R e a d j u s t m e n t R u l e s . T h i s is t h e n

c o n v e r t e d i n t o a p h o n e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , u s i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n

t h a t i s p r e s e n t i n t h e s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h a t

u l t i m a t e l y d e r i v e s f rom t h e s y n t a c t i c r u l e s a n d t h e - l e x i c a l

~ n t r i e s .

Chomsky a o d H a l l e ( 1968) p r o p o s e t h a t p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s

a r e - a p p l i e d i~ a l i n e a r 9 o r d e r , ~ a c h r u l e o p e r a t i n g o n t h e

s t r i n g a s m o d i f i e d b y a l l e a r l i e r a p p l i c ~ b l e r u l e s . T h i s

Page 28: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p r o p o s a l i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t f o r o u r a n a l y s i s .

T h e t h e o r e t i c a l b a s e of t h e s t u d y w i l l b e e n r i c h e d b y

t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h r e e a d d i t i o n a l c o n c e p t s u s e d i n

p h o n o l o g i c a l t h e o r y , n a m e l y G R A D U A L or LEXICAL DIFFUSION 1 0 o f

p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s a c r c s s t h e l e x i c c n a s p r o p o s e d by Wang

( 1 9 6 9 ) , Chen ( l 9 7 2 ) , a n d r e a n a l y z e d by Chen a n d Wang ( l 9 7 5 ) ,

L I N E A R O R D E R of a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a s d e s c r i b e d b y --- -- Newton (1970) I t , a n d RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION p r o p o s e d b y F o l e y

( 1 9 7 7 ) . We w i l l be d e v i a t i n g i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r way f r o m Chomsky ,

a n d H a l l e t s m o d e l ,

Chen a n d Wang ( 1 9 7 5 ) p r e s e n t e v i d e n c e d rawn from t h e

h i s t o r y o f C h i n e s e , ~ n g l i s h , a n d S w e d i s h , a s well a s f r o m

l a n g u a g e a c q u i s i t i c n , t o s u p p o r t t h e c l a i m t h a t a p h o n o l o g i c a l

c h a n g e p r o p a g a t e s i t s e l f g r a d u a l l y a c r o s s t h e l e x i c o n , f r o m

morpheme t o morpheme. I d e a l l y , b e f o r e t h e c h a n g e , a l l s p e a k e r s

w i l l u s e s o u ~ d 1 x 3 i n a l l r e l e v a n t mcrphemes; a f t e r t h e c h a n g e ,

a l l s p e a k e r s w i l l u s e s o u n d [ y ] i n t h e s a m e s e t o f morphemes.

I h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t i r r e g u l a r a l t e r n a t i o n s s h a r e d b y t h e

S p a n i s h v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r may b e e x p l a i n e d i n a

f a i r l y s i m p l e a n d n a t u r a l way i f we a d o p t Wang a n d C h e n ' s

c o n c e p t of L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n . I f t h i s c a n b e shown t o b e t h e

c a s e , e v i d e n c e from S p a n i s h w i l l l e n d f u r t h e r s u p p o r t t o t h e

d i f f u s i o r ; i s t h y p o t h e s i s .

Page 29: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

Two c o n c e p t s are f u n d a m e n t a l w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e h y p o t h e s i s

of L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n : \

a . T h e t e m p o r a l d i m e n s i o n s o f a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s t h a t

c a n b e e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l . The ~ x t e r n a l time

d i m e n s i o n i s c c n c e r n e d w i t h t h e r e l a t i v e c h r o n o l o g y of

p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s , t h a t is, t h e e x t e r n a l r e l a t i o n 1

b e t w e e n r u l e s i n terms o f time s e q u e n c e . And t h e

i n t e r r i a l time d i m e n s i o n w h i c h d e a l s w i t h t h e

c h r o n o l o q i c a l p r o f i l e , ( c f . Wang ar?d Cheng, 1970) o f t h e -

g r a d u a l e v o l u t i o n , a n d e x p a c s i o n o r r e g r e s s i o n , of a

s i n g l e p h c n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s . The d i m e n s i o n o f time may

b e s t u d i e d i n e a c h of t h r e e r e l a t i v e l y i n d e p e n d e n t

p a r a m e t e r s :

. 1 ) p h o c e t i c , i .e. f r o m s o u n d [ x ] t o s o u n d L y ] ;

2) l e x i c a l , i . e . f r o m morpheme t o morpheme i n t h e

r e l e v a n t p a r t o f a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s v o c a b u l a r y ; a n d

3 ) s o c i a l , i .e. from s p e a k e r t o s p e a k e r a c r o s s d i a l e c t s

a s well a s w i t h i n d i a l e c t s .

b. The l e x i c a l d i m e n s i o n s of a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s . A

p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e may o p e r a t e , w i t h i n a g i v e n p e r i o d o f

time, i n many d i f f e r e n t ways , f o r e x a m p l e :

Page 30: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

1) It g r a d u a l l y e x t e n d s i t s s c o p e of o p e r a t i o n t o a

l a r g e r a n d l a r g e r p o r t i o n o f t h e l e x i c o n , u n t i l a l l

r e l e v a n t items h a v e b e ~ n t r a n s f o r m e d by t h e p r o c e s s ;

2) It may s t o p a t a c e r t a i n p ~ r i o d o f time a n d t h e n

c o n t i n u e a f f e c t i n g a l l r e l e v a n t l e x i c a l items; )

3 ) It may cease a f t e r i t h a s o p e r a t e d o v e r o n l y a p a r t

of t h e r e l e v a n t v o c a b u l a r y , n e v e r b e c o m i n g c o m p l e t e .

I n t h i s c a s e , we h a v e a n o n l y p a r t i a l l y s u c c e s s f u l

s c u n d c h a n g e .

4 ) It may be t h w a r t e d by a n c t h e r r u l e c o m p e t i n g f o r t h e

same l e x e m e s .

Q u e s t i o n s s u c h a s why some mcrphemes c h a n g e e a r l i e r t h a n

o t h e r s , w h e t h e r morphemes f o l l o w t h e same c h a n g e s c h e d u l e f r o m

s p e a k e r t o s p e a k e r , a n d how s p e a k e r s i n f l u e n c e e a c h o t h e r ' s

c h a n g e s c h e d u l e s , a c c o r d i n g t o Wang ( 1 9 6 9 ) , a r e p r o b a b l y in

l a r g e p a r t i n s o l u b l e on t h e b a s t s of p u r e l y l i n g u i s t i c

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , s i n c e t h e y a p p e a r t o d e p e n d o n mzng s o c i a l

f a c t o r s . T h u s , c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s t o be g i v e n t o t h e s o c i a l

a s p e c t s o f l a n g u a g e u s e , a s well a s t o t h e s t r u c t u r a l a s p e c t s

i n t e r n a l t o t h e l a n g u a g e .

The a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s w i l l b e c o n c e r n e d

Page 31: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

o n l y w i t h t h e s e c o n d c o n c e p t , i . e . t h e l e x i c a l d i m e n s i o n s o f a

p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s . & ' I n e t h e r w o r d s , i t w i l l d e a l w i t h a k i n d

o f p r o c e s s t h a t h a s g r a d u a l l y b e e n a p p l y i n g t c t h e f o r m s o f t h e

v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r . A se t o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s

a p p l i e s t o t h e v e r b h a b e r , f e w e r r u l e s t o t h e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b ,J

s a b e r , a n d e v e n fewer r u l e s t o c a b e r . The s e t a p p e a r s t o h a v e

l o s t some i m p e t u s , a s w i l l b e shown by f o r m s w h i c h h a v e n o t

u n d e r g o n e t h e c h a n g e , I t i s p o s s i b l e i f n o t p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e

s e t o f r u l e s w i l l e v e n t u a l l y a p p l y t o t h o s e f o r m s not y e t

a f f e c t e d b y it. F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d p r o c e s s h a s

a l s o been a p p l y i n g g r a d u a l l y t o t h e t e n s e s o f the t h r e e v e r b s : a

s e t o f r u l e s a p p l i e s i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , fewer r u l e s i n

t h e p r e t e r i t e , a n d e v e n fewer i n t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e . It

w i l l a l s o b e shcwn t h a t t h e t h r e e v e r b s u n d e r a n a l y s i s a r e

r e a s o n a b l y a s s u m e d t o b e c o n d i t i o n e d by grammar t o b e s u b j e c t t o

a d i f f e r e n t number o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s .

I c l a i m t h a t i f t h e G r a d u a l D i f f u s i o n h y p o t h e s i s i s

c o r r e c t , the i r r e g u l a r f o r m s a r e n o t t h o s e w h i c h t r a d i t i o n a l l y

h a v e b e e n c o r s i d e r e d i r r e g u l a r i t i e s s u c h a s &e "1 h a v e v , has

"you h a v e - s i n g . " , hemos "we h a v e w , a n d " t h e y h a v e " , b u t

r a t h e r h a b e r n o s l 3 " t h e r e a r e " w h i c h h a s n o t y e t b e e n "made

r e g u l a r " by t h e p a r t i c u l a r p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s .

Wang ( 1 9 6 9 ) a n d Chen a n d Wang (1975) do n o t i n s i s t t h a t

l e x i c a l d i f f u s i o n is t h e o n l y means by w h i c h morphemes c h a n g e .

Page 32: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

They c l a i m t h a t t h i s is o n e of t h e p r i m a r y m e a n s t h r o u g h which a

s o u n d c h a n g e i m p l e m e n t s i t se l f . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s v i e w , d u r i n g

t h e e a r l y p h a s e of t h e c h a n g e , o n l y a s m a l l s e t of t h e r e l e v a n t

morphemes is a f f e c t e d . Some of t h e a f f e c t e d morphemes may c h a n g e

t o t h e y - p r o n u n c i a t i o n d i r e c t l y . O t h e r morphemes, h o w e v e r , w j l l

a t f i r s t h a v e b o t h t h s x - p r o n u n c i a t i o n a n d t h e y - p r o n u n c i a t i o n ,

f l u c t u a t i n g e i t h e r r a n d o m l y o r a c c c r d i n g t o f a c t o r s s u c h a s time

o r s t y l e .

T h e r e f o r e , t h e h y p o t h e s i s of L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n s u g g e s t s

(Wang, 1369:15) t h a t , a t a n y g i v e n time i n a n y l i v i n g l a n g u a g e ,

we s h o u l d e x p e c t t o f i n d s e v e r a l se ts o f mcrphemes w i t h d u a l

p r o n u n c i a t i o n s . t 4 A c c o r d i n g t o Wang (1969: 15- 16) , in C h i n ~ s e

d i a l e c t s , t h e r e are l a r g e s e t s of morphemes which h a v e t w o

p r o n u n c i a t i o n s , o n e l i t e r a r y , t h e o t h e r c o l o q u i a l . I n E n g l i s h ,

many morphemes h a v e two p r o n u n c i a t i c n s , s u c h a s t h o s e i n v o l v i n g

a c c e n t p a t t e r n [&bdaman /abddwman], p o s t v o c a l i c r [ s a r p r a / j z / s a

p r a ' j z ] , v o w e l l a b i a l i z a t i o n ~ k d e t a l 3 ~ / k & e t a l a g ] , v o w e l l e n g t h

[ r G f / r u • ’1 , s y l l a b i c i t y [ t a ' w l / t k w a l ] , j - g l i d e s [ nG / n j i i ] ,

v o i c i n g o f i n t e r v o c a l i c o b s t r u e n t c l u s t e r s [ d k s ~ t / g g z l t 1.

To g e n e r a t e t h e correct p h o n e t i c r e p r e s ~ n t a t f o n s

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e forms of t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e t e r i t e

i n d l c a t i v e , a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e of t h ~ v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r ,

a n d . --- c a b e r , a s well a s t h o s e of t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v a o f t h e

v e r b s p o d e r a n d placer, two p h o n o l c g i c a l r u l e s , s p e c i f i c a l l y

Page 33: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

s p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d p - d e l e t i o n h a v e t o a p p l y twice i n t h e

d e r i v a t i o n . Two a l t e r n a t i v e s a re l o g i c a l l y p o s s i b l e :

a . s p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d p - d e l e t i o n a r e t w o r u l e s s t i l l a c t i v d

i n t h e d e r i v a t i o ~ when o t h e r p r o c e s s E s come i n t o

o p e r a t i o n ; a n d

b. ~ p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d P - d e l e t i o n a re two l t p e r s i s t e n t " 1 5

r u l e s , i .e . r u l e s w h i c h r e m a i n i n e f f e c t " o v e r a l o n g

p e r i o d o f time d u r i n g t h e h i s t o r y ' o f a l a n g u a g e l 1 a n d

e x e r t t h e i r i n f l u e n c e w h e n e v e r l l t h r o u g h t h e o p e r a t i o n of

o t h e r c h a n g e s u t h e i r s t r u c t u r a l d e s c r i p t i o n c o m e s t o b e

f u l f i l l e d . 1 6

A l t e r n a t i v e ( a ) is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e l i n e a r m c d e l

p r o p o s e d b y Newton ( 1 9 7 0 ) . T h i s c o n s t i t u t e s t h e s e c o n d

a d d i t i o n a l c o n c e p t which w i l l e n r i c h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b a s e of

t h i s s t u d y .

Newton c l a i m s t h a t h i s t o r i c a l c h a n g e s r e s u l t f rom t r e n d s

w h i c h t a k e p l a c e i n time, s o t h a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e i m a g e i s n o t

p u n c t u a l b u t l i n e a r ; h i s e v i d e n c e i s f r o m d i a l e c t s o f Modern

G r e e k . A l t e r n a t i v e (b) is p o s t u l a t e d by g e n e r a t i v e p h o n o l o g y .

I a s s u m e t h a t t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a s

l i n e s , t h a t is, i n t h e s e n s e of a l t e r n a t i v e ( a ) , i s b e t t o r a b l e

Page 34: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t o h a n d l e t h e case o f S p a n i s h t h a n t h e ' * p o i n t - r u l e a s s u m p t i o n o f

c o n v e n t i o n a l g e n e r a t i v e p h o n o l o g y u . 1 7

T h a t S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d p - d e l e t i o n a p p l y g r a d u a l l y a c r o s s

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e , a n d p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s of t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r ,

a n d c a b e r w i l l b e shown i n C h a p t e r 3 . T h i s c o n s t i t u t e s a p i e c e

o f e v i d e n c e t o a s s u m e t h a t t h e h y p o t h e s i s o f L E X I C A L DIFFUSION

i s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e c o n c e p t of L I N E A R O R D E R o f , a p p l y i n g

p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s .

1 . 1 . 3 THE DATA. --- --

The d a t a may b e c o n s i d e r e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f L a t i n - A m e r i c a n

S p a n i s h s p o k e n by e d u c a t e d u r b a n s p e a k e r s , l B a n d i s r e s t r i c t e d

t o t h e s i m p l e v e r b forms c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a s u b s e t o f S p a n i s h

i r r e g u l a r v e r b s o f t h e f i rst , s e c o n d , a n d t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n i n

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r e s e n t

s u b j u n c t i v s .

I n t h i s t h e s i s , t w o k i n d s o f d a t a w i l l b e u s e d i n r e l a t i o n

t o t h e s e c o r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s p l a c e r , t r a e r , a n d -2. V e r b

forms u s e a b y e d u c a t e d u r b a n s p e a k e r s w h i c h I w i l l r e f e r t o a s

" S t a n d a r d D a t a w , a n d t h o s e f o r m s s t i l l u s e d b y u n e d u c a t e d r u r a l

s p e a k e r s which I w i l l c a l l " R ~ l i c D a t a t t . O c c a s i o n a l r e f e r e n c e

w i l l a l s o b e made t o w ~ o l l o q u i a l S p e e c h w .

Page 35: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The f o r m s t h i s s t u d y is c o n c e r n e d w i t h a r e g i v e n i n f o u r

sets o f p a r a d i g m s . 7 (

T h e f irst se t d e a l s w i t h t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f the

s o - c a l l e d i r r e g u l a r s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r f t t o h a v e n

( L a t e h a b g r e , s a b e r I t t o knowff ( L a t e sapsre, a n d c a b e r YO f i t

i n t o f f < L a t . cape're - 1 9

The s e c o n d set of p a r a d i g m s is i n t u r n d i v i d e d i n t o t w o

g r o u p s o f forms. The f i rs t g r o u p i s made up o f t h e f i r s t

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s e s t a r " t o b e w < L a t . s t Z r e a n d a n d a r " t o walk11

( ~ 3 t . a d n s r e , 2 0 a r d t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s p o d e r f f t o b e

a b l e " ( L a t . p o t E r g , ' p o n e r ' ? t o p u t t t < L a t . pGnGre, p l a c e r " t o

p l e a s e f t ( L a t . p l a c g r e , t e n e r I t t o h a v e f i ( L a t . t e n e ' r e , a n d r e s p o n d e z

f t t o a n s w e r t t ( L a t . r e s p b n d G r e . 2 1 A l l o f t h e m m a n i f e s t a h i g h vowel

u i n t h e r o o t o f t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r e t e r i t e

subjunctive.*^ T h e s e c o n d g r o u p is f ~ r m e d by t h e s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a c o r ff'co make"( L a t . f s c f v r e a n d q u e r c l r " t o

want" ( L a t . q u a e r z r s , a n d t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s d e c i r " t o

s a y " ( L a t . d i c g r e a n d v ~ n i r " t o c o m e t t < L a t . v g n i r e which h a v e a

h i g h v o w e l i] i n t h e r o o t o f t h e same t e n s e , t h a t . is, t h e

p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e . 2 3

The t h i r d se t of p a r a d i g m s i n v o l v e s t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e

o f t h e t h r e e v e r b s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f i rs t se t cf p a r a d i g m s .

Page 36: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The f o u r t h se t o f p a r a d i g m s i n c l u d e s t h e S p a n i s h s e c o n d > /

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s t r ae r f f t o b r i n g v ( L a t . 3 r d . c o n j. t r a h g r e a n d

v e r f f t o seem < L a t . 2 ~ d . c o n j. v i d s r e . ghlag a n d r e s p o n d e r a r e --- a l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h i s se t .

T r a e r is m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h o s e v e r b s o f -- g r o u p 1. F i r s t , t h e v o w e l s o f t h e first a n d t h i r d p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r e n d i n g s ir t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e s t a n d a r d a n d re l ic

f o r m s o f t h i s v e r b a r e n o t s t r e s s e d a s i n temer " t o f e a r " , 1st.

p e r s o n s i n g . temli _l a n d 3 r d . p e r s o n s i n g . t emi rd l , which , a s was

p o i n t e d o u t i n T a b l e 2 a b o v e , is t h e p a t t e r n o f t h e S p a n i s h

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n . S e c o n d , t h e r o o t vowel g o f t h e p r e t e r i t e i n

trajq I f 1 b r o u g h t l f a l t e r n a t e s w i t h t h e r o o t v o w e l [ u ] m a n i f e s t e d - by t h o s e v e r b s o f g r o u p 1 a s s e e n i n t h e r e l i c f o r m t r u i e I f I

b r o u g h t " O l d S p a n i s h t r o x e , d e r i v e d f r o m * t r a u x i a n d i n t u r n

f rom * t r a x u l L a t . t r z x Z . 2 *

The s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b vr is r e l a t e d t o t h o s e o f t h e

s e c o n d g r o u p i n t h e s e c o n d set o f p a r a d i g m s b e c a u s e it m a n i f e s t s

t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ e - i ] i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e . I n f a c t , t w o

r e l i c f o r m s v i d e I f I sawn a n d v i d o Ifhe sawff a r e u s e d i n t h e

p r e t e r i t e b e s i d e t h e s x a n d a r d "1 sawn a n d &d "he sawf1 i n t h e

same a r e a s a s t h e r e l i c f o r m s o f t r a e r -2s

, The v e r b placer h a s p r e t e r i t e s t a n d a r d f o ~ m s s u c h a s p l a c i ,

p l a c i e r o n , 2 6 a n d t h e p r e t e r i t e r e l i c f o r m s ~ J u s q a n d p l u q u i e r o n

Page 37: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

? ( s e e T a b l e 13 i n t h e D a t a ) . 2 7 I t i s m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d

t o t h e v e r b s o f g r o u p 1 f o r t h e s a m e r e a s o n s a s t h e v e r b t r a e r ,

i . e . t h e u n s t r e s s e d vowel of t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r e n d i n g i n

g l u d 01 , a n d t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t h e h i g h v o w e l [u] i n t h e

p r e t e r i t e r e l i c f o r m s .

T h e s e c o n d ' c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b r e s p o n d e r I t t o a n s w e r v h a s

s t a n d a r d a n d re l ic f o r m s i n t h ~ p r e t e r i t e l i k e t r a e r , I=, a n d

p l a c e r . S t a n d a r d forms s u c h a s r e s p o n d i s t e , etc. ,do

n o t p o s e a n y p r o b l e m t o t h e a n a l y s i s i n t h i s t h e s i s . B u t t h e

re l ic f o r m s r e p u s e , y e p u s i s t e , r e p u s o , e tc . ( s e e T a b l e 13 i n

t h e D a t a ) a r e m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y a n d p h o n o l o g i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l TO

t h e p r e t e r i t e forms o f t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b r e p o n e r " t o

r e p l a c e H . T h i s v e r b i s f o r m e d by t h e p r e f i x re w h i c h means

" a g a i n " a n d t h e i r r e g u l a r s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b pomg " t o

p u t " .

However , r e p u s e "1 a n s w e r e d " i s s e m a n t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m

r e p u s 5 "1 r e p l a c e a n . T h e f i r s t c o m e s f r o m L a t i n r e s p 6 n d G r g a n d

t h e s e c o n d comes f r o m L a t i n r e p b n g r g .

I n c h a p t e r 3, s u b s e c t i o n 3 .2 .3 . , I w i l l show that t h e

p r e t e r i t e f o r m s r e p u s c , ~ e p u s i s t e , r e p u s o , r e p u s i m o s , r e p u s i e r o n

r e p r e s e n t a c a s e o f l e x i c a l c o n f u s i o n b e t w e e n t h e v e r b p o n e r " t o

p u t " a n d t h e v e r b r e s p o n d e r t t t o a n s w e r w . T h i s l e x i c a l c o n f u s i o n

i s o b s e r v e d n o t o n l y i n S p a n i s h b u t i n a l m o s t a l l Romance

2 2

Page 38: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

l a n g u a g e s . Note h e r e t h a t t h e c a s e of r e s p o n d e r a n d r e p o n e r i s

n o t u n i q u e i n ~ p a n i s h . T h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b ser " to b e w

a n d t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b 2 " t o g o t t h a v e m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y

a n d p h o n o l o g i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l f o r m s i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e

4 a n d p r e t e r i t e s u b j u n c t i v e : fx, f u i s t e , fug, f u i m o s , f u e r o n , I g I

was, you were, h e was, etc . , a n d I went , you w e n t , h e wen t ,

etc.t1 i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e a n d f u e r a , f u e r a s , f u e r a , / f u e r s m o s f u e r a n "1 were, you were, h e w e r E , etc., a n d I wen&, , f , I

y o u wen t , h e w e n t , etc.Ir i n t h e p r e t e r i t e s u b j u n c t i v e

r e s p e c t i v s l y .

The a s s u m p t i o n made a b o v e i s p a r t l y s u p p o r t e d b y t h e Real

Acadomia ~ s p a i i o a ( 1976: 308) w h i c h p o i n t s o u t t h a t I t e l v e r b o ----- r e s ~ o n d e r , ademas d e s u p e r f e c t o s i m p l e r e g u l a r r e s p o n d i , ------- c o n s s r v a s u p e r f e c t o f u e r t e o r d i n a r i o r e p u s e , r e p u s i s t e

. . . ( a n t i g u o r e s p u s e d e l L a t i n * r e s p o n s i p o r r e s p o n d i ) q u e

c o i n c i d e h o y c o n e l p e r f e c t o f u e r t e d e r epor ie r . I1

S u m m a r i z i n g , t h r e e p o i n t s are f u n d a m e n t a l i n C h a p t e r 1:

a . The a n a l y s i s p r c p o s e d i n t h i s t h e s i s w i l l e x p l a l n how

t h e t h r e e S p a n i s h s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r

, a n d c a b e r , w h i c h m a n i f e s t a b a c k v o w e l [ a - u ] r a i s i n g

a l t e r n a t i o ~ , a r e m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d n o t o n l y I

t o e a c h o t h e r b u t a l s o t o f i v e s u b s e t s o f o t h e r S p a n i s h

i r r e g u l a r v e r b s from t h e f i r s t , s e c o n d a n d t h i r d

Page 39: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

c o n j u g a t i o n s : a ) p l a c e r a n d t r a e r ; ( b ) . p o d e r , p o n e r , a n d

r s p o d e ( c ) s u e r e r a n d E; ( d ) h a c e r , d e c i r a n d - v e n i r * a n d ( e ) a n d a r , s t a r a n d t e n e r . --- *

b. T h e s t u d y w i l l b e b a s e d o n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f g e n e r a t i v e

p h o n o l o g y . T h i s t h e o r ~ t i c a l b a s e w i l l b e e n r i c h e d b y

t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i c n t h r e e a d d i t i o n a l c o n c e p t s u s e d

i n p h o n o l o g i c a l t h e o r y , is€. LEXICAL D I F F U S I O N (Wang,

1 9 6 9 ) a n d (Chen a n d Wang, l 9 7 5 ) , LINEAR ORDER o f

a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s (Newton, 1970) , a n d RULE

SCHEMA INTERRUPTION ( F o l ~ y , 1977) . c. T h e d a t a u s e d i n t h e a r g u m e n t a t i o n f o r t h e h y p o t h e s i s

a b o v e a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f L z t i n - A m e r i c a n S p a n i s h

s p o k e n b y e d u c a t e d u r b a c s p e a k e r s . 2 8

Page 40: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The S p a n i s h f o r m s t h i s s t u d y i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h are g i v s n i n

f o u r s e t s of p a r a d i g m s , a s f o l l o w s :

1 .1 .3 .1 . P R E S E N T I N D I C A T I V E .

TABLE 4.

H A B E R

1,s. h e

2 . s. h a s

3 . s . h a

1 . p . hemos

SABER [ sapdr ] CABER [ ka'fb6r ]

se l S ~ I quepo [ k 4 p o ~

s a b r s [sgpes] c a b e s [ k & e s ]

s a b e I sL8e 1 c a b e I m e ]

s a b e m o s [sa$e/mos] c a b e m o s ka'ggmos]

h a b e m o s [ a$&mos ]

3 .p . h a n 6 1 s a b e n [ s i $ e n ] c a b e n [ k i p e n ]

Page 41: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

1 . 1 .3 - 2 . PRETERITE INDICATIVE.

1 . 1 . 3 . 2 . 1 . GROUP 1. FIRST CONJUGATION.

TABLE 5.

ESTAR L es td r 3 A N D A R [ anda ' r ]

1 . s . e s 5 u v e e s t 6 ~ e ] a n d u v e L and@^]

2. s. e s t u v i s t e [ e s tup i s t e ] a n d u v i s t e [ a n d u p f s t e ]

3.5. e s t u v o [ e s t i b o 3 a n d u v o [ andu'po ]

1 , p. e s t u v i m o s [ e s t u ~ i m o s ] a n d u v i m o s [ a n d u p i m o c ]

3 . p. e s t u v i e r o n [ e ~ t u $ ~ & o n ] a n d u v i e r o n [ a n d u ~ ~ d r o n ]

SECOND CONJUGATION.

TABLE 6 .

H A B E R c +A I S A B E R [ sap& 1

1.s. * h u b e 2 9 [&el s u p e 1 s i p e 1

2 . s. * h u b i s t e [ u p i s t e ] s u p i s t e [ sup i s t e ]

3.s. h u b 0 c ;PO I s u PO L s i p 0 1

1 . p. ehub i rnos [ u ~ i r n o s ] s u p i m o s [ supirnos]

3. p. * h u b i e r o n [ ~ ~ ~ d r o n ] s u p i e r o n [ supy&on ]

Page 42: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T A B L E 7 .

CABER

1.s. c u p e

2 . s . c u p i s t e

3 . s . c u p 0

1 . p . c u p i m o s

PODER [ p o 8 d r ]

pude C P ; B ~ 1

p u d i s t e [ pu%;ste

pudo t P i 8 0 1

pudimos [ pu8:mos]

3 . p , c u p i e r o n [ kupydron ] p u d i e r o n [ pu%y&ron ]

TABLE 8 .

P O N E R pone'r 3

1.s. p u s e [ p 6 s s l

2 . s. p u s i s t e [ p u s i s t e 1

3 . s . p u s 0 ~ 4 ~ 0 I / I . p . p u s i m o s [ p u s r m o s ]

TENER

t u v e

t u v i s t e

t u v o

t u v i m o s

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1 . 1 . 3 . 2 . 2 . GROUP 2 . SECOBD CONJUGATION.

TABLE 9.

HACER asdr ] QUERER [ kere ' r ]

/ 1.s. h i c e [ l s e ] q u i se [ k i s e ]

2. s. h i c i s t e [ i s i s t e 1 q u i s i s t e [ k i s i s t e ]

3 , s . h i z o [ { s o ] q u i s o [ k i s o ]

1 . p. h i c i m o s [ i s imos] q u i s i m o s [ k i s i m o s ]

/ 3 . p. h i c i e r o n [ i s y e ' r o n ] q u i s i e r o n [ k i s y e r o n ]

TABLE 10.

1.s. d i j e [ d i x e 3 v i n e [ b i n e l

2 . s. d i j i s te d i x i s t e ] v i o i s t e [ b i n i s t e ]

3 . s . d r j o [ d i x o ] v i n o [ b i n 0 ]

1 . p. d i jimos [ d i x i m o s ] v i n i m o s [ b i n i m o s ]

3 . p. d i j e r o n [ d i x e ( r o n ] v i n i e r o n [ b i n y e ' r o n ]

Page 44: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

l 4

1.1.3.3a PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE. SECOND CONJUGATION.

TABLE 11 .

I n s s h a y a E L Y ~ I s e p a ~ S ~ P Z ] q u e p a [ k k ~ a 1

2 . s . h a y a s [ L y a s ] s e p a s [ q u e p a s ~ k 4 ~ a s ]

3 . s . h a y a C ~ Y ~ I s e p a t s g p a 1 quePa L k6pa 1

I . p a hayamos [ aya!mos ] s e p a m o s [ sep$mos] quepamos [ kepgmos ]

3 . p. hay a n [ gyan ] s e p a n [ sdpan ] q u e p a r [ k;pan ]

l a l a 3 a 4 s PRETERITE INDICATIVE. SECOND CONJUGATION.

TABLE 12 .

TRAER [ trae'r .] VER [ b d r ]

S t a n d a r d Forms:

2 . s. trz j iste [ t r a x i s t e ] v i s t e [ b i s t e ]

3 . s . t r a j o t r g x o ] vio ' [ b y d l

1 . p a t r a jimcs [ traxl/mos] v i m o s [ b i m o s ]

3 . p a t z a jeron [ t r a r4 ron ] v i e r o n [ b y & r o n ]

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Relic Forms:

1 . s . t r u j e [ t r i x e ]

3 , s . t r u j o c t r d x o 1

TABLE 13.

1.s. PLACER [ p l a s e r ]

S t a n d a r d Forms:

1. s. p l a c i c p l a s i ]

v i d e [ b i a e ]

v i d o [ b i a o ]

RESPONDER [ r e s p o n d e r ]

2 . s . p l a c i s t e [ p l a s f s t e ] r e s p o n d i s t e [ r e s p o n d i s t e ]

3 . s. p l a c i o / f P ~ ~ S Y ~ I r e s p o n d i d [ r e s p o n d y d ]

1 . p , p l a c F m o s [ p l a s i m o s ] r e s p c n d i m o s [ r o s p o n d i m o s ]

3 . p. p l a c i e r o n ( plasy&:ron ] r e s p o n d i e r c n [ r e s p o n d y & o n ]

Relic Forms:

1. s. - - -- r e p u s e [ rep6se ]

2 . s. -- -- r e p u s i s t e [ r e p u s i s t e ]

3 . s . p l u g 0 1 ~ l q o I r e p u s o c r ep i so ]

1 .p . -- -- r e p u s i m o s [ r e p u s i m o s I /

3 . p. p l u g u i e r o n ( p l u ye ' ron] r e p u s i e r o n [ r e p u s y e r o n ] I

Page 46: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

FCOTNOTES CHAPTER 1. ----- I S e c o n d p e r s o n p l u r a l v e r b forms t h a t a g r e e w i t h t h e

s u b j e c t v o s o t r ~ t q y o u - p l u r a l l t a r e f o r m s t h a t d o n o t o c c u r

i n o r d i n a r y d i s c o u r s e i n a n y d i a l e c t o f L a t i n - A m e r i c a n

S p a n i s h . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e y are i g n o r e d i n t h i s work on

~ p a n i s h v e r b m o r p h o p h o n o l o g y . T h e s e f o r m s , h o w e v e r a r e

p e r f e c t l y o r d i n a r y , a p a r t of e v e r y s p e a k e r ' s e v e r y d a y

l a n g u a g e , i n o t h e r d i a l e c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y the s p e e c h o f

S p a i n u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a s w C a s t i l i a n u .

2 S e e H a r r i s (1969:67) f o r a d e t a i l e d discussion of why t h e

t h e m e v o w e l d o e s n o t a p p e a r p h o n e t i c a l l y i n t h e f i r s t

p e r s o n s i n g u l a r c a n t o .

S e e Harris (1969:68) f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f l o w e r i n g a n d

t h e m e v o w e l d e l e t i o n r u l e s .

T h i s i s n o t to s a y t h a t c t h e r l i n g u i s t s h a v e d i s a g r e e d

w i t h t h i s c l a i m . On t h e c o n t r a r y , B e l l o ( 1 8 8 1 ) , Cuorvo

(1881) , a n d F c l e y (1965) h a v e shown i n t e r e s t i n g r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n t h e t h r e e v e r b s e v e n t h o u g h t h e i r a n a l y s e s h a v e

b e o n t o o r e s t r i c t e d .

I am r e f e r r i n g h e r e t o t h e p r e t e r i t e r e l i c f o r m s o f p l a c e r

a n d t r a e r , t h a t is, p a g o , p l u q u i e r o n a n d t r u j ? , t r u j o

r e s p e c t i v e l y , T h e s e two v e r b s a l s o h a v e s t a n d a r d f o r m s

/ s u c h a s p l a c l , p l a c t s t e , e t c . , a n d t r a i e , t r a i i s t g , e tc .

Page 47: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

( S e e T a b l e 1 3 i n t h e D a t a )

I am r e f e r r i n g t o t h e i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f

r s s ~ o n d e r , t h a t is, r e p u s e , r e p u s i s t e , etc. T h i s v e r b a l s o - h a s r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e f o r m s s u c h a s r e s p o n d f (see T a b l e 13

i n t h e D a t a ) . H a b e r l 1 t o h a v e " is t h e p e r f e c t a u x i l i a r y v e r b i n S p a n i s h . ---

It n e v e r means nhaven i n t h e s e n s e of ~ l p o s s e s s l l , "ownu;

t h i s m e a n i n g i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t e n e r .

T h i s i s t h e 1 3 t h . e d i t i o n o f ~ n d r g s E e l l o ' s grammar o f

S p a n i s h . The f i rst e d i t i o n was p u b l i s h e d i n 1881 by

~ c h e v e r r f a Hermanos. It c o n t a i n s n o t e s w r i t t e n by C u ~ r v o

a n d a n a l p h a b e t i c a l ind,ex. I n f a c t , E e l l o ' s grammar a n d

C u e r v o ' s n o t e s a p p e a r i n o n e v o l u m e a n d h a v e b e e n

t r a d i t i o n a l l y c o n s i d e r e d o n e work. However, i n t h i s

t h e s i s , I w i l l refer t o B e l l o l s g rammar a s ' B e 1 1 0 (1881)

a n d t o C u e r v o ' s n o t e s a s ' C u e r v o ( 1 8 8 1 ) ' .

It i s s t a t e d l a t e r i n The S c u n d P a t t e r n of E n g l i s h ( s e e

(39), p. 3 4 4 ) t h a t " t o a p p l y a r u l e , t h e e n t i r e s t r i n g i s

f i r s t s c a n n e d f o r s e g m e n t s t h a t s a t i s f y t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l

c o n s t r a i n t s o f t h e r u l e . After a l l s u c h s e g m e n t s h a v e b e s n

i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e s t r i n g , t h e c h a n g e s r e q u i r e d by t h e r u l e

a r e a p p l i e d s i m u l t a n e ~ u s l y ~ ~ . The term I1Gradua l D i f f u s i o n t 1 i s e m p l o y e d i n t h i s s t u d y a s

well a s I I L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n w w i t h n o d i f f e r e n c e i n mean ing .

The term l i n e a r c o m e s f r o m N e w t o n ' s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f

Page 48: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

r u l e s a s l i n e s a n d h i s manner o f l i n k i n g c r u c i a l

e n d - p o i n t s by b r o k e n l i n e s . Newton (1970) a l s o u s e s

p u n c t u a l a s t h e o p p o s i t e term r s f e r r i n g t o t h e mode l

s t a t e d by g e n e r a t i v e p h o n o l o g y z c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h r u l e s

a p p l y o n c e i n t h e c y c l e i n t h e g i v e n c r d e r i n f o r m i n g a

d ~ r i v a t i c n , p r e c i s e l y w h e n e v e r t h e i r s t r u c t u r a l

d e s c r i p t i o n i s met.

T h i s d c e s n o t mean t h a t t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e t e m p o r a l

d i m e n s i c n s i s less i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e a n a l y s i s .

B c t h f o r m s h e m o ~ a n d habemos c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e f i r s t

p e r s o n p l u r a l o f h a b e r ; hemos i s t h e a u x i l i a r y a n d habemos

h a s b e e n r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e s o - c a l l e d i m p e r s o n a l

c o n s t r u c t i o n s m e a n i n g " e x i s t u a s i n t h ~ e x a m p l e : Habemos

c u a t r o p e r s o n a s I t t h e r e a r e f o u r p e r s o n s " .

I n t h e p h o n e t i c l i t e r a t u r e , t h e s e t w i n f o r m s h a v e b e e n

r e f e r r e d t o a s ~ d o u b l ~ t s w .

T h e term t l p e r s i s t ~ n t t t was f i r s t u s e d by C h a f e (1367) i n

h i s a r t i c l e : V T h e O r a e r i n g o f P h o n o l o g i c a l R u l e s H , i n I J A L

34 , 115-136, a n d t h e n t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n by Newton

(1 970) ,

See Newton (1970: 4 3 ) .

Newton h a s p r e s e n t e d s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s o f r u l e a p p l i c a t i o n

i n G r e e k s h o w i n g t h a t s t r ic t a d h e r e n c e t o t l p o i n t r u l e "

p h o n o l o g y i n v o l v e s t h e r ~ c c g n i t i o n o f a s y m m e t r y v i o l a t i o n ,

i.e. when, f o r e x a m p l e , t w o r u l e s A a n d B a re s o r e l a t e d

Page 49: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t h a t A b l e e d s B a n d B f e e d s A , o r w h e r e t h e r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n t w o r u l e s is one of m u t u a l f e e d i n g ( see Newton,

1970:32-35) ; t h e r e c o g n i t i o n of t r a n s i t i v i t y v i o l a t i o n ,

i . e . w h e r e , f o r i n s t a n c e , a r u l e A f ~ e d s B a n d B f e e d s C ,

b u t a t t h e s a m e time A is s o o r d e r e d t h a t i t i s c r u c i a l l y

p r e c e d e d by r u l e C (see Newton, l970:36-4 1 ) ; a n d i n b o t h

c a s e s , t h ~ a b a n d o n m e n t of o r d e r e d sets of r u l e s ,

l e The term " e d u c a t e d u r b a n s t a n d a r d f l is u s u a l l y d e f i n e d a s

L.A.S . , t h a t i s , L a t i n - A m e r i c a n S t a n d a r d .

1 9 The d a t a f o r L a t i n a n d a l l t h e e t y m o l o g i c a l d a t a i n t h i s

t h e s i s a r e t a k e n from ~ a r c < a d e D i e g o ( 1 954) : D i c c i o n a r i o

~ t i m o l d q i c g ~ s p a l r o l g ~ i s p g r ~ i c o , ~ e w i s ( 1 901) : 4 L a t i n ---

D i c t i o n a r y -- -- f o r S c h o o l s , C o r o m i n ~ s (1 961) : D i c c i o n a r i o

c r i t i c ~ ~ t i m o l d q i ~ & la & e n q u a g a s t e l l m a , a n d Donad iu y --- - B u i g n a u ( 1 8 3 0 ) : D i c c i o n a r i c de la L e n q u a C a s t e l l a n a con

c o r r e s p o n d e n c i a Catalans. -- 2 o T h o r e are t h r e e d i f f e r e n t e x p l a n a t i o n s a b o u t t h e s o u r c e of

a n d a r : --- a. C o r o m i n a s s a y s t h a t a n d a r c o m e s f r o m Romance * a m l a r e

w h i c h i n t u r n comes f r o m L a t . a m b u l z r e . A l s o F r e n c h

a l l e r a n d I t a l i a n a n d a r e , a c c o r d i n g t o C o r o m i n a s ,

come from L a t i n a m b u l a r e . Rcmance * a m l a r e o r i g i n a t e d

Romacce a m n a r e w h i c h w e n t t o C a t a l a n a n a r a n d Rumanian

b. ~ a r c i a d e D i e g o s a y s t h a t a n d a r c o m e s f rom L a t .

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a m b i t h r e . T h i s i n t u r n o r i g i ~ a t e s C a t . a n a r , a n d P o r t . -

a n d G a l l . a n d a r .

c. D o n a d i u a n d B u i g n a u s a y s t h a t a n d a r c o m e s f r o m l t ~ a t f n

a d n a r e p o r t r a n s p o s i c i d n d e l a fi y q ". --- 2 L The v e r b s p l a c e r a n d r e s p c n d s r a p p e a r i n t h e f o u r t h set o f

p a r a d i g m s a n d n o t i n t h e f i r s t g r o u p of t h e s e c o n d s e t

b e c a u s e t h e y h a v e s t a n d a r d a n d r e l i c fcrms l i k e t r a e r a n d

v e r . . However, t h e y b e l o n g t o t h e s e c o n d s e t b e c a u s e of -- t h e - u o f t h e p r e t e r i t e r e l i c forms.

2 2 The f o r m s o f t h e p r e t e r i t e s u b j u n c t i v e a r e h u b i e r a !!I

had" , s u p i e r a "1 knew!!, c u p i e r a I t I f i t t e d t t , p u d i e r a "1

c o u l d n , etc. T h e s e forms a r e p a r a d i g m a t i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o

t h e t h l r d p e r s o n p l u r e l of t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e

h u b i e r o n s u ~ i e r c n c u p i e r o p , p u d i e r o n , e tc . F o r t h i s - f I

r e a s o n , s u b j u n c t i v e forms ere i g n o r e d i n t h e f i r s t s ~ t of

t h e s e c o n d p a r a d i g m a s well a s i n t h e rest o f t h e p r e s e n t

a n a l y s i s .

2 3 Note t h a t t h e t h r e e v e r b s h a b e r , saber, a n d c a b e r of t h e

f i r s t se t of p a r a d i g m s a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h e s e c o n d

s e t . . (See forms i n T a b l e 6 i n t h e D a t a )

2 * The r e l i c v e r b a l forms "1 b r o u g h t N , a n d t r u i g I the

b r o u g h t t t a r e h e a r d b e s i d e t h e s t a n d a r d t r a j 2 , t r a j o i n t h e 7-

r u s t i c a n d v u l g a r s p e e c h o f L a t i n - A m e r i c a n S p a n i s h s p o k e n

i n t h e Andes , a n d a l s o i n ~ a r i b b e a n S ~ a n i s h s p o k e n i n

~ r i n i d a d . (See Moodie ( 1 973: 9 3 )

Page 51: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

Bello ( 1 8 8 1 : 146) c o n s i d e r s t h e v e r b t r a e r a member o f " E l

q u i n t o o r d e n o g r u p o d e f o r m a s a f i n e s t ! ( t h e f i f t h c l a s s o r

g r o u p of r e l a t e d forms), made u p a l s o of h a b e r ,

s a b e r , c a b e r , a n d p l a c e r , b e c z u s e t h e v o w e l q of t h e r o o t -- ----- was r a i s e d t o 2 i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e t r u i e I t 1

b r o u g h t t t , t h e p r e t e r i t e s u b j u n c t i v e t r u j e s e o t r u j e r a , a n d

t h e f u t u r e s u b j u n c t i v e t r u i e ~ e . B e l l 0 a l s o p o i n t s o u t t h a t

p e o p l e from t h e l o w e r c l a s s 3 s s t i l l u s e t h e s ~ forms of t h e

v e r b t raer . C u e r v o (1881 :82 , n o t e 76-IV) i n c l u d e s t h e p r e t e r i t s f o r m s

o f t raer i n a g r o u p t h a t h e refers t o a s t p r e t Q r i t o s

f u e r t e s ' ( s t r o n g p r e t e r i t e s ) . T h e s e p r e t e r i t e s are g i v e n

i n g r o u p 1 of t h e f i r s t se t o f p a r a d i g m s .

2 5 S e e Bel lo (1881: 1 5 9 ) a n d Moodie ( 1 9 7 3 : 9 3 ) .

2 6 I n f a c t , S p a n i s h s p e a k e r s d o n o t u s e t h e s e f o r m s . I n s t e a d ,

t h e y u s e t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b f o r m s of c o r n p l a c e r

w h i c h m e a r s I t to p l e a s e w l i k e p l a c e r .

z 7 A c c o r d i n g t o B e l l o ( 1 8 8 1 : 1 4 7 ) , i n O l d S p a n i s h t h e v e r b

p l a c e r was c o n j u g a t e d o n l y i n t h e t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r of

t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e p l u g o " h e , s h e p l e a s e d t f , p r e s e n t

s u b j u n c t i v e p 1 e q a " h e , s h e p l e a s e s t ! , p r e t e r i t e s u b j u n c t i v e

p l u q u i e r a o ~ G q u i e s e , a n d f u t u r e s u b j u n c t i v e ~ L g q u i e r e .

And a r o u n d t h e 1 9 t h . c e n t u r y , i t b e g a n t o b e c o n j u g a t e d i n

e v e r y mood, t e n s e , number , a n d p e r s o n .

With r e s p e c t t o t h e p r e s e n t u s e of p l a c e r , t h s R e a l

Page 52: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

Academia E s p a E c l a ( R . A . E . ) ( 1976: 293, f t . n o t e 7 4 ) s a y s : ----

" L a s formas c o n -g- n o se e m p l e a n h o y e n l a l e n g u a

h a b l a d a , p e r 0 t i e n e n e s t a d o l i t e r a r i o , a p e s a r d e s u

c a r g c t e r m a r c a d a m e n t e a r c a i c o ~ ~ .

IR s p i t e o f R . A . E . ' s s t a t e m e n t , t h e r e l i c f o r m s of galas2

a r e c e r t a i n l y u s e d b y u n e d u c a t e d s p e a k e r s i n some

L a t i n - A m e r i c a n r u r a l a r e a s a n d i s p a r f e c t l y o r d i n a r y i n

c h u r c h a s a p a r t of e v e r y p r i e s t ' s l a n g u a g e i n r e l i g i o u s

c e r ~ m o n i e s .

2 0 The s t a n d a r d a n d r e l i c d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s h a s

b e e n c h e c k e d w i t h t h e n a t i v e s p e a k e r s A l b e r t o E i s e n k r a f t

f rom P e r u ; Lucy d e S t e p h e n f r o m E l S a l v a d o r ; J u a n ~ d r e z ,

N e l s o n y Har je l i Onzaga from Colombia ; ~ e r m g n a n d J o v i t a

Wespha l f rom C h i l e ; R i t a d e G r a n d i s frcm A r g e n t i n a ; N e l l y

V i l l e g a s f rom U r u g u a y ; a n d Nary ~ z c i t e ~ u i R . , L u i s ~ d m e z ,

P a b l o S i v i l a , a n d F e l i p e O r t e g z f r o m V e n e z u e l a ,

2 9 O b s e r v e t h a t h u b e , h u b f s t e , hub imos , and h u b i e r o n a r e

p r e t e r i t e f o r m s n o t i n u s e i n Modern S p a n i s h . T h i s i s t h e

r e a s o n f o r c o n s i d e r i n g t h e m a r c h a i c f o r m s .

Page 53: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

CHAPTER 2

PREVIOUS ANALYSES: C R I T I Q U E ------

T h i s s e c o n d c h a p t e r i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e s e c t i o n s : T h e

f i r s t s e c t i o n d e a l s w i t h s u g g s s t i c n s made by B e l l 0 (1881) a n d

C u e r v o ( I 8 8 1) w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

s h a r e d by the ~ p a n i s h i r r e g u l a r v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , c a b e r ,

p l a c e r , t r a e r , t e g s , r e s p o n d e r , q u o r e r , p d e r , a n d p o n e r f r o m

the s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n ; a n d a r a n d e s t a r f r o m t h e f i r s t

c o n j u g a t i o n ; a n d v e n l r f r o m the t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n . The o t h e r t w o

s e c t i o n s i n v o l v e two g e n e r a t i v e a n a l y s e s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r c a b e r a n d some of t h e o t h e r v e r b s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e a s , I -- p r e s e n t e d b y F o l e y (1965) a n d C r e s s e y (1972) .

Page 54: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

2 . 1 . ANALYSES PRESENTED BY B E L L 0 A N D CUERVO ( 1 8811, --------- -I-- - -- --

I n t h i s s e c t i o n , I w i l l p r e s e n t a b r i e f summary o f a number

of r e l e v a n t s u g g e s t i o n s made b y Bello a n d C u e r v o which w i l l

s u p p o r t my claim t h a t t h e S p a n i s h s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s

h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r are m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d a n d ---- t h u s make u p a s u b g r o u p o f v e r b s w i t h s h a r e d v o w e l a n d

c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n a t i o n s i n t h e p r e s e n t i r d i c a t i v e , p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r ~ s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e . T h e s e a l t e r n a t i o n s a re

d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e m a n i f e s t e d i n t h e s o - c a l l e d r e g u l a r v e r b s

o f t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n .

2 .1 .1 F i f t h G r o u p qf R e l a t e d Forms. -----

Bsl lo (1881 :136) c l a i m s t h a t t h e v e r b s . h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d

c a b e r make u p " E l q u i n t o o r d e n o g r u p o d e f o r m a s a f i n e s t t ( t h e --- f i f t h c l a s s o r g r o u p of r e l a t e d f o r m s ) f i r s t l y b e c a u s e t h e y

c h a n g e t h e i r r o o t s h & , s a ~ , a n d m E t o .hub , %us, a n d cup i n t h e

p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e (see T a b l e s 6 a n d 7 i n t h e D a t a ) a n d

p r e t e r i t e s u b j u n c t i v e 1 a n d , s e c o n d l y , b e c a u s e t h e v o w e l s o f t h e

f F r s t a n d t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r e n d i n g s i n t h e p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e arc n o t s t r e s s e d a s t h e y a re i n temer I t t o f e a r t t wh ich

e x ~ m p l i f i e s t h e r e g u l a r p a t t e r n o f t h e S p a n i s h s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n :

Page 55: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T A B L E 1 4 .

PRETERITE I N D I C A T I V E TEMER HABER SABER CABER

1 st. p. s i n g u l a r t e n - [ i ] hub-[ e ] sup-[ e l cup-[ e l

3 r d . p. s i n g u l a r tern-i[ 61 hub- [o ] s u p - [ o ] c u p - [ o ]

A c c o r d i n g t o Bel lo , t h e f i f t h c less of r e l a t e d f o r m s

c o n s i s t s n o t o n l y of t h e t h r e e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r b u t

a l s o o f a n y v e r b of a n y c o n j u g a t i o n t h e t f o l l o w s t h e two

c o n d i t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d a b o v e , i . e . t h e c h a n g e o f t h e r o o t i n t h e

preterite i n d i c a t i v e a n d t h e u n s t r e s s e d v o c a l i c e n d i n g s of t h e

f i rs t a n d t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r i n t h e same t e n s e . T h u s , B a l l o

l ists a n d a r " t o w a l k N f r o m t h e f i rst c o n j u g a t i o n a n d v e n i r l l t o

comeN f rom t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n whose r oo t s ard a n d ~q a r e

a p p a r e n t l y c h a n g e d t o a n d u v a n d *, a n d whose f i r s t a n d t h i r d

p e r s o n s i n g u l a r forms i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e a r e a n d r d l v e

a n d vr i 132 , a r .d rd 1vo a n d i 1rg r e s p e c t i v e l y .

With r e s p e c t t o t h i s first c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , Bel lo a l s o t a k e s

i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e f i r s t c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b m a r " t o - b e w a n d

t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s p l a c e r I f t o p l e a s e N , h a c e r l q t o

make", t e n e r lv to p o s s e s s v q , q u e r e r q v t c w a n t w , p o d e r I t t o be a b l e q q ,

r e s p o n d e r " t o a n s w e r N , a n d p o n e r " t o p u t n . I n f a c t , a l l o f t h e s e --

v e r b s m a n i f e s t a v a r i a r - t of t h e i r r o o t s i n t h e p r e t e r i t e

Page 56: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

i n d i c a t i v e (see T a b l e s 5-10 i n t h e D a t a ) , a n d a l s o , i n t h e same

&- - e n s s f t h e v o w e l s of t h e f i rst a n d t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r e n d i n g s

a r e n o t s t r e s s e d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e s e v e r b s a r e a l s o c o n s i d e r e d

members o f t h e f i f t h g r o u p cf m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d f o r m s .

E e l l o p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n i r r e g u l a r v e r b

t r a e r l1 to b r i n g " ( s e e T a b l e 12 i n t h e D a t a ) a l s o b e l o n g s t o t h e --

f i f t h g r o u p of r e l a t e d f o r m s . I n d e e d , t h e v a r i a n t o f t h e r o o t

t r a i s t r a i f o r t h e s t a n d a r d p r e t e r i t e f o r m t r a j e a n d t r u j f o r --- t h e r e l i c p r e t e r i t e fo rm t r u j e , a n d t h e v o w e l s o f t h e f i r s t a n d

s e c o n d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r e n d i n g s are u n s t r e s s e d i n t h e s a m e tesse.

I f we make r e f e r e n c e t o t h e l e v e l s o f a d e q u a c y e x p l i c i t l y

d i f f e r e n t i a t e d by Chomsky ( 1 965: 24-27) a n d o t h e r g e n e r a t i v e

g r a m m a r i a n s (see Chomsky a n d H a l l e , 1965: 458) , B e l l o ' s grammar

w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e f i f t h c l a s s o f i r r e g u l a r r e l a t e d f o r m s c a n

b e s a i d t o a c h i e v e o b s e r v a t i o n a l a d e q u a c y b e c a u s e it d e s c r i b e s

t h e d a t a o n which i t i s b a s e d a n d n o t h i n g more. I n o t h e r w o r d s ,

B e l l o p r o p o s e s a n a n a l y s i s t h a t m e r e l y s t a t e s t h a t c e r t a i n f o r m s

a r e o b s e r v e d t o s h a r e c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h i l e o t h e r f o r m s

a r e n o t . B e l l o l s d e s c r i p t i o n i s a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w i t h n o

e x p l a n a t o r y v a l u e .

F o r e x a m p l e , B ~ l l o d o e s n o t c o n s i d e r t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n

v e r b -- v e r " t o seen t o b e a member o f t h e f i f t h g r o u p o f i r r e g u l a r

r e l a t e d f o r m s . N o t e t h a t i n t h e b a s i c f o r m / b e d / t h e /e/ i s

c h a n g e d t o [ i ] i n t h e p r e t e r i t e o f t h e s t a n d a r d f o r m s a s well a s

Page 57: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

o f t h e r e l i c f o r m s ( s e e T a b l e 1 2 i n t h e D a t a ) , a n d t h e v o w e l s o f

t h e f i r s t a n d t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r e n d i n g s a r e n o t s t r e s s e d i n

t h e re l ic f o r m s vf i 1 d e a n d vf i l d o . 2

C o n s e q u e n t l y , I p r o p o s e t h a t t h e v e r b 1% a l s o b e l o n g s t o /

t h e f i f t h g r o u p s i n c e it f u l f i l l s t h o s e two c o n d i t i o n s

e s t a b l i s h e d b y B e l l o , i . e . t h e c h a n g e o f t h e r o o t i n t h e

p r e t e r i t e a n d t h e u n s t r e s s e d v o c a l i c e n d i n g s o f t h e f i r s t a n d

t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r i n t h e same t e n s e .

Be l lo ' s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s p r e s e i t e d t h u s f a r s u p p o r t t h e

c l a i m , t h a t t h e S p a n i s h s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r a r e m o r p h c p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d a n d t h a t t h e y s h a r e

v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n a t i o n s w i t h t h e v 5 r b s e s t a r a n d

a n d a r f r o m t h e f i rst c o n j u g a t i o n , p l a c e r , t e n e r , t r a e l , pocer, ---

p o d e r , r e s p o n d e r , q u e r e r , a n d f r o m t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n ,

a n d v e n i r f r o m t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n .

However, b y t h e m s e l v e s , t h e s e t w o c o n d i t i c n s e s t a b l i s h e d b y

B e l l o , 5 . e . t h e c h a n g e of t h e r o c t i n t h e p r e t e r i t e a n d the

u n s t r e s s e d v o c a l i c e n d i n g s o f t h e f i r s t a n d t h i r d p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r i n t h e same t e n s e , are n o t s u f f i c i e n t r e a s o n s f o r

c l e s s i f y i n g t o g e t h e r S p a n i s h i r r e g u l a r v e r b s s u c h a s t h o s e of

t h e f i f t h c l a s s o f r e l a t e d f o r m s . S i n c e Bello t a k e s i n t o

c o n s i d e r a t i o n o n l y t h e p r e t e r i t e s t a n d a r d f o r m s o f t h e v e r b vex, f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r a n d t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r 21, a n d

i g n o r e s t h ~ c o r r e s p o n d i n g re l ic f o r m s vl 1de a c d vt i do, t h e

Page 58: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

v e r b p g c a n n o t i n h i s s c h e m e o f t h i n g s b e l o n g t o t h e f i f t h

c l a s s o f r e l a t e d f o r m s . 3 N o t e , f u r t h e r m o r e , t h a t t h e s e c o n d

c o n d i t i o n e s t a b l i s h e d b y B e l l o , I&, t h a t t h e v o w e l s o f t h e

f i r s t and t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r e n d i n g s a r e n o t s t r e s s e d , i s n o t

met by t h e p r e t e r i t e s t a n d a r d f o r m s b u t i t is , however , mot b y

t h e r e l i c f o r m s .

T h e r e f o r e , a s I h a v e c l a i m e d a b o v e , t h e v e r b ver h a s t o b e

c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s u b s e t o f i r r e g u l a r v e r b s

, s a b e r c a b e r h a b e r , , q u e r e r , a n d v , which m a n i f e s t

m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d f o r m s i n t h e p r e t e r i t e . S i m i l a r l y ,

i f 2~2: a n d and- a r e t h e b a s i c f o r m s o f t h e f i r s t c o n j u g a t i o n

v e r b s eszpy a n d a ~ d a r , t h e n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r e t e r i t e f o r m s

e s t u v e [est$5e] a n d a n d u v e [ a n d b p e ] c a n n o t b e t h e r e s u l t o f ----- c h a n g i n g t h e b a s i c f o r m s , c o n t r a r y t o B e l l ~ ' s

( 1 8 8 1 : 1 5 3 , # 5 8 0 ) c l a i m , b u t r a t h e r o f a d d i n g t h e s i m p l e p r e t e r i t e

stem4 h u b e [Ape] o f t h e v e r b h a b e r t o t h e b a s i c f o r m s est- a n d

and- a s I w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e i n t h e a n a l y s i s which w i l l b e - - f

p r e s e n t e d i n c h a p t e r 3 o f t h i s t h e s i s .

I n t h e a n a l y s i s o f c h a p t e r 3 , I w i l l show t h a t t h e a b o v e

m e n t i o n e d v e r b s a r e r e l a t e d i n terms o f t h e g r a d u a l a p p l i c a t i o n

o f a s e t cf p h c n o l o g i c a l r u l e s t h r o u g h t h e l e x i c o n . T h i s manner

o f a p p l y i n g r u l e s i s b a s e d o n t h e c c n c e p t o f LEXICAL DIFFUSION

o f p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s a c r o s s t h e l e x i c o n a s p r o p c s e d by Wang

( 1 363) . T h e s e v e r b s are a l s o r e l a t e d i n terms o f t h e LINEAR

Page 59: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

O R D E R o f a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a s d e s c r i b e d by Newton

( 1 970) . A c c o r d i n g t o Newton ' s m o d e l , p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a r e

c o n s t a n t r u l e s , L e e m r u l e s t h a t are s t i l l a c t i v e i n t h e

d 5 r i v a t i o n when o t h e r p r o c e s s e s come i n t o o p e r a t i o n ,

F u r t h e r m o r e , I w i l l show t h z i t t h e v e r b s u n d e r a n a l y s i s a r e

r e l a t e d i n terms of t h e p r i n c i p l e of RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTIONS

p r o p o s e d b y F o l e y ( 1 9 7 7 ) . F o l e y claims t h a t a p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e

c a n a p p l y a t d i f f e r e n t times i n t h e same d e r i v a t i o n a n d a n o t h e r

r u l e may i n t e r r u p t t h e e x p a r - s i o n of t h e r u l e s c h e m a . On t h e

o t h e r h a n d , t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , c a b e r , t r a e z , E, a n d a l l

t h e v e r b s c l a s s i f i e d by Bello i n t h e f i f t h c l a s s of r e l a t e d

f o r m s d i f f e r o n l y t o t h e d e g r e e i n w h i c h t h e r u l e s a p p l y i n

terms o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r c l a s s e s of v e r b s a n d t h e ' t y p e o f

c o n s t r u c t i o n i n w h i c h t h e y o c c u r ,

I n l i g h t o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s made by B e l l o a b o u t t h e f i f t h

c l a s s o f i r r e g u l a r r e l a t e d f o r m s , I c o n c l u d e t h a t h i s a n a l y s i s

is a p u r e l y d e s c r i p t i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h e phenomena o b s e r v a b l e

o n l y a t t h e l e v e l o f s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , a n d t h a t

h i s c o n d i t i o n s m e n t i o n e d i n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n a r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y

a c c u r a t e l y e s t a b l i s h e d so t h a t t h e y may b e s e e n t o a p p l y - t o t h e

v e r b s e s t a r , a n d a r a n d vey, w h i c h m u s t a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d

members o f t h e f i f t h g r o u p o f r e l a t e d f o r m s i n t h e p r e t e r i t e .

. I n c h a p t e r 3, I w i l l p r e s e n t a n a n a l y s i s t h a t i s n o t o n l y

o b s e r v a t i o n a l l y a d e q u a t e b u t a l s o d e s c r i p t i v e l y a d e q u a t e .

44

Page 60: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The a n a l y s i s c l e a r l y l e a d s t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r , a s w o l l a s

t r a e r , p l a c e r , t e n e r , p o d e r , p o n e r , r e s p c n d e r , q u e r e 2 , I=, ---- t e n e r , a n d h a c e r , from t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n , e s t a r , a n d a r ,

from t h e f i rs t c o n j u g a t i o n , a n d d e c i r , v e n i r f r o m t h e t h i r d

c o n j u g a t i o n make u p a s u b g r o u p o f v e r b s w i t h s p e c i f i c s h a r e d

v o w e l a n d c o n s o n z n t a l a l t e r n a t i o n s i n t h e p r e t e r i t e . I w i l l

d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e s e v e r b s a r e r e l a t e d b y s h a r e d

m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s which o p e r a t e g r a d u a l l y o n v a r i o u s

f o r m s o f t h e p a r a d i g m s of t h e s e l e x i c a l items. The p r o c e s s e s

a l s o a p p l y ac ross t e n s e s : more r u l e s o p e r a t e t o t h e forms o f t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , f ~ w e r r u l e s t o t h e forms o f t h e p r e t e r i t e ,

a n d e v e n fewer t o t h e forms of t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e .

I w i l l a l s o show i r c h a p t e r 3 t h a t t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d

v e r b s a r e l i n k e d t o g e t h e r i n terms of t h e G R A D U A L DIFFUSION

h y p o t h e s i s p o s t u l a t e d b y Wang ( l 9 6 9 ) , a n d Chen a n d Wang (1975)

a l t h o u g h o t h e r g r a m m a r i a n s s u c h a s Be l lo ( 1 8 8 1 ) h a v e

s u b - c l a s s i f i e d t h e m i n a f r a g m e n t e d manner . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e

v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n a t i o n s c b s e r v e d i n t h e s e v e r b s c a n

b e a c c o u n t e d f o r i f we t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e LINEAR O R D E R

o f a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a s d e s c r i b e d by Newton (1370) a s

well a s t h e p r i n c i p l e o f RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION p r o p o s e d b y

F o l e p (1 377) .

Page 61: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

2 . 1 . 2 mh S i x t h G r o u p of R e l a t e d Forms. --

A c c o r d i n g t o Bello (I88 1: 136- l 3 7 ) , " E l s e x t o o r d e n d e

f o r m a s a f i n e s ( t h e s i x t h g r o u p o f r e l a t e d forms) c o m p r e n d e 10s

f u t u r o s y p o s - p r e t d r i t o s d e i n d i c a t i v o , c u y a r a i z , es e l

infinitive e n t e r o . ~ s i c a b e r muda e s t a r a i z e n c a b r - p a r a t o d a s

l a s f o r m a s d e e s te o r d e n , y e n l u g a r d e -- c a b e r - & ---t c a b e r - $ s

s tc . , h a c e cabr-<, c a b r - g s , etc."

From B e l l o g s s t a t e m e n t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o i n f e r t h a t t h e r e

is a m o r p h o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s t h a t a d d s t h e i n f l e c t i c n a l e n d i n g s g, / / is, , etc. , a n d & , =, 25, etc . , t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e form

c a b e r i n t h e f u t u r e i n d i c a t i v e a n d t h e c o n d i t i o n a l r e s p e c t i v e l y , -- - A s g i v i n g c a b e r - 8 , --, -d, etc . , a n d c a b e r - i a , - i a s , etc.

A n o t h e r i n f e r e n c e is t h a t t h e r e i s a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s t h a t

d e l e t e s t h e t h e m e v o w e l e of t h e i n f i n i t i v e , g i v i n g t h e correct

p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s k a b r g ] , [ k a b r i s ] , [ k a b r i ] , e tc . , a n d [ k a b r i a ] ,

[ k a b r i a s ] , [ k a b r i a ] , etc.

The t w o i n f e r e c c e s d r a w n i n t h e p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h s w i l l

o n l y b e c o r r e c t i f t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r ,

p o d e r , a n d q u e r e r , w h i c h a l s o b e l o n g t o t h e s i x t h g r o u p of

r e l a t e d f o r m s (see B e l l o , l 8 8 l : l 5 O - l S l ) , a re i n f a c t s u b j e c t t o

t h e same t w o p r o c e s s e s a s t h e v e r b c a b e r is. T h i s c a n b e c l e a r l y

o b s e r v e d i n t h e T a b l e be low:

Page 62: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T A B L E 15.

I N F I N I T I V E A D D I T I O N D E L E T I O N FUTURE

a ) c a b e r . c a b [ d ] r t e ' . . . c a b r d L kabre ' ] s a b e r saber+^ i ' * . * s a b [ @ ]r+s'. . . s a b r e ' [ s a b r e / ] h a b e r h a b e r + ? ,... h a b [ @ ] r + d ... h a b r e ' [ a b r d ] p o d e r p o d e r t e , . . . pod[ @ l r td . . . p o d r d [ p o d r q ]

q u e r e r q u e r e r + i , . . . q u e r [ # ]r+e'. . . q u e r r e ' [ k e Z e ]

C O N D I T I O N A L

A s B e l l o p o i n t e d o u t , t h e v e r b s i n T a b l e 1 5 a b o v e i n f a c t

make up a s u b - g r o u p of r e l a t e d f o r m s ir t h e f u t u r e a n d t h e

c o n d i t i o n a l . However, Bello o n l y d e s c r i b e s t h e d a t a a n d n o t h i n g

more. He d o e s n o t t e l l u s a n y t h i n g a b o u t t h e t y p e o f p r o c e s s

t h e s e forms a r e s u b j e c t t o .

B e l l o f u r t h e r a d d s t h a t t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n i r r e g u l a r

v e r b s v a l e r I f to c o s t , t o b e w o r t h " , t e n e r l f t o h a v e u , g o n e r " t o

p u t w , a n d h a c e r I f t o make", a n d t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s d e c i r

" t o s a y " , s a l i r " t o g e t o u t f t , arid p e n i r " to comeu are a l s o

m2mbers o f t h e s i x t h g r o u p , a n d t h a t t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g stems

f o r b o t h t h e f u t u r e a n d t h e c o n d i t i o n a l a r e v a l d r - , t e n d r - ,

p o n d r - , h a r - , d i r - , s a l d r - , a n d v e n d r - . (See B e l l o , 1881 : 1 5 1 )

47

Page 63: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

C o n s e q u e c t l y , i n t h i s c a s e , I i n f e r t h a t t h e two p r o c e s s e s

which a p p l y t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e f o r m s i n T a b l e 15 a l s o a p p l y t o

t h i s s e c o n d s u b - g r o u p o f v e r b s . I a l s o i n f e r t h a t t h e p r o c e s s o f

Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n a p p l i e s n o t o n l y t o t h e f i r s t s u b - g r o u p

d e l e t i n g t h e t h e m e vowel 2, b u t a l s c t o t h e f o r m s o f t h e s e c o n d

s u b - g r o u p w h i c h m a n i f e s t t h e t h e m e v o w e l l i k e s a l i r , v e n i r ,

a n d d e c i r .

L s t US see how t h e two p r o c e s s e s , w h i c h were i l l u s t r a t e d i n

T a b l a 1 5 a b o v e , a p p l y tc t h e s e c o n d s u b - g r o u p o f v e r b s s e t up by

B e l l o :

TABLE 16.

INFINITIVE ADDITION D E L E T I O N FUTURE

a) v a l e r v a l e r 4 , . . . v a l [ # ]r+e'.. . * v a l r $ [ b a l r d ] t e n e r t o n e r t d , . . . t e n [ 9 ~ r t d . . . * t e n r ? [ t e n r e ' ] p o n e r p c n e r + 4 , . . . pon[ @ 3rd.. . * p o n e [ p o n r g ] s a l i r a , . . . sail # lrtd.. . + s a l r C [ s a l r < ] v e n i r v e n i r + e , . . . ven[$ ] r + d . . . + v e n r d b e n r e ]

C O N D I T I O N A L

v a l e r i i a , . . . v a l [ g 5 ] r + i a . . . * v a l r i a [ b a l r f a ] t e n e r t i a ,... t e n [ d ] r + $ a ... + t e n r i a L t e n r S a ] p o n e r t $ a f . . . p o n [ @ ] r + j a . . . *ponr$a [ p o n r + a ] s a l i r t l a , . . . s a l [ @] r+ la . . . * s a l r l a [ s a l r + a ] v e n i r + i a , . . . v e n [ $ ] r + i a . . . * v e n r i a L b e n r l a ]

FUTURE

b) h a c e r h a c e r + d , . . . hac[ d]r+d.. . + h a m $ L a s & 3 d e c i r d e c i r t d , . . . dec[ 6 ]r+d.. . * d e c r e [ d e s r d ]

Page 64: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

CONDITIONAL

The i n c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s g i v e n i n T a b l e 16 a b o v e a r e

tho r e s u l t of a p p l y i n g t h e two p r o c e s s e s o f a d d i t i o n a n d

d e l e t i o n i n f e r r e d f r o m Bel lo l s statemect a b o u t t h e s i x t h g r o u p

o f r e l a t e d forms q u o t e d a t t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s

s u b - s e c t i o n .

T h i s s h o w s t h a t e i t h e r t h e F r o c e s s e s i n T a b l e s 15 a n d 16

a r e n o t c o r r e c t l y f o r m u l a t e d o r t h a t wha t B e l l o s a y s a b o u t t h e

f o r m a t i o n o f t h e f u t u r e a n d c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s of c a b e r , s a b e r , h a b e r , p o d e x , a n d c r u e r e r i s n o t e n o u g h t o d e s c r i b e a d e q u a t e l y --- a n d d e r i v e t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s of t h e s e c o n d s u b - g r o u p

o f f o r m s l i s t e d i n T a b l e 16. Note t h a t b o t h s u b - g r o u p s i n T a b l e s

15 a n d 1 6 , a c c o r d i n g t o Bel lo , a r e members of t h e s F x t h g r o u p o f

r e l a t e d f o r m s .

S F n c e t h e p r o c e s s e s of a d d i t i o n a n d d e l e t i o n a p p l y t o t h e

f i r s t s u b - g r o u p of f o r m s , d e r i v i n g t h e r i g h t p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s ,

b u t n o t t o t h e s e c o n d s u b - g r o u p , Belle's d e s c r i p t i c n w i t h r e g a r d

t o t h e f i r s t i s c o r r e c t , b u t i t Is n o t w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

s e c o n d s u b - g r o u p i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e 16.

C o n s e q u e n t l y , B e l l o t s a n a l y s i s of t h e s i x t h c l a s s of

49

Page 65: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

i r r e g u l a r r e l a t e d f o r m s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s u b - s e c t i o n d o e s n o t

e v e n a c h i e v e d e s c r i p t i v e a d e q u a c y s i n c e i t d o e s n o t g i v e a

c o r r e c t a c c o u n t of t h e d a t a o n w h i c h i t i s b a s e d . is a n a l y s i s

i s i n f a c t a n a n a l y s i s o f v e r b a l r o o t a n d e n d i n g r e l a t i o n s , i . e .

a p u r e l y m o r p h o l o g i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ,

I n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m s p o s e d a b o v e , t w o s u b s e c t i o n s

w i l l be p r e s e n t e d . I n t h e f i r s t s u b s e c t i o n , I w i l l d i s c u s s a n

a l t e r n a t i v e a n a l y s l s g i v e n b y Harris ( 1 9 6 9 : 9 6 - 9 8 ) . A c c o r d i r g t o

t h i s a n a l y s i s , t h e p r o c e s s e s w h i c h t h 5 forms i n T a b l e 1 6 a r e

s u b j ~ c t t o , i .e. Theme Vowel ~ e l e t i o n r u l e a s well a s

d - i n s 5 r t i o n a n d F i n a l R o ~ t C o n s o n a n t d e l e t i o n , a r e p h o n o l o g i c a l

p r o c e s s e s w h i c h a p p l y a f t e r t h e l e x i c a l a n d t h e r e a d j u s t m e n t

r u l e s h a v ? a p p l i e d t o t h e s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e r e p r e s e n t a t i c n s of

t h s f u t u r e a n d c o n d i t i c n a l f o r m s . I n t h e s e c o n d s u b s e c t i o n , I

w i l l show t h a t t h e v e r b s d e c i r a n d h a c e r a re , o n t h e o n e h a n d ,

v e r y s p e c i a l v e r b s w h i c h u n d e r g o s p e c i a l p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a n d

t h a t , o n t h e o t h e r , t h e y arcs p h c n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e v e r b s

h a b e r s a b e r c a b e r , a s well a s t o g o d e r , q u e r e r , v a l e r , t e n e r , - , I --;, I ,

~ n e r I ----,, s a l i r a n d -- v e n i r i n t h e f u t u r e a n d c o n d i t i o n a l .

I n c h a p t e r 3 of t h i s t h e s i s , i t w i l l be d e m o n s t r a t e d how

t h e v e r b s d e c i r , a n d h a c e r a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e v z r b s h a b e r ,

s a b e r a n d c a b e r i n t h e p r e t e r i t e forms. A l l t h e s e v e r b s a re -L I

l i s t e d i n t h e l e x i c c n i n s u c h a way t h a t t h e y u n d e r g o

p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s , n o t a l l a t t h e same time, b u t r a t h e r ,

Page 66: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

g r a d u a l l y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e G r a d u a l D i f f u s i o n h y p o t h e s i s . T h e y

a r e a l s o l i n k e d t o g e t h e r i n terms o f t h e L I N E A R ORDER a n d t h e

p r i n c i p l e o f RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION p r o p o s e d by F o l e y (1977) .

2 . 1 . 2 . 1 An A n a l y s i s P r e s e n t s by H a r r i s , , ------ -- 7

H a r r i s (1969 : 94-96) g i v e s c o n s i d e r a b l e s y n t a c t i c ,

m o r p h o l o g i c a l , a s well a s p h o n o l c g i c a l e v i d e n c e w h i c h s u g g e s t s

t h a t f u t u r e i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s s u c h a s p e d i r & , pea i r i s , p e d i r g ,

p e d i r e ~ , p e d i r & n -- , "I, y o u , h e , s h e , e t c . , w i l l a s k f o r " a r e

composed o f t h e i n f i n i t i v e ~ ~ d i g " t o a s k f o r u p l u s t h e p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f h a b e r w A u x i l i a r y - h a v e t t : [e'], has [a%], 43

la/], etc.6

I a s s u m e t h a t t h e a r L a l y s i s o f t h e S p a n i s h r e g u l a r f u t u r e

p r o p o s e d b y Harris ( 1 9 6 9 ) i s c o r r e c t . I a l s o a s s u m e , b a s e d o n

H a r r i s ( 1 9 6 9 : 9 6 - 9 8 ) , t h a t t h e stems of t h e f u t u r e f o r m s c a b r - ,

h a b r - s a b r - p o d r - , g u e r r - , v a l d r - , t e ~ d r - , p o n d r - , s a l d r - , f ---- f

v e n d r ~ , h a r - , a n d d i r - d i f f e r f r o m t h e i r r e s p c t i v e i n f i n i t i v e ---

f o r m s , a s f o l l o w s :

a . c a b r - , s a b r - , h a b r - , p o d r - , a n d q u e r r - c o n s i s t o f t h e

i n f i n i t i v e m i n u s t h e t h e m e vowel .

Page 67: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

b. v a l d r - , t e n d r - , p o n d - , s a l d r - , a n d v e n d r - h a v e a

i n s e r t e d i n m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e f i n a l o v e r t c o n s o n a n t o f

t h e r o o t . '

c . h a r - a r d d i r - c o n s i s t of t h e i n f i n i t i v e m i n u s t h e t h e m e

v o w e l a n d a l s o m i n u s t h e f i n a l r o o t c o n s o n a n t

( o r t h o g r a p h i c c = [ s ] i n h a c e r a n d d ~ c i r ) 8

I n o r d e r t o d e r i v e f o r m s (a) a n d (b) a b o v e , H a r r i s p r o p o s e s

t w o p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s . The f i r s t r u l e , w h i c h i s g i v e n i n (3 )

b e l o w , d e l e t e s t h e t h e m e v o w e l i n a l l f o r m s ( a ) a n d (b)

( 3 ) V ===> fi / +[ - J+ r # [ + f u t ] ( ~ a r r i s ' r u l e (70) ) i r r e g .

The s g c o n d r u l e , w h i c h is g i v e n i n (4), i n s e r t s 4 i n t h e stems

o f g r o u p (b )

( 4 ) $ ='==> d / r9 ( H a r r i s ' r u l e ( 7 1 ) )

Note t h a t , a c c o r d i n g t o H a r r i s , r u l e ( 3 ) , w h i c h d e l e t e s t h e

t h e m e v o w e l s i n t h e i r r e g u l a r f u t u r e stems (a) a n d ( b ) , m u s t

a p p l y t o s p e c i a l l y marked f o r m a t i v e s . N o t e a l s o t h a t r u l e (3)

h a s t o a p p l y b e f o r e r u l e ( 4 ) i n f o r m s such a s / v a l + e + r / ,

d e l e t i n g t h e f r o n t v c w e l /e/ w h i c h a p p e a r s b e t w e e n t h e t w o

Page 68: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

morpheme b o u n d a r i e s . Then r u l e ( 4 ) w i l l c o r r e c t l y i n s e r t 4 a f t e r

t h o morpheme b o u n d a r y which i s p r e c e d e d b y t h e f i n a l r o o t

c o n s o n a n t l. 1 0

Now, l e t u s i l l u s t r a t e Harris8 a n a l y s i s by p r e s e n t i n g t h e

d e r i v a t i o n of t h e f u t u r e f o r m o r I r I w i l l b e a b l e f 1 , a s

f o l l o w s . The a p p l i c a t i o n o f r e a d j u s t m e n t r u l e s - w h i c h m o d i f y t h e

s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s - d e r i v e s t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n

t h a t c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d i n (5) :

(5) [ v l # [ v # p o d + e + r E # ]v [ v #e# ]v ] v l ( w h e r e v s t a n d s f o r v e r b )

T h u s , a s a f i r s t s t e p , t h e o u t e r m o s t b r a c k e t s a r e e r a s e d ,

c o n v e r t i n g (5) i n t o (6 ) :

T h e n , when t h e o u t e r m o s t p a i r e d b r a c k e t s a r e r e a c h e d , (6) w i l l

b e c o n v e r t e d i n t o (7 ) :

T h e i n t e r n a l word b o u n d a r y i n ( 7 ) would p r ~ v e n t r u l e (8) be low

f r o m a s s i g n i n g stress f u r t h e r t o t h e l e f t t h a n t h s f i n a l

s y l l a b l e , a n d it would a l s o r e t a i n t h e c o r r e c t e n v i r o n m e n t

(. ..' #) f o r t h e d e l e t i o n of g b y r u l e ( 1 0 ) . B o t h r u l e s (8) a n d

(10) a s w e l l a s t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e d e r i v e d s t r u c t u r e s a r e g i v e n

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be low:

( 1 0 ) [ e ] ===> 0 / V +cor - # I 3 ( H a r r i s r r u l e ( 2 3 ) ) +D + a n t

A t t h i s s t a g e o f t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e f u t u r e form p o d r e , t h e

t h e m e v o w e l d e l e t i o n r u l e (3) c a n a p p l y t c ( 1 1 ) , g i v i n g (12) :

F i n a l l y , s i n c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n ( 1 2 ) a b o v e d o e s n o t h a v e a

c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y [ - o b s t r u e n t 1, t h e n t h e i n s e r t i o n r u l e

( 4 ) d o a s n o t a p p l y , a n d s t r u c t u r e (13) b e l o w w i l l b e t h e c o r r e c t

p h o n e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i c n :

(13) [ podre / ]

A s a matter of f a c t , a l l f o r m s l i s t e d i n s u b g r o u p ( a ) c a n ,

b e c o r r e c t l y d e r i v e d f o l l o w i n g H a r r i s r a n a l y s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n

(5-13) a b o v e w i t h t h e f u t u r e f o r f l podre/ . S i m i l a r l y , a l l f o r m s

o f s u b g r o u p (b) c a n b e d e r i v e d p r o v i d i n g t h a t b o t h r u l e s ( 3 ) arid

(4 ) a p p l y t o them. However, t h e f u t u r e f o r m s i n (c) h a r d a n d

Page 70: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

/ d i r e a s well a s t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s c a n n o t b e ---

d e r i v e d u n l e s s , a c c o r d i n g t o H a r r i s (1 969: 3 6 ) , a f i n a l r o o t

c o n s o n a n t d e l e t i o n r u l e i s p r o p o s e d . However, Harris d o e s n o t

f o r m u l a t s t h i s d e l e t i o n r u l e . H e c l a i m s t h a t t h e v e r b s d e c i r a n d

h a c e r I t a r e s o w i l d l y i d i o s y n c r a t i c t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r p a r a d i g m s --- t h a t l i t t l e p u r p o s e would be s e r v e d b y e x a m i n i n g them f u r t h e r a t

t h i s p o i n t . " ( S e e H a r r i s , 1969: 98)

2 .1 .2 .2 DECIR a n d HACER. --- -- -

B e f o r e d e a l i n g w i t h t w o o t h e r s u g g e s t i o n s made by B e l l o a n d

Cuervo (1881) a b o u t t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r ,

a n d c a b e y , I w i l l show i n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n :

T h a t t h e v e r b d e c i r i s r e l a t e d t o t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n

v e r b s s u c h es m e d i r " t o m e a s u r e n w h i c h m a n i f e s t a f r o n t

v o w e l [ i -e ] a l t e r n a t i o n .

T h a t t h e g o f d e c i r '!to s a y t t , d e c i m o s I t w e sayt ! , .and t h e

i o f d i r d 1 1 1 w i l l s a y " , d i j e I t I s a i d t ! , d i c h o t q p a s t - p a r t . - s a i d ! ' i s a n /i/ i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s ~ n t a t i o n ;

T h a t t h e c o r r e c t p h o r e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ d l & ] a n d

Page 71: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

[ a d ] o f t h e f u t u r e forms of t h e v e r b s d e c i r a n d h a c e r

r e s p e c t i v e l y a s well a s t h e i r c o r r e s p c n d i n g c o n d i t i o n a l

/ f o r m s d i r ~ a [ d i r i a ] a n d h a r i a [ a r i a ] c a n b e a c c o u n t e d

f o r i f a s p e c i a l d e l e t i o n r u l e a p p l i e s t o t h e f i n a l

c o n s o n a n t o f t h e r o o t s d i s + a n d as+ which come f r o m

/ d i k +/ a n d /ak +/ r e s p e c t i v e l y 1 + . U n d e r l y i n g

r e p r e s e n t a t i o c s w i l l be m c t i v a t e d a n d a s p e c i a l f i n a l

r o o t c o n s o n a n t d e l e t i o n r u l e , a s s u g g e s t e d by Harris

(1 969: 96) , w i l l be p r o p o s e d .

I n c h a p t e r 3 of t h i s t h e s i s , I w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t d e c k

a n d h a c e r a r e s u b j e c t t o s h a r e d m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s

w h i c h a l s o a p p l y t o t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s g u e r e r a n d p y ,

a n d t o t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b v e n i r i n t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s .

N o t e t h a t s u e r e r , lgr , d e c i r , a n d v e n i r m a c i f e s t a f r o n t vowel

[ e - i ] r a i s i n g a l t e r n a t i o n a n d , t h e r e f o r e , s u g g e s t a p a r a l l e l i n

t h e o b s e r v e d v o w e l a l t e r n a t i o n s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , c a b e r

a n d a l s o i n p o d e r , a n d p o n e r w h i c h show t h e b a c k vowel [ a - u ] a n d

[ o - u ] a l 5 e r n a t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y .

T h i s t h e s i s w i l l a t t e m p t t o show t h a t t h e v e r b s m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e a r e a l s o r e l a t e d i n terms o f t h e g r a d u a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f a

s e t o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s . T h i s m a n n e r o f a p p l y i n g p r o c e s s e s i s

b a s e d o n t h e c o n c e p t o f L E X I C A L D I F F U S I O N . These v e r b s a r e a l s o

r e l a t e d i n terms of t h e L I N E A R O R D E R o f a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l

r u l e s Nswton (1970) . ~ d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e y c a n be r e l a t e d i n terms

Page 72: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

o f t h e p r i r ~ c i p l e of RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION p r o p o s e d by F o l e y

I n f a c t , t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r , a s well a s

'racr v e r a n d a l l t h e v e r b s c l a s s i f i e d by Bel lo i n t h s f i f t h A-AR --

c l a s s o f r e l a t e d f o r m s , d i f f ~ r i n terms o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r

p a r a d i g m a t i c c l a s s e s o f t h e v e r b s a n d t h e t y p e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n

i n w h i c h t h e y o c c u r .

The v e r b d e c i r " t o s a y v h a d a l o n g v c w e l i n L a t i n d i c g r e

[ d i k e r e ] . T h i s l o n g v o w e l r e m a i n e d t i ] i n S p a n i s h i n s t r e s s e d

p o s i t i o n a s i n dr f f s o ( o b s e r v e v[ i l v o from L a t . v i v u s ) b u t i t

c h a n g e d t o [ e l i n u n s t r e s s e d p o s i t i o n a s i n d r e l c i r I f t o s a y @ @ ,

dJ e l c i m o s I t w e s a y 8 @ , dr e l c i a "1 s a i d v l . A l s o o b s e r v e v r e 1 c i n o - " n e i g h b o r n from L a t . v i c i ~ u s .

Thus , . d e c i r m a n i f e s t s a n [ i - e l a l t e r n a t i o n i n t h e p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v e a s shown i n T a b l e 17 b e l o w :

TABLE 17 . P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e

T h i s a l t e r n a t i o n i s a c c c u n t e d f o r b y p o s t u l a t i n g a n u n d e r l y i n g

h i g h v o w e l /i/ i n a l l f o r m s o f T a b l e 17 , a n d a p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e

Page 73: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

w h i c h l o w e r s t h e v o w e l /i/ t o a n L e ] i n a n e n v i r o n m e n t b e f o r e

o n e o r m o r e c o n s o n a n t s f o l l o w e d by a h i g h v o w e l i. T h i s r u l e was

p r o p o s e d b y ~ a r r i s (1969: 1 1 1) a n d is g i v e n i n a s l i g h t l y

m o d i f i e d form i n ( 1 4 ) be low:

( 1 4 ) V --- ---> [ - h i g h ] / - C i t s ( c f . H a r r i s 1 r u l e (11) )

C o n s e q u s n t l y , I c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e v e r b d e c i r i s r e l a t e d t o

t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s s u c h a s m e d i r w h i c h m a n i f e s t t h e ,

f r o n t v o w e l t i - e l a l t e r n a t i o n . 1 6 I a l s o c o n c l u d e , b a s e d o n

H a r r i s 1 a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d a b o v e , t h a t t h e 2 o f d e c i r , d e c i m o s ,

a n d t h e of d i r e ' w i l l s a y 8 # , d i i e I 1 I s a i d " , d i c h o n p a s t

p a r t . - s a i d n i s a n /i/ i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t 3 t i o n .

I n s e c t i o n 2.1.2. , I d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t B e l l o l s a n a l y s i s

r e g a r d i n g t h e i r r e g u l a r f u t u r e a n d c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s d i d n o t

a c c o u n t f o r t h e correct p h o n ~ t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ airdl o f t h e

v e r b d e c i r a n d t a r $ ] o f t h e v e r b h a c e r n o r f o r t h e i r

c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s [ d i r f a ] a n d [ a r i a ] .

F u r t h e r m o r e , a t t h e e n d o f 2 .1 .2 .1 . , I c o n c l u d e d t h a t s u c h

f o r m s o f d e c i r a n d h a c e r c a n b e d e r i v e d i f a s p e c i a l d e l e t i o n

r u l s a p p l i e s t o t h e f i n a l c o n s o n a n t o f t h e r o o t . I now p r o p o s e

t h a t a i r & comes from a c o n f i g u r a t i o n s u c h a s ( 1 5 ) : ( t h i s

c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s g e n e r a t e d a f t e r t h e o u t e r m o s t p a i r e d b r a c k e t s

h a v e b e e n r e e c h e d a n d t h e s t r z s s r u l e ( p a r t b) g i v e n i n ( 8 )

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a b o v e h a s a p p l i e d )

(15) /v # d i k + i + r #;# /v

The / k / i n (15) c a n b e p h o n o l o g i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d f r o m t h e s u r f a c e

L y ] i n d i q o [dire] L a t . d i c o [dike] "1 s a y t 1 a n d d i q a [ d i ~ a ] "1

s a y - s u b j f q . O b s e r v e h a [ a ' 1 I maket1 a n d h a q a [ i J d . a ] I t I

make-sub jN f r o m L a t . fgcErg ( o r t h o g r a f i c = [ k ] ) . S i m i l a r l y .

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e of y a c e r " t o l i e " f r o m L a t . j a c g r e ,

( o r t h o g r . _c = [ k ] ) i s y* [y<ro] "1 l i e N . T h e /k/ c a n a l s o b e

j u s t i f i e d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e r e l a t e d f o r m s d i c t a d o [ d i k t 8 o ]

" d i c t a t i o n " , - d i c c l o n a r i o [ d i k s y o n d r y o ] " d i c t i o n a r y w ,

c o n t r a a i c c i d n [ k o n t r a a i k s y i d n ] l t c o n t r a d i c t i o n " . -----

The v e l a r c o n s o n a n t /k/ Is t h e n a s s i b i l c t e d t o f s ] by r u l e

g i v i n g ( 1 7 ) :

(17) / V C d i s + i + r #f(#/v

Now, r u l e (16) a l s o a p p l i e s t o c o n f i g u r a t i o n (18)

(18) /V # a k + e + r #d# / V I E

w h i c b i s t h e u r d e r l y i n g form of hare ' , g e n e r a t i n g ( 1 3 ) :

Page 75: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

A t t h i s s t a g e o f t h e d e r i v a t i o n , t h e Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n r u l e

p o s t u l a t e d by H a r r i s ( s e e r u l e (3) a b o v e ) a p p l i e s t o b o t h

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s ( 17) a n d ( 19) , g i v i n g (20) a n d ( 2 1) r e s p e c t i v e l y :

Then , the f i n a l c o c s o n a n t o f t h e r o o t s / d i s + / a n d / a s + / i s

d e l e t e d i n b o t h f o r m s ( 2 0 ) a n d ( 2 1 ) b e f o r e / r / lQ i n o r d e r t o

d e r i v e t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s d i d ] a n d [ are/].

ThFs c h a n g e c a n b e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y a s p e c i a l p h c n o l o g i c a l r u l e

f o r m u l a t e d i n (22) below:

R u l e (22) a b o v e c a n be p h o n e t i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d on t h e b a s i s

o f t h e morpheme s t r u c t u r e c o n d i t i o n s , o f t h e s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e

c o n d i t i o n s , a n d o f d f a l e c t v a r i a t i o n s .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e c o n s o n a n t / s / h a s t o b e d e l e t e d i n

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s (20) /V # d i s + r #&# / V a n d ( 2 1) / V # a s + r

#&# /V by t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e f o z m u l a t e d i n ( 2 2 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o

t h e c o n d i t i o n s m e n t i o n e d a b c v e , t h e r e s u l t i n g f o r m s *I d i s r e / ] a n d

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* [ a s r e ' ] a r e u n a c c e p t a b l e i n S p a n i s h .

G i v e n t h e a n a l y s i s a n d t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d i n

2 .1 .2 .1 . a n d 2 .1 .2 .2 . , I c o n c l u d e :

a . B e l l o f s a n a l y s i s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r ,

c a b e r u e r e r v a l e r t e n e r r ~ o d e r f q f r f E o n e z , s a l i r f v e n i r ,

h a c e r , a n d d e c i r d o e s n o t a c h i e v e e i t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n a l

o r d e s c r i p t i v e a d e q u a c y ;

b . ~ a r r i s ' a n a l y s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n (5- 1 3 ) w h i c h a c c o u n t s

f o r a l l t h e f o r m s l i s t e d ir. s u b g r o u p s ( a ) a n d (b ) i s

c o r r e c t ;

c. T h e v e r b d e c i r is r e l a t e d t o t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s

. such a s m e d i r w h i c h m a n i f e s t t h e f r o n t v o w e l [ i - e J

a l t e r n a t i o n ;

d . B a s e d o n Har r i s* r u l e g i v e n i n ( 14) , t h e g o f d e c i r , d e c i m o s , a n d t h e & o f d i r e ' , pug, d i c h o i s a n /i/ i n -- t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ;

/ e. The c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ d i r e ] a n d [a re / ] o f

t h s v e r b s - I d e c i r a n d h a c e r r e s p e c t i v e l y c a n b e a c c o u n t e d

f o r i f a s p e c i a l d e l e t i o n r u l e s u c h a s t h a t p r o p o s e d i n

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( 2 2 ) a p p l i e s t o t h e f i n a l c o n s o n a n t o f t h e r o o t s d i s +

a n d as+ which come f rom / d i k + / a n d / a k + / r e s p a c t i v ~ l y ;

f . ~ a r r i s ' a n a l y s i s of t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e g , c a b e r , a s

well a s t h o s e l i s t e d i n s u b g r o u p s ( a ) a n d ( b ) , a n d my

p r o p o s a l made t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e f u t u r e a n d c o n d i t i o n a l

f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s d e c i r , a n d h a c e r e x p r e s s t h e

i m p o r t a n t g e n e r a l i z a t i o n i n S p a n i s h t h a t f u t u r e

i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s a r e composed o f t h e i n f i n i t i v e p l u s t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f h a b e r .

2 . 1 . 3 x! T e n t h G r o u ~ of I r r e g u l a r V e r b s . ----

Belle (1881:152) p r o p o s e s a n o t h e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e

S p a n i s h v e r b s c a l l e d "La ddc ima c l a s e d e v e r b o s i r r e g u l a r e s w

( t h e t e n t h c l a s s o f i r r e g u l a r v ~ r b s ) . S e b e g a n d c a b e r b u t n o t

h a b e r b e l o n g t o t h i s t e n t h c l a s s o f ~ p a n i s h v e r b s . ~'2110 d o e s ---- n o t c o n s i d e r t h e v e r b h a b e r t o b e a member o f t h i s g r o u p b u t ,

r a t h s r , t o b e a s i n g l e i r r e g u l a r v e r b b e c a u s e o f t h e a n o m a l o u s

f o r m s w h i c h a re o b s e r v e d i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d t h e

F m p e r a t i v e . L e t u s o b s e r v e t h e s e f o r m s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g two s e t s

of p a r a d i g m s :

Page 78: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

TABLE 18.

PRESENT I N D I C . HABER SABER CABER

1 s t . p . s g .

2 ~ d . p . s g .

3 r d . p . s g .

1st. p. p l .

3 r d . p . p l .

IMPERATIVE

2nd.p. s g .

2 n d . p . p l .

The rEason why B e l l 0

he

h z s

ha

hemos

habemos

han s a b e n c a ben

s e' q u e p o

s a b e s c a b e s

s a b e c a b e

sabemos cabemos

he* 0 s e p a quePa

habed s e p a n quepan

d o e s n o t c o n s i d e r t h e v e r b h a b e r . t o be a

member o f the t e n t h c l a s s i s b e c a u s e i ts pa rad igm d o e s n o t s h a r e

a n y form w i t h -- s a b e r e n d c a b e r e x c e p t lmbemos.

T h i s shews , a s I s t a t e d i n 2. 1 . 1 . and 2. I . 2 . , t h a t B e l l o s s

a n a l y s i s a c c o u n t s o n l y f o r t h o s e phenomena which a r e o b s s r v a b l e

a t t h e l e v e l o f s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . Even a t t h i s

l e v e l , we c a n o b s e r v e t h a t t h e f o r m s & o f habey and se/ o f s a b e r

i n T a b l e 18 a b o v e a r e v e r y c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , i.e. t h e y have been

s u b j e c t t o e x a c t l y t h e same precesses o f S p i r a n t i z a t i o n ,

$ - d e l e t i o n , a n d Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n .

Page 79: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

C u e r v o ( l 8 8 1 : 8 7 ) , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , d o e s n o t a g r e e w i t h

B a l l 0 t h a t t h e fcrms of t h e v e r b h a b e r i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e

a n d t h e i m p e r a t i v e a r e a n o m a l o u s .

F i r s t l y , C u e r v o a r g u e s t h a t t h e y a r e p e r f e c t l y r e g u l a r . T h e

s e c o n d p e r s o p s i n g u l a r of t h e i m p e r a t i v e h a b e a n d t h e s e c o n d

p e r s o n p l u r a l h a b e d , C u e r v o c l a i m s , were v e r y common when h a b e r

m e a n t l l p o s s e s s N , "cwnI1, e .g . "Habe -- m i s e r i c o r d i a d e m i , p u e s

d e n d e t u n i i i e z p o r t o d a s l a s e d a d e s crecio' c o n t i g o l a

m i s e r i c o r d i a ~ ( G r a n a d a , 0 r a c i d n I d e l a v i d a d e N u e s t r a S e i i o r a ) ;

"Habed p i e d a d , C r i a d o r , d e s t a s v u e s t r a s c r i a t u r a s I 1 ( S a n t a

T e r s s a , E x c l a m a c i o n e s d e l a l m a a D i o s , VII I ) . C u s r v o a l s o p o i n t s

o u t t h a t t h e f o r m s of t h e i m p e r a t i v e h a b e , a n d h a b e d a l t e r n a t e d ,

i n O l d S p a n i s h , w i t h t h e forms o f t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e h a b e s ,

h a b s , h a b e n . T h e r e f o r e , a c c o r d i n g t o C u e r v o , t h e s e f o r m s o f --- h a b e r c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d i r r e g u l a r , c o n t r a r y t o wha t Bel l0 h a s -- c l a i m e d .

S e c o n d l y , C u e r v o (1881: 8 2 , 8 3 ) a r g u e s t h a t t h e v e r b s h a b e r ,

s a b e r , a n d c a b e r m a n i f e s t " c a s c s c u r i o s o s de a t r a c c i d n y --- c o n t r a c c i d n l l ( c u r i o u s c a s e s o f a t t r a c t i o n a n d c o n t r a c t i o n ) :

a . w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e "... h u b e

( a n t i g u o h o b e : p r o v e n z a l h a u b : * h a u b i , h a b u i ) , s u p e

( a n t i g u o s o p e , p r o v e n z a l s a u p : * s a u p i , s a p u i ) , ~ 2 ~ 2

( a n t i g u o c o p e , p r c v e n z a l c a u p : * c a u p i , c a p u i ) . . . "

Page 80: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

b , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h s p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d p r e s e n t

s u b j u n c t i v e "quepo , g u e p a (por tugue 's c a i b o , c a i b a :

* c a i p o , * c a i p a : c a p i o , c a p i a m ) , ~ 9 3 ( p o r t u g u & s s a i b a :

* s a i p a : s a p i a m ) , . . . 11

A s c a n b e o b s e r v e d , C u e r v o g s a r g u m e n t s a r e b a s e d o n t h e

h i s t o r i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e , a n d t h e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s of h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r

a n d a l s o on t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n modern P o r t u g u e s e a n d

modern S p a n i s h forms.

T h i s c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e t h r e e v e r b s u n d e r a n a l y s i s

a r e i n f a c t r e l a t e d n o t o n l y a t t h e l e v e l o f s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n b u t a l s o a t a d e e p e r l e v e l o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ,

i . e . t h a t t h e y h a v e b e e n s u b j e c t t c s h a r e d m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l

p r o c e s s e s s u c h a s m e t a t h e s i s , Vowel c o n t r a c t i o n , a n d Vowel

R a i s i n g i n t h e p r e t e r i t e .

I w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e i n c h a p t e r 3 of t h i s t h e s i s t h a t t h e

v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , c a b e r , t raer, p l a c e r , p o d e r , p o n e r ,

r s s ~ o n d e r , q u e r e r , veg, t e n e r , a n d h a c e r f r o m t h e s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n , a n d a r , e s t a r from t h e f i r s t c o n j u g a t i o n , and- d e c i r ,

v 2 n i r f r o m t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n a r e l i n k e d t o g e t h e r i n terms o f --- t h e c o n c e p t s o f LEXICAL DIFFUSION (Wang, 1 9 6 3 ) , L I N E A R O X D E R

(Newton, 1970) , a n d RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION ( F o l e y , 1 977) . Note t h a t t h e r u l e s of M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel R e d u c t i o n , a n d

Page 81: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

Vowel R a i s i n g p r o p o s e d by F o l e y (1965 :Chap .4 ) t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e

f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r , h a d a l r e a d y b e e n

s u g g e s t e d i n a v e r y s i m p l e way by C u e r v o ( 1 8 8 1 : 8 2 ) .

I n 2 .2 . , I w i l l p r e s e n t arid comment o n F o l e y l s a n a l y s i s o f

t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e y . I w i l l show t h a t s i n c e t h e

d a t a c o n s i d e r e d i n F o l e y ' s a n a i y s i s is v e r y l i m i t e d , t h e set o f

p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s t h a t h e p r o p o s e s i s n o t t o t a l l y a d e q u a t e .

I n c o n c l u s i o n , C u e r v o t s o b s e r v a t i o n s s u m m a r i z e d i n t h i s

s u b s e c t i o n show o n c e a g a i n t h a t B e l l o q s a n a l y s i s w i t h r e s p e c t t o

t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r a c c o u n t s o n l y f o r t h o s e

phenomena w h i c h a r e c b s e r v a b l e a t t h e l e v e l o f s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o r i . I n f a c t , B e l l o h a s c l a s s i f i e d t h e i r r e g u l a r

v e r b s i n S p a n i s h i n a v e r y i d i o s y n c r a t i c way.

C u e r v o . t s o b s e r v a t i o n s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s u p p o r t t h e

m o r p h o p h o n o l c g i c a l a n a l y s i s which w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d i n c h a p t e r 3

o f t h i s t h e s i s . I n t h i s a n a l y s i s , I w i l l p r o p o s e u n d e r l y i n g

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s f o r t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e ,

a n d p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e of t h e t h r e e i r r e g u l a r v e r b s m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e w h i c h i n f a c t a r e v e r y s imilar t o t h e f o r m s g i v e n by

C u e r v o . I w i l l a l s o p r o p o s e a s e t of p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s which

a p p l y g r a d u a l l y t h r o u g h t h e l e x i c c n f o l l o w i n g t h e c o n c e p t o f

L E X I C A L DIFFUSION (Hang, 1969) . ~ p i r a r i t i z a t i o n , ' f 5 - d e l e t i o n , a n d

Vowe 1 C o n t r a c t i o n r e p r e s e n t a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s which i s

66

Page 82: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

s t i l l a c t i v e i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n when o t h e r r u l e s s u c h a s G l i d e

F o r m a t i o n , Yod D e l e t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel R e d u c t i o n , a n d

L e n i t i o n come i n t o o p e r a t i o n . T h i s is b a s e d o n L I N E A R O R D E R o f

a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s (Newton, 1970) a n d a l s o o r t h e

p r i n c i p l e o f RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION ( F o l e y , 1 9 7 7 ) . T h i s

a n a l y s i s w i l l a c c o u n t f o r t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p c b s e r v e d n o t

o n l y i n t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r b u t a l s o i n t r a e r ,

g l a c s r , p o d e r , p o n e r , t e n e r , per, a n d h a c e r f r o m t h e s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n , e s t a r , a n d a r from t h e f i r s t c o ~ j u g a t i o n , a n d d e c i r ,

v e n i r f rom the t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n . T h u s , o n e of t h e most --- i m p o r t a n t c o n c l u s L o n s w i l l b e t h a t t h e v e r b h a b e r c a n n o t b e

c o n s i d e r e d a n i s o l a t e d v e r b or a c o m p l e t e l y i d i o s y n c r a t i c v e r b ,

c o n t r a r y t o wha t B e l l o (1881: 1 5 0 ) a n d H a r r i s (1969:37) h a v e

c l a i m e d .

ANALYSIS PRESENTED ------ ----- FOLEY --

T h i s s e c o n d s e c t i o n d e a l s w i t h a g e n e r a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h e

v e r b s h z b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r p r e s e n t e d i n F o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 ) . He

d i s c u s s e s t h e g l i d e i n c r e m e n t s /y/ a n d / w / i n v o l v e d i n t h e

u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a n d p r o F o s e s a s e t of p h o n o l o g i c a l

r u l e s t o e x p l a i n t h e c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n a t i o n [ p - P ] o b s e r v e d i n

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d p r e s o n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s of t h e

v e r b s s a b e r a n d c a b e r a n d t h e v o w e l a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] o b s e r v e d

i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e of t h e t h r e e v e r b s h a b c r , s a b e r , a n d

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I n t h i s s e c t i o n , I w i l l p r e s e n t a n d commont o n F o l e y ' s

a n a l y s i s . I w i l l show t h a t h i s a n a l y s i s i s v e r y l i m i t e d s i n c e

t h e d a t a t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d ~ r a t i o n is l l m i t e d . I n f a c t , o n l y t h e

v e r b c a b e r is a n a l y z e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e

a n d o n l y two v e r b s , i . e . s a b e r a n d c a b e r w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e

p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e . O t h e r f o r m s a r e e x c l u d e d from

c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

I w i l l e x t e n d F o l e y t s a n a l y s i s t o t h e o m i t t e d forms o f t h e

v e r b s h a b e r a n d s a b e r i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d t o t h e v e r b

h a b e r i n t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e a n d I w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e -- s e t o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s t h a t h e p r o p o s e s i s n o t a d e q u a t e a n d

t h a t t h e way t h e s e r u l e s a p p l y i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n of t h e s e f o r m s

i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o d e s c r i b e a n d d e r i v e t h e correct p h o n e t i c

o u t p u t s of a l l t h e f o r m s of t h e t h r e e v e r b s u n d e r a n a l y s i s .

I n c h a p t e r 3 of t h i s t h e s i s , I w i l l p r e s e n t a n a n a l y s i s

t h a t i s pot o c l y o b s e r v a t i o ~ a l l y a d e q u a t e b u t a l s o d e s c r i p t i v e l y

a d e q u a t e . I w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d

c a b l r , ---- a s well a s t h e v e r b s t r a e r , p l a c e r , p o d e x , - p o n e r ,

r e s p o n d e r , - q u e r e r , t e n e r , a n d h a c e r f r o m t h e s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n , e s t a r , e n d a r f r ~ m t h e f i r s t c o n j u g a t i c n , a n d d e c i r ,

v e n i r f r o m t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n a r e l i n k e d t o g e t h e r i n terms of -- s h a r e d m o r p h c p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s t h a t o p e r a t e g r a d u a l l y o n

Page 84: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

v a r i o u s f o r m s o f t h e p a r a d i g m s o f t h e s e l e x i c a l items. The a b o v e

m e n t l c n e d v e r b s a r e a l s o r e l a t e d i n t h e s e n s e t h a t t h e y a re

s u b j e c t t o p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s w h i c h a r e s t i l l a c t i v e i n t h e

d e r i v a t i o n when o t h e r r u l e s w h i c h a l s o a p p l y t o t h e s e f o r m s come

i n t o o p e r a t i c n .

2 .2 .1 P r e s e n t a t i o n a n d Comments. --- -----

L e t u s now p r e s e n t T a b l e 1 3 w i t h t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e

f o r m s of t h e v e r b c a b e r :

TABLE 19 . V e r b CABER, w i t h r o o t / k a p / . P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e .

( 1 ) q u e P 0 C ~ ~ P O I ( 4 ) c a b e m o s [ kape/mos]

( 2 ) c a b e s ( k a $ e s ~ (5) c a b e n [ k&en 1

(3) c a b e [ k g p e ]

With r e s p e c t t o t h e f o r m s (1-5) p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 1 9 a b o v e ,

F o l e y o b s e r v e s :

a . T h a t i n t h e f i rs t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r t h e r a d i c a l vowel i s

e , w h i l e i n t h e o t h e r f o r m s i t i s a;

b. T h a t t h e f i n a l r a d i c a l c o n s o n a n t i s 1 i n ( I ) , w h i l e i n

the o t h e r s i t is b;

Page 85: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

c. T h a t a l t h o u g h t h e & of t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r i s

f o l l o w e d by a f r o n t v o w e l 3, it d o e s n o t become

c o n t r a r y t o t h e s t r i d e n c y r u l e :

d . T h a t , a l t h o u g h t h e 2 of t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r i s

i n t e r v o c a l i c , i t d o e s n o t l e n i t e t o b by t h e l e n i t i o n

r u l e :

(3. T h a t the v o w e l 2 i n ( 1 ) [ k e p o ] d o e s n o t d i p h t h o n g i z e by

t h e r u l e :

(25) [t] ===> [;:I / - stress

F o l e y a s s u m e s that t h e u n d ~ r l y i n g f o r m of ( 1 ) q u e p o i s

/ k a y p o / s i n c e t h e r u l e fcr c o n v e r t i n g a~ t o g i s a l r e a d y well

m o t i v a t e d a s shown b y t h e f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i o n :

Page 86: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

( 2 6 ) S p a n i s h l e c h e [lec'e] v v m i l k N

l a k t e l a ^ k t e l a y z e l a y k e leJ^ke IGke 1GEe leEe

( u n d e r l y i n g f o r m ) G r a v i t y a s s i m i l a t i o n . G l i d e f o r m a t i o n , P a l a t a l i z a t i o n . G l i d e a s s i m i l a t i o n . G l i d e l e n g t h e n i n g . S t r i d e n c y . S h o r t e n i n g .

T h i s a n a l y s i s h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g a d v a n t a g e s :

a . No e x t r a r u l e s a r e n e c e s s a r y t o g c f rom /kaypo/ t o

c k 6 p o I:

b . g u e p o [ k d p o ] now h a s t h e same r a d i c a l vowel 2 which

a p p e a r s i n t h e o t h e r forms;

c . The r a d i c a l k i n / k a y p o / d o e s n o t become < when

s t r i d e n c y a p p l i e s , b e c a u s e t h e i n i t i a l i s f o l l o w e d b y

2, a s i n t h e f o r m s (2-5) o f t h e p r e s e n t indicative;

d, The r a d i c a l E i n /kaypo / d o e s n o t l e n i t e t o & b e c a u s e i t

i s n o t i n t e r v o c a l i c , b u t r a t h e r p r e c e d e d by a y g l i d e ;

2 . T h a t t h e r o o t o f c a b e r [ k e ' f ~ d r ] i s c a p - a n d n o t c a b - may

be s e e n f rom t h e e r u d i t e ~ p a n i s h f c r m s c a p a c i d a d

" c a p a c i t y " a n d c a p a z " c a p a b l e v f a s well a s c a p t a r " t o

g e t , t o w i n f f , w h e r e l e n i t i o n d o e s n o t o c c u r b e c a u s e t h e

r o o t c a p - i s f o l l o w e d b y a 2 i n c r e m e n t .

The o n l y r e m a i n i n g p r o b l e m is t h e s o u r c e o f t h e y i n /kaypo / a n d

Page 87: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

why i t d o e s n o t a c c u r i n t h e f o r m s (2-5) o f t h e p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v e i n T a b l e 19. F o l e y a r g u e s t h a t , j u s t b e c a u s e it

a p p e a r s a t t h i s s t a g e o n t h e l e f t of t h e r a d i c a l 1, i t d o e s n o t

mean t h a t it o r i g i n a t e d t h e r e . As a n e x a m p l e , h e s t a t e s t h a t i n

c o n f u n d i r I t t o c o n f u s e n , c o n t u n d i r " t o b r u i s e q t a n d p r e n d e r I t to ----- s e i z e " t h e n a s a l i n c r e m e n t g 21 d i d n o t rigi in ate t o t h e l e f t of

t h e f i n a l r a d i c a l c o n s o n a n t 4, b u t r a t h e r was a f f i x e d t o t h e

r o o t

(27) c o n + f u d + n + i r ==== > c o n + f u d n + i r

c o n t t u d t n t i r ==== > c o n + t u d n + i r

p r e d + n + ~r ==== > p r e d n +er

w i t h s u b s e q u e n t m e t a t h e s i s i f t h e roct e n d e d i n a n o b s t r u e n t

s t o p , b u t n o t o t h e r w i s e :

(28) c o n + f u d n + i r ====> c o n + f u n d + i r

c o n t t u d n + i r ==== > c o n + t u n 6 + i r

p r e d n ter ==== > p r e n d +er

A s F o l r y (1965:64) c o r r e c t l y o b s e r v e s , t h o 11 o f t h e

i n f i n i t i v e forms i n ( 2 8 ) a b o v e d o e s n o t a p p e a r i n - t h e i r

c o r r e s p o n d i n g p a s t p a r t i c i p l e f o r m s :

Page 88: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

( 2 9 ) I n f i n i t i v e P a s t P a r t i c i p l e

c o n • ’ u n d i r n t o c o n f u s e w c o n f u s o ttde ba tab le11

c o n t u n d i r " t o b r u i s e " c o n t u s o I tbr u i s e d n

p r e n d e r I t t o s e i z e t t p r e s o " s e i z e d w

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e q d o e s n o t a p p e a r i n d e r i v a t i v e s s u c h a s :

(30) f u n d i r t tsmelttt , f u s o r t t s m e l t i n g l a d l e t t , f u s i & "f u s i o n t t .

t u n d i r t t s h ~ a r t t , t u s d n n f l e e c e n . p r e n d e r " s e i z e t t , p r i s i d n " s e i z u r e " .

A l l o f t h i s i n d i c a t e s , a c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y , t h a t t h e g i s

n o t p a r t o f t h e r o o t b u t r a t h e r i s a n i n c r e m e n t which i s a d d e d

t o it.

NOW, o b s e r v e a s e c o n d se t o f f o r m s c o n s i d e r e d by F o l e y

( 1965 :65 ) :

( 3 1) I n f i n i t i v e P a s t P a r t i c i p l e

p r e t e n d e r I t p r e t e n d t t - p r e t e n s o " p r e t e n d e d "

s u s p e n d e r " s u s p e n d n - s u s p e n s o " s u s p e n d e d "

I n t h i s c a s e , F o l e y p c i n t s o u t t h a t t h e q w h i c h a p p e a r s i n t h e

i ~ l f i n i t i v e f o r m s a l s o a p p e a r i n t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s a s well a s

i n t h e f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i v e s :

Page 89: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

(32) p r e t e n d e r f q p r e t e n d f f , p r e t e n s i d n " p r e t e n s i o n q f .

t e n d e r " s t r e t c h o u t n , t e n s i d n I f t e n s i o n t 1 .

s u s p e n d e r " s u s p e n d " , s u s p e n s i & f t s u s p e n s i o n f f . p e n d e r nhangf f , p e n s i & " p e n s i o n l f . 2 2

C o n s e q u e n t l y , F o l e y c l a i m s t h a t t h e r e a r e t w o d i f f e r e n t

t y p e s o f r o o t s . F o r t h e s e t o f v e r b s i n (31) a b o v e t h e r o o t s

c o n t a i n n a s a l s , t h a t is , t h e r o o t s are t e n d - , a n d p e n d - . The g

which is p a r t o f t h e r o o t t h e n a p p e a r s i n a l l r e l a t e d words s u c h

a s t h o s e i n (32) . However, f o r t h e se t o f v e r b s i n ( 2 9 ) a b o v e

t h e n a s a l i s n o t p a r t o f t h e i r r o o t s . The r o o t s a r e f u d - , t u d - ,

a n d p r e d - , a n d nc n a s a l a p p e a r s i n d e r i v a t i v e s s u c h a s t h o s e i n

(30) . T h e r e f o r e , a c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y , t h e n a s a l w h i c h a p p e a r s i n

t h e i n f i n i t i v e f o r m s o f (29) i s a n i n c r e m e n t which i s a d d e d t o

the r o o t a s shown i n (27 ) a n d ( 2 8 ) a b o v e .

Thus , wha t h a s b e e n p r e s e n t e d a b o v e w i t h r e s p e c t t o n a s a l

i n c r e m e n t s s u g g e s t s , a c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y , t h a t t h e g l i d e /y/ i n

/kaypo / a n d t h e /R/ i n / k o n f u n d i r / a re c l o s e l y r e l a t e d i n t h e

s s n s e t h a t b o t h e l e m e n t s a r e n o t p a r t of t h e i r r o o t s c a p - [ k a p - ]

a n d c o n f u d - [ k o n f u d - 1 b u t r a t h e r i n c r e m a t s t h a t h a v e b e e n

m e t a t h e s i z e d frcm /kap-y-o/ a n d / k o n f u d - n - i r / . 2 3

Foley claims t h a t t h e g l i d e y a p F e a r s i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s (1-5) g i v e n in

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T a b l e 1 9 a b o v e , b u t when f o l l o w e d by a f r o n t v o w e l , it is

d e l e t e d by the y - d e l e t i o n r u l e :

When f o l l o w e d by a b a c k v o w e l , a s i n t h e f i r s t s i n g u l a r f o r m , i t

i s n o t d e l e t e d . L e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e d e r i v a t i o n s f o r ( 1 ) suego

a n d (2) c a b e s :

TABLE 20.

( 1 ) / k a ~ - Y - o / ( 2 ) / k a ~ - ~ - e s / ( u n d e r l y i n g fo rm)

k a / p e s Y - d e l e t i o n . --0 M e t a t h e s i s .

k a/b- es L e n i t i o n . --. S t r i d e n c y f a i l s . --- G l i d e a s s i m i l a t i o n . --- G l i d e l e n g t h e n i n g . --- D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n . --- S h o r t e n i n g .

I k4po I [ k g b e s l z * P h o n e t i c o u t p u t .

A s c a n be o b s e r v e d , t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c o u t g u t s L k Q p o ] a n d I

[ k a P 3 s ] a r e d e r i v e d by t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s p r e s e n t e d a b o v e i n

d e r i v a t i o n s (1) a n d (2) . However , t h e p a r t i c u l a r c h a r a c t e r o f

t h e g l i d e /y/ w h i c h a p p e a r s i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g f o r m s (1-5) i s n o t

m o t i v a t e d i n F o l e y ' s a n a l y s i s .

I n c h a p t e r 3 o f t h i s t h e s i s , I w i l l p r o p o s e t h a t the

u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r ,

s a b e r a n d c a b e r show a n /i/ i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d --- f

75

Page 91: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p r e s e n t s u b j u c c t i v e a n d a n /u/ i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e

i n s t e a d o f /y/ a n d /w/ a s p r o p o s e d b y F o l e y (1965:64). Then, o n e I

o f t h e i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e s e t h r e e i r r e g u l a r v e r b s

a n d t h e p a t t e r n v e r b s of t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n c a n b e

a t t r i b u t e d t c t h e p r e s e n c e of a d i f f e r e n t t h e m e v o w e l i n t h e

u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . T h i s a n a l y s i s i s p r e d i c a t e d o n t h e

a s s u m p t i o n t h a t we h a v e a r u l e o f G l i d e F o r m a t i o n / i , u / ==>

[ ~ r w I / - V I n c u r p h o n o l o g y of S p a n i s h w h i c h a p p l i e s i n

p r ~ v o c a l i c p o s i t i o n . T h u s , I w i l l a r g u e t h a t it i s b e t t e r i n

terms o f t h e w h c l e s y s t e m of S p a n i s h p h o n o l o g y t o p o s t u l a t e

u n d e r l y i n g /i/ a n d /u/ i n c r e m e n t s .

L e t u s f u r t h e r e x a m i n e t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s of t h e

v e r b s c a b e r a n d s a b e r a s a n a l y z e d b y F o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 ) .

T A B L E 2 1 .

V e r b s c a b e r a n d s a b e r , w i t h r o o t s

P r e s e r t S u b j u n c t i v e :

(1) q u e p a c keba I s e p a

(2) q u e P a s [ k e / p a s ] s e F a s

( 3 ) q u e p a C k 4 p a I s e p a

( 4 ) q u e p a m o s [ kep$mos] s e p a m o s

( 5 ) q u e P a n [ k;pan] s e p a n

/ k a p / a n d / s a p / .

Page 92: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

A c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y , t h e s e f o r m s a l s o i l l u s t r a t e t h e f a i l u r e

o f l e n i t i o n , a n d r a i s i n g a n d l e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e r a d i c a l vowel .

A s a n e x a m p l e , c o n s i d e r t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r ( 1 ) of b o t h

v e r b s s a b e r a n d c a b e r :

TABLE 22.

( u n d e r l y i n g fo rm)

Y - d e l e t i o n f a i l s . M e t a t h e s i s . L e n i t i o n f a i l s . S t r i d e n c y f a i l s . G l i d e a s s i m i l a t i o n . G l i d e l e n g t h e n i n g . ~ i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n f a i l s . S h o r t e n i n g .

[ k d p a ] I s g p a 1 P h o n e t i c o u t p u t s .

C o n s i d e r now t h e p r e t e r i t e forms of t h e t h r e e v e r b s :

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TABLE 2 3 .

V e r b s c a b e r 88 to f i t ( i n t o ) I 1 ( w i t h r o c t /kap / )

s a b e r " t o know" ( w i t h r o o t / s a p / )

h a b e r " t o have" ( w i t h r o o t /hab / )

P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e :

( 1 ) h u b e L ;$e I c u p e I k $ p e I s u p e I s 6 p e 1

( 2 ) h u b i s t e [ u ~ i s t e ~ c u p i s t e [ k u p i s t e ] s u p i s t e [ s u p i s t e ]

( 3 ) hubo L 630 I c u p 0 l. k i p c 1 s u p 0 C S ~ P O 1

( 4 ) h u b i m o s [ u $ i m o s ] c u p i m o s [ k u p i m o s ] s u ~ i m o s [ s u p i m o s ]

(5) h u b i s r o n [ u ~ y d r o n 1 c u p i e r o n f k u p y d r o n s u p i e r o n [ s u p y & r o n ]

F o l o y a ~ a l y z e s t h e f o r m s (1-5) i n t h e p r e t e r i t s of t h e s e v e r b s

a n d n o t e s :

a . T h a t t h e r a d i c a l v o w e l i n t h e p r e t e r i t e forms i s n o t 2

a s i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e forms, b u t r a t h e r u;

b. That t h e r a d i c a l E i n t h e f o r m s (1-5), f o r i n s t a n c e

[ k h p e ] a n d [ S ~ ~ E ] , i s n o t l e n i t e d t o & a l t h o u g h i t i s

I n t e r v o c a l i c .

I n l i g h t of t h e s e f a c t s , F o l e y a s s u m e s t h a t t h e r e is a

g l i d e i n c r e m e n t / w / wh ich b o t h p r e v e n t s L e n i t i o n of t h e r a d i c a l

E a n d a l s o a c c o u n t s f o r t h e r a i s i n g of t h e r a d i c a l v o w e l . Thus ,

t h e u n d e r l y i n g form of [ k i p e l is /kap-w-e/. A f t e r M e t a t h e s i s ,

+ h e r a d i c a l q + w i l l r a i s e t o 2 b y the G l i d e A s s i m i l a t i o n r u l e

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j u s t a s p r a i s e d a t o 2 ir f o r m (1) [ k e / ~ o ] . ( S e e T a b l e 19

a b o v e ) .

< g r a v e

Then ow b e c o m e s l o n g j u s t a s g becomes l o n g b y t h e r u l e

which l e n g t h e n s a v o w e l f o l l o w e d by a g l i d e a n d t h e n d r o p s t h e

g l i d e :

(35) G l i d e L e n g t h e n i n g ( F o l e y ) :

However , why t h e r a d i c a l v o w e l i n these p r e t e r i t e f o r m s i s

the v o w e l L u ] i s n o t clear f o r F o l e y , s i n c e t h e [ e l i n ( 1 )

[ k 4 p o ] o f T a b l e 19 d i d n o t g o t c [ i 1, b u t r a t h e r r e m a i n e d [ e l .

A s a s o l u t i o n t o t h i s p r o b l e m , F o l e y p r o p o s e s a s p e c i a l a d

h o c r u l e c a l l e d p r e t e r i t e d i f f u s e n e s s r u l e

( 3 6 ) Prf t e r i t e r a d i c a l v o w e l ===> [ + d i f f u s e ]

which r a i s e s t h e l o n g r a d i c a l v o w e l 6 t o g a s shown i n t h e

d e r i v a t i o n of t h e f irst p e r s o n s i n g u l a r ( 1 ) c u p e [kdpe]:

Page 95: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T A B L E 24.

k4wp-e kgp-e k!p-e kup-e

( u n d e r l y i n g form)

M e t a t h e s i s . L e n i t i o n f a i l s . G l i d e a s s i m i l a t i o n . G l i d e l e n g t h e n i n g , P r e t e r i t e d i f f u s e n e s s . S h o r t e n i n g

P h o n e t i c o u t p u t .

T h i s a n a l y s i s is a l s o e x t e n d e d b y F o l e y (1965:70) + o t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s s a b e r a n d h a b e r . A s

a n i l l u s t r a t i o n , c o n s i d e r t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r h u b e [ @ e l

a n d - s u p e [ ~ & ~ e ] w i t h t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e d e r i v a t i o n s :

TABLE 25.

(1) /hab-w-e/ / s a p - w-e/ ( u n d e r l y i n g f o r m ) 2 5

h4wb-e hdb-e ---

s$wp-e s d p - e ---

I

s!p-e s u p - e ---

M e t a t h e s i s , L e n i t i o n f a i l s . G l i d e a s s i m i l a t i o n . G l i d e l e n g t h e n i n g . D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n . P r e t e r i t e d i f f u s e n e s s . S h o r t e n i n g , S p i r a n t i z a t i o n h - d e l e t i o n .

I + I s d p e 1 P h o n e t i c o u t p u t s .

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A s h a s b e e n p r e s e n t e d t h u s f a r , F o l e y ' s a n a l y s i s d e r i v e s

t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e

f o r m s o f t h e v e r b c a b e r , t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s o f c a b e r

a n d s a b e r , a n d t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s cf c a b e r , s a b e r a n d h a b e r .

However, a s was shown a b o v e , t h e n a t u r ~ o f t h e i n c r e m e n t s a s /y/

a n d / w / is n o t c o m p l e t e l y j u s t i f i e d b y F o l o y a n d t h e r u l e o f

M e t a t h e s i s , w h i c h h a s o p e r a t e d t o g i v e [ k d y p o ] frcm /kap-y-o/

a n d [ ka/upe] from /kap-w-e/ is n c t f o r m a l i z e d .

I n c h a p t e r 3 , w e w i l l show t h a t i t . i s b e t t e r i n terms o f

the o v e r a l l p h o n o l o g i c a l p i c t u r e cf S p a n i s h t o p o s t u l a t e

u n d e r l y i n g /i/ a n d /u/ i n c r e m e n t s . T h e s e v o w e l i n c r e m e n t s a r e

m o t i v a t e d by u s o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e r u l e o f G l i d e F o r m a t i o n

w h i c h a p p l i e s t o a l l u n s t r e s s e d h i g h v o w e l s when t h e y a r e i n

p r e v o c a l i c p o s i t i o n a s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g

a l t e r n a t i o n s :

v i v - i r [ hip-ir ] / v i v - i - e n d o [ hip-y-&do ]

a i i a d - i r [ a r a > - i r 7 a f i a d - i - e n d o [ a r a a - y - d n d o 1

r e u n - i r [ r e w n - i r ] / r e u n - i - e n d o r e ~ r - - ~ - e ' n d o 1 /

/ r e u n - i - o n [ r e ~ n - ~ - d n j

h u - i r [ u - i r ] / hu-y-endo [ ~ - ~ - e ' n d o ]

Assuming t h a t G l i d e F o r m a t i o n a p p l i e s b e f o r e L e n i t i o n a n d

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e f o r m s o f h a b e r , s a b e r ,

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a n d mbey, it w i l l e x p l a i n why t h e /p/ i n [k&p-y-o] (= quepo

L kQpo]) a n d [ka'p-w-o] ( = c u p 0 [ k d p o ] ) d o e s n o t l e n i t e t o [ b] .

N o t e t h a t g e n e r a l l y S p i r a n t i z a t i o n c n l y o c c u r s i n i n t e r v o c a l i c

p o s i t i o n a s shown i n [ b i ~ i r ] f f t o l i v e " a n d [ a r a h i r ] f f t o add".

However, a t l e a s t i n my d i a l e c t , t h i s r u l e d o e s n o t t a k e p l a c e

b z t w e e n a v o w e l a n d a g l i d e a s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n d e u d a [ d d w d a ]

f f d e b t t f , a v i e n d o [ b i b ~ d n d o ] " l i v i n g n a n d a i i a d i e n d o [ a radye 'bdo ]

f f a d d i n g f f . O b s e r v e a l s c t h e f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s i n which t h e

g l i d e s p r e c e d e t h e c o n s o n a n t s [ b ] a n d I d ] :

M a r a c a i b c c m a r a k g y b o ] f l M a r a c a i b o v

j a i b a L x i y b a ] j o k e " ( V e c e z . )

d e u d a ddwaa ] f f d e b t f f

A l l of t h i s i n d i r e c t l y s u p p o r t s o u r claim t h a t i t i s b e t t e r i n

terms o f t h e w h o l e s y s t e m of s p a n i s h p h o n o l o g y t o p o s t u l a t e

v o w e l i n c r e m e n t s /F/ a n d /u/ i n s t e a d o f g l i d e i n c r e m e n t s /y/ a n d

/ w / i n u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . I t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e r e m i g h t

b e n e s d t o e x a m i n e t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l s t a t u s o f i n c r e m e n t s . B u t

s i n c e t h i s i s n o t r e l e v a n t t o o u r t h e s i s , we o n l y c o n c e r n

o u r s e l v e s w i t h t h e f u n c t i c n of t h e p h o r o l o g i c s l r u l e s .

I w i l l now e x t e n d F o l e y ' s a n a l y s i s t o t h e o m i t t e d f o r m s o f

t h e v e r b s h a b e r a n d s a b e r i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d t o t h e

v e r b . h a b e r i n t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e . I w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t

t h i s a n a l y s i s i s u n s a t i s f a c t o r y s i n c e t h e d a t a on w h i c h i t is

Page 98: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

b a s e d i s l i m i t e d , t h a t t h e s e t o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s t h a t F o l e y

p r o p o s e s i s i n a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e o m i t t e d f o r m s , a n d t h a t t h e way

t h e s e r u l e s a p p l y i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n Is n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y a d e q u a t e

t o d e s c r i b e a n d g e n e r a t e t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s o f t h e

p r e s s n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e , a n d p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s of t h e t h r e e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r .

2 .2 .2 C r i t i q u e . ----

Assuming w i t h F o l e y (1965) t h a t t h e r o o t f o r c a b e r i s c a ~

a n d t h e r o o t f o r s a b e r i s sa~, a n d t h a t t h e u n d e r l y i n g f o r m s of

t h e f i r s t p e r s c n s i n g u l a r i n ( 1 ) o f T a b l e 1 9 a r e /kap-y-o/ a n d

/ sap-y -o / r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e p h o n e t i c o u t p u t w i l l b e c o r r e c t i n

t h e f i r s t c a s e b u t n o t i n t h e s e c o n d a s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e r i v a t i o n s g i v e n below:

TABLE 26 .

s e p - 0 --- /

s e p - o

( u n d e r l y i n g f o r m )

y ==> 6 / - [ i , e ] M e t a t h e s i s . L e n i t i o n f a i l s . S t r i d e n c y f a i l s . G l i d e a s s i m i l a t i o n . G l i d e l e n g t h e n i n g ( F o l e y ) D i p h t h c n g i z a t i o n f a i l s . S h o r t e n i n g

P h o n e t i c c u t p u t .

C o r r e c t fo rm.

Page 99: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

L e t u s f u r t h e r a s s u m e w i t h F o l e y t h a t t h e r o o t f o r h a b e r i s

h a b , a n d t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n --- s i n g u l a r he is /hab-y-o/ . Then , t h e p h o n e t i c o u t p u t w i l l b e

w r o n g l y d e r i v e d i n t h i s case as was t h e c a s e i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r f o r m of t h e v e r b s a b e r . T h i s i s shown i n t h e f o l l o w i n g

d e r i v a t i o n :

TABLE 27.

(1 /hab-y-c/ ( u n d e r l y i n g form)

y ==> b / - [F,e] Netat h e s i s . L e n i t i o n f a i l s . S t r i d e n c y f a i l s . G l i d e a s s i m i l a t i o n . G l i d e l e n g t h e n i n g . D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n f a i l s . S h o r t e n i n g . h - d e l e t i o n . S p i r a n t i z a t i o n .

* C +0 1 P h o n e t i c o u t p u t .

L 41 Correct fo rm.

S i n c e t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c f o r m of t h e f i r s t p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r o f s a b e r i s Sg a n d o f h a b e r is he i n s t a a d of *.sepo a n d

* h e b ~ r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h i s is a c l ~ a r i n d i c a t i c n t h z t F o l e y l s

a n a l y s i s of t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e t h r e e v e r b s i n v o l v e s

s e r i o u s p r o b l e m s .

However, f u r t h e r e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e a n a l y s i s p r o p o s e d b y

84

Page 100: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

F o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 : c h a p . Q ) d e m o n s t r a t e s w h a t h a p p e n s when i t a p p l i e s t o

t h e f o r m s of t h e v e r b h a b e r i n t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e . F o l e y

a s s u m e s t h a t t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e

first p e r s o n s i n g u l a r (1) i n T a b l e 21 are /kap-y-a / f o r q u e p a

a n d / s a p - y - a / f o r sepa a n d t h a t t h e correct p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s

w i l l b e d e r i v e d i f t h e set of p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s p r o p o s e d f o r

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a l s o a p p l i e s t o t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e .

Even t h o u g h h i s a n a l y s i s was shown t o b e i n a d e q u a t e w i t h r e s p e c t

t o t h e p r e s e ~ t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r a n d s a b e r i n

t h e l a s t t w o d e r i v a t i o n s g i v e n a b o v e , it i s correct i n t h e c a s e

of t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e o f s a b e r a n d c a b e r a s was p r e s e n t e d

i n T a b l e 22 .

However , P o l e y ' s a n a l y s i s is a g a i n i n a d e q u a t e f o r

g e n g r a t i n g t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b h a b e r . A s

a n i l l u s t r a t i o n , c o n s i d e r t h e f i r s t p e r s o n h a y a [ i y a ] f rom a n

u n d ~ r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s u c h a s /hab-y-a/ :

Page 101: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T A B L E 28 .

(1) /hab-y-a / ( u n d e r l y i n g fo rm)

y = = > $ / [ i , e ] ~ e t a t h e s i s T - L e n i t i o n f a F l s . S t r i d e n c y f a i l s . G l i d e a s s i m i l a t i o n . G l i d e l e n g t h e n i n g . D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n f a i l s . S h o r t e n i n g . h - d e l e t i o n . S p i r a n t i z a t i o n .

*I +a I P h o n e t i c o u t p u t .

C ~ Y ~ I C o r r e c t f o r m .

S i n c e t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c o u t p u t o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r o f t h e v e r b h a b e r is ldya ] i n s t e a d o f *[;pa], t h i s i s

a n o t h e r i n d i c a t i o n t h a t F o l e y ' s a n a l y s i s i s n o t a b l e t o a c c o u n t

f o r t h e a l t e r n a t i o n s m a n i f e s t e d b y t h e v e r b s h a b e r ' a n d s a b e r i n

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e . A s n o t e d by

F o l e y h i m s e l f , t h e r e i s a p p a r e n t l y n o e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e s e

f o r m s . ( S e e F o l e y , 1965:71) A d d i t i o n a l l y , B e l l o g s (1881: 150) a n d

H a r r i s * ( 1 9 6 9 : 9 7 ) p o s i t i o n s c o i n c i d e w i t h P o l e y ' s c l a i m t h a t t h e

v e r b s h a b e r a n d s a b e r h a v e v e r y p e c u l i a r i r r e g u l a r i t i e s .

However, i n c h a p t e r 3 , I w i l l show t h a t t h e r e is a n e x p l a n a t i o n

f o r t h e s e v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d p r e s e n t

s u b j u n c t i v e o f t h e s e f o r m s a n d f u r t h e r , I w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t

t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r , a s well a s t r a e r , p l a c e r ,

Page 102: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p o d e r , l o n e r , r e s p o n d e r , g u e r e r , IT, t e n e r a n d h a c e r f r o m t h e

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n , e s t a r , g n d a r f r o m t h e f i r s t c o n j u g a t i o n , a n d

d e c i r - - I -- v e n i r from t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n a re i n f a c t

e x p l a n a t o r i l y l i n k e d by L E X I C A L DIFFUSION o f p h o n o l o g i c a l

p r o c e s s e s (Wang, 1969). A l s o , t h e v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t a l

a l t e r n a t i o n s o b s e r v e d i n t h e p r e t e r i t e o f a l l t h e v e r b s

m e n t i o n e d a b o v e c a n be a c c o u n t e d f o r i f we a s s u m e t h e c o n c e p t o f

L I N E A R O R D E R of a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s (Newton, 1370) o r

+ h e p r i n c i p l e o f RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION ( F o l e y , 1 9 7 7 ) .

F o l e y v s a n a l y s i s d o e s n o t c r e a t e a n y p r o b l e m s 4 pis the f o r m s o f t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d

c a b e r , a s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n t h e d e r l v a t i c n s o f T a b l e s 24 a n d 2 5

a b c v e . T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e s e v e r b s s h a r e more r e g u l a r

a l t e r n a t i o n s i n t h i s t e n s e t h a n i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d

i t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e . ~ H o w e v e r , a new p r o b l e m d o e s a r i s e , IT.

t h e p o s t u l a t i o n of a s p e c i a l a d h o c P r e t e r i t e ~ i f f u s e n e s s r u l e

whLch r a i s e s t h e l o n g r a d i c a l v o w e l /d/ t o [I?] i n a l l t h e

p r e t a r i t e fcrms o f T a b l e 2 3 a b o v e . F o l e y d o e s n o t e x p l a i n why

s u c h a s p e c i a l r u l e i s d e v i s e d f o r some f o r m s , a n d n o t o t h e r s ;

h e d o e s n o t f o r m u l a t s t h i s p a r t i c u l a r r u l e i n o r d e r . t o show

w h e t h e r t h e v o w e l /6/ becomes [ E l o n l y b e f o r e l a b i a l s /p/ a n d

b , o r w h e t h e r t h e r e a r e i n f a c t scme o t h e r c o n s o n a n t s which

o c c u r i n t h i s e n v i r o n m e n t . M o r e o v e r , h e d o e s n o t s a y a n y t h i n g

a b o u t w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e r e a r e more e x a m p l e s of v e r b s , n o u n s ,

Page 103: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

e tc . i n w h i c h t h e v o w e l /o/ a l s o becomes [ u ] , a s i s t h e c a s e ,

f o r e x a m p l e , i n t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b m o r i r l1 to d i e t 1 ,

p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e m u r i d [ muryo'] l1he d i e d " .

I n c h a p t e r 3, I w i l l p r o p o s e a n d f o r m u l a t e a p h o n o l o g i c a l

p r o c e s s which a c c o u n t s f o r t h e v o w e l a l t e r n a t i o n s La-u] o b s e r v e d

n o t o n l y i n t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r b u t a l s o i n t h e

p r e t e r i t e r e l i c f o r m s o f t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s t r a e r a n d

p l a c e r . The same p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s w i l l a c c o u n t f o r t h e vowel

a l t e r n a t i o n s j o - u ] o f t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s p o d e r , p o n e r

a n d g ~ p o n d e r a n d a l s o f o r t h e v o w e l a l t e r n a t i o n s [ e - i ] o f t h e

v e r b s q u e r e r , yey f r o m t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n a n d d e c i r , v e n i g

f r o m t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n . T h i s a n a l y s i s w i l l a l s o show t h a t

a l l t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d v e r b s a s well a s h a c e r , t e n e r f r o m t h e

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n a n d estar , a n d a g f r o m t h e f i r s t c o n j u g a t i o n

a r e r e l a t e d i n terms o f t h e t h r e e i m p o r t a n t c o n c e p t s o f LEXICAL

DIFFUSION (Wang, 1969) a n d (Chen a n d Wang, 1975) , L I N E A R ORDER

o f a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s (Newton, 1970), a n d t h e p r i n c i p l e

o f RULE SCHEHA INTERRUPTION ( P o l e p , 1977) . A c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y t s r u l e of d i p h t h o n g L z a t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n

( 2 5 ) a b o v e , t h e s h o r t mid v c w e l s o f s p a n i s h d i ~ h t h o n g i z e when

stressed. T h a t is , t h e p h o n e m i c representation h a s a s h o r t /6/

o r a s h o r t /</ u n d e r l y i n g t h e d i p h t h o n g s [ y & ~ a ~ d [ w e ' ] . T h i s

means t h a t F o l e y d i s t i n g u i s h e s f i v e s h o r t a n d f i v e l o n g v o w e l s

a s was t h e c a s e i n L a t i n . N c w , o b s e r v e t h e d e r i v a t i o n s g i v e n i n

Page 104: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T a b l e s 2 2 and 25 a b o v e a n d see t h a t t h e o n l y f u n c t i o n o f G l i d e

~ e n g t h e n i n g a n d S h o r t e n i n g is f i rs t t o l e n g t h e n t h e v o w e l s /g/

a n d /d/ t o p r e r a t D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n a n d t h e n n e u t r a l i z e them t o

a c c o u n t f o r t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t h o s i n g l e v o w e l s Le ] a n d [ u ] i n

t h e p h o n e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ k&o] a n d [ k i p o ] . I f G l i d e

~ e n g t h e n i n g d i d n o t a p p l y , a c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y , t h e i n c o r r e c t

p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s +[ kydpo ] a n d *[ kwdpo ] w o u l d b e g e n e r a t e d . T h i s

i s t h e r e a s o n f o r p o s t u l a t i n g t w o e x t r a r u l e s , i . e . G l i d e

~ e n g t h e n i n g a n d S h o r t e n i n g i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n s o f t h e s e f o r m s .

However , Lema (1978:17) a r g u e s t h a t t h e two se t s o f v o w e l s

c o n t r a s t i n g i n t h e f e a t u r e [ + / - l e n g t h ] were p c s i t e d b y F o l e y

b e c a u s e o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r f o r m u l a t i o n o f d i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n a n d of

t h e stress r u l e . I n c h a p t e r I V , Lema d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e

f e a t u r e [ +/- l e n g t h ] i s rot n e c e s s a r y a n d t h a t d i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n

i n S p a n i s h c a n i n f a c t b e d e s c r i b e d w i t h o u t r e c o u r s e t o t h i s

d i s t i n c t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , Lema p r e s e n t s some c o u n t e r e x a m p l e s t o

t h e stress r u l e p r c p o s e d b y F o l e y s h o w i n g t h a t i t i s n o t a b l e t o

a c c o u n t f o r a l l t h e d a t a of S p a n i s h , a n d s u g g e s t s t h a t it m u s t

b e p o s s i b l e t o p o s t u l a t e a stress r u l e t h a t d c e s n o t r e q u i r e

i n f o r m a t i o n c o r c e r n i n g v o c a l i c l e n g t h .

I n l i g h t o f L e m a 8 s a r g u m e n t s , I w i l l a s s u m e t h a t g l i d e

l e n g t h e n i n g e n d s h o r t e n i n g a re r u l e s c o m p l e t e l y u n n e c e s s a r y t o

a c c o u n t f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r case o f v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t a l

a l t e r n a t i o n s o b s e r v e d i n t h e forms o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d

Page 105: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

To summarize, i t h a s b e e n shown i n t h i s s e c o n d s e c t i o n t h a t

F o l e y l s a n a l y s i s c o n c e r n i n g t h e s e c c n d c c n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r ,

s a b e r a n d c a b e r i s u n s a t i s f a c t c r y ic t h a t ---

a . t h e d a t a t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s l i m i t e d . I n f ac t ,

o n l y t h e v e r b c a b e r i s a n a l y z e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d o n l y t w o v e r b s , i .e . s a b e r a n d

c a b e r w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e . O t h e r

f o r m s a r e e x c l u d e d from c o n s i d e r a t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e

set o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l o s t h a t F o l e y F r o p o s e s i s n o t

a p p l i c a b l e a n d t h e way t h e s e r u l e s a p p l y i n t h e

d s r i v a t i o n of t h e s e f o r m s i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o d e s c r i b e

a n d d c r i v e t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s o f a l l t h e f o r m s

o f t h e t h r e e v e r b s u n d e r a n a l y s i s ;

b , t h e n a t u r e of t h e i n c r e m e n t s a s /y/ a n d /w/ i s n o t

c o m p l e t e l y j u s t i f i e d by F o l e y a n d t h e r u l e o f

M e t e t h ~ s i s , w h i c h h a s o p e r a t e d t o g i v e [ kLypo] f r o m

/kap-y-o/ a n d [ kgwpe] f r o m /kap-w-e/ i s n o t f o r - m a l i z e d

i n o r d e r t o show t h a t t h e n a t u r e of r a d i c a l c o n s o n a n t s

i s i n v o l v e d i n t h i s p r o c e s s . We a r g u e d t h a t i t i s b e t t e r

i n terms of t h e o v e r a l l p h o n o l o g i c a l p i c t u r e o f S p a n i s h

t o p o s t u l a t e u n d e r l y i n g /i/ a n d /u / i n c r e m e n t s . T h e s e

Page 106: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

v o w e l i n c r e m e n t s a r e m c t i v a t e d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e r u l e

o f G l i d e F o r m a t i o n w h i c h a p p l i e s t o a l l u n s t r e s s e d h i g h

v o w e l s when t h e y a r e i n p r e v o c a l i c p o s i t i o n ;

c. F o l e y (1365) d o e s r o t e x p l a i n why t h e s p e c i a l P r e t e r i t e

D i f f u s e n e s s r u l e i s d e v i s e d f o r some s p e c i a l f o r m s , a n d

n o t o t h e r s ; h e d o e s n o t f o r m u l a t e t h i s p a r t i c u l a r r u l e

i n o r d e r t o show w h e t h e r t h e vowel l o ] b e c o m s s [ u ] o n l y

b e f o r e t h e l a b i a l s /p/ a n d /b/ , o r w h e t h e r t h e r e a r e i n

f a c t scme o t h e r c o n s o n a n t s which o c c u r i n t h i s

e n v i r o n m e n t ; a n d

d . t h a t , g i v e n L e m a t s a r g u m e n t s t h a t t h e f e a t u r e I+/-

l e n g t h ] i s n o t r e q u i r e d i n S p a n i s h a n d t h a t

D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n c a n i n f a c t b e d e s c r i b e d w i t h o u t

r e c c u r s e t o t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n , G l i d e L e n g t h e n i n g a n d

S h c r t e n i n g a r e r u l e s c o m p l e t e l y u n n e c e s s a r y t o a c c o u n t

f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r case cf v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t a l

a l t e r n a t i o n s o b s e r v e d i n t h e f o r m s o f t h ~ v e r b s h a b e r ,

s a b e r a n d c a b e g . ---

Page 107: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

2 . 3 ANALYSIS PRESENTED CRESSEY (19721 . --- ------ -------

I I n h i s a r t i c l e l l I r r e g u l a r V e r b s i n S p a n i s h t 1 , C r e s s e y ( 1 9 7 2 )

p r e s 2 n t s a g e n e r a t i v e a n a l y s i s of t h e S p a n i s h i r r e g u l a r v e r b s

h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r a s well a s o f c e r t a i n o t h e r v e r b s from --- t h e f i r s t , s e c o n d , a n d t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n s .

C r e s s e y h y p o t h e s i z e s t h a t t h e r e i s a s u b s t a n t i a l number of

v e r b s h a v i n g i r r e g u l a r c o n j u g a t i o n s which m u s t b e a c c o u n t e d f o r

i n terms of e x c e p t i o n f e a t u r e s a s s c c i a t e d w i t h t h e i r l e x i c a l

e n t r i e s , He makes t h e claim t h a t , among t h e s e v e r b s w h i c h

r e q u i r e s p e c i a l m a r k i n g , t h e r e i s a l a r g e s u b s e t whose p h o n e t i c

s h a p 3 s c a n b e e x p l a i c e d i n terms of t h e i n f o r m a l c o n c e p t o f

a t h e m a t i c i t y , t h a t i s , t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e t h e m e v o w e l a t a p o i n t

i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n when i t would n o r m a l l y b e p r e s e n t .

F o r t h e p u r p o s e of e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e c l a i m t h a t a t h e m a t i c i t y

is a r e l e v a n t l i n g u i s t i c f e a t u r e i n S p a n i s h , C r e s s e y b e g i n s b y

b r i e f l y s u m m a r i z i n g two cases o f a t h e m a t i c i t y which h a v e b e e n

d i s c u s s e d i n p r e v i o u s work, a n d t h e n he s u g g e s t s a n a l y s e s o f two

o t h e r c l a s s e s of i r r e g u l a r v e r b s i n terms o f t h e s a m e c o n c e p t .

I n a d d i t i c n , C r e s s e y a t t e m p t s t o show t h a t h i s a n a l y s e s h a v e

c e r t a i n i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e o v e r a l l t h e o r y o f g e n q r a t i v e

p h o n o l o g y .

T h i s s e c t i o n i s d i v i d e d i n t c t w o s u b s e c t i o n s . The f i rst

Page 108: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

s u b s e c t i o n d e a l s w i t h t h e f irst c a s e of a t h e m a t i c i t y s u m m a r i z e d

by C r o s s e y ( 1 9 7 2 ) . T h i s f i rs t case i n v o l v e s a n a n a l y s i s of t h e

i r r e g u l a r p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s a b i e r t p t topenedt t , = b i e r t o " c o v e r e d " ,

m u e r t o " d i e d " , v u e l t o " r e t u r n e d t t , s u e l t o t t l o o s e t t , e s c r i t o --- f t w r i t t e n t f , p u e s t o n p u t t t , d i c h o " s a i d " a n d h e c h o Itmadett. I w i l l

a r g u e a g a i n s t C r e s s e y g s a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e s e i r r e g u l a r p a s t

p a r t i c i p l e f o r m s u n d e r g o Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n ( H a r r i s t r u l e

( 4 : 3 4 b ) , 1969: 130) i n s p i t e of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y d o n o t meet

t h e n o r m a l s t r u c t u r a l r e q u i r e m e n t of t h e r u l e . I c l a i m t h a t t h e

p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e w h i c h e x p l a i n s t h e i r r e g u l a r f o r m s m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e i s n o t a m i n o r case o f H a r r i s t Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n r u l e ,

c o n t r a r y t o C r e s s e y q s p r o p o s a l , b u t p a r t o f a more g e n e r a l

p h o n o l o g F c a 1 p r o c e s s which a l s o a c c o u n t s f o r t h e v o w e l d e l e t i o n

i n t h e f u t u r e a n d c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s of t h e i r r e g u l a r v e r b s

h a b e t -, s a b e r I c a b e r , P Q ~ G q u e r e b v a l e r , ~ S ~ Z Z , ~ o n e r , s a l i r ,

v e n d o r h a c e r a n d d e c i r . ---I

I n 3 .1 .5 . , I w i l l f o r m u l a t e a r u l e w h i c h d e l e t e s t h e v o w e l

/e/ i n t h e i r r e g u l a r i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s pcjn I t p u t t t f r o m /pon+e / ,

ven "comett f rom / b e n + e / , t t h a v e l t from / t e n + e / , p& I t g e t o u t t t --- f r o m /sal+e/ , di " s a y " f r o m / d i k + e / , a n d jmz "makeu f r o m - / a k + e / .

T h i s Vowel D e l e t i o n r u l e i s p a r t cf t h e r u l e w h i c h a p p l i e s t o

t h e i r r e g u l a r p a s t p a r t i c i p l e , f u t u r e a n d c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s

l i s t s d a b o v e . It w i l l a l s o b e shcwn i n 3 . 1 . 5 . t h a t t h e s a m e

p r o c e s s o f Vowel D e l e t i o n h a s o p e r a t e d i n t h e h i s t o r y o f n o u n s

33

Page 109: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

s u c h a s I tsun" f r o m L a t . s o l e , s a " s a l t u from L a t . s a l e , mag

n s e a N f r o m L a t . mare .

The s e c o n d c a s e of a t h e m a t i c i t y p r e s e n t e d by C r e s s e y r e f e r s

t o t h e s e t of i r r e g u l a r f u t u r e t e n s e forms habr;, sabre ; cabre',

p o d r 4 , 4nerre', valdre ' , tendre' , pondre', s a l d r e ' , vendre', h a r d , a n d

air; a s a n a l y z e d b y H a r r i s ( 1 969: 96) . S i n c e t h i s a n a l y s i s was --- a l r e a d y d i s c u s s e d a n d i l l u s t r a t e d i n 2 .1 .2 . I . , I w i l l refer t o

i t o n l y t o s u g g e s t t h a t H a r r i s ' r u l e t h a t d e l e t e s t h e t h e m e

vows1 i n t h e s e i r r e g u l a r f u t u r e a ~ d c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s must b e

c o n s i d e r e d a case o f a more g e n e r a l p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s which ,

a s I s t a t e d e a r l i e r , c a n a l s o e x p l a i n t h e i r r e g u l a r p a s t

p a r t i c i p l e s t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n by C r e s s e y w i t h r e s p e c t t o

t h e f i r s t c a s e o f a t h e m a t i c i t y .

S e c t i o n 2.3.2. p r e s e n t s t h e t h i r d c a s e o f a t h e m a t i c i t y

d i s c u s s e d i n C r e s s e y ( 1 9 7 2 ) . He p o s t u l a t e s t w o p h o n o l o g i c a l

r u l e s a s m i n o r cases of a r a i s i n g r u l e p r o p o s e d by H a r r i s

( 1 363: 109) . A c c o r d i n g t o C r e s s e y , t h e s e r u l e s e x p l a i n why

non- low v o w e l s i n i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e forms o f v e r b s s u c h a s

v e n i r " t o comett, p o d e r " t o b e a b l e " , a n d p o n e r I t to p u t n a r e ----

r a i s e d a n d t e n s e d w h e r e v e r t h e y h a p p e n t o b e i n t h e v e r b form.

I w i l l p r e s e n t c r e s s e y l s a n a l y s i s , d e m o n s t r a t e why i t i s

e x t r a m e l y l i m i t e d , a n d show t h a t h i s r a i s i n g r u l e d o e s n o t

e x p r e s s a n y v a l i d g e n e r a l i z a t i o n .

Page 110: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

A t h e m a t i c i t y ----- i r r e q u l a r - p a r t i c i p l e s . -

The f i r s t c a s e o f a t h e m a t i c i t y d e a l s w i t h a set o f

i r r e g u l a r p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s d i s c u s s e d i n F o l s y ( 1 9 6 5 ) . I f t h e

p a s t p a r t i c i p l e e n d i n g i s a s s u m e d t o b e =to r a t h e r t h a n =&26,

t h e i r r e g u l a r forms l i s t e d i n T a b l e 29 b e l o w c a n b e e x p l a i n e d ,

a c c o r d i n g t o C r e s s e y , by a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e t h e m e v o w e l h a s b e e n

d e l e t e d b e f o r e v o i c i n g of i n t e r v o c a l i c s t o p s o c c u r s :

TABLE 29.

INFINITIVE U N D E R L . FORM PaPARTICIPLE

a b r i r c u b r i r mor i r v o l v e r e sc r i b i r p o n e r d e c i r h a c e r

a b i e r t o c u b i e r t c m u e r t o vue lt 0 escr i to p u e s t o d i c h o h e c h o

I n o r d e r t o d e r i v e t h e correct p h o n e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f

t h e s e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s , C r e s s e y a s s u m e s t h e u n d e r l y i n g f o r m s

g i v e n i n T a b l e 2 9 a n d t h e r u l e s cf P a l a t a l i z a t i o n , Y o i c i n g ,

y - d e l e t i o n , a n d D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n p r o p o s e d b y F o l e y (1965) a n d

H a r r i s ( 1 9 6 9 ) . A s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n , l e t u s o b s e r v e t h e

corresponding d e r i v a t i o n s for t h e r e g u l a r f o r m amado t l l o v e d n a n d

t h e i r r e g u l a r forms m u e r t o a n d d i c h o g i v e n by C r e s s e y :

Page 111: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

TABLE 30.

U n d e r l . Forms: a m + a + t o m o r + i + t o d i k + i + t o

~ h . V o w e l D e l . - 6 ld ~ a l a t a l i z . Y C

v o i c i n g d

y - d e l e t i o n ld

~ i p h t h o n g i z . we

P h o n e t . o u t p . [ a m i d o l mw&to] [ dic 'o]28

I n z e g a r d s t o t h e s e d e r i v a t i o n s , C r e s s e y s a y s : I t A l t h o u g h H a r r i s

l i s t s P a l a t a l i z a t i o n ( r u l e 12 ) b e f c r e Theme v o w e l d e l e t i o n ( r u l e

l 3 ) , I am n o t a w a r e o f a n y c a s e w h i c h d e p e n d s c r u c i a l l y u p o n

t h i s o r d e r i n g . T h e r e f o r e , we c a n a s s u m e t e n t a t i v e l y t h a t t h e

o r d e r o f t h e s e two r u l e s c a n be r e v e r s e d a s shown a b o v e , w i t h o u t

a f f ~ c t i n g t h e rest of t h e g rammarN. ( C r e s s e y , 1972 :238) F i r s t o f

a l l , H a r r i s d o e s n o t o r d e r P a l a t a l i z a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o Theme

Vowel ~ e l e t i o n i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f forms s u c h a s d i c h o a n d

h e c h o . I n f a c t , t h e p h o n e m i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of t h e s e i r r e g u l a r -- f o r m s p r o p o s e d by H a r r i s a r e / d i k + t o / a n d / h a k + t o / (see - H a r r i s ,

1963: 169) w i t h n o t h e m e v o w e l b e f o r e t h e ~ a r t i c i p i a l e n d i n g

/ + t o / . T h e r e f o r e , Theme V c w e l D e l e t i o n , a s s t a t e d by Harris ( V

==> ff / +--+ [ + t e n s e ] ) , c a n n o t a p p l y t c t h e u n d e r l y i n g f o r m s o f

i r r s g u l a r p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s b e c a u s e t h e r e i s n o v o w e l t o d e l e t e

96

Page 112: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

i n them.

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i f we a s s u m e , a s C r e s s e y d o e s , t h a t

t h e r e Is a v o w e l i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e p a s t

p a r t i c i p l e f o r m s , Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n h a s t o be o r d e r e d b e f o r e

p a l a t a l i z a t i o n . T h a t t h i s i s t h e c a s e c a n b e s e e n by e x a m i n i n g

t h e f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i o n s :

TABLE 31.

P a l a t a l i z . --- -- Theme V . D e l . --- -- y - d e l e t i o n --- -- P h o n e t . o u t p u t s : *C d i k f t o ] +[ a k L t o ]

P a l a t a l i z a t i o n , a s s t a t e d by Harr is ( 1 9 6 9 : 1 7 0 ) , c o n v e r t s k t o y

b e f o r e 2 o r a n d c h a n g e s 2 t o a n d g t o 5 a f t e r y. Note t h a t

t h i s r u l e c a n n o t a p p l y i n d o r i v a t i c n s g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 1 a b o v e

b e c a u s e o f a n i n t e r v e n i n g t h e m e v o w e l . N e i t h e r d o e s Theme Vowel

D e l e t i o n a p p l y b e c a u s e t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t a v o w e l be d e l e t e d i f

f o l l o w e d by a t e n s e v o w e l i s n o t f u l f i l l e d . S i n c e 2 o f t h e

p a r t i c i p i a l e n d i n g <p of b o t h f o r m s i n T a b l e 3 1 was n o t

c o n v e r t e d t o 6 by ~ a l a t a l i z a t i o n , y - d e l e t i o n , i . e . t h e r u l e t h a t

d e l e t e s y b e f o r e t h e a l v e o l o p a l a t a l a n d c, c a n n o t a p p l y

e i t h e r .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , C r e s s e y t s a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e o r d e r o f

Page 113: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p a l a t a l i z a t i o n a n d Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n a re r e v e r s e d ( a s shown

i n T a b l e 30 a b o v e ) h a s s t i l l t o b e p r o v e d i n o r d e r t o d e r i v e t h e

correct p h o n e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . However , o n e c a n e q u a l l y well

a r g u e t h a t P a l a t a l i z a t i o n is a r u l e t h a t i s i n t e r r u p t e d b y Theme

Vowel D a l e t i o n i n terms of t h e p r i n c i p l e o f RULE SCHEMA

INTERRUPTION ( P o l e y , 1 3 7 7 ) . From t h i s p o i n t of v i e w ,

p a l a t a l i z a t i o n c a n a p p l y a t d i f f e r e n t times i n t h e s a m e

d e r i v a t i o n a n d a n o t h e r r u l e s u c h a s Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n may

i n t e r r u p t t h e e x p a n s i o n of t h e r u l e schema . A n o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y

is 50 a s s u m e t h a t P a l a t a l i z a t i o n i s a r u l e w h i c h a p p l i e s a t two

d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n i n terms o f L I N E A R O R D E R

(Newton, 1970) . The a n a l y s i s o f t h e i r r e g u l a r p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s , a c c o r d i n g

t o C r e s s e y , is c a r r i e d o u t i n terms o f a l e x i c a l f e a t u r e which

s t i p u l a t e s t h a t t h e s e forms u n d e r g o Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n i n

s p i t e of the f a c t t h e t t h e y do n o t meet t h e n o r m a l s t r u c t u r a l

r e q u i r e m e n t of t h e r u l e . T h u s , C r e s s e y a d d s t o Theme Vowel

D e l e t i o n , p r o p o s e d b y Harr is ( 1 9 6 9 ) a s e c o n d cese which i s

d e s i g n a t e d a s a m i r o r r u l e : ( b o t h H a r r i s ' r u l e a n d C r e s s e y ' s

m i n o r r u l e are g i v e n be low)

(37) Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n :

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c a s e ( a ) of r u l e ( 3 7 ) a b o v e d e l e t e s t h e t h e m e v o w e l p r e s e o t i n

t h e u n d e r l y i n g f o r m s of t h e i r r e g u l a r p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e s u c h

a s / a m + a + e / (a= "1 l o v e I q ) a n d i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r of

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e /am+a+o/ (- ItI l o v e M ) when i t i s

f o l l o w e d by a t e n s e v o w e l . The t h e m e v o w e l i s n o t d e l e t e d i n

f o r m s s u c h a s / am+a+s / ( amas c lyou lovefq ) b e c a u s e what f o l l o w s

t h e t h e m e vowel: i s a c o n s o n a n t . Case (b ) a p p l i e s , a c c o r d i n g t c

C r e s s e y , o n l y t o t h o s e l e x i c a l items g i v e n i n T a b l e 2 9 a b o v e

w h i c h a r e s p e c i a l l y marked t o u n d e r g o i t . T h u s , t h i s r u l e d o e s

n o t a p p l y t o a f o r m s u c h a s / a m + a + t c / " l o v e d " b e c a u s e t h i s is a

r e g u l a r p a s t p a r t i c i p l e a n d t h e r e f o r e it i s n o t l e x i c a l l y marked

t o b e s u b j e c t t o it.

N e v e r t h e l e s s , C r e s s e y d o e s n o t e x p l a i n why t h e vowel i s

d e l e t e d i n the p a s t p a r t i c i p l e f o r m s . M o r e o v e r , n o e n v i r o n m e n t

f o r t h e r u l e i s s p e c i f i e d i n c a s e ( b ) o f r u l e ( 3 7 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e ,

C r e s s e y d o e s n o t m o t i v a t e h i s a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e s e i r r e g u l a r

f o r m s a r e s u b j e c t t o a r u l e i n s p i t e of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y d o

n o t meet i t s n o r m a l r e q u i r e m e n t .

I w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t it is p o s s i b l e t o p o s t u l a t e a

d i f f e r e n t a n d l ess a b s t r a c t a n a l y s i s i n w h i c h t h ~ p a r t i c i p i a l

f o r m s d o meet t h e s t r u c t u r a l r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e r u l e s t h a t

a c c o u n t for t hem, c o n t r a r y t o C r e s s e y q s c l a i m . A l l o f t h i s w i l l

s u p p o r t my c l a i m t h a t t h e p r o c e s s w h i c h e x p l a i n s t h e s e i r r e g u l a r

Page 115: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

forms i s n o t z m i n o r case o f Har r i s1 Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n r u l e ,

b u t a m o r e g ~ n e r a l r u l e w h i c h is p h o n o l o g i c a l l y c o n d i t i o n e d .

~ h u s , o b s e r v e t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s g i v e n i n T a b l e 32:

TABLE 32.

INFINITIVE

a ) a b r i r . c u b r i r m o r i r

b ) v o l v e r escr i b i r

c) p o n e r

d ) d e c i r h a c e r

U N D E R L . PORN PAST PARTICIPLE

/ a p E r + i + t o / a b i e r t o L z g y d r ~ o ] / k u p E r + i + t o / c u b i e r t o [ k u p y e r t o ]

/ m ~ r + i + t o / m u e r t o [ mwdrto ]

/ b O l b + e + t o / v u e l t o [ b w d l t o ] / s k r i p + i + t o e sc r i to [ e s k r i t o ]

/ d i k + i + t o / d i c h o [ d ic ' o ] / a k + e + t o / h e c h o [ e'cd ]

B e f o r e ~ s t a b l i s h i n g w h a t t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l o s a r e a n d how t h e y

a p p l y t o t h e s e f o r m s , I w i l l make t h e f o l l o w i n g a s s u m p t i o n s :

a . T h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e morpheme o f t h e S p a n i s h r e g u l a r a n d

i r r e g u l a r v e r b s i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n mus t b e

/+to/ . It r e m a i n s a s [ t o ] i n s u b s e t s ( a - c ) g i v e n i n

T a b l e 33 a b o v e , a n d t h e /t/ i s p a l a t a l i z e d t o /6/ i n

b o t h f o r m s o f s u b s e t ( d ) . [Zo] o c c u r s o n l y i n t h e

r e g u l a r p z s t p a r t i c i p l e f o r m s when p r e c e d e d b y a v o w e l

a s i n t a m d b o 1 t t l o v e d l l ;

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b. The e l e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e t w o morpheme b o u n d a r i e s ( + + )

i n t h e u f i d e r l y i n g forms of T a b l e 3 2 i s a vowel . T h i s

v o w e l w i l l b e /e/ i f t h e v e r b b e l o n g s t o t h e s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n a s v o l v e g , E o n e r , a n d h a c e r ; i t w i l l b e /i/

i f t h e v e r b is from t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n a s a r e t h e

-rest of v e r b s i n T a b l e 32 . Note t h a t t h e same v o w e l s

a p p e a r i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g f o r m s g i v e n by C r e s s e y (1972)

a s i n T a b l e 2 9 a b o v e . The d i f f e r e n c e i s , h o w e v e r , t h a t

t h e v o w e l s a r e d e l e t e d n o t b e c a u s e t h e y a r e t h e m e v o w e l s

b u t b e c a u s e t h e y o c c u r i n c e r t a i n e n v i r o n m e n t s t h a t w i l l

b e s p e c i f i e d l a t e r on i n t h e a n a l y s i s ;

~ h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s s u c h a s S t r e s s , , P a l a t a l i z a t i o n ,

C l u s t e r S i m p l i f i c a t i o n , L e n i t i o n , D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n , a n d

y - d e l e t i o n are n o t d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n . They

w i l l b e a s s u m e d t o b e a s f o r m u l a t e d i n F o l e y (1 965) , F o l e y (1978) a n d Harris ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

L e t u s now p r e s e n t i n T a b l e 33 b e l o w t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

d e r i v a t F o n s of s u b s e t (a) of T a b l e 32:

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TABLE 33.

U n d e r l . Forms: / a p ~ r + i + t o / / k u p ~ r + i + t o / / m O r + i + to/

1 . Vowel d s l . a p E r t o k u p E r t o mOrto

2 . L a n i t i o n a b E r t o k u b E r t o -- 3. S p i r a n t i z . ap5r to k u a ; r t o -- 4 . S t r e s s a p E r t o k u p ~ r t o m d r t o

5. D i p h t h o n g i z . a p y e ' r t o kupye ' r to mwe'rto

/ ~ h o n e t . o u t ~ u t s : [ apye'rto] [ k u p y e ' r t o ] [mwerto]

F i r s t , v o w e l d e l e t i o n ( r u l e 1) a p p l i e s t o t h e t h r e e forms of

T a b l e 3 3 d e l e t i n g t h e v o w e l /i/ b e t w e e n /r/ a n d /t/ a c r o s s t w o

morpheme b o u n d a r i e s . T h i s ru le i s c r d e r e d b e f o r e L e n i t i o n a n d

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e / t / o f t h e p a r t i c i p i a l

morpheme =to from b e i n g l e r - . i t e d t o I d ] . R u l e 1 i s f o r m u l a t e d i n

(38) be low:

(38) Vowel d e l e t i o n ( f i r s t v e r s i o n ) :

i ===> @ / r+ +t

Then , t h e /p/ of / a p E r t c / a n d / k u p E r t o / i s l e n i t e d t o .[b] a n d

s p i r a n t i z e d t o [p ] s i n c e it i s i n t e r v o c a l i c when t h e s e r u l e s

a p p l y . The s e g m e n t /p/ of t h e f i r s t u n d e r l y i n g form c a n b e

p h o n o l o g i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d from t h e s u r f a c e a p e r t u r a " o p e n i n g " ,

a n d a p o r i t i v o ' ! a p e r i t i f w L a t . ~ p e r i r e . The /p / of / k u p E r i t o /

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c o m e s f r o m L a t . c o o p e r i r e " t o c o v e r 1 I . N o t e t h a t t h e /t/ of t h e

p a r t i c i p i a l e n d i n g / + t o / d o e s n o t u n d e r g o r u l e s (2-3) b e c a u s e i t

is n o t i n t e r v o c a l i c i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n when t h e s e r u l e s a p p l y .

The r u l e of D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o t , a s s t a t e d b y Harris

(1969: 163) a n d by F o l e y ( l !?65:6O) , a p p l i e s t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r

m i d - v c w e l s /E/ a n d /0/, t h a t is, /e,+D/ a n d /o,+D/ when t h e y are

s t r e s s e d . C o n s e q u e n t l y , S t r e s s ( r u l e 4) h a s t o b e c r d e r e d b e f o r e

D i p h t h o g i z a t i o n ( r u l e 5) g i v e n i n T a b l e 32 .

O b s e r v e now d e r i v a t i o n s g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 4 b e l o w which a r e

t h e f o r m s of s u b s e t (b) i n T a b l e 32 :

TABLE 34.

U n d e r l . Forms: / b o l b + e + t o / / s k r l b + i + t o /

1 .Vowel D e l e t i o n b O l b t o s k r i b t o

2.Assim. of /b/ t o f p ] b O l p t o s k r i p t o

3 .Ass im. o f [ p ] t o [ t ] b o l t t o s k r i t t o

4. C l u s t e r s i m p l .

5. S t r e s s

P h o n e t , o u t p u t s :

b O l t o s k r i t o

b d l t o s k r i t o

After Vowel D e l e t i o n h a s a p p l i e d t o a 11 f c r m s i n T a b l e 3 4 ,

A s s i m i l a t i o n ( r u l e 2) c o n v e r t s /b/ o f [ b o l b t o ] t o [ p ] , g i v i n g

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[ b o l p t o ] . This s e c o n d r u l e a l s o a p p l i e s i n [ a b s o r b t o ] f r o m

/ a b s o r b + e + t o / ( n o t e a l t e r n a t i o n a b s o r b e r " a b s o r b v q / a b s o r t o

I t a b s o r b e d , a m a z e d t f ) , g i v i n g [ a b s o r p t o 1. T h e n , A s s i m i l a t i o n ( r u l e

3) a n d C l u s t e r S i m p l i c a t i o n ( r u l e 4) c o n v e r t [ ~ t ] t o [ tt ] a n d

[ t t ] t o [ t ] I n t h e s e p a r t i c i p l e forms i n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r

t h e c o n s o n a n t e l a l t e r n a t i o n s o b s e r v e d i n T a b l e 3 5 be low:

TABLE 35.

v01[ b ]er " r e t u r n t f v u e l [ d I t o l t r e t u r n e d ~ ~ a b s o r [ b ]er " a b s o r b t f a b s o r [ $ ] t o " a b s o r b e d " a b s o l l b ] e r I f a b s o l v e n a b s u e l l (d ] t o " a b s o l v e d ~ l escri[ b ]ir "writett escri[ $ ] t o I t w r i t t e n "

However, t h e a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 34 c a n b e

simplified i f Vowel D e l e t i o n f o r m u l a t e d i n (38) a b o v e i s

r e w r i t t e n a s ( 3 9 ) :

( 3 9 ) Vowel ~ e l e t i o n ( s e c o n d v e r s i o n ) :

a n d r u l e ( 4 0 ) i s p r o p o s e d :

T h u s , l e t u s o b s e r v e f o r m s o f s u b s e t ( b ) a g a i n i n T a b l e 36

below:

Page 120: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T A B L E 36.

u n d e r l . Fo rms : / b O l b + e + t o / / s k r i b + i + t o /

1 . Vowel d e l . b O l b t o s k r i b t o

2 . p / b - d e l e t i o n b O l t o s k r i t o

3 . stress b d l t o s k r i t o

4 . D i p h t h o n g . b w b l t o - 5. E p e n t h e s i s -- e s k r i t o 3 0

R u l e s ( 3 9 ) a n d (40) h a v e t o b e i n t h i s o r d e r t o a c c o u n t for t h e

c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r c a t i o n o b s e r v e d i n t h e f o r m s o f T a b l e 35 a b o v e .

The a n a l y s i s p r o p o s e d i n T a b l e 3 6 a l s o a p p l i e s t o t h e i r r e g u l a r

p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s a b s u e l t o a n d a b s o r t o o f t h e v e r b s a b s o l v c s r I f t o

absolve^^ L a t . a b s o l v e r e d e r i v e d f r o m s o l v e r e Itto l o o s e n v 1 a n d

a b s o r b e r lvto a b s o r b " L a t . a b s o r b e r e d e r i v e d f'rom s o r b e r 9 . ------

Vowel D e l e t i o n g i v e n i n ( 3 9 ) a b o v e h a s t o b e r e f o r m u l a t e d

if we c o n s i d e r t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e f o r m p e s t 0 o f t h e v s r b p o n e r

g i v e n i n s u b s e t ' ( c ) of Tab le 3 2 a b o v e . L e t u s p r e s e n t i t s

c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e r i v a t i o n :

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TABLE 37.

U n d e r l . Form: / p O n + s + e + t o /

1 . Vowel D e l . p O n s t o

2 . n ==> B / , sc p o s t 0

3 . S z r e s s pdsto

4 . D i p h t h o n g . wdsto

P h o n e t . o u t p u t : [pwe'sto]

A s c an be o b s e r v ~ d i n T a b l e 3 7 a b o v e , t h e t h e m e v o w e l i s

n o t p r e c e d e d b y a l i q u i d b u t r a t h e r by a n i n t e r v e n i n g /s/ a n d a

n a s a l . T h e r e f o r e , Vowel D e l e t i o n g i v e n i n (39) a b o v e i s

r e w r i t t e n i n ( 4 1 ) :

( 4 1) Vowel D e l e t i o n ( t h i r d v e r s i o n ) :

N o t e t h a t a f t e r Vowel D e l e t i o n a p p l i e s i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n of

T a b l e 3 7 , t h e /n/ of [ p o n s t o ] i s d e l e t e d by a g e n e r a l rule t h a t

a l s o o p e r a t e d on L a t . mensa f t t a b l e f t , g i v i n g S p a n i s h me'sa]. I n

f a c t , t h e u n d e r l y i n g /s/ o c c u r s o n l y i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e

p u s e ~ ~ h s e ] a n d i n t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e form p u e s t o . I n t h e

o t h e r f o r m s o f t h e v e r b p c n e r , t h e stem i s /pon- / . I w i l l r e t u r n

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t o t h i s p o i n t i n 3 . 2 . 3 . where t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s of t h s v e r b s

p o d e r , --- p o n e r a n d r e s p o n d e r w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d ,

F i n s l l y , t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e f o r m s d i c h o a n d h e c h o

p r e s e n t e d i n s u b s e t (d ) o f T a b l e 3 2 a b o v e c a n b e d e r i v e d a s

shown i r T a b l e 38:

TABLE 38.

U n d e r l . Forms:

1 . Vowel D e l e t i o n

P h o n e t . o u t p u t s

/ d i k + i + t o / / a k + e + t o /

d i k t o a k t c

d i y t o a y t o

Vowel D e l e t i o n g i v e n i n ( 4 1 ) a b o v e h a s t o t e r e f o r m u l a t e d

i n s u c h a way t h a t i t d e l e t e s t h e t h e m e v o w e l i n t h e forms

/ d i k + i + t o / a n d / a k + e + t o / p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 38. The f i n a l

v e r s i o n o f t h i s r u l e is g l v e n i n (42) :

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(42) Vowel D e l e t i o n ( f i n a l v e r s i o n ) :

R u l e s (2-5) a r e p r o p o s e d b y Harr is (1969: 1 7 0 ) . The f i r s t t h r e e

o p e r a t e i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f [dxe] l t ax le l l f r o m / a k s e / a n d [ lo '&]

urni lk" f r o m / l a k t e / . The p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s r e p r e s e n t e d b y

r u l e 5 is c a l l e d " a b s o r p t i o n " , i . e . t h e h i g h n o n b a c k g l i d e /y/

is d e l e t e d o r l l a b s o r b e d l f b y a n o t h e r h i g h n o n b a c k s o g m e n t a s

p r o p o s e d i n H a r r i s (1969: 1 7 2 ) . R u l e s ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) a n d (5) a l s o

o p s r a t e o n / n o k t e / , g i v i n g [ n d ~ e ] " n i g h t f 1 .

I n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n , I h a v e p r e s e n t e d a n a n a l y s i s i n w h i c h

t h e i r r e g u l a r p a s t p a r t i c i p l e forms of t h e v e r b s a b r i r , c u b r i r ,

morir v o l v e r e s c r i b i r , p o n e r , d e c i r , a n d h a c e r meet t h e ' I -,-I

s t r u c t u r a l r e q u i r e m e n t of t h e r u l e s t h a t a c c o u r t f o r them,

c o n t r a r y t o wha t C r e s s e y ( 1 9 7 2 ) h a s c l a i m e d . The thema v o w e l

w h i c h i s p r e s e n t i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e s e

i r r e g u l a r p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s i s d e l e t e d n o t b e c a u s e i t i s a t h e m e

v o w e l b u t r a t h e r b e c a u s e i t o c c u r s i n c e r t a i n p h o n o l o g i c a l

e n v i r o n m e n t s .

The r u l e of Vowel D e l e t i o n p r o p o s e d i n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n i s

a s s u m e d t o b e p a r t o f a mere g e n e r a l p h c n o l c g i c a l p r o c e s s . T h e

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f r o n t v o w e l s /e/ a n d /i/ w h i c h a r e d e l e t e d a f t e r / r / , / l / , / n / a n d

k a n d p r e f e r e n t i a l l y b e f o r e /t/ i n t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e f o r m s

a r e a l s o d e l e t e d a f t e r /1/ a n d /n / i n t h e i r r e g u l a r i m p e r a t i v e

forms w n l f p u t f f , -2 " h a v e f f , IT ffcomen, a n d s a I f g e t o u t f f o f

t h e v e r b s p o d e'lr, t e n r d ~ r , venf lr , a n d s a l r i 1r r e s p e c t i v e l y . I

w i l l r e t u r n t o t h i s p o i n t i n 3.2.5. The s a m e p r o c e s s o f Vcwel

~ e l e t i o n h a s o p e r a t e d a f t e r t h e s e g m e n t s /1/ a n d /r/ i n t h e

h i s t o r y o f n o u n s s u c k a s f l s u n v from L a t . sm, s a l 1 s a l t w

f rom L a t . s a l e mar flseau f r o m L a t . mare . -----I -

2 .3 .2 A t h e m a t i c i t y &q I r r e q u l a ~ P r e t e r i t e s , -- ----

The t h i r d case o f a t h e m a t i c i t y d i s c u s s e d i n C r e s s e y (1972)

is t h e se t of i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e fcrms l i s t e d i n T a b l e 39

b e l o w , a n d t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d s u b j u n c t i v e o f t h e v e r b s

h a c e r a n d d e c i r . My criticism is c o n c e r n e d o n l y w i t h t h e ---- i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e s which a r e g i v e n a l o n g w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e s

o f t h e v e r b s i n q u e s t i o n : 3 l

Page 125: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T A B L E 39.

INFINITIVE 1 . s g .

v e n i r p o d e r p o n e r s a b e r c a b e r e s t a r a n d a r t e n e r h a b e r t r a e r d e c i r h a c e r

v i n e [ b i n e ] p u d e [ p$;ie~ p u s e Cpl ) se I s u p e b y p e l c u p e [ k u p y ] e s t u v e [ estype] a n d u v e [ a g d u ? ~ ] t u v e [ f u p e ] h u b e [ U $ ? ] t r a je [ t g a x e d i j e [!1xe] h i c e [ ~ s e ]

3 . s g .

v i r .0 p u d o p u s 0 s u p 0 c u p 0 e s t u v o a n d u v o t u v o h u b 0 t r a j o d i j o h i z o

With r e g a r d t o t h e forms p r e s e n t e d a b o v e , C r e s s e y h a s

observed:

a. T h a t t h e stress p a t t e r n o f t h e i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e s i n

T a b l e 3 9 a b c v e d i f f e r s f r o m t h a t o f t h e r e g u l a r v e r b s

s u c h a s c o m e r " t o e a t 1 # , f i rst p. s g . ccml i l a n d t h i r d p.

s g . c o m i r d l ; a n d

b. T h a t t h e roo t p l s o f p o d e r a n d p o n e r c a n n o t b e r a i s e d t o

u by e i t h e r c a s e of t h e f o l l o w i n g r u l e p r o p o s e d b y - H a r r i s (1969: l o g ) , s i n c e H a r r i s v r u l e o n l y a p p l i e s t o

t h e m e v o w e l s :

Page 126: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

( 4 3 ) R a i s i n g :

A s a , s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r t h e a c a l y s i s , C r e s s e y c o n s i d e r s

H a r r i s q d e r i v a t i o n s f o r t h e r e g u l a r f i rs t a n d t h i r d p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r p r e t e r i t e f o r m s & l o v a d f l , s b l the l o v e d l f , com1' I I I

a t e " , a n d comid Ithe a t e " . The d e r i v a t i o n s a re a s f o l l o w s :

T A B L E Y O .

R a i s i n g ( 1) 32

Thema V , D e l . ( 13 ) - - - S t r e s s ( 1 6 ) a' a' 1' i

A s s i m i l a t i o n (18) e' / 0

High Del. (22 ) $

S t r e s s s h i f t (27)

L o w e r i n g ( 2 8 )

Glide f o r m . (37)

I n t h o s e d e r i v a t i o n s , C r e s s e y p o i n t s o u t t h a t Har r i sq Theme

Vowel D e l e t i c n ( r u l e 13) f a i l s t o a p p l y t o t h e f i r s t a n d t h i r d

Page 127: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p e r s D n s i n g u l a r f o r m s b e c a u s e t h e i r e n d i n g s a re l a x /i/ a n d /u/ ,

a n d t h i s r u l e a p p l i e s o n l y b e f o r e a t e n s e vowel .

R e t u r n i n g t o t h e i r r e g u l a r f o r m s s u c h a s v i n e [ b i n e ] ( 1 s t .

p . s g . ) a n d v i n o [ b i n o ] ( 3 r d . p . s g . ) , C r e s s a y c l a i m s t h a t t h e

most n a t u r a l way t o e x p l a i n why t h e stress p a t t e r n o f t h e s e

f o r m s d i f f e r s f r o m t h a t of t h ~ r e g u l a r v e r b s would b e t o a s s u m e

t h a t o n l y t h e s e t w o p e r s o n s a r e a t h e m a t i c a n d t h a t t h e e n d i n g s

f o r t h e i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t ~ s a r e t e n s e r a t h e r t h a n l a x . Thus , i n

o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e a t h e m a t i c i t y a n d t e n s e n e s s of t h e forms

i n T a b l e 3 9 a b o v e , C r e s s e y p r o p o s e s a c a s e ( c ) a s a m i n o r c a s e

o f H a r r i s ' r a i s i n g r u l e , w h i c h a p p l i e s o n l y t o i r r e g u l a r

p r ~ t e r i t e s : ( t h e e n t i r e r u l e is r e p e a t e d b e l o w )

(Q4) R a i s i n g :

C o n s i d e r now t h e d e r i v a t i o n s f o r t h e f o r m s o f v e n i r p r e s e n t e d b y

C r e s s e y :

Page 128: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

TABLE 41.

v e n t i t ? v e n + i + s t e v e n + i t G v e n + i + m o s v e n + i + r o n

R u l e ( I b ) r a i s e s t h e vowel o f t h i r d c c n j u g a t i o n v e r b r o o t s ; ( I c )

t e n s e s t h e f i rst a n d t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r e n d i n g s o f i r r ~ g u l a r

p r . e t 3 r i t e s , t h u s a l l o w i n g Theme Vcwel D e l e t i o n (13) t o a p p l y t o

t h e s o f o r m s . R u l e (16) t h e n a s s i g n s stress t o t h s r o o t vowel o f

t h e s e two f o r m s a s well a s t o t h e t h e m e v o w e l c f a l l t h e o t h e r s .

R u l e s ( 2 5 ) a n d ( 2 6 ) a c c o u n t f o r t h e d i p h t h o n g i n t h e t h i r d

p e r s o n p l u r a l form i n t h e same m a n n e r a s f o r r e g u l a r v e r b s ; a n d

f i n a l l y , r u l e (28) l o w e r s t h e f i n a l v o w e l s o f t h e f i r s t a n d

t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r p r o d u c i n g t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s

v i n e an'd v i n o . ----

T h u s , C r e s s e y c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e f o r m u l a t i o n p r e s e n t e d s o

f a r e x p l a i n s i n a s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d way why t h e i r r e g u l a r

Page 129: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p r e t e r i t e s s h o u l d b e a t h e m a t i c o n l y i n two f o r m s , r a t h e r t h a n

t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e p a r a d i g m . I n c t h e r w o r d s , a s C r e s s e y h a s

c l a i m e d , t h e k e y d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n r e g u l a r a n d i r r e g u l a r

p r e t e r i t e s i s s e e n t o b e t h e a t h e m a t i c i t y o f t h e first a n d t h i r d

p e r s o n s i n g u l a r f o r m s .

Let u s c c n s i d e r t h e r a i s i n g r u l e p r e s e n t e d i n (44 ) i n

g r e a t e r d e t a i l . A c c o r d i n g t o H a r r i s ( l 9 6 3 : l l 6 ) , r u l e (44) w i t h

t h e f e a t u r e [ D l , mnemonic f c r d i p h t h c n g i z a t i o n , i n s t e a d o f

[ + t e n s e ] is s i m i l a r t o h i s t o r l c a l r u l e s a n d , g i v e n t h i s

s i m i l a r i t y , { 4 D ] c o r r e s p o n d s tc [-<terse] , t h a t is, [ + D l v o w e l s

a r e h i s t o r i c a l l y t t s h o r t t t or t t l a x t t a n d [ - D l v o w e l s a r e

h i s t o r i c a l l y t t long t t o r l 1 t e n s e t 1 . However , H a r r i s d o e s n o t

i d e n t i f y [ + D l a s [ - t e n s e ] a n d [ - D l a s [ + t e n s e ] i n t h e s y n c h r o n i c

grammar t h a t h e d e v e l c p s b e c a u s e h e d o e s n o t b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s

c a n ba j u s t i f i e d e x c l u s i v e l y o n t h e b a s i s o f s y n c h r o n i c d a t a

u n l e s s g e n e r a l t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s t r a i c t s c a n b e f o u n d t o j u s t i f y

s u c h a d e c i s i o n .

A l s o , Harris p o i n t s o u t t h a t i f t h e L a t i n Stress R u l e i n

f a c t p l a y s a role i n a s s i g n i n g stress i n S p a n i s h , t h e n it i s

p e r h a p s f r o m t h i s r u l e t h a t t h e mbs t p o w e r f u l t h e o r e t i c a l

a r g u m e n t c a n b e a d d u c e d f o r t h e s y n c h r o n i c i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f [.(

D l a s [ - 4 t e n s e ] s i n c e v o w e l q u a n t i t y , i . e . t h e t e n s e - l a x

d i s t i n c t i o n , a n d t h e d e r i v a t i v e n o t i o o s f l s t r o n g l t a n d "weaktt

s y l l a b l e f F g u r e c r u c i a l l y i n t h e r u l e .

Page 130: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

N e v e r t h e l e s s , Lema (1978: 17) p r e s e n t s a n a r g u m e n t t o show

t h a t t h e L a t i n S t r e s s R u l e p o s t u l a t e d by H a r r i s (1969) and a l s o

b y F o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 ) c a n n o t a c c o u n t f o r some b a s i c f a c t s o f S p a ~ i s h

t h a t are c l e a r l y e x p l a i n e d by t h e S p a n F s h S t r e s s R u l e . J 4 T h i s

a r g u m e n t is b a s e d o n t h ~ i n t ~ r a c t i o n of E p e n t h e s i s i n i n i t i a l

p o s i t i o n a n d S t r e s s . 3 5 Lema a l s o s h c w s t h a t t h e S p a n i s h S t r e s s

R u l e i s s u p e r i o r t o t h e L a t i n S t r e s s R u l e n o t o n l y i n terms o f

t h e d a t a b u t a l s o i n terms o f t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e r u l e s a n d

o f t h e i r i m p l i c a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g m c r p h o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e . 3 6

Thus , g i v e n Lemals a r g u m e n t t h a t t h e L a t i n S t r e s s R u l e c a n n o t

a c c o u n t f o r a l l t h e d a t a of S p a n i s h , t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f [<D J

a s [ - d t e n s e ] may n o t b e t h e o r e t i c a l l y j u s t i f i e d .

I n f a c t , H a r r i s d o e s n o t s u g g e s t a n y o t h e r g e n e r a l

t h e o r e t i c a l c o r s i d e r a t i o n t h a t may ~ r o v i d e s u f f i c i e n t m o t i v a t i o n

f o r m a k i n g s u c h a n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . Harr is h i m s e l f c l a i m s : "1

w i l l u s e t h e f e a t u r e [ t e n s e ] r a t h e r t h a n [Dl, b u t o n l y t o r e d u c e

r e r m i n o l o g i c a l s t r a n g e n ~ s s ~ l . F u r t h e r m o r e , N a v a r r o (l365:lC 1-Q2)

p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e r e Is a b s o l u t e l y n o c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n

h i s t o r i c a l l y t e n s e a ~ d l a x v o w e l s a n 6 p h o n e t i c a l l y t e n s € a n d l a x

v o w e l s i n Modern S p a n i s h . F o r e x a m p l e , S p a n i s h sol, w i t h l a x 2,

c o m e s f r o m L a t i n s6 le , w i t h t e n s e q, w h i l e S p a n i s h p e c h o , w i t h

t e n s s g, comes from L a t i n p e c t u , w i t h l a x 2.

From t h e d i s c u s s i o n p r e s s n t e d s o f a r , we c a n c o n c l u d e t h a t

Page 131: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f [ D l is c o m p l e t e l y a r b i t r a r y . I w i l l now

presen-nd comment o n t h e r a i s i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s

f o r m u l a t e d i n Lema (1378: 1 0 0 ) . I w i l l a r g u e t h a t t h i s i s a

s u p e r i o r p r o c e s s t o t h a t g i v e n i n (44) a b o v e i n terms o f t h e

f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e rule. L o m a g s r u l e i s g i v e n i n ( 4 5 ) b e l o w .

P a r t ( a ) a p p l i e s i c d i p h t h o n g s , t h a t is, s e q u e n c e s /oe/ a n d /ee/

become / u e / a n d / ie/ r e s p e c t i v e l y . P a r t (b ) a p p l i e s o n l y t o

r e g u l a r t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s : 3 ?

111 C o n j

P a r t (b) o f t h i s r u l e i s s u p e r i c r t o c a s e (b ) of r u l e (44)

p r e s e n t e d a b o v e . R u l e ( 4 5 ) is s i m p l e r b e c a u s e i t i s f o r m u l a t e d

w i t h o u t r e c c u r s e t o the d i s t i n c t i o n o f v o c a l i c l e n g t h . 3 8 A s Lema

p o i n t s o u t , t h e r a i s i n g r u l e ( 4 5 ) s h o w s t h a t r a i s i n g is

e q u i v a l e n t t o v o c a l i c d i s s i m i l a t i o n . The mid-vcwel o f t h e stem

o f t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s r a i s e s when t h e n e x t v o w e l i s [ - h i g h ]

a s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n [ pihe] a n d [ p i h a ] , a n d r e m a i n s [ - h i g h ]

whon t h e n e x t v o w e l i s [ + h i g h ] . The r e s u l t i s t h a - t t h i r d

c o n j u g a t i o n S p a n i s h v e r b s t h a t h a v e a n u n d e r l y i n g /e/ o r /o/ i n

A L h e z o o t a s s e e n i n / p e d + i r / I t t o a s k f o r t t a n d / m o r + i r / ' I t 0 die,'"

a n d t h a t fol lcw r e g u l a r b e h a v i o r , c h a n g e /e/ t o /i/ a n d /o/ t o

/u/ SO a s t o a l w a y s d i f f e r from t h e f o l l o w i n g v o w e l i n t h e

Page 132: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

f o a t u r e + / - h i g h 1.

E v ~ n t h o u g h c a s e s (a) a n d ( c ) o f t h e r a i s i n g r u l e (44)

a c c o u n t f o r t h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s 4 0 a n d 41, t h e

i n c l u s i o n cf l a x a n d t e n s e v o w e l s i n t h e i r u n d e r l y i n g s t r u c t u r e s

i s n c t i n d e p e n d e n t l y m o t i v a t e d . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e r e is n o

r e a s o n f o r a s s u m i n g l a x v o w e l s a s t h e e n d i n g s o f f i r s t a n d

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s s u c h a s a m a r a n d ccmer, a n d t e n s e

v o w e l s a s t h e e n d i ~ g s c f t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s s u c h a s v e n i r .

W i t h o u t t h e f e a t u r e [ t e n s € 1, which i s n o t t h e o r e t i c a l l y

j u s t i f i e d , b o t h c a s e s ( a ) a c d (c) would n o t p l a y a n y ro l e i n a

r a i s i n g r u l e s u c h a s ( 4 4 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e m i n o r c a s e ( c )

c o m p l l c a t e s t h i s r u l e b y r e p e a t i n g t h e f e a t u r e [ + p a s t ] .

L e t u s now c o n s i d e r t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n ~ c s e d by C r e s s e y

(1972) w r t h r e g a r d t o t h e i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e s g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 9

a b o v e .

C r e s s e y a s s u m e s t h a t t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e c c n d c o n j u g a t i o n

v e r b s a b e r I n terms of w i n c r e m ~ n t r u l e s p r o p o s e d i n F o l ~ y

(1965) i s correct a n d n e e d s n o e x p l a n a t i o n . H e a l s o a s s u m e s t h a t

F o l e y 1s a n a l y s i s c a n be a p p l i e d t c t h e v e r b s t e ~ e r "ta h a v e " ,

c a b e r I f t o f i t ( i n t o ) I t , h a b e r I t t o have1' , ar.d a n d a r Itto walk" a s -- well.

. N o t e t h a t we h a v e a l r e a d y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t F o l e y l s

a n a l y s i s i s n o t c o m p l e t e l y correct a s C r e s s e y a s s u m e s . B u t wha t

Page 133: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

i s i m p o r t a n t f o r C r e s s e y is t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r o o t q l s o f p o d e r

a n d p o n e r c a n n o t b e r a i s e d t o g b y e i t h e r c a s e o f H a r r i s 1 r u l e

n o r by case (c) of C r e s s e y l s r e p r e s e n t e d i n r u l e ( 4 4 ) a b o v e .

c o n s s q u e n t l y , i n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o t t h i s l o - u ] a l t e r n a t i o n ,

C r e s s e y p r o p o s e s what h e c a l l s "a s t r a n g e c o m b i n a t i o n o f ( a ) ,

( b ) , a n d (c)", t h a t is , c a s E ( d ) which i s e x p r e s s e d i n (46)

be low:

A c c o r d i n g t o C r e s s e y , r u l e (44) a n d (46) a s a whole e x p r e s s e s a

g e n e r a l i z a t i o n w h i c h r e a d s a s f o l l o w s :

(47) "Non-low v o w e l s i n i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e s a r e r a i s e d a n d t e n s e d w h e r e v e r t h e y h a p p e n t o b e i n t h e v e r b f o r m . "

F i r s t of a l l , it i s n o t p c s s i b l e t o c o m b i n e c a s e s ( a )

t h r o u g h ( d ) o f t h e r a i s i n g r u l e s (44) a n d (46) i n a way t h a t

e l i m i n a t e s r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e f e a t u r e [ + p e s t ] a n d t h e

c o n f i g u r a t i o n Co V. T h e r e f o r e , case ( d ) c o m p l i c a t e s e v e n more t h e

n o t a t i o n a l s y s t e n ! of r u l e ( 4 4 ) . S e c o n d l y , t h e r a i s i n g r u l o s (44)

a n d ( 4 6 ) a s f o r m u l a t e d b y C r e s s e y do n o t e x p r e s s t h p

g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s t a t e d i n (47) a b o v e . In f a c t :

b . R u l e s (44) a n d ( 4 6 ) d o n o t e x p l a i n why t h e r o o t a 's o f

h a b e r , s z b e r , c a b e r , p l a c e r , a n d t r a e r f r o m t h e s e c o n d

Page 134: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

c o n j u g a t i o n a r e r a i s e d t o 1 i n t h e p r e t e r i t e forms;

b . R u l e s (44) a n d (46 ) d o n o t a c c o u n t f o r t h e a p p e a r a n c e of

t h e v o w e l 1 i n the p r e t e r i t e forms e s t u v e a n d a n d u v e

f r o m t h e f i rs t c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s e s t a r a n d a n d a r , a n d i n

t h e p r e t e r i t e t u v e f r o m t h e s e c o n d c c n j u g a t i o n v e r b

t e ~ e r ; ---- c. The La- i ] a l t e r n a t i o n o b s e r v e d i n h r a 1cer / h[ i1ce of

t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b --- h a c e r "to makeff c a n n o t be

h a n d l e d by either case of t h e r a i s i n g r u l e r e p r t s e n t ~ d

i n ( 4 4 ) a n d (46) a b o v e .

Page 135: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

FOOTNOTES T O CHAPTER 2. --- -- -- L S e e f o o t n o t e 2 1 o f c h a p t e r 1.

2 It w i l l b e shown i n c h a p t e r 3 t h a t t h e s e r e l i c f o r m s

v d a n d vf f i d o become r e g u l a r vr a n d v i r d ~ ( l i k e

t e m d ~ a n d t s m i ~ d ~ ) when S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d 8 - d e l e t i o n , a s - well a s a c o n t r a c t i c n r u l e h a v e a p p l i e d t o them.

The r e l i c v e r b a l f o r m s v i d e a n d v i d o a n d t h e s t a r d a r d

f f o r m s a n d vid w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d i n c h a p t e r 3 o f t h i s

t h e s i s . (See a l s o f o o t n o t e 2 a b c v e )

I i n t e r p r e t " s i m p l e stemn a s d e f i n e d by Mat thews

(1 974:QO) : . . . , t h a t is, w h i c h c o n s i s t s cf a r o o t a l o n e

w i t h no a d d i t i o n a l e l e m e n t s " .

I n F o l e y ' s t h e o r y , t h e term s c h ~ m a means Ita s t a t e m e n t o f a

p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s which Is a n a b b r e v i a t i o n f o r t h e

e x p a n s i o r i i n t o p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s

p r e s c r i b e d b y t h e i n e q u a l i t y c o n d i t i o n l l . (See F o l e y ,

1977: 144)

I w i l l r e t u r n t o t h i s p o i n t i n c h a p t ~ r 3 . S p e c i a l

c o n s t d e r a t i o n w i l l b e d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s d i s c o v e r i n g what i s

i n v o l v e d i n t h e i d e n t i t y o f t h e f u t u r e e n d i n g s =if -a/s , , -emos, , a n d t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f h a b e r .

~ l s o i n c h a p t e r 3, I w i l l show t h a t t h e r e c a n b e no d c u b t

a b o u t t h ~ f o r m a t i o n of t h e f u t u r e tense, n o t o n l y i n

Page 136: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

S p a n i s h , b u t a l s o i n P o r t u g u e s e , I t a l i a n , a n d F r e n c h , v i a

a d d i t i o n of t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f h a b e r t o t h e

i n f i n i t i v e of a l l v e r b s w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n .

I t i s i m p o r t a r i t t o n o t e h e r e t h a t t h e s e f i v e v e r b s h a v e a

q a f f i x e d t o t h e r o o t i n t h e f i r s t p e r s c n s i n g u l a r o f t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s val-q-o , t e n - q - 2 , pon-q-0,

s a l - q - o , a n d ven-q-o. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e v e l a r q i n

t h e s e forms a s well a s i n t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r e s e n t

s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s v a l q a , tengq, p o n q a , s a l q a , a n d venqa

i s e x p l a i n e d by Hooper (1974:38-43) i n terms of a p r o c e s s

o f a n a l o g i c a l e x t e n s i o n . S i n c e t h i s p r o b l e m i s n o t

r s l e v a n t t o t h e a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s , I w i l l

l e a v e it a s i d e .

S u b g r o u p (c) w i l l r e c e i v e s p e c i a l t r e a t m e n t i n t h i s

s e c t i o n .

A s c a n be o b s e r v e d i n r u l e (4), H a r r i s h a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d

t h e l i q u i d 1 w i t h t h e f e a t u r e [ - c o n t 1. A c c o r d i n g t o

Chomsky a n d H a l l e ( 1 9 6 8 : 3 1 8 ) , i f t h e d e f i n i n g

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s t o p is t a k e n a s t o t a l b l o c k a g e o f

a i r flow, t h e n [ I ] mus t b e v i e w e d a s a c c n t i n u a n t a n d mus t

b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m [ r ] by t h e f e a t u r e of l a t e r a l i t y .

I f , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e d e f i n i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f

s t o p s is t a k e n t o b e b l o c k a g e of a i r f l o w p a s t t h e p r i m a r y

s t r i c t u r e , t h e n 1 m u s t b e i n c l u d s d among t h e s t o p s .

Thus , H a r r i s h a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e l i q u i d [ l ] a s well a s

Page 137: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t h e n a s a l [ n ] a s d e n t a l s f o l l o w i n g t h e s e c o n d p o i n t o f

v i e w s t a t e d b y Chomsky a n d H a l l e .

1 0 R u l e ( 4 ) c a n b e c o m b i n e d t o h a n d l e i n t r u s i v e c o n s o n a n t s

such a s t h o s e o b s e r v e d i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n of hombre f r o m

*hornre *homne L a t i n h o m i n e b e c a u s e r u l e ( 4 ) is a

s y n c h r o n i c r u l e . The i n s e r t e d c o n s o n a n t i s e n t i r e l y

p r e d i c t a b l e from s u r r o u n d i n g s e g m e n t s ; i t t a k e s o n the

p l a c e of a r t i c u l a t i o n f e a t u r e s o f t h e p r e c e d i n g s s g m e n t , 1

I n t h e c a s e of v e n d r g a n d v a l d r e , t h e i n s e r t e d c o n s o n a n t

i s a d e n t a l b e c a u s e t h e p r e c e d i n g s e g m e n t s a r e /n / a n d /1/

r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n t h e c a s e of hombre , t h s i n s e r t e d

c o n s o n a n t i s a b i l a b i a l b e c a u s e t h e p r e c e d i n g u n d e r l y i n g

s e g m e n t i s /m/.

1 1 The c a p i t a l /E/ i n (7) i s t h e e a s s u m e d b y Harris f o r t h e

i n f i n i t i v e s . The c o i n c i d e n c e cf two f a c t s s u g g e s t s t h a t

t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n cf i n f i n i t i v e s h a s a f i n a l

e: a ) I c f i n i t i v e s w i l l h a v e r e g u l a r p e n u l t i m a t e stress i f -

t h e r e i s a f h a l v o w e l when r u l e ( 8 b ) , i . e . stress

a s s i g n m e n t , i s r e a c h e d ; a n d b) p r e c i s e l y 2 a c t u a l l y o c c u r s

p h o n e t i c a l l y i n t h e p l u r a l o f n o m i n a l i z e d i n f i n i t i v e s :

a n d a r e s l lwa lks l t , a m a n e c e r e s fldawns", d e c i r e s w s a y i n g s l l . ------ (See H a r r i s , 1969:74)

1 2 Only p a r t (b) of r u l e ( 8 ) 2 s r e l e v a n t t o t h e a n a l y s i s

here.

1 3 T h e f i n a l e of i n f i n i t i v e s , a c c o r d i n g t o ~ a r r i s ( 1 9 6 3 : 7 5 ) ,

Page 138: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

must b e E , t h a t is, [ e , + D ] , s i n c e n e i t h e r s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n t h e m a t i c Le] a s i n s u i e r e I the w a n t s " n o r f i rs t

c o ~ l j u g a t i o n s u b j u n c t i v e [ e l , bo<h o f which a r e known n o t

t o b e E i s d e l e t e d i n w c r d - f i n a l p o s i t i o n a f t e r a

s i n g l e d e n t a l c o n s o n a n t .

1 4 The u n d e r l y i n g f o r m s / d i k + / a n d / a k + / w i l l a l s o b e

j u s t i f i e d i n c h a p t e r 3 o f t h i s t h e s i s i n w h i c h t h e

p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s d e c i r a n d h a c e r are a ~ a l y z e d .

I n t h e case o f t h e v e r b h a c e r , t h e u n d e r l y i n g f o r m w i l l b e

t r e a t e d s i m p l y a s / ak+/ , a n d i n t h e d e r i v e d v e r b

s a t i s f a c ~ r I t t o s a t i s f y t q , t h e u n d e r l y i n g f o r m w i l l b e --- / f a k + / . B u t s i n c e t h i s d o e s n o t h a v e c e n t r a l r e l e v a n c e i n

t h i s t h e s i s , I w i l l o n l y m e n t i o n t h a t h a c e r i s f r o m /ak+/

a n d s a t i s f a c e r is f r o m / s a t i s f a k + / .

I S C, i n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t o f H a r r i s ' r u l e g i v e n i n ( 1 4) i s

/ n P c e s s a r y f o r d e r f v i n g r e i m o s [ r e l m o s ] "we l a u g h t t f r o m

/ r id$mos / , a n d r e [ r e i r ] Itto l a u g h m f rom / r i d f r /

( o b s e r v c L a t . r i d E r e I s t o l a u g h t t ) .

16 The whole p r o c e s s o f h a n d l i n g t h e h i s t o r i c a l s h i f t i n g o f

t h e L a t i n v o w e l s y s t e m t o S p a n i s h Is n o t c e n t r a l l y

r e l e v a n t i n t h i s t h e s i s .

I I T h i s A s s i b i l a t i o n r u l e is f o r m u l a t e d by F o l e y ( 1965: 4 3 ) . It a c c c u n t s f o r a l t e r n a t i o n s m a n i f e s t e d i n mLdico

/ . [ m ~ ) l i k o ] , ---- m e d i c i c a [ m e b i s l n a ] , a n d a p p l i e s i n t h e

d e r i v a t i ~ n o f t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f d e c i r : dice

Page 139: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

[ d i s e ] , d i c e s [ d i s e s ] , - d i c e [ d l / s e ] , e tc . T h i s r u l e a l s o

a p p l i e s i n E n g l i s h i n t h e case o f t h e p a i r r e c i p r o c a l -

r e c i p r o c i t y i n which t h e f i n a l c o n s o n a n t o f t h e b a s i c f o r m

r e c i p r o c - a p p e a r s i n o n e c a s e a s [ k ] , i n a n o t h e r a s [s]. 7-

L B See c h a p t e r 1 , p . 5 f o r t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e t h e m e

v o w e l s /+i+/ i n ( 1 7 ) a n d /+e+/ i n ( 1 8 ) .

1 9 T h e r e a r e p h o n e t i c a l l y two t y p e s o f 2 i n S p a n i s h : a f l a p

[ r ] a s i n c a r o [ k i l o ] t t e x p e n s i v e f l , d i r g [d i re ' ] t l I w i l l

s a y t t , d e c i r [ d e s i r ] I t to s a y t 1 , h a c e r [ a s & J I t t o makew, sad

a t r i l l L F ] a s i n c a r r o [ k a ' f o 3 ttcartt.

2 o Bel l0 (1881:153) p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m i s

t u s e d o n l y i n e x p r s s i c n s s u c h a s a q u i , _ha a& " h e r e i s ,

h e r e you h a v e t t . C u e r v o (1881 :87) , o n the o t h e r hand ,

a r g u e s t h a t t h e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s a r e n o t i n u s e i n Modern

S p a n i s h , a n d t h a t t h e form i n t h e e x p r e s i o n s g i v e n b y

Be l l0 h a s n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h t h e v e r b higy, e i t h e r i n

m e a n i n g o r i n f o r m . A c c o r d i n g t o C u e r v o , kg comes f rom fe

t h a t i n t u r n c o m e s f r o m ve, t h e i m p e r a t i v e cf t h e v a r b peg

" t o seett. I n f a c t , w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e f o r m hs which

a p p e a r s i n s u c h e x p r e s i o n s c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e i m p e r a t i v e

fo rm o f h a b e r is d i f f i c u l t t o d e c i d e . However, t h i s i s n o t

r e l e v a n t t o our a n a l y s i s . T h e f a c t i s t h a t t h e i m p e r a t i v e

f o r m s o f h a b e r a r e n o t i n u s e i n Modern S p a n i s h . (See R e a l

Academia ~ s p e i i o l a , 1976:291) ---- 2 t F o l e y t s a n a l y s i s o f n a s a l i n c r e m e n t s is r e l e v a n t t o t h e

Page 140: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

a r g u m e n t a t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s o n l y w i t h r e s p e c t

t o t h e r u l e o f M e t a t h e s i s t h a t w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d a n d

f o r m u l a t e d i n c h a p t e r 3 of t h i s t h e s i s . T h i s i s t h e o n l y

r e a s o n f o r a n a l y z i n g n a s a l i n c r e m e n + s i n t h i s s e c t i o n .

2 2 It i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e h e r e t h a t v e r b s s u c h a s c o n f u n d L y

a n d p r e n d e r g i v e n i n ( 2 9 ) a s well a s , ret tender a n d

s u s ~ e n d s r g i v e n i n (32) a l s o h a v e r e g u l a r p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s --

c o n f u n d i d o , p r e ~ d i d o ( m e a n i n g l 1 l i t l 1 f r o m p r e n d e r IIto

l i g h t " ) , p r e t r n d i d c , a n d = s p e n d i & r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n t h e

l i t e r a t u r e , t h e s e t w i n f o r m s h a v e b e e n r e f e r r e d t o a s

" d o u b l e t s w . Note a l s o t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e g i n p r e n d e r " t o

se ize11 d o e s n o t a p p e a r i n p r i s i o / n l l s e i z u r e l l , i t i s

o b s e r v e d i n r e l a t e d fcrms s u c h a s a p r e n s i o ' n

l l a p p r e h e n s i o n l l , a p r e n s i ~ " a p p r e h e n s i v e n , ( L a t . a p p r e h e n d g ~ I t t o a p p r e h e n d w ) , c o m p r e n s ~ d n w u n d e r s t a n d i n g u , -

com p r e n s i v o N c o m p r e h e n s i v e l ~ ( L a t . . -- comprehende ' re l1to

c o m p r e h e n d , t o u n d e r s t a n d I 1 ) , a n d p r e n s a l l p r ~ ~ ~ l l . T h i s

s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r e m i g h t b e a r e l a t i o n s h i p h e r e be tween

t h e u s e o f G r a d u a l D i f f u s i o n o f a p h c n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s

s u c h a s n - d e l e t i o r . a n d F o l e y l s i n c r e m e n t a n a l y s i s ( 1 965) . However , i t i s o u t s i d e o f t h e s c o p e o f t h i s t h e s i s t o

e x a m i n e t h i s i d e a f u r t h e r .

2 3 I d o n c t c o n s i d e r F o l e y ' s a r g u m e n t s p r e s e n t e d t h u s f a r t o

c o n s t i t u t e a u n i q u e e x p l a n a t i o n . It w i l l b e p o s s i b l e t o

l o o k a t t h e 2 s i t u a t i o n s e p a r a t e l y f r o m /y/ a n d / w /

Page 141: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

i n c r e m e n t s . S u c h a n e x a m i n a t i o n may t h e n e x ~ l a i n why t h e g

a p p e a r s i n f o r m s s u c h a s B s p e n s o , s u s p o n s i d n b u t n o t i n

/ confuse, = n f u s i d n , p r i s i o n , * reso , e t c . A c c o r d i n g t o --- ~ e n d n d e z P i d a l ( 1 9 6 8 : 1 3 6 ) , t h e c l u s t e r / n s / was s i m p l i f i e d

i n ~ p a n i s h , e v e n i f t h e s y l l a b l e d i v i s i o n came b e t w e e n t h e

t w o c o n s o n a n t s . T h i s is t h e c a s e f o r e x a m p l e i n Sp. mesa

l l t a b l e t t from L a t . mensa. O b s e r v e a l s o t h a t t h e L a t i n

p r e p o s i t i o ~ t r a n s Itacrosstt g i v e s Mod. Sp . t r a s l tbeh ind l l .

N o t e t h a t t h e number of r u l e s p r o p o s e d by F o l e y f o r

d e r i v i n g f o r m (2) j k d p e s ] i s n o t e n o u g h . T h a t i s ,

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n ( b ===> 3 / V -- V ) h a s t o a p p l y a f t e r

s h o r t e n i n g i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e cor rec t r e s u l t [kgpes]

i n s t e a d o f + j k g % e s ] . A s a matter of f a c t , t h a t r u l e w i l l

a l s o be u s e d l a t e r o n I n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e p r e t e r i t e

f o r m s of t h e v e r b c a b e r a s w ~ l l a s o f s a b e r a n d h a b e r .

O b s e r v e t h a t t h e u n d e r l y i n g /h/ i n f o r m s s u c h a s /hab-w-e/

is n o t m o t i v a t e d b y F o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 ) .

The p a s t p a r t i c i p l e morpheme S p o c c u r s i n t h e r e g u l a r

f o r m s amado l * l o v e d n f rom t h e f i rs t c o n j u g a t i o n , t e m i d o

" f e a r e d " f r o m t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n , a n d ~ a r t i d o I tbroken"

f rom t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n .

N o t e t h a t t h e / e l a n d t h e /o/ w h i c h a p p e a r i n t h e

u n d e r l y i n g stems i n T a b l e 2 9 a r e t h e c a p i t a l /E / s n d t h e

. c a p i t a l /0/ a s s u m e d b y H a r r i s ( 1 9 6 9 : 7 5 ) , t h a t i s , [ e , + D ]

a n d [o ,+D] r e s p e c t i v e l y . We w i l l u s e s m a l l /e/ a n d /o/ i n

Page 142: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

C r e s s e y ' s d ~ r i v a t i o n s a n d c a p i t a l / E / a n d /0/ i n o u r

a n a l y s i s f r o m Table 3 2 on.

The r u l e o f S p i r a n t i z a t i o n h a s t o b e i c c l u d e d f o r d e r i v i n g

[ama'ao] f r o m [ ama'do].

The s e g m e n t /p/ i s n e e d e d i n t h i s r u l e i n o r d e r t o d e r i v e

r o t o " b r o k e n u [ f d t o ] f r c m / r o p t o / o f t h e v e r b romper . --- pen thesis a l s o a p p l i e s t o / s k a l a / f r o m L a t . sca la

" s c a l e t l , g i v i n g g s c a l a [ e s k d l a ] .

The p h o n e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s h a v e b e e n a d d e d t o t h e

p a r a d i g m s g i v e n by C r e s s e y ( 1972: 239) . The n u m b e r s i n p a r e n t h e s e s n e x t t o names o f r u l e s re fer t o

t h e c u m u l a t i v e l F s t o f o r d e r e d r u l e s i n H a r r i s (1969: 1 8 3 ) .

Note t h a t C r e s s e y u s e s t h e o r t h o g r a p h i c q i n s t e a d o f t h e

p h o n e t i c [ b] i n t h e s u r f a c e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s .

The f irst v e r s i o n o f t h e S p a n i s h Stress R u l e i s

r e p r e s e n t e d i n L ~ m a (1978 , s e c t i o n 2-1.4, p . 15) a n d t h e

r u l e i s d e s c r i b e d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n c h a p t e r 3 .

S e e c o u n t e r e x a m p l e s i n Lema ( 1 978: 1 9 ) . See Lema (1978:64) f o r a d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s .

Only p a r t (b) o f t h i s r u l e Is r e l e v a n t f o r t h e d i s c u s s i o n

h ~ r e .

Lema (1978:17) d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t ~ i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n i n

S p a n i s h c a n a l s o b e d e s c r i b e d w i t h c u t r e c o u r s e t o t h e

d i s t i n c t i o n o f v o c a l i c l e n g t h . ( S e e a l s o 2 .2 .2 . i n t h i s

c h a ~ t e r l

Page 143: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified
Page 144: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

CHAPTER 3

A NEW ANALYSIS - - ---

3 1 HABER SABER A N D CABER. _. .,I - - -,

T h i s t h i r d c h a p t e r w i l l d e a l w i t h a n a n a l y s i s t h a t e x p l a i n s

p r i m a r i l y t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] o b s e r v e d i n t h e t h r e e i r r e g u l a r

s o c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s b e , Ivtc h a v e t f , s a b e r , " t o knowtt,

a n d c a b e r I f t o f i t ( i n t o ) " a n d t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ p - T ] o b s e r v e d i n

s a b e r a n d c a b e r . It w i l l be d i v i d e d i n t o t w o s e c t i c n s . --- --

The f irst s e c t i o n p r e s e n t s a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e s u b s e t o f

i r r e g u l a r v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r . I c l a i m t h a t t h e s e v e r b s

a r e m o r p h o p h o c o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d a n d t h a t t h e y c o n s t i t u t e a

s u b g r o u p o f v e r b s w i t h s i n i l a r a l t e r n a t i o n s i n t h e p r e s e n t

I n d i c a t i v e , p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e , w h i c h

a r e d i f f e r e n t f rom t h o s e m a n i f e s t e d by t h e r e g u l a r v e r b s o f t h e

Page 145: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n . 1 T h i s s e c t i o n w F l l i n t u r n b e d i v i d e d i n t o

f o u r s u b s e c t i o n s . I n 3.1. I . , I w i l l d e m o n s t r z t e wha t i s i n v o l v e d

i n t h e i d e n t i t y o f t h e f u t u r e e n d i n g s 6 , , if emcs, a n d t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b h a b e r . I w i l l show t h a t t h e

f u t u r e i n d i c a t i v e forms i n S p a n i s h a r e composed o f t h e

i n f i n i t i v e p l u s t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e forms o f h a b e r . I w i l l

a l s o show t h a t t h e c a s e is t h e s a m e i n P o r t u g u e s e , F r e n c h a n d

I t a l i a n . S i n c e t h i s c a n b e shown t o b e t h e c a s e , i t i n t u r n

d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t b e f o r e t h e r u l e s p - d e l e t i o n a n d Vowel

c o n t r a c t i o n a p p l L e d t o t h e forms of h a b e r a t a d e e p l e v e l o f t h e

p h o n o l o g i c a l d e r i v a t i o n , t h e v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n a t i o n s

were c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h o s e of s a b e r a n d c a b e r .

I n 3 . 1 . 2 . , I w i l l p r o p o s e a set of p h o n o l c g i c a l r u l e s t o

a c c o u n t f o r t h e v o w e l a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] o b s e r v e d i n t h e s e t h r e e

v e r b s a n d f0.r t h e c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n a t i c n [ p - p ] o b s e r v e d i n

s a b e r a n d c a b e r . Among t h e s e r u l e s , L e n i t i o n , S p i r a n t i z a t i o n , ---

p - d e l e t i o n a n d Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n a r e t h e most r e l e v a n t f o r t h e

d e r i v a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n . T h e s e r u l e s r e p r e s e n t

a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s t h a t h a s o p e r a t e d g r a d u a l l y t h r o u g h t h e

l o x i c a l i tems of t h e v e r b s - - I h a b e r ---- s a b e r a n d c a b e r . I d e m o n s t r a t e

t h a t t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s of h a b e r a n d t h e f i r s t p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r fcrm of s a b e r h a v e b e e n a f f e c t e d by m o s t o f t h e r u l e s ,

t h a t fewer r u l e s h a v e a p p l i e d t c t h e rest o f t h e p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v ~ f o r m s of s a b e r a n d t o t h e forms o f c a b e r , a n d t h a t

Page 146: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r fo rm quepo [ k d p o ] o f t h e v e r b c a b e r

h a s n o t b e e n a f f e c t e d by t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s . The c o n s o n a n t

[ p ] which i s st i l l o b s e r v e d i n t h e resent i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f

c a b e r i s e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e a b o v e m e n t i m e d p r o c e s s e i t h e r h a s -- l o s t some i m p e t u s a t a c e r t a i n p e r i o d o f time a n d h a s l e f t a

p o r t i o n o f t h e l e x i c o n u n a l t e r e d o r i s s t i l l t o a p p l y t o t h e

res t o f t h e l e x i c o n .

The p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s h a s a l s o o p e r a t e d g r a d u a l l y

t h r o u g h t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s

o f t h e t h r e e v e r b s . More p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a p p l y t o t h e f o r m s

o f h a b e r , f e w e r r u l e s o p e r a t e o n t h e f o r m s c f s a b e r , a n d e v e n

f e w e r on t h e v e r b c a b e r .

Moreover , I w i l l show i n 3.1.2. t h a t t h e g r a d u a l

a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s t o t h e f o r m s o f t h e s e

t h r e e v e r b s i s g r a m m a t i c e l l y c o n d i t i c n e d . I n f a c t , t h e f o r m s o f

t h e v e r b h a b e r h a v e b e e n more s u s c e p t i b l e t c t h e p r o c e s s t h a n

t h e r e s t o f t h e v e r b s . T h i s i s d u e t o t h e s p e c i a l a n d f r e q u e n t

u s e o f ----- E a b e r a s a n a u x i l i a r y v ~ r b . By t h e same t o k e n , t h e f o r m s

o f t h e v e r b s a b e r a r e s u b j e c t t o s p e c i a l l e x i c a l o r g r a m m a t i c a l

c o n d i t i o n s a n d t h u s t h e y a re s u s c e p t i b l e t o b e i n g a f f e c t e d by

more p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s t h a n t h e f o r m s o f c a b e r .

T h i s s u b s e c t i o n e n d s w i t h t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e

g r a m m a t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s t h a t

Page 147: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

o p e r a t e s g r a d u a l l y t h r o u g h t h e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r

a n d c a b e r h a v e n o t become " r e l a x e d " e n o u g h , i n t h e s e n s e o f Wang

( 1 9 6 3 ) , i n o r d e r t o e l i m i n a t e t h e a l t e r n a t i o n s c r e a t e d i n the

s o u n d s y s t e m o f t h i s s u b g r o u p o f v e r b s .

I n 3.1.3., i t w i l l b e d e m o n s t r a t e d why S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d

p - d e l e t i o n a r e a l l o w e d t o a p p l y a t two d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s i n t h e

d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e f o r m s of t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r . I

w i l l a s s u m e t h e model o f a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a s p r o p o s e d

by Newton (1970) . A c c o r d i n g t o Newton ' s m o d e l , p h o n o l o g i c a l

r u l e s a r s s t i l l a c t i v e i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n when o t h e r p r o c e s s e s

come i n t o o p e r a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y c a n a p p l y n o t o n l y o n c e b u t

a t a n y a n d e v e r y p o i n t i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n w h e r e t h e i r s t r u c t u r a l

d e s c r i p t i o n i s met.

F o l l o w i n g N e w t o n ' s m o d e l , I w i l l p r o p o s e t h a t

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d $ - d e l e t i o n a p p l y . t o t h e f o r m s cf h a b e r a t t i

( t i m e p o i n t I ) , a c d o n l y a f t e r c t h e r p r o c e s s e s s u c h a s G l i d e

F o r m a t i o n , Yod D e l e t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n a n d

L e n i t i o n h a v e o p e r a t e d t o t h e f o r m s o f s a b e r , d o t h e s e t w o r u l e s

a p p l y t o t h e f o r m s o f s a b e r a t t 2 . The same phenomenon o c c u r s

w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e v e r b c a b e r i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s .

This manner o f a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s c a n a c c o u n t f o r t h e

a l t e r n a t i o n [p-;B] m a n i f e s t e d by t h e t h e v e r b s s a b e r a n d c a b e r .

I t w i l l a l s o be shown t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f

Page 148: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

~ p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d ' f 3 - d e l e t i o n i s s i m i l a r l y b a s e d on t h e

p r i n c i p l e of RULE SCHEMA I N T E R R U P T I O N p r o p o s e d b y F o l e y ( 1 9 7 7 ) .

A c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y , a p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e c a n a p p l y a t d i f f e r e n t

times i n t h e szme d e r i v a t i o n a n d a n c t h e r r u l e may i n t e r r u p t t h e

e x p a n s i o n o f t h e r u l e s c h e m a . I n t h e c a s e o f t h e v e r b s s a b e r a n d

, a s u b - s e t o f r u l e s c o m p o s e d of S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d c a b e r

$ - d e l e t i o n h a v e b e e n i n t e r r u p t e d by G l i d e F o r m a t i o n , Yod

D e l e t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel R e d u c t i o n , Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n a n d

L e n i t i o n i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n of t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s . I

c o n c l u d e t h a t i f S p i r a n t i z a t i c n 2 n d T - d e l e t i c n a r e i n f a c t t w o

c o n s t a n t r u l e s , i n t h e s e n s e o f Newton ( 1 9 7 0 ) , or two

i n t e r r u p t e d r u l e s , i n t h e s e n s e of F o l e y ( 1 3 7 7 ) , t h e n i t is

c l e a r t h a t t h ~ forms of t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r h a v e

b e e n t z a n s f o r m e d , n o t a l l a t t h e same time, b u t r a t h e r

g r a d u a l l y , a n d t h a t a p o r t i o n o f t h e l e x i c o n h a s riot y e t b e e n

a f f e c t e d by t h e p r o c e s s , a s shown' b y p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s o f t h e

t h r e e v e r b s .

I n 3 .1 .4 . , I d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e

i n t e r v o c a l i c s e g m e n t [p 3 i n t h e i n f i c i t i v e , p a s t p a r t i c i p l e , a n d

p a s t t e n s e forms o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r ar?d c a b e r c a d n o t b e

a c c o u n t e d f o r o n l y b y t h e p a r o c h i a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r S p a n i s h

e s t a b l i s h e d by F c l e y (1977:32) w h i c h s p e c i f y t h a t i n t e r v o c a l i c q

a n d d d r o p w h i l e l a b i a l & r e m a i n s . I w i l l p r o p o s e t h a t a

p h o n o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h stress a n d r o u n d n e s s of t h e

Page 149: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

s u r r o u n d i n g v o w e l s * be a d d e d b o t h t o P o l e y l s p a r o c h i a l

c o n d i t i o n s a n d t o o u r a n a l y s i s o f l e x i c a l d i f f u s i o n p r e s e n t e d i n

t h i s c h a p t e r .

The s e c o n d s e c t i o n o f t h i s c h a p t e r w i l l b e c c n c e r n e d w i t h

s i x s u b s e t s o f i r r e g u l a r f i r s t , s e c o n d , a n d t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n

v e r b s : a) haber, s a b e r , a n d c a b e r ; b) p l a c e r l 1 t o p l e a s e t t , a n d

t r a e r I t t o b r i n g f t ; c) p o d e r " t o b e a b l e l t , p o n e g I t t o p u t t 1 , a n d -- r e s p o n d e r " t o a n s w e r t f ; d ) q u e r e r " t o want", a n d I T ~ " t o seew; 6 ) -- hater f 1 t o makeu, d e c i r " t o sayI1 , a n d v e n i r " t o comet1; a n d f) ---

a n d a r " t o w a l k n , e s t a r " t o b e w , a n d t e n e r " t o h a v e u . --

It w i l l be shown:

a . T h a t p l a c e r , a n d t r a e r a r e m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d

t o t h e t h r e e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r b e c a u s e t h e y

s h a r e t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [a-u] i n t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s ; J

b. T h a t p o d e r , P o n e r r a n d r e s p o n d e r a r e a l s o

m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e same t h r e e v e r b s

b s c a u s e of t h e r a i s i n g of t h e r o o t b a c k vowel /o/ t o [u]

i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e ;

c. T h a t q u e r e r a n d ver w h i c h m a n i f e s t a f r o n t v o w e l [ e - i ]

r a i s i n g a l t e r n a t i o n , c o n s t i t u t e , t h e r e f o r e , a p a r a l l e l

. w i t h t h o s e e i g h t v e r b s w h i c h show t h e b z c k vowel [ a - u ] ,

[ o - u ] a l t e r n a t i o n s .

Page 150: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The r u l e s of M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel R e d u c t i o n a n d V o c a l i c

R a i s i n g w i l l b e f o r m u l a t e d a n d m o t i v a t e d i n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r

t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] o b s e r v e d i n t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d

c a b e r . T h e s e r u l e s w i l l b e f o r m u l a t e d i n s u c h a way a s t o --- e x p l a i n t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] o b s e r v e d a l s o i n t h e s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s t r a e r a n d p l a c e z , a s well a s t h e a l t e r n a t i o n

Lo-u] o f t h ~ s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s o d e p o n s r a n d

r e s p e n d e r , a n d t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ c - i ] of q u e r e r , 1 2 ~ from t h e -- s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n , a n d d e c l r , v e n i r f r o m t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n .

The s e t of p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , y&.

~ e t a t h e s i s , Vowel R e d u c t i o n , a n d v o c a l i c R a i s i n g , w i l l show t h a t

a l l t h e v e r b s men t5oned i n t h e p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h a r e r e l a t e d

t o h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r m a k i n g u p a s u b - g r o u p of v e r b s w i t h

s h a r e d v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n a t i o n s i n t h e p r e t e r i t e .

It w i l l a l s o be d e m o n s t r a t e d i n S e c t i o n 2 why t h e f i rs t

c o n j u g a t i o n v s r b s estar t f t o b e w , a n d a c d a r " to w a l k f t , a n d t h e

s e c o n d c o n j u g e t i o n v e r b t e n e r l r t o h a v e " a l s o h a v e a n [ u ] i n

t h e i r p r e t e r i t e s a n d hew t h e y a r c , t h e r e f o r e , r e l a t e d t o t h e

v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , c a b e r , a s well a s t o t h e f i v e s u b s e t s of

v e r b s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e .

I n 2. 1 .2.1, I c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b

d e c i r a n d t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b h a c e r w e r e a s u b s e t o f ---

r e l a t e d v s r b s i n t h e f u t u r e a n d t h e - c o n d i t i c n a l f o r m s s i n c e t h e y

Page 151: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

u n d e r w e n t t h e same p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s , I a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e

e of d ~ c i r Itto s a y t t , d e c i m o s "we s a y t t , a n d t h e 2 o f d i r e ' w i l l - s a y " , s a i d t t , a n d d i c h o ' ( s a i d - p a s t p a r t . I t i s a n /i/ i n

t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . T h u s , i n 3.2.5., I w i l l show t h a t

d e c i r is a l s o s u b j e c t t o t h e s e t of p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s which --- a p p l y t o t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s q u e r e r , h a c e r a n d uer i n

t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e .

The h i s t o r i c a l d a t a a n d t h e s t a n d a r d d a t a f r o m o t h e r

Romance l a n g u a g e s s u c h a s P o r t u g u e s e , F r e n c h , I t a l i a n , a n d

C a t a l a n , w h i c h w i l l be p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r s u p p o r t t h e

k i n d s o f r u l e s , r u l e o r d e r i n g , a n d u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

p r o p o s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s .

3.1.1 F u t u r e End in= and P r e s e n t I n d , of HABER. -- ----- ---

B e f o r e p r o p o s i n g t h e new a n a l y s i s t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e

a l t s r n a t i o n s o b s e r v e d i n t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r , I

w i l l f i r s t d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e f u t u r e i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s i n

S p a n i s h a re composed b a s i c a l l y of t h e i n f i n i t i v e p l u s t h e

\ p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f h a b e r . The same c a s e will b e

o b s e r v e d i n P o r t u g u e s e , F r e n c h , a n d I t a l i a n .

. A c c o r d i n g t o C r o w l e y (1952: 12) , who h a s a n a l y z e d p e r s i s t e n t

L a t i n i s m s i n some Old S p a n i s h l i t e r a r y w o r k s , t h e l at in f u t u r e

13 6

Page 152: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

i n =bq was r e p l a c e d by t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f h a b g r e a n d t h e

i n f i n i t i v e :

ati in: amabo 7 a m a r e t h a b e o , a m a r + h e , amare' I t I w i l l love^^,

his d e v e l o p m e n t i s shown i n 3 goema del M L ~ Cid ( 1 1 4 0 ) :

L a t i n : d i c e r e v c s h a b e o 7 O.Sp, d e z i r u o s h e "1 w i l l t e l l yoult ;

L a t i n : i n t r a r e + h a b e t i s > O . S p . i n t r a r e t i s ) i n t r a r e d e s "you w i l l

go" ;

L a t i n : a u d i r e + h a b e t i s > O.Sp. a u d r e t i s ) o d r e d e s Ityou w i l l h e a r n .

It a l s o a p p e a r s i n R o n c e s v a l l e s ( 1 3 1 0 ) :

L a t i n : f a c e r e + h a b e t > f a c e r t h a ? f a r a d € + l1he w i l l make";

L a t i n : v e n i r e + h a b e t , v e n i r + h a > v e n i r a 7 v e r n a / s Ithe w i l l comet1,

~ r a m m a r i a n s h a v e t r a d i t i o n a l l y a s s u m e d t h a t t h e f u t u r e

I e n d i n g s , =&, 22, -emos, dn a r e n o t v e r b a l e n d i n g s i n t h e

u s u a l s e n s e b u t r a t h e r t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b

h a b e r . T h a t i s , t h e f u t u r e t ~ n s e i s f o r m e d by a d d i n g t h e p r e s e n t --- i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f h a b e r t o the i n f i n i t i v e o f a v e r b , T h i s

a s s u m p t i o n i s b a s e d o n h i s t o r i c a l f a c t s s u c h a s t h o s e

d e r i v a t i o n s g i v e n b y C r o w l e y . S t o c k w e l l , Bo wen, a n d arti in

(1965:146) a g r e e w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l g r a m m a r i a n s t h a t t h e f u t u r e

e n d i n g s a r e i n f a c t t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f h a b e r ,

Page 153: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

~ a h r i s ( 1 969: 9 2 ) , a l s o , s u p p o r t s t h i s a s s u m p t i o n , c l a i m i n g

t f . . . t h a t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l e x p l a n a t i o n i s correct h i s t o r i c a l l y .

U n t i l t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e t t u r y t h e f u t u r e was e x p r e s s e d b y t h e

i n f i n i t i v e f o l l o w ~ d by t h e p r e s e n t o f h a b e r . T h e s e were w r i t t e n

a s t w o s e p a r a t e w o r d s , a n d o b j e c t p r o n o u n s c o u l d come b e t w e e n

t h ~ m ( a s i s s t i l l t h e c a s e i n Mcdern P o r t u g u e s e ) : S e v e n t e e n t h

c e n t u r y da= me v e r s u s Modern me d a d s v y o u w i l l g i v e

it t o met... tt

F u r t h e r m o r e , H a r r i s c o n s i d e r s t h e syncnymy o f s e n t e n c e s s u c h as:

(a) Ha de € s t a r a q u i a h o r a , a n d

" b e h e r e nowft

(b) ~ s t a r i a q u i a h o r a .

" w i l l b e h e r e nowlt

b o t h m e a n i n g " h e i s p r o b a b l y h e r e nowtt6 a s s u g g e s t i v e s y n c h r o n i c

e v i d z n c e f o r t h e t r a d i t i o n a l a n a l y s i s c f f u t u r e f o r m s . ?

D e s p i t e t h e f a c t s p r e s e n t e d s o f a r , t h e r e is t h e

p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e f u t u r e e n d i n g s h a v e n o t h i n g t o do w i t h /

h a b e r . I f t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y i s a c c e p t e d , t h e f u t u r e e n d i n g s 2, --- /

s rrh, - r e m o s , - r a n w i l l t h e n b e a t t a c h e d t o t h e same b a s e

a s t h s o t h e r i ~ f l e c t i o n a l e n d i n g s . T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e , h o w e v e r ,

a p p e a r s t o b e u n t e n a b l e u n l e s s we a s s u m e

Page 154: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

a . t h a t i n t h e case of s u p p l e t i v e v e r b s s u c h a s ir [ i r ] l t to

got1: p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e m, vas, 12, vamos, IT;

p r e t e r i t e fd, f u i s t e , •’UP, f u i o s , f u e r o n : b u t f u t u r e

i n d i c a t i v e , --- i d s , --,I ird - - - i r e m o s , i n , i t i s

f o r t u i t o u s t h a t t h s i n f i n i t i v e ig a n d t h e f u t u r e h a v e

i d e n t i c a l stems; a n d

b . t h a t t h e i d e n t i c a l i r r e g u l a r i t i e s of t h e future e n d i n g s

a n d t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e fcrms of h a b e r a r e a

c o i n c i d e n c e n o t o n l y i n S p a n i s h b u t a l s o i n P o r t u g u e s e ,

I t a l i a n , a n d F r e n c h a s shown i n T a b l e 42:

Page 155: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T a b l e 4 2 .

SPANISH

F u t u r e P r e s e n t

ACEPTAR-$ h e -as h a s - 4 ha -5mos h ( a b ) emos - a n h a n

ITALIAN

F u t u r e P r e s e n t

PORTUGUESE

F u t u r e P r e s e n t

V I V E R - e i h e i -a's h a s -d ha -emos h (av) emos - a o h a o

FRENCH

F u t u r e Prasent

# * a c c e p t 11 l1 h a v e "

ACCEPTER-ai a i - a s a s -a a . - o n s ( a v ) o n s - o n t o n t

T h u s , u n l e s s we a c c e p t t h e s t a t e m e n t s p r e s e n t e d a b o v e ,

t h e r e i s l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e f u t u r e t s n s e i n

t h e s e f o u r Romance l a n g u a g e s i s b a s e d on t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e

p r e s s n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f h a b e r t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e o f a l l v e r b s

w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n ,

C o n s e q u e n t l y , I a s s u m e t h a t t h e f u t u r e e n d i n g s a r e t h e

r e s u l t of a p p l y i n g p - d e l e t i o n a n d Vowel c o n t r a c t i . c n t o the

Page 156: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p r ~ s e n t i n d i c a t i v e forms o f h a b o r . 9 A s f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e f o r t h i s

a s s u m p t i o n , n o t e t h a t [PI w h i c h i s d e l e t e d a n d t h e v o c a l i c g r o u p

AE which i s c o n t r a c t e d r e m a i n i n t h e f i rs t p e r s o n p l u r a l o f -- h a b e r i n t h e f o u r l a n g u a g e s shown i n T a b l e 42 a b o v e . T h i s is a --- c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n t h a t b e f o r e t h e r u l e s 8 - d e l e t i o n a n d Vowel

c o n t r a c t i o n a p p l i e d t o t h e f o r m s of h a b e r a t a d e e p l e v e l o f t h e

p h m o l o g i c a l d e r i v a t i o n , t h e v o w e l a n d c c n s o n a n t a l a l t s r n a t i o n s

were c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h o s e of s a b e r a n d c a b e r . A l l o f t h i s

w i l l c o n s t i t u t e e v i d e n c e f o r c o n c l u d i n g t h a t t h e v e r b h a b e g

c a n n o t be c o n s i d e r e d a n f l i s o l a t e d v e r b w ( s e e B e l l o , 1881: 150) o r

a f f c o m p l e t e 1 y i d i o s y n c r a t i c v e r b " (see H a r r i s , 1969: 97) b u t

r a t h e r a member o f a g r o u p m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e

v e r b s s a b e r a n d c a b e r . T h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s , a s I w i l l show i n t h e

a n a l y s i s b e l o w , are e x p l i c a b l e i n terms of t h e L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n

o f t h c p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s t o w h i c h t h e y a r e s u b j e c t . It i s t h e

a s s u m p t i o n of t h e r e l e v a n c e of t h i s i d e a t h a t a l l c w s me t o p l a c e

t h e v e r b s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i c n i n o n e c l a s s .

3 . 1 . 2 A N e w A n a l y s i s . ---

G i v e n t h a t [ P I a n d t h e v o c a l i c g r o u p Ag r e m a i n i n t h e f i rst

p e r s o n p l u r a l f o r m of t h e v e r b h a b e r i n S p a n i s h a s well a s i n

P o r t u g u e s e , I t a l i a n , a n d F r e n c h , I a s s u m e t h a t b e f o r e t h e

p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s p - d e l e t i o n a n d V c w e l ~ o n t r a c t i c n a p p l y t o t h e

Page 157: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

o t h e r f o r m s of h a b e r a t a d e e p l e v e l o f t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l

d e r i v a t i o n , t h e v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n a t i o n s i n t h e f o r m s

o f h a b e 2 were c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e forms o f t h e v e r b s s a b e r

a n d c a b e r ,

Up t o t h i s p o i n t , we h a v e b e e n e m p h a s i z i n g t h e v a l i d i t y o f

t h e GRADUAL DIFFUSION h y p o t h e s i s of ~ h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s a c r o s s

t h e l e x i c o n (Wang, 1369) , a n d (Chen a n d Wang, 1975) . l o We h a v e

c l a i m e d ' ha t t h i s c o n c e p t i s c e n t r a l l y i m p c r t a n t . Now, we w i l l

p r o c e e d t o p r e s e n t a n a n a l y s i s t h a t s h o w s t h a t i n f a c t t h e v e r b s

h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r a r e l i n k e d t c g e t h e r i n t h e m a n n e r s t a t e d

by t h e G r a d u a l D i f f u s i c n h y p o t h e s i s ,

T h i s h y p o t h e s i s s t a t e s , a s e x p l a i n e d by S o m m e r s t e i n

( 1 977:249) , t h a t a p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e I f . . . p e r c o l a t e s g r a d u a l l y

t h r o u g h t h e l e x i c o n , now i n f e c t i n g o n e l e x i c a l item, now

a n o t h e r , p e r h a p s t a k i n g c e n t u r i e s t o become c o m p l e t e , p e r h a p s

n e v e r b e c o m i n g c o m p l e t e b u t l o s i n g i m p e t u s a n d l e a v i n g a

s c a t t e r i n g of l e x i c a l items a s u n a l t e r e d ' r e s i d u e s 1 . . . t t l l I n

f a c t , Chen a n d Wang ( 1 9 7 5 ) p r e s e n t e v i d e n c e d rawn f r o m t h e

h i s t o r y of C h i n e s e , E n g l i s h , a n d s w e d i s h , a s well a s from

l a n g u a g e a c q u i s i t i o n , t o s u p p o r t t h e claim t h a t a p h o n o l o g i c a l

c h z n g e p r c p a g a t e s i t s e l f g r a d u a l l y a c r o s s t h e l e x i c o n , from

morpheme t o morpheme.

I h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t i r r e g u l a r a l t ~ r n a t i o n s s h a r e d b y t h e

Page 158: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

~ p a n i s h v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r may b e e x p l a i n e d i n a

f a i r l y s i m p l e a n d n a t u r a l way, i f we a d o p t Wang a n d C h e n ' s

c o n c e p t o f L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n . I f t h e a n a l y s i s i s c o r r e c t ,

e v i d e n c e frcm S p a n i s h w i l l l e n d f u r t h e r s u p p o r t t o t h e

diff u s i o n i s t h y p o t h e s i s .

Two c o n c e p t s a re f u n d a m e n t a l w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e h y p o t h e s i s

o f l e x i c a l d i f f u s i o n :

a . The t e m p o r a l d i m e n s i o n s o f a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s c a n b e

e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l . T h e e x t e r n a l time d e m e n s i o n i s

c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e r e l a t i v e c h r c n o l o g y o f p h o n o l o g i c a l

p r o c e s s e s , t h a t 5s, t h e e x t e ~ n a l r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n r u l e s

i n terms o f time s e q u e n c e . The i n t e r n a l time d i m e n s i o n

d e a l s w i t h t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l p r o f i l e , ( c f . Wang a n d

Cheng , 1970) o f t h e g r a d u a l e v o l u t i o n , a n d e x p a n s i o n o r

r e g r e s s i o n , of a s i n g l e p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s .

b. The l e x i c a l d i m e n s i o n s o f a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s . A

p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e may o p e r a t e , w i t h i n a g i v e n p e r i o d o f

time, i n many d i f f e r e n t ways . F o r e x a m p l e :

1 ) It g r a d u a l l y e x t e n d s i t s s c o p e o f o p e r a t i o n t o a

l a r g e r a n d l a r g e r p o r t i o n cf t h e l e x i c o n , u n t i l a l l

r e l e v a n t i tems h a v e b e e n t r a n s f o r m e d by t h e p r o c e s s ;

Page 159: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

2) It may s t o p a t a c e r t a i n p e r i o d o f time a n d t h e n

c o n t i n u e a f f e c t i n g a l l r e l e v a n t l e x i c a l items;

3 ) It may c e a s e a f t e r i t h a s o p e r a t e d o v e r o n l y a p a r t

o f t h e l e x i c o n , n e v e r b e c o m i n g c o m p l e t e . I n t h i s

c a s e , we h a v e a n o n l y F a r t i a l l y s u c c e s s f u l s o u n d

c h a n g e ,

4 ) It may b e t h w a r t e d by a n o t h e r r u l e c o m p e t i n g f o r t h e

same l e x e m e s .

Wang (1969: 13) claims t h a t s o c i a l l i n g u i s t i c c o n d i t i o n s a r e

i n v o l v e d I n t h e way i n which L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n may b e d i r e c t e d

o r e f f e c t e d . I w i l l a r g u e b e l o w t h a t , i n t h e c a s e cf t h e S p a n i s h

v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r , t h e r e a re i n f a c t l e x i c a l o r

g r a m m a t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s t h a t Wang a n d Chen h a v e n c t c o n s i d e r e d , I

w i l l a l s o show t h a t two c t h e r i m p o r t a n t c o n c e p t s a r e i n v o l v e d ,

i , e . t h e p r i n c i p l e o f RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION ( F o l e y , 1377) a n d

t h s L I N E A R O R D E R o f a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s (Newton, 1370) ,

The a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n w i l l b e c o n c e r n e d

o n l y w i t h t h e s e c o n d c o ~ c e p t g i v e n i n (b ) a b o v e , i . e . t h e

l e x i c a l d i m e n s i o n s o f a p h o n o l o g F c a l p r o c e s s . I n c t h e r words , i t

w i l l d e a l w i t h a k i n d of p r o c e s s t h a t h a s g r a d u a l l y b e e n

a p p l y F n g t o t h e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r . A

s e t o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a p p l i e s t o t h e v e r b h a b e r , f e w e x r u l e s

4. L O t h s f o r m s of t h e v e r b s a b e r , a n d Even fewer r u l s s t o c a b e r ,

144

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The se t a p p e a r s t o h a v e l o s t some i m p e t u s , a s w i l l b e shown by

f o r m s which h e v e n o t u n d e r g o n e t h e c h a n g e . It i s p o s s i b l e i f n o t

p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e set of r u l e s w i l l e v e n t u a l l y a p p l y t o t h o s e

f o r m s n o t y e t a f f e c t e d b y it. F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d

p r o c e s s h a s a l s o b e e n a p p l y i n g g r a d u a l l y t o t h e t e n s e s of t h e

t h r e e v e r b s : a se t of r u l e s a p p l i e s i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e ,

f e w e r r u l e s i n t h e p r e t e r i t e , a n d s v e n fewer i n t h e p r e s e n t

s u b j u n c t i v s .

I w i l l u s e T a b l e 4 3 b e l o w , w h i c h i l l u s t r a t e s t h e b a s i c

p a r a d i g m o f p h o n c l o g i c a l c h a n g e , i n o r d e r t o s c h e m a t i z e t h e

c o n c e p t of ~ e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n a s p r o p o s e d by Wang (1969) :

T a b l e 4 3 .

B a s i c P a r a d i g m of P h o n o l o g i c a l C h a n g e

w h e r e t s t a n d s f o r time a n d C f o r c o n t e x t . A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f

tl, s o g m e n t A o c c u r s i n f o u r d i s t i n c t c o n t e x t s , C 1 , C 2 , C 3 a n d

Page 161: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

C4. T h e s e c o n t e x t s may b e s p e c i f i e d i n e i t h e r p h o n o l c g i c a l o r

m o r p h o l o g i c a l terms. A t t 2 , A h a s become B i n t h e c o n t e x t C 1 ,

c r e a t i n g a n a l t e r n a t i o n i n the s o u n d s y s t e m . We may t h i n k of C 1

a s the p r i m a r y c o n t e x t , a s i t i s most l i k e l y t h e c a s e t h a t A i s

c h a n g e d t o B t h r o u g h a n a s s i m i l a t o r y p r o c e s s m o t i v a t e d b y C 1 .

~ l l t h e morphemes w h i c h h a v e A i n t h e c o n t e x t C 1 w i l l n o t c h a n g e

a t t h e same time, of c o u r s e . Some o f them may d e l a y a n d c h a n g e

o n l y a f t e r t3 , o r maybe e v e n l a t e r .

What i s of i n t e r e s t , a c c o r d i n g t o Wang, i s t o d e t e r m i n e

w h e t h e r s u c h d e l a y s do o r d o n o t o c c u r ; a n d i f t h e y d o , t h e n t o

w h a t e x t e n t .

I w i l l a r g u e i n t h i s s e c t i o n t h a t t h e f o r m h a b e m ~ o f t h e

v e r b h a b e r i s a c a s e o f ' d e l a y t , i n t h e s e n s e o f Wang, s i n c e i t

h a s n o t b e e n a f f e c t e d by t h e p a r t i c u l a r p h c n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s

t h a t a p p l i e d t o t h e c t h e r forms o f t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e he ,

&as, ha, har,. The f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r q u e p g [ ke'po] i n t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f c a b e r i s a n o t h e r case i n w h i c h t h e

p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e r e p r e s e n t e d b y L e n i t i o n a n d p - d e l e t i o n h a s

n o t o p e r a t e d .

I n s e c t i o n 3 . 1 . 4 . , i t w i l l b e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e

a p p e a r a n c e of t h e i n t e r v o c a l i c s e g m e n t [$] i n habemos a n d i n t h e

i n f i n i t i v e , p a s t p a r t i c i p l e , a n d p a s t t e n s e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s

h a b e r s a b e r a n d c a b e r c a n b e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y t h e p a r o c h i a l - / I --

Page 162: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

c o n d i t i o n s f o r S p a n i s h e s t a b l i s h e d by F o l e y ( 1977) which s p e c i f y

t h a t i n t e r v o c a l i c q a n d 4 d r o p w h i l e l a b i a l & r e m a i n s , a n d a l s o

by a p h o n o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h stress a n d r o u n d n e s s o f

t h e s u r r o u n d i n g v o w e l s . I w i l l p r o p o s e t h a t t h e s e c c n d i t i o n s b e

a d d e d t o o u r a n a l y s i s o f l e x i c a l d i f f u s i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s

t h e s i s .

T a b l e 4 3 a b o v e s h o w s t h a t by t 5 a l l o f t h e A ' s h a v e c h a n g e d

i n t o B 1 s . T h a t is, l 1 t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e c h a n g e h a v e r e l a x e d

u n t i l f i n a l l y t h e c h a n g e h a s become u n c o n d i t i o n e d ~ ~ . ( c f . Wang,

1369: 1 8 )

I

Thus, T a b l e 4 3 i l l u s t r a t e s a p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e t h a t

g r a d u a l l y e x t e n d s i t s s c o p e o f o p e r a t i o n t o a l a r g e r a n d l a r g e r

p o r t i o n o f t h e l e x i c o n , , u n t i l a l l r e l e v a n t items h a v e been

t r a n s f o r m e d by t h e p r o c e s s .

One e x a m p l e of a p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e w h i c h i s s t i l l

o p e r a t i n g is r e p r e s e n t e d by some E n g l i s h r u l e s o f vowel

s h o r t e n i n g w h i c h h a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d r e c e n t l y by K i p a r s k y

( 1 968: 179) . I n O l d E n g l i s h , v o w e l s were s h o r t e n e d e i t h e r b e f o r e

t h r e e c o n s o n a n t s o r b e f o r e two c o n s o r i a n t s a n d two more s y - l l a b l e s

w i t h i n t h e same word. B e g i n n i n g i n E a r l y M i d d l e E n g l i s h , t h e

c o n d i t i o n o f t h i s r u l e was s i m p l i f i e d t o e i t h e r b e f o r e t w o

c o n s o n a n t s o r b e f o r e o n e c o r - s o n z n t a n d two more s y l l a b l e s w i t h i n

t h e same word. The l a t t e r r u l e , a c c o r d i n g t o K i p a r s k y , i s s t i l l

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i n o p e r a t i o n 6s e v i d e n c e d by s u c h m o r p h o p h o n e m i c a l t e r n a t i o n s a s

i n s l e e p / slep2 a n d f e l i n e / f e l i n i t y . 1 2

A c c o r d i n g t o Wang, i f we t a k e t h e E n g l i s h r u l e s o f v o w e l

s h o r t e n i n g t o b e s y n c h r o n i c m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f a n u n d e r l y i n g

s o u n d c h a n g e , t h e n we see t h a t t h e d e l e t i o n of a s i n g l e

c o n s o n a n t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e r u l e h a s o p e r a t e d o v e r r o u g h l y a

t h o u s a n d y e a r s .

An e x a m p l e of a n u n s u c c e s s f u l s o u n d c h a n g e is g i v e n b y

S t u r t e v a n t ( 1 9 1 7 : 7 6 ) . He s a y s t h a t I t i n L a t i n t h e r e was a t o n e

time a t e n d e n c y t o l e n g t h e n s h o r t v o w e l s b e f o r e gn; p e o p l e s a i d

d l q n u s , s I q n u m , i q n i s , a s well a s d i q n u s , s ? q n u m , r q n i s . But . . . - t h e p r a n u n c i a t i o n w i t h a s h o r t v o w ~ l f i n a l l y p r e v a i l e d . I n t h i s

case, t h e n e t r e s u l t o f t h e i n c i p i e n t c h a n g e was t o l e a v e t h i n g s

a s t h e y were a t f i r s t s f t

Wang ( 1 9 6 9 : 1 6 ) c la ims t h a t e x a m p l e s of u n s u c c e s s f u l s o u n d

c h a n g e s a r e v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g cases. Whsn t h e morphemes a f f e c t e d

by a n u n s u c c e s s f u l s c u n d c h a n g e d o n o t g e t c h a n g e d b a c k , Wang

a s s u m e s , we h a v e two classes o f f o r m s . W h e t h e r t h e new o r t h e

o l d f o r m s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d r e g u l a r i s a q u e s t i o n t h a t

d e p g n d s i n p a r t o n how u n s u c c e s s f u l t h e s o u n d c h a n g e h a s b e e n .

A case of s o u n d c h a n g e o f i n t e r e s t h e r e i s t h 2 l o s s o f

f i n a l i n many w o r d s i n S t o c k h o l m S w e d i s h t h a t w a s s t u d i e d b y

J a n s o n ( 1 973) . ~ c c o r d i n g t o J a n s o n , i n w o r d s l i k e yed "woodtt ,

Page 164: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

hund l ldoglt , b l a d l 1 l e a f N , ~2 "red11, S t o c k h o l m e r s u s u a l l y d e l e t e ---

t h e [ - d l i n o r d i n a r y s p e e c h . The c l a s s o f w o r d s t h a t c a n u n d e r g o

o p t i o n a l [ - d l d e l e t i o n i s now much s m a l l e r t h a n i t was a b o u t a

h a l f - c e n t u r y a g o . As d e t e r m i n e d f r o m e a r l i e r d e s c r i p t i o n s , t h e

f i n a l [ - d l was d i s a p p e a r i ~ g I n some S w e d i s h d i a l e c t s a s e a r l y a s

the 1 4 t h c e E t u r y . I n S t o c k h o l m s p e e c h , t h e d e l s t i o n u s e d t o b e

p o s s i b l e f o r many more u c r d s , a c r o s s s e v e r a l more g r a m m a t i c a l

c a t e g o r i e s . However, s i n c e i t h a s been k e p t i n t h e o r t h o g r a p h y ,

t h e r e s u r g e n c e of [ - d l p r o b a b l y came a s a r e s u l t of the r a p i d

r i s e i n l i t e r a c y i n Sweden i n r e c e n t d e c a d e s . ~ c c c r d i n g t o Wang,

t h i s i s a c a s e of l e x i c a l d i f f u s i o n s u d d e n l y r e v e r s i n g i t s

c o u r s e , s t i m u l a t e d by s o c i a l c h a n g e . Bu t i n b c t h t h e p r o g r e s s i v e

a n d t h e r e g r e s s i v e p h a s e of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h i s c h a n g e , t h e

p r o c e s s a p p e a r s t o be l e x i c a l l y g r a d u a l .

B s f o r e presenting t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s w h i c h a c c c u n t f o r

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e , a n d p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e forms of h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r , I w i l l make t h e

f o l l o w i n g a s s u m p t i o n s :

a . t h e r o c t s f o r h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r a r e / a b / , . / s a p / ,

a n d /kap/ r e s p e c t i v e l y . The /p/ o f t h e r o o t / s a p /

a p p e a r s i n a l l t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , p r e s e n t

s u b j u n c t i v e a n d p r e t e r i t e s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s s u c h a s ~ g p p

1 1 1 knewt1, S s g 1 1 1 know-subj . I1 and s u p i e r a 1 1 1 k n e w - s u b j . "

Page 165: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The /p/ cf t h e root / k a p / a p p e a r s i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r o f t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e I f 1 f i t ( i n t o ) " ,

i n a l l t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e a n d s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s

s u c h a s c u p e I f I f i t ( i n t o ) 11 a n d c u p i e r a I 1 I f i t - s u b j m W ,

a n d a l s o i n r e l a t e d w o r d s l i k e c a p a c i d a d I 1 c a p a c i t y l f ;

b. t h e f u t u r e t e n s e i n S p a n i s h i s f o r m e d b y a d d i n g t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e forms o f h a b e r t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e o f

a l l v e r b s w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n a s was d e m o n s t r a t e d a t t h e

b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s c h a p t e r ; ( s e e T a b l e 42 )

c. t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e f o r m s o f h a b e r ,

s a b e r , a n d c a b e r show a n /i/ i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e ---

a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e a n d a n /u / i n t h e p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e i n s t e a d of a n /y / a n d a / w / a s was p r o p o s e d

b y F o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 ) . Theri, t h e main d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e

t h r e e i r r e g u l a r v e r b s a n d t h e p a t t e r n v e r b s o f t h e f i r s t

a n d s e c o n d c o c j u g a t i o n s 1 3 c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e

p r e s e n c e of a d i f f e r ~ n t t h e m e v o w e l i n t h e u n d s r l y i n g

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . T h i s c a n b e c b s e r v e d i n T a b l e 4 4 be low:

Page 166: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

TABLE 44.

P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e

AMAR COMER

etc. . . etc.. . I r r e g u l a r v e r b s

HABER SABER CABER

etc. . . etc.. . etc. . .

T h i s i s t h e main r e a s o n f o r a s s u m i n g a v o w e l r a t h e r t h a n a

g l i d e , u n l e s s t h e i n c l u s i o n of g l i d e s i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g

s t r u c t u r e c a n b e i n d e p e n d e n t l y m o t i v a t e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , i n 2 .2 .1 .

we a r g u e d t h a t it i s b e t t e r i n terms of t h e o v e r a l l p h o n o l o g y o f

S p a n i s h t o p o s t u l a t e u n d e r l y i n g /i/ a n d /u/ i n c r e m e n t s . T h e s e

i n c r e m e n t s a r e m o t i v a t e d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e r u l e o f G l i d e

F o x m a t i o n w h i c h a p p l i e s t o a l l u n s t r e s s e d h i g h v o w e l s when t h e y

a r e i n p r e v o c a l i c p o s i t i o n . (SEE s e c t i o n 2 .2 .1 . f c r e x a m p l e s a n d

more d e t a i l s )

Page 167: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

L e t u s now p r o p o s e t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a n d t h e

d e r i v a t i o n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e f o r m s o f t h e p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v e , p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e o f t h e

t h r 9 e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r a s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s

45-53. T a b l e s 45-47 d e a l w i t h t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f

t h e t h r e e v e r b s . 48-50 p r e s e n t t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m s o f t h e

p r e t e r i t e . 51-53 are c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p r e s e n t s u t j u n c t i v e

f o r m s o f t h e same t h r e e v e r b s :

Page 168: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

F I R S T DERIVATION: PRESENT INDICATIVE.

TABLE 45. Present ~ n d i c a t i v e of HABER.

u n d e r l y i n g forms

(Stress)

1. b = = > p / V - V

2 . p = = > p / v - v

3. / i , u / ==> [ y , w ] l r

4. y ==> QI / - e 5. eta thesis

6. [ a ] + [ w , y ] ==> [ o r e ]

7. [&] ==> " e

8. eni it ion

9. b = = > P / V - V

10. ,p ==> g / v - v

1 1 . 0 ==> fl / v - # I S

12. 0 ==> u

P h c n e t i c c u t ~ u t s

Page 169: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

/ s a p i o / / s a p i e s / / s a p i e / / s a p i e m o s / / s a p i e c / u n d e r l y i n g Forms

/ s a p i o

--- ( S t r e s s )

/ s a p y e s

/ s a p e s

---

3 . /i,u/ ==> [ y , w ]

4. y ==> jl / - 9 5 . M e t a t h e s i s s d y p o

/ s s p 0

8 . L e n i t i o n

/ seo

[ sd ] [ sdpas] [ sd$e] [ sapdmos ] [ s i p e n ] P h o n e t i c outputs

TABLE 46 . P r e s e n t ~ n d i c a t i v e of SABER.

Page 170: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

CABER "to f i t ( i n t o )

/ k a p i o / / k a p i e s / / k a p i e / / k a p i e m o s / / k a p i e n / U n d e r l y i n g Forms

I k a p i o

--- ( S t r e s s )

4 . y = = > @ / - e

5. M e t a t h e s i s

8. L e n i t i o n

( 1 ) ( 2 ) (3 ) (Q) (5 )

[ k d p o ] [ k i ~ e s ] [ k g ? ~ ~ ] [ k a p d n o s ] [ k i p e n ] P h o n e t i c o u t p u t s

TABLE 47. P r e s e n t ~ n d i c a t i v e of CABER.

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DEBIV ATION: PRETERITE INDICATIVE.

U n d e r l y i n g F o r m s

( S t r e s s )

1. b = = > p / V - V

2 . 7 3 = = > $ / V - v

3 . / i , u / ==> [ y , w ]

4 . y ==> jil / - e

5 . M e t a t h e s i s

( D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n ) 1 6

6 . [ a ] + [ w , y ] ==> [ o , e ]

1 7 . [ d q ] ==> 4

ae e

8. L e n i t i o n

9 . b = = > p / V - V

1 0 . p ==> $ / v - v

11 . 0 ==> g/ v - #

12. 0 ==> u

[ u p i m c s ] [ u ~ y e ' r o n ] P h o n e t i c c u t p u t s

TABLE 48. ~ r s t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e of HABER.

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S A B E R .

/ s a p u e / / s a p u i s t e / / s a p u o / / s a p u i m o s / / s a p u E r o n / Underlying Forms

/

s a ~ u E r cn ( S t r e s s )

--- s a p w i m o s

--- 4. y ==> fi 1 - 0

s a w p i r o n 5. M e t a t h z s i s I s a w p e s a w p i m o s

s a w p y d r o n ( D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n )

--- 8. L e n i t i o n

(1 1 ( 2 ) (3) (4) (5)

[ s d p e ] [ s u p i s t e ] [ sdpo ] [sup:mos 1 [ s u p y & o n ] P h o n e t i c o u t p u t s

TABLE 49. Preterite I n d i c a t i v e cf SABER.

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CABER . / k a p u e / / k a p u i s t e / /kaput/ / k a p u i m o s / / k a p u E r o n / U n d e r l y i n g Forms

( S t r e s s )

1 . b = = > p / V - V 2. $ = = > O / v - v

3 . / i f u / ==> L y f w ]

4 . y ==> fl / - e

5. M e t a t h e s i s

( D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n )

6. C a l + C w f ~ l = > C o f e l /

7. [:&I ==> a Q

8. L e n i t i o n

9 . b = = > ? / V - V

l o . p = = > g / v - v 11. 0 ==> $ / v - #

12. c ==> u

--- /

k u p e

P h o n e t i c o u t p u t s

TABLE 50. P r e t e r i t e ~ c d i c a t i v e cf CABER.

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T H I R D D E R I V A T I O N : PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

HABER.

/ ab ia / / ah ia s / / ab ia / /abiamos/ /abian/ U n d e r l y i n g Forms

/ a b i a ;bias i b i a ablimos ab ian ( S t r e s s )

i p i a a'pias a apia'mos ;pian 1. b ==> / v - v I a i a Lias a'i a ai imos a/i an ~ . P = = > $ / V , V

TABLE 51. Present s u b j u n c t i v e of HABER.

159

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SABER.

/ s a p i a / / s a p i a s / / s a p i a / / s a p i a m o s / / s a p i z n / U r i d e r l y i n g Forms

/ s i p i a s a p i a s s i p i a sapia!mos s g p i a n ( S t r e s s )

--- --- --- --- --- I . b = = > p / V - V

/ s a y p a s L y p a s sdypa sayp&nos s g y p a n 5. M e t a t h e s i s

I / se pa s e p a s se'pa sepCmcs s d p a n 6 . [ a ] + [ w , y ] ==> L o t e l

[ s s fpa 1 [ 1 [ s g p a 1 [ sep&'mos] [ s d p a n ] p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s

TABLE 5 2 . P r e s e n t S u b j u n c t i v e o f S A B E R .

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CABER.

/ k a p i a / / k a p i a s / / k a p i a / / k a p i a m o s / / k a p i a n / u n d e r l y i n g F o r m s

( S t r e s s )

4. y ==> ff / - e

5. M e t a t h e s i s

8. L e n i t i o n

( 1 ) ( 2 (3 ) ( 4 ) (5 )

[ k 4 p a ] [ k 6 p a s ] [ k d p e 1 [ kep$mos] [ k & p a n ] P h o r i e t i c o u t p u t s

TABLE 53. P r e s e n t subjunctive of CABER.

Page 177: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

O b s e r v e t h e forms o f t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e of h a b e r i n

T a b l e 45 . T h e s e l e x i c a l i tems h a v e b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o

p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s r e p r e s s n t e d by t h e r u l e s $ - d e l e t i o n ( r u l e

2 ) a n d Vowel C c n t r a c t i o n ( r u l e 7 ) . Ncte t h a t t h e s e a r e t h e f o r m s

a d d e d t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e s of a l l S p a n i s h v e r b s i n o r d e r t o form

t h e f u t u r e t e n s e . ( S e e T a b l e 4 2 a b o v e )

The g r a d u a l a p p l i c a t i o r of t h i s p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s c a n b e

c l e a r l y o b s e r v e d i n T a b l e 46 . i n w h i c h t h e s o u n d c h a n g e

( r e p r e s e n t e d by r u l e 10 ) h a s a f f e c t e d o n l y t h e f i r s t p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r of t h e v e r b s a b e r , a s shown by t h e p h o n e t i c o u t p u t ( 1 )

[sg] . (Compare t h i s f o r m w i t h the p h c n e t i c o u t p u t (1) o f T a b l e

4 5 . ) I n t h i s case, t h e c h a n g e B a s l o s t i m p e t u s l e a v i n g f o r m s

(2-5) u n a l t e r e d s i n c e r u l e 10 h a s n o t a p p l i e d t o them.

I n T a b l e 47 , we c a n see t h a t t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d p r o c e s s

( r u l e 10) h a s n o t o p e r a t e d c n a n y f o r m o f t h e v e r b c a b e r . L e t u s r e t u r n t o T a b l e 45. Note t h a t S p i r a n t i z a t i o n ( r u l e

1 ) h a s a p p l i e d t o a l l t h e f o r m s o f h a b e r . A l s o i n T a b l e 46 , a l l

t h e l e x i c a l items h a v e u n d e r g o n e t h e v e r y same p r o c e s s

r e p r e s e n t e d h e r e b y r u l e 9. B u t i n T a b l e 4 7 , t h e f i rst p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r f o r m [ k d p o ] h a s r e s i s t e d t h e c h a n g e a s s h o w r b y t h e

a p p e a r a n c e of t h e u n d e r l y i n g s e g m e n t /p/ .

T h a t J h a s n o t b e e n a f f e c t e d b y r u l e 9 . i s d u e t o t h e

Page 178: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

f a c t t h a t L e n i t i o n ( r u l e 8) h a s n o t a p p l i e d i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f

t h i s fozm. S i n c e L e n i t i o n h a s a p p l i e d t o t h e f o r m s o f s a b e r a n d

c a b e r w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f ~ k e / ~ o ] , i t d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a r t h i s --- I

p r o c s s s a l s o i n v o l v e s g r a d u a l n e s s ,

Thus , wha t I h a v e p r e s e ~ t e d s o f a r s h o w s t h a t , i n t h e f i rst

c a s e , t h e s o u n d c h a n g e r e p r e s e n t e d by p - d e l e t i o n a n d Vowel

C o n t r a c t i o n h a s l o s t i m p e t u s l e a v i n g f o r m s (2-5) o f t h e v e r b

s a b s r a n d a l l t h e f o r m s o f c a b e r u n a l t e r e d . I n t h e s e c o n d c a s e , ---

t h e s o u n d c h a n g e r e p r e s e n t e d b y L e n i t i o ~ a n d P - d e l e t i o n h a s

a p p l i e d t o a l l f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s s a b e r a n d c a b e r , e x c e p t t o

[kgpo]. It i s i m p o r t a n t t o o b s e r v e t h a t t h e p r o c e s s e s a r e n o t

t w o d i f f e r e n t s o u n d c h a n g e s b u t r a t h e r o n e , c o r n ~ o s e d p r i m a r i l y

o f L e n i t i o n , p - d e l e t i o n , a n d Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n .

The power o f t h i s p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s i s a f f e c t e d by

l e x i c a l o r g r a m m a t i c a l r e a s o n s . It i s a l s o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y

c o n d i t i o n e d , i .e. t h e r u l e s are i n t e r r u p t e d i n t h e s e n s e o f

F o l e y (1977) ; t h e y a r e a l l o w e d t o a p p l y a t d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s i n

t h e d e r i v a t i o n of t h e v a r i o u s f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s (Newton, 1 9 7 0 ) .

Thus , we w i l l e x a m i n e be low w h e t h e r i n f a c t t h e s e a r e p r i n c i p a l

r e e s o n s why t h e r e h a s b e e n i n e q u a l i t y i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e

r u l 5 s a c r o s s t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r , However , why t h e

s e g m e n t [ P I a p p e a r s i n t h e i n f i n i t i v e forms o f t h e s e t h r e ~ v e r b s

a s well a s i n t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e , p a s t i n d i c a t i v e , and p a s t

s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s w i l l be e x p l a i n e d i n 3 . 3 . 4 . I w i l l show 'ha t

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i t c a n b e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y t h e INEFTIAL DEVELOPMENT p r i n c i p l e

p r o p o s e d b y F o l e y (1977:120) a n d by a p h o n o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n

d e a l i n g w i t h stress a n d r o u n d n e s s of t h e s u r r o u n d i n g v o w e l s .

Due t o g r a m m a t i c a l f a c t o r s t h a t w i l l b e s t a t e d l a t e r i n

t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e number of r u l e s t h a t h a v e a p p l i e d t o t h e forms

of h a b e r i n T a b l e 4 5 i s more o r less t h e same a s t h a t w h i c h

a p p l i e d t o se/ o f s a b e r i n T a b l e 4 6 ; fewer r u l e s h a v e o p e r a t e d o n

f o r m s (2-5) o f s a b e r ; a n d e v e n fewer t o t h e f o r m s o f c a b e r i n

T a b l e 47.

N e v e r t h e l e s s , more r u l e s h a v e a p p l i e d t o t h e f o r m s o f &aeg

i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e . T h a t a l l

s a b e r i n T a b l e s 49 a n d 5 2 a n d a l l t h e t h e l e x i c a l items o f

l e x i c a l items o f c a b e r i n T a b l e s 5 0 a n d 5 3 h a v e u n d e r g c n e fewer

rules i s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g

c o n s o n a n t /p/ a s [ p ] i n a l l t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p h o n e t i c o u t p u t s .

The l e x i c a l d i f f u s i o n of t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s

c o n s i d e r e d I n t h i s a n a l y s f s o c c u r s n o t o n l y a c r o s s t h e

p a r t i c u l a r p h o n o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f v e r b a l s u b - c a t e g o r i e s i n

t h e t h r e e v e r b s b u t a l s o a c r o s s t h e t e n s e s : a se t 0-f r u l e s

a p p l i e s i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f e a c h v e r b , fewer r u l e s t o

t h e f o r m s of t h e p r e t e r i t e , a n d e v e n fewer i n t h e p r e s e n t

s u b j u n c t i v e .

I p r o p o s e t h a t t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e

164

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se t o f r u l e s which a p p l i e s g r a d u a l l y t o t h e u n d e r l y i n g f o r m s o f

h a b e r s a b e r , a n d c a b e r i s g r a m m a t i c a l l y c o n d i t i o n e d . T h s forms --&f ---

o f h a b e r h a v e b e e n more s u s c e p t i b l e t o t h e a c t o f p - d e l e t i o n a n d

v o w e l C o n t r a c t i o n t h a n t h e r e s t o f t h e forms i n T a b l e s 45-53.

his i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s a n a u x i l i a r y v e r b . 1 7 The

f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s a b e r h a v e i n t u r n b e e n more s u s c e p t i b l e t o

t h e a c t of t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s t h a n t h e f o r m s of t h e v e r b

c a b e r . --

L e t u s now g i v e a l is t o f i l l u s t r a t i v e e x a m p l e s i n S p a n i s h

w i t h t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b ~ r , a n d c a b e r . Note t h a t t h e e x a m p l e s

a r e n o t e q u a l l y w e i g h t e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e y&

v i s t h e p r i n c i p l e s a c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h r u l e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o --- d i f f u s e .

a . . As a n a u x i l i a r y , h a b e r o c c u r s i n t h e p e r f e c t t e n s e s o f

a l l t h e S p a n i s h v e r b s :

1 ) Yo h e ~ s t u d i a d o l a l ~ c c i d n . ( p r e s e n t p e r f e c t )

U I h a v e s t u d i e d t h e l e s s o n w

2) P e d r o h a b f a v i s i t a d o a s u h e r m a n a e n e l h o s p i t a l .

( p a s t p e r f e c t )

" P e d r o h a d v i s i t e d h i s sister a t t k e h o s p i t a l "

Page 181: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

3) T; h a b r d s l e i d o e l t e x t o c u a n d o e l semestre t e r m i n e .

( f u t u r e p e r f e c t )

ltYou w i l l h a v e r e a d t h e t e x t when t h e semester e n d s t t

4 ) P l i g u e l h a b r i a Fdo s i l o h u b i e r a s i n v i t a d o .

( c o n d i t i o n a l p e r f e c t - p a s t p e r f e c t i v e s u b j . )

t t M i g u e l would h a v e g o n e i f you h a d i n v i t e d him"

5) Dudo q u e R a f a e l h a y a e s t a d o e n l a f i e s t a , ( p r e s e n t

p e r f . s u b j . )

t t I d o u b t t h a t R a f a e l h a s b e e n a t t h e p a r t y n

b. A s a n i n f l e c t i o n a l f o r m , h a b e r o c c u r s i r t h e f u t u r e

i n d i c a t i v e o f a l l t h e v e r b s i n S p a n i s h , i n c l u d i n g

i t s e l f : (cf. T a b l e 42 a b o v e )

1 ) ~ e n s a r - e ' ( p e n s a r - < s , a/, emos, $n) co'mo h a c e r e l

e jercicic .

"1 ( y o u , h e , w e , t h e y ) w i l l t h i n k how t o do t h e

e x e r c i s e t t

c. I n I m p e r s o n a l C o n s t r u c t i o n s :

1 ) Hay muchos e s t u d i a n t e s e n S.F.U.

" T h e r e a r e many s t u d e n t s a t S . F . U b W

Page 182: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

2) Hubo t o r o s e n M a d r i d y B a r c e l o n a .

" T h e r e were b u l l f i g h t s i n M a d r i d a n d B a r ~ e l o n a ~ ~

3 ) ~ a b i a mucha g e n t e e n l a r e u n i d n .

" T h e r e were a l o t o f p e o p l e a t t h e m e e t i n g n

4 ) Hoy h a b r a / mucho s o l .

111t w i l l b e v e r y s u n n y t o d a y "

5) S i h u b i e r a h a b i d o n i e v e , y o h a b r i a i d o a l a montana .

"If t h e r e h a d b e e n snow, I would h a v e g o n e t o t h e

m o u n t a i n l l

1) Has d e s a l i r m a ~ a n a . 1 8

f l Y ~ ~ h a v e t o l e a v e t o m o r r o w n

e. Ifbe n e c e s s a r y v 1 ( i m p e r s o n a l ) :

1 ) H&y q u e s a l i r d e l a c a s a l o mds p r o n t o p o s i b l e .

"It i s n e c e s s a r y t o l e a v e t h e h o u s e a s s o o n a s

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1 ) Lee c u a n t o s l i b r o s p u e d a h a b e r .

"Read a l l t h e b o o k s ( y o u c a n f i n d ) t h e r e a r e . . . @ *

g. " m u s t n o t , p r o h i b i t i o n " :

1) No h a y q u e f u m a r e n l a s a l a p r i n c i p a l .

"No s m o k i n g i n t h e main rccm't

1 ) Mucho t i e m p o h a q u e n o te v e i a . 1 9

"1 h a d n o t s e e n you f o r a l o n g time ago t1

i. I n I d i o m a t i c E x p r e s s i o n s :

1) No h a y d e cgue/.

I1You a r e welcomew

2 ) No h a y e x c u s a q u e v a l g a .

"No b u t s a b o u t it"

3) No h a y ma1 q u e p o r b i e n no venga.

"It i s a b l e s s i n g i n d i s g u i s e "

4 ) No h a y q u e r a jarse.

1 6 8

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nKeep y o u r c h i n upf f

5) No h a y q u e d a r l e v u e l t a s .

@ , T h e r e i s no g e t t i n g a r o u n d it"

A l l t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n a b o v e w i t h t h e v e r b h a b e r o c c u r i n

o r d i n a r y d i s c o u r s e i n a n y d i a l e c t of L a t i n - A m e r i c a n S p a n i s h .

Now, o b s e r v e t h e most common e x p r e s s i o n s w i t h t h e v e r b

s a b e r : ---

a. A s c a n be o b s e r v e d b e l o w , t h e d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g s of t h e

verb s a b e r g l v e r ! i n e x a m p l e s (1-3) h a v e a p o s s i b l e

i n t e r c o n t e x t u a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n . T h l s i s t h e r e a s o n why

t h e y a r e c o l l a p s e d i n t o o n e s i n g l e g r o u p :

1 ) "to know":

P a b l o s a b e l o q u e l e o c u r r e a s u rnamg.

I lPab lo knows wha t h a p p e n s t o h i s mc the r I t

2) I t t o b e a b l e , t o know how":

L u i s s a b e p i n t a r .

" L u i s i s a b l e t o p a i n t "

3 ) I t t o know how, t o figure o u t f f :

L o s e s t u d i a n t ~ s s u p i e r o n r e s o l v e r e l ~ r o b l e m a .

Page 185: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

#!The s t u d e n t s knew how t o s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m "

b . " t o h a v e news1*:

1 ) E d u a r d o s a b e d e t u p a d r e .

" E d u a r d o h a s n e w s a b o u t y o u r f a t h e r u

C . l1to t a s t e o f n :

1) Eso s a b e a c e b o l l a .

" T h a t t a s t e s of o n i o n w

d m Itbe i n t h e h a b i t o f , b e u s e d t o n :

1 ) S a b e v e n i r p o r casa.

"He i s u s e d t o v i s i t u s f 1

e. l l T h a t is , camelyla:

1) A s a b e r :

" T h a t i s : l1

f. " D i f f i c u l t t o f i n d ou tw:

1 ) !Vete a s a b e r si v i e n e !

170

Page 186: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

llwho knows w h e t h e r h e w i l l comew

1) E l n o s u p o d d n d e meterse.

"He d i d n o t know w h e r e t o h i d e h i m s e l f 1 1 "

h. "An i n d e f i n a b l e s o m e t h i n g " :

1 ) E l l a t i e n e un n o se) que/ a g r a d a b l e .

IlShe h a s a n i n d e f i n a b l e s c m e t h i n g "

i. " b e a l w a y s i n f o r m e d o f e v e r y t h i n g t 1 :

1 ) P e d r o se l a s s a b e t o d a s .

"Pedro a l w a y s knows e v e r y t h i n g "

The c o n s t r u c t i o n s g i v e n i n (a-i) a b o v e a r e a l l p e r f e c t l y

common i n S p a n i s h . They are p a r t o f e v e r y s p e a k e r ' s e v e r y d a y

l a n g u a g e . O b s e r v e t h a t t h e v e r b s a b e r a p p e a r s i n more

c o n s t r u c t i o n s t h a n t h e v e r b h a b e r i n t h e l ist p r e s e n t e d a b o v e .

However, t h i s is n o t c r u c i a l b e c a u s e s a b e r i n n e v e r u s e d a s a n

a u x i l i a r y In S p a n i s h .

F i n a l l y , I w i l l a l s o p r e s e n t t h e most ccmmon c o n s t r u c t i o n s

Page 187: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

w i t h t h e v e r b c a b e r :

a . " t o f i t i n t o u :

1) E l l i b r o r o j o n o c u p 0 e n e l e s t a n t s pequei io .

UThe r e d book d i d n o t f i t o n t h e s m a l l s h e l f "

1 ) E s o no me cabe.

" T h a t d o e s n o t f i t meu

C. rnto h a v e e n o u g h room for f t :

1) No c a b e n m & s e n e s t a casa.

" T h e r e i s n o room f o r m o r e i n t h i s h o u s e u

d m " t o b e o v e r c o m e w i t h joy, t o b e p u f f e d up w i t h p r i d e w :

1 ) M i h e r m a c o ~ s t g q u e n o c a b e e n s; p o r q u e se g a n d 10s

d o s p r e m i o s .

"My b r o t h e r Is p u f f e d u p w i t h p r i d e b e c a u s e h e won

b o t h p r i z e s "

e m "be o p e ' s b u s i n e s s t t :

Page 188: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

1) No t e m e t a s e n l o q u e n o c a b e s .

n T h i s i s n o t y o u r b u s i n e s s n

f. "be a b l e toll:

1 ) Todo c a b e e n ese muchacho .

" T h a t b o y i s a b l e t o d o e v e r y t h i n g t 1

g . l1 to f a l l t o o n e ' s lo t " :

1) No mE c u p 0 t a l s u e r t e .

"1 was n o t so l u c k y n

h . "to a d a p t , t o g e t a c c u ~ t o m e d ~ ~ :

1 ) No q u e p o e n e s t a c a s a .

1 ' 1 c a n n o t a d a p t m y s e l f to t h i s homew

1) E s t o n o c a b e e n l o p o s i b l e .

NThis i s a b s o l u t e l y i m p o s s i b l e w

Page 189: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

j. " t o h a v e no d o u b t f t :

1) No c a b e l a menor d u d a .

" T h e r e i s n o d o u b t n

The c o n s t r u c t F o n s ( a - j ) p r e s e n t e d a b o v e w i t h t h e v e r b c a b e r

a r e a s common a s t h o s e w i t h h a b e r a n d s a b e r . T h e d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n t h e m d e p e n d s o n t h e number a n d k i n d s o f p o s s i b l e

c o n s ~ r u c t F o o s is which t h e y a p p e a r . What t h e e x a m p l e s a b o v e show

i s t h e v e r s a t i l i t y of t h e t h r e e v e r b s . The v e r s a t i l i t y o f h a b e r

o v e r t h e o t h e r t w o i s well e s t a b l i s h e d i n terms o f i t s f u n c t i o n

a s s n a u x i l i a r y v e r b . The v e r b s a b e r f u n c t i o n s d i f f e r e n t l y f r o m

c a b e r ; s a b e r h a s m u l t i p l e m e a n i n g w h i l e c a b e r e x a m p l e s c a n --- e s s e n t i a l l y b e r e d u c e d t o o n e m e a n i n g : c a b e r a l s o l l to f i t

i n t o s o m $ t h i n g t l a n d meter a l q o en a l q o " t o p u t s o m e t h i n g i n

s o m e t h i n g w .

So f a r , I h a v e p o i n t ~ d o u t t h a t t h e v e r b h a b e r o c c u r s i n

o r d i n a r y d i s c o u r s e more e x t e n s i v e l y t h a n s a b e r , a n d s a b e r more

t h a n c a b e r . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s , we c a n n o t e i n T a b l e s Q5-53

a b o v e t h a t more p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a p p l y t o h a b e r , fewer r u l e s

t o t h e v e r b s a b e r , a n d e v e n fewer t o c a b e r . T h e s e v e r b s .undergo

a d i f f e r e n t number of p h o n c l o g i c a l r u l e s . T h e s e r u l e s g r a d u a l l y

e x t e n d t h e i r s c o p e o f o p e r a t i o n t~ t h e l e x i c a l items a c r o s s t h e

v e r b s a s well a s a c r o s s t h e t e n s e s .

I n T a b l e 4 3 a b o v e , I s c h e m a t i z e d t h e g r a d u a l n e s s o f a

174

Page 190: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e i n which a l l o f t h e A ' s h a v e c h a n g e d i n t o

B ' s by t 5 , A c c o r d i n g t o Wang (1969: 1 8 ) , t h i s s o u n d c h a n g e c a n b e

s e e n a s "a p r o c e s s o f s u c c e s s i v e s i m p l i f i c a t i o n i n t h e

d i a c h r o n i c r u l e s t h a t w i l l u l t i m a t e l y h a v e t h e e f f e c t o f

e l i m i n a t i n g w h a t e v e r a l t e r n a t i o n was c a u s e d by t h e p r i m a r y

c o n t s x t w .

From t h i s p o i r i t o f v i e w , i n t h e c a s e o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r ,

s a b e r , a n d c a b e r , t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e c h a n g e h a v e n o t become ---- "re laxed11 e n o u g h , i n t h e s e n s e o f Wang, t o e l i m i n a t e t h e

a l t e r n a t i o n s s t i l l p r e s e n t i n t h e f o r m s o f t h e s e t h r e e S p a n i s h

v e r b s . It i s d i f f i c u l t t o p r e d i c t w h i c h l e x i c a l item i s g o i n g t o

b e a f f e c t e d , w h e t h e r t h e p r o c e s s w i l l become c o m p l e t e , o r how

l o n g i t is g o i n g t o b e i n o p e r a t i o n , A s I s t a t e d e a r l i e r , I am

n o t c o n c e r n e d i n t h i s t h e s i s w i t h t h e t e m p o r a l d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e

p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e , e v e n t h o u g h t h e y may b e e s t a b l i s h e d , a s

s u g g e s t s d b y Wang ( 1 9 6 9 ) . A c c o r d i n g t o him, sound c h a n g e s t a k e

v a r y i n g p e r i o d s o f time f o r t h e i r o p e r a t i o n , t h a t is , f rom

s e v e r a l y e a r s t o many c e n t u r i e s . * o

L e t u s r e t u r n t o t h e f o r m s of h a b e r i n T a b l e 4 5 a n d compare

t h e m w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m s g i v e n i n T a b l e 4 of t h e Data.

( s e e c h a p t e r 1, p , 24) T h e r e a r e t w o l e x i c a l items t h a t c o e x i s t

i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n p l u r a l w h i c h a r e hemos a n d habemos . It is

c l e a p t h a t p - d e l e t i o n ( r u l e 2 ) a n d Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n ( r u l e 7) a s

well a s r u l e s ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) , a n d (1 1 ) h a v e a p p l i e d t o t h e f i rs t fo rm

Page 191: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

b u t n o t t o t h e s e c o n d . C o n s e q u e n t l y , habemos i s an e x c e p t i o n t o

c h a n g e s w h i c h h a v e c o m p l e t e d t h e i r c o u r s e i n t h e p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v e . By t h e same t o k e n , a l l t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s

o f t h e v e r b s a b e r , e x c e p t ( 1 ) se [s;], mus t b e c o n s i d e r e d

e x c e p t i o n s t o p - d e l e t i o n a n d Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n .

From t h i s p o i n t o f v i e w , t h e i r r e g u l a r f o r m s o f t h e v e r b

h a b m are n o t t h o s e w h i c h t r a d i t i o n a l l y h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d ---

i r r e g u l a r i t i e s s u c h a s kg , h a ~ , kg, hemos, a n d hag, b u t r a t h e r

habemos w h i c h h a s n o t y e t b e e n made r e g u l a r by t h e p a r t i c u l a r ----- p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e 4 5 .

L e x i c a l items s u c h a s habemos , t h e i n f i n i t i v e f o r m s h a b e y

[a&] , -- s a b e r [ s z ~ & ] , a n d c a b e r [ k a p f l r ] , t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s

h a b i d o [ a p f a o ] , s a b i c l g [ s a p i a o ] , a n d c a b i d o [ k a p i b o ] , a s well a s ---- t h e p a s t i n d i c a t i v e a n d p a s t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s c f t h e same t h r e e

v e r b s a r e u n a l t e r e d f o r m s n o t o n l y i n terms of G r a d u a l D i f f u s i o n

o f p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s s u c h a s S p i r a n t i z a t i o n , p - d e l e t i o n a n d

Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n , b u t a l s o o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e c o n c e p t s o f

L I N E A R O R D E R o f a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s (Newton, 1970) a n d

RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION ( F o l e y , 1977) , a s w i l l b e d e m o n s t r a t e d

i n s e c t i o n 3 . 1 . 3 . be low. I n s e c t i o n 3 . I . Q . , I w i l l show t h a t t h e

a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e s e g m e n t [ $ I i n a l l o f t h e f o r m s m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e c a n a l s o b e a c c o u n t e d f o r by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e

INERTIAL DEVELOPMENT p r i n c i p l e p r o p o s e d by F o l e y ( 1977: 120) a n d

by a p h o n o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h stress a n d r o u n d n e s s of

1 7 6

Page 192: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t h e s u r r o u n d i n g v o w e l s .

I n c o n c l u s i o n , I h a v e shown i n t h i s s e c t i o n t h a t t h e

a l t e r n a t i o n s of t h e v e r b s &kg&, s a b e r , a n d c a b e r o b s e r v e d i n

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r e s e n t

s u b j u n c t i v 2 may be e x p l a i n e d i n a f a i r l y s i m p l e a n d n a t u r a l way

if we a s s u m e t h a t t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s g i v e n i n T a b l e s 45-53

a p p l y g r a d u a l l y a c r o s s t h e l e x i c o n .

3 . 1 , 3 S p i r a n t i z a t i o n gnJ > - d e l e t i o n . --

I f we l o o k a t T a b l e s 45-47 w h i c h p r e s e n t t h e d e r i v a t i o n s o f

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s of t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d

c a b e r , we c a n o b s e r v e t h a t ~ p i r a n t i z a t i o n ( r u l e 1 a n d r u l e 9 ) ---- a n d p - d e l e t i o n ( r u l e 2 a n d r u l e 1 0 ) a r e a l l o w e d t o a p p l y a t t w o

d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n of t h e s e f o r m s . Thsy h a v e

a p p l i e d t o t h e forms (1-5) of t h e v e r b h a b e r , l e t u s s a y a t t l ;

t h e n a t t 2 , b o t h r u l e s a p p l y a g a i n a n d a f f e c t o n l y t h e f i r s t

p e r s o n s i n g u l a r o f t h e v e r b s a b e r . No te t h a t c t h e r p r o c e s s e s

s u c h a s G l i d e F o r m a t i o n ( r u l e 3 ) , Pod D e l o t i o n ( r u l o 4 ) ,

M $ t a t h e s i s ( r u l e S), Vowel R e d u c t i o n ( r u l e 6) a n d L e n i t i o n ( r u l e

9 ) h s v a come i n t o o p e r a t i c n b e f o r e S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d ? - d e l e t i o n

a p p l y t o t h e f i r s t s i n g u l a r f o r m (1) of t h e v e r b s a b e r , N o t e

a l s o t h a t forms (2-5) o f t h e v e r b s a b e r a n d f o r m s (2-5) o f t h e

Page 193: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

v e r b c a b e r h a v e u n d e r g o n e o n l y s p i r a n t i z a t i o c .

I n s e c t i o n 3 . 1 . 2 . , w e e x p l a i n e d how t h e s e r u l e s o p e r a t e d

g r a d u a l l y t h r o u g h t h e f o r m s o f t h e t h r e e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d

c a b e r f o l l o w i c g t h e c o n c e p t o f L E X I C A L D I F F U S I O N o f p h o n o l o g i c a l ---

c h a n g e s a c r o s s t h e l e x i c o n . 8 - d e l e t i o n i s i n t h i s case a c l e a r

e x a m p l e o f t h i s phenomenon. However, t h e i n t e r e s t i n g q u e s t i o n

a b o u t S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d $ - d e l e t i o n i s w h e t h e r t h e y a r e t h e same

se t o r a d i f f e r e n t s e t o f r u l e s when t h e y a p p l y t o t h e f o r m s of

h a b e r a n d s a b e r I n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e . ---

To a c c o u n t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e two r u l e s h a v e a p p l i e d

a t d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n s cf T a b l e s 45-47 , t w o

a l t e r n a t i v e s are p o s s i b l e :

a . T h a t S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a c d p - d e l e t i o n a r e two r u l e s s t i l l

a c t i v e i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n when o t h e r p r o c e s s e s come i n t o

o p e r a t i o n , f o l l o w i n g t h e L I N E RULE i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

p r o p o s e d b y Newton ( 1 9 7 0 ) , o r

b. T h a t S ~ i r a r ~ t i z a t i o n a n d $ - d e l e t i o n a r e t w o

" p e r s i s t e n t ( l z t r u l e s , i . e . r u l e s w h i c h r e m a i n i n e f f e c t

" o v e r a l o n g p e r i o d o f time d u r i n g t h e h i s t o r y o f a

l a n g u a g e " ( S e e Newton, 1970: 4 3 ) , a n d e x e r t t h e i r

i n f l u e n c e w h ~ n e v e r n t h r o u g h t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e i r

c h a n g e s " t h e i r s t r u c t u r a l d e s c r i p t i o n c o m e s t o b e

f u l f i l l e d , a s c s n b e p o s t u l a t e d by p o i n t p h o n o l o g y .

Page 194: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

It is i m p o r t a n t t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t N e w t o n ' s c l a i m t h a t

'!the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f r u l e s a s l i n e s ( t h a t i s , i n t h e s e n s e o f

a l t e r n a t i v e (a) a b o v e ) i s b e t t e r a b l e t c h a n d l e c e r t a i n

pheno msna t h a n t h e p o i n t - r u l e a s s u m p t i o n o f c o n v e n t i o n a l

g e n e r a t i v e p h o n o l o g y (i .e. a l t e r n a t i v e ( b ) ) It. 22 ( S e e Newton,

L e t u s c o n s i d e r o n e e x a m p l e f rom t h e d i a l e c t o f L e s b o s

g i v e n by Newton: (cf. p.QO, e x a m p l e ( 6 ) )

TABLE 54.

' t h e y h a v e 1 ' h e h a s '

/ e x u n / / e x i / P a l , H . V 1 . EP m

P a l a t a l i z a t i o n -- I - - - - - - - - T

I n t h e e x a m p l e a b o v e , t h e r u l e o f P a l a t a l i z a t i o n f r o n t s t h e

v e l a r c o n s o n a n t /x / b e f o r e t h e f r o n t v o w e l /i/ a n d ~ i g h Vowel

L o s s d e l e t e s u n s t r e s s e d h i g h v o w e l s i f t h e r u l e s c p e r a t e i n t h a t

o r d e r ; E p e n t h e s i s i n s e r t s a n [ i ] b e t w e e n c e r t a i n p a i r s o f

c o n s o n a n t s i n word f i n a l p o s i t i o n . Newton c l a i m s t h a t

P a l a t a l i z a t i o n p r e c e d e s H i g h Vowel L o s s a n d t h e r e l a t i o n

H i g h vowel l o s s e x n . e x 1

E p e n t h e s i s e x i n - P a l a t a l i z a t i o n ex ' i n -

L

I - - - - - -. , - / -

/

#

- C

*

Page 195: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

i n v o l v e d w i l l b e l t c o u n t e r - b l e e d i n g w f t h a t is, P a l a t a l i z a t i o n

b e g i n s b e f o r e High Vowel L o s s b e g i n s ; t h i s r u l e p r e c e d e s

pen thesis a n d t h e r e l a t i o n i n v o l v e d w i l l be l * c o u n t e r - f s e d i n g l l ,

t h a t i s , H i g h Vowel L o s s e n d s b e f o r e E p e n t h e c i s b e g i n s ; a n d

f i n a l l y , E p e n t h e s i s p r e c e d e s P a l a t a l i z a t i c n , a n d t h e r e l a t i o n

i n v o l v e d i n t h i s c a s e i s " f e e d i n g t l , t h a t is, E p e n t h e s i s b e g i n s

b e f o r e P a l a t a l i z a t i o n e n d s . Newton i n t e r p r e t s t h i s e x a m p l e a s

i n d i c a t i n g t h a t P a l a t a l i z a t i o n i s a r u l e s t i l l a c t i v e i n t h e

d e r i v a t i o n when High Vowel L o s s a n d E p e n t h e s i s o p e r a t e o n t h e

f o r m s i n v o l v e d , a s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n T a b l e 5 4 a b o v e .

N e v e r t h e l e s s , Newton a d d s t h a t i n t h e c a s e o f [ e x 1 i n ] i n

T a b l e 5 4 , p o i n t p h o n o l o g y c a n p o s t u l a t e t h e e x i s t e n c e of a

persist ant^ r u l e o f P a l a t a l i z a t i o n , a n d t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s w i l l b e g e n e r a t e d a s well. T h i s i s t h e r e a s o n

why I prefer t o g i v e a n o t h e r e x a m p l e ( s e e T a b l e 55 below) i n

which i t is n o t p o s s i b l e t o t r e a t a p h c n o l o g i c a l r u l e a s

p e r s i s t e n t i n t h i s s e n s e . T h i s e x a m p l e i s g i v e n by Newton

(1970:42) . It i s a h y p o t h e t i c a l d e r i v a t i o n s u g g e s t e d by

c o n s o n a n t a l c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h / N / i n H c d e r n G r e e k .

Page 196: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T A B L E 55.

N a s a l a s s i m i l a t i o n 8 8 x -- F r i c a t i v i t y a s s i m i l a t i o n -- N8x

C l u s t e r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n Bx Nx

N a s a l a s s i m i l a t i o n -- x x

I n t h i s e x a m p l e , Newton c l a i m s t h a t i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o t r e a t

N a s a l A s s i m i l a t i o n a s a p e r s i s t e n t r u l e , b e c a u s e i f i' were,

t h e n it w o u l d h a v e t o a p p l y e v e r y time a p o t e n t i a l i n p u t a r i s e s .

An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d e r i v a t i o n i n T a b l e 5 5 s h o w s t h a t t h e

[NBx] a r i s i n g f rom /Ntx/ is n o t i n f a c t a c t e d o n by N a s a l

A s s i m i l a t i o n .

Let u s now r e t u r n t o T a b l e 4 6 i n 3 .1 .2 . o f t h i s c h a p t e r a n d

o b s e r v e t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r (1) [se']. I n

l i g h t o f N e w t o ~ ~ s a r g u m e n t a t i o n , I w i l l p u t a s i d e a l t e r n a t i v e

v i z . t h a t p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a r e t l p e r s i s t e n t " , f o r o u r c a s e ( b ) f --

i n S p a n i s h s i n c e i f p - d e l e t i o n ( r u l e 10) h a d b e e n a p e r s i s t e n t

r u l e , i t would h a v e a c t e d e v e r y time a p o t e n t i a l i n p u t h a d

a r i s e n , a n d a n e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d e r i v a t i o n s i n T a b l e s 4 6 a n d

47 ( v e r b s s a b e r a n d c a b e r ) s h o w s t h a t t h e f o r m s (2-5) o f t h e

f i r s t v e r b a n d f o r m s (1-5) o f t h e s e c o n d a r e n o t i n f a c t a c t e d

on by 8 - d e l e t i c n . C o n s e q u e n t l y , I p r c p c s e t h a t a l t e r n a t i v e ( a ) ,

Page 197: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

v i z . t h a t S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a r d ? - d e l e t i o n a r e two r u l e s s t i l l --- a c t i v e i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n when c t h e r p r o c e s s e s come i n t o

o p e r a t i o n , is t h e a c c e p t a b l e o n e f o r t h e c a s e o f t h e v e r b s

h a b p r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r i n S p a n i s h .

T h a t N e w t o n ' s mode l of a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a s

d e s c r i b e d i n a l t e r n a t i v e ( a ) a b o v e i s c o m p a t i b l e u i t h t h e

c o n c e p t o f LEXICAL DIFFUSION of p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s c a n b e

d e m o n s t r a t e d a s follows: S p i r a ~ t i z a t i o n ( r u l e 1) a n d p - d e l e t i o n

( r u l e 2) a p p l y i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n c f t h e f o r m s cf h a b e r , s a b e r

a n d c a b e r i n t h e s e n s e of a l t e r n a t i v e ( a ) ; r u l e s (1-2) i n T a b l e

4 5 a p p l y t o t h e f o r m s cf t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e o f h a b e r a t t l .

T h e p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s c o c t i n u e s i t s c o u r s e , a n d r u l e s s u c h a s

G l i d e F o r m a t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel R e d u c t i o n , Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n

a n d L e n i t i o n o p e r a t e o n t h e f o r m s o f h a b e r i n T a b l e 4 5 a s well

a s o n t h e f o r m s o f s a b e r i n T a b l e 46 . ~ e a n w h i l e , r u l e s (1-2) are

s t i l l a c t i v e . T h e n , a t t 2 , r u l e ( 9 ) a p p l i e s t o t h e f o r m s (1-5)

of s a b e r a n d t o (2-5) of c a b e r ; t h e s e t o f r u l e s (9-10) a p p l i e s

o n l y t o t h e f o r m of t h e p r e s e n t i n a i c a t i v e o f s a b e r i n T a b l e 4 6 ,

b u t n o t t o t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g o n e o f c a b e r . T h i s Is a c a s e w h i c h

s h o w s t h a t t h i s p a i r of r u l e s h e s a p p l i e d g r a d u a l l y t h r o u g h t h e

l e x i c a l i t ems o f t h e s e t h r e e v e r b s . Note t h a t r u l e (8) b e g i n s t o

o p e r a t e on t h e forms (1-5) o f s a b e r a n d (2-5) o f c a b e r b e f o r e

r u l e s (9 -10) e n d , i .e . t h e y a re i n a f e e d i n g r e l a t i o n .

It h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t , e v e n t h o u g h S p i r a n t i z a t i o n

182

Page 198: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

a n d $ - d e l e t i o n a r e sti l l a c t i v e i n t h e s e n s e o f Newton when

r u l e s (3-8) como i n t o o p e r a t i o n , t h e f irst twc d o n o t a p p l y t o

all f o r m s of t h e t h r e e v e r b s a t t h e same time b u t r a t h e r

g r a d u a l l y a c r o s s t h e m . T h i s e x p l a i n s why r u l e s (9-10) h a v e n o t

a p p l i e d i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n s of s a b e r i n T a b l e s 4 3 a n d 52 a n d of

c a b e r i n T a b l e s 50 a n d 53. ---

However, a s was p r o p o s e d i n 3.1.2,, t h e g r a d u a l a p p l i c a t i o n

o f a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c a s e b y

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d 3 - d e l e t i o n i s n o t d e t e r m i c e d a r b i t r a r i l y o r

by more w o r k a b i l i t y a l o n g t h e d e r i v a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s

45-53, b u t b y g r a m m a t i c a l c o c d i t i o n s . The f o r m s of h a b e r h a v e

b e e n more s u s c e p t i b l ~ t o b e i n g a c t e d u p o n by t h e s e r u l e s t h a n

t h e rest of t h e f o r m s i n T a b l e s 45-53. T h i s i s d u e t o t h s

s p e c i a l a n d f r e q u e n t u s e of h a b e r a s a n a u x i l i a r y v e r b . T h e

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n ' t h e t h r e e v e r b s u n d e r a n a l y s i s d e p e n d s o n t h e

number a n d k i n d s of common c o n s t r u c t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e y o c c u r . A s

we showed i r . 3 .1 .2 . , t h e v e r b s a b e r f u n c t i o n s - d i f f e r e n t l y f r o m

t h e v e r b c a b e r ; saber h a s m u l t i p l e m e a n i n g w h i l e c a b e r d o e s n o t .

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d ? - d e l e t i o n c a n a l s o b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s a

r u l e schema , i n t h e s e n s e of F o l e y (1977:73), t h a t is , a s "a

s t a t ~ m e n t o f a p h o n o l c g i c a l p r o c e s s which i s a n a b b r e v i a t i o n f o r

t h e e x p a n s i o n i n t o p h o n o l o g l c a l r u l e s u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s

p r e s c r i b e d by t h e i c e q u c l i t y c o n d l t i o n u . The r u l e s c h e m a

r e p r e s e n t e d b y S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d p - d e l e t i o n i n t h e c a s e of t h e

Page 199: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

s a b e r a n d c a b e r h a s b e e n i n t e r r u p t e d b y a s u b s e t v e r b s h a b e r , o f r u l e s s u c h a s G l i d ~ F o r m a t i o n , Yod D e l e t i c n , M e t a t h e s i s ,

Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n , Vowel R e d u c t i o n a c d L e n F t i o n . 2 3

The e s s u m p t i c n made i n t h e p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h , I&. t h a t

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d ? - d e l e t i o n a re i n t e r r u p t e d r u l e s , i s b a s e d o n

t h e p r i n c i p l e o f RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION t h a t f o r m a l l y r a a d s a s

fol l3w.s:

(48) " A p h o n o l o g l c a l r u l e c a n a p p l y a t d i f f e r e n t t imes i n a d e r i v a t i o n . . . I i d o e s n o t n e e d t o a p p l y c o c t i g u c u s l y . . . A n o t h e r r u l e may b e I n s e r t e d b e t w e e n t h e s u b - p e r t s o f a n a b s t r a c t r u l e schemat t (cf. F o l e y , 1977: 73)

Let u s f i r s t p r e s e n t a c l ea r c a s e o f i n t e r r u p t e d r u l e s

g i v e n by F o l e y (1977 :73) i n o r d e r t o e x e m p l i f y how h i s p r i n c i p l e

o f RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION w o r k s i n t h e t h e c r y o f g e n e r a t i v e

p h o n o l o g y . After d o i n g t h i s , I w i l l ' d ~ m o n s t r a t e t h a t

S p i r a n t i z a t i o c a n d ? - d e l e t i o n i n t h e c a s e o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r ,

s a b e r a n d c a b e r r e p r e s e n t a n o t h e r c a s E o f i n t e r r u p t e d r u l e s i n ---

S p a n i s h .

A c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y (1 977: 7 3 ) , r u l e s s u c h a s E l i - s i o n i n

S p a n i s h f i r s t s i n g u l a r v e r b forms a p p l y a t d i f f e r e n t times,

d e p e n d i n g o n t h e number o f p r e c e d i n g c o n s o n a n t s , b y t h e r u l e

g i v e n i n ( 4 9 ) be low:

Page 200: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

(43) Vowel E l i s i o n

e ===> p( /cn-- + V (1 f n 5 m)

w i t h m=2

Vowel E l i s i o n g i v e n i n (49) a b o v e s e y s t h a t t h e vowel 2 i s

e l i d e d a f t e r 2 number o f c o n s o n a n t s when i t i s f o l l o w e d by a

vowel s e p a r a t e d by morpheme b o u n d a r y . ( 1 f n f m ) means t h a t t h e

v a r i a b l e n v a r i e s f r o m t h e c o n s t a n t 1 t o t h e v a r i a b l e m where m

i s d e f i n e d f o r S p a n i s h a s 2. Then , + must h e v e t h e v a l u e s 1 , a n d

2 . F u r t h e r m o r e , a c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y , r u l e ( 4 9 ) c o n s i s t s o f two

s u b r u l e s w h i c h a r e g i v e n i n ( 5 0 ) a n d (51) :

R u l e s (50) a n d (51.), w h i c h a p p l y i n t h i s o r d e r , a c c o u n t f o r t h e

d e r i v a t i o n of forms s u c h 8s h a q o [;yo], f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r o f

t h e v e r b h a c e r " t o maken i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d v e n z p

[ b & s o ] , f i rs t p a r s o n s i n g u l a r of t h e v e r b v e n c e r " t o c o n q u e r v t

in t h e s a m e t e n s e .

A c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y (1977: 73) , Vowel E l i s i o n o c c u r s i n haqp

b e f o r e --- v e n z o a s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n (52) b e l o w :

Page 201: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

venk-e-o hak-e-o

I 1

venk-o

hak-o ( V E I )

I 1

I n o r d e r t o g e n e r a t e t h e correct p h o n e t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

o f b o t h forms h a q o a n d v e n z o , F o l e y p r o v i d e s a s o l u t i o n

p o s t u l a t i n g h i s t h e o r y of i n t e r r u p t e d r u l e s c h e m a t a which

s t a t e s :

a . T h a t r u l e s c h e m a t a a p p l y l i n e a r l y , i . e m r u l e ( A ) b ~ f o r e

(B) ;

b. T h a t p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a re a n a l y z a b l e , i .e . r u l e s c a n

b e r e g a r d e d a s o n e , twc, t h r e e , f o u r , o r more s e p a r a t e

r u l e s ;

c. T h a t r u l e s c h e m a t a a re i ~ t e r r u p t a b l e .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , F o l e y p r o p o s e s t h a t b e t w e e n s u b p a r t s (50) a n d

(5 1) o f Vowel E l i s i o n i n h a q o a n d v e n z o , A s s i b i l a t i o n a p p l i e s .

T h i s i s shown i n t h e f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i o n :

(53) venk-e-o hak-e -o

11 h a k o (VE 1)

venz-8-0 II A s s i b i l a t i o n .

vcnz-o II (VE2)

11 h a g o ( L e n i t i o n ) .

Page 202: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

I h a v e p r e s e n t e d a case of s i n g l e i n t e r r u p t i o n g i v e n by

F o l e y w h e r e t h e e x p a n s i o n of a s i n g l e r u l e schema h a s b e e n

i n t e r r u p t e d b y a d i f f e r e n t r u l e . H e a l s o c o n s i d e r s o n e e x a m p l e

o f m u t u a l i n t e r r u p t i o n ( F r e n c h S y n c o p e a n d D i ~ h t h o n g i z a t i o n ( c f .

p . 8 3 ) ) w h e r e two r u l e s , i n t h e i r e x p a n s i o n , i n t e r r u p t e a c h

o t h e r . N o t e t h a t t h e r e s u l t s of a n a n a l y s i s i n terms of L E X I C A L

DIFFUSION a n d N e w t o n l s L I N E A R MODEL may b e e q u i v a l e n t t o a n

a n a l y s i s F n terms of F o l e y l s INTERRUPTED RULE SCHEMATA w i t h t h e

c o n c e p t o f LEXICAL DIFFUSION. , However , t h e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e

c o r r e c t t h e o r e t i c amalgam i s o u t s i d e t h e s c o p e o f t h i s t h o s i s .

L 2 t u s now r e t u r n t o o u r c a s e of h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e y .

T h e f a c t t h a t S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d p - d e l e t i o n h a v e a p p l i e d t o t h e

f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r form [sg] of s a b e r a n d n o t t o t h e f i rst

p e r s o n s i n g u l a r [kgpo] of c a b e r i s n o t i r r e g u l a r o r

i n e x p l i c a b l e . It h a s a l r e a d y b e e n d e m c n s t r a t e d how t h e s e r u l e s

a p p l y g r a d u a l l y t h r o u g h t h e l e x i c a l items o f t h e t h r e e v e r b s

u n d e r a n a l y s i s i n l i g h t of t h e c o n c e p t o f LEXICAL DIFFUSION, It

has a l s o b e e n shown t h a t S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d ? - d e l e t i o n ace s t i l l

a c t i v e i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n w h i l e c t h e r p r o c e s s e s s u c h a s G l i d e

F o r m a t i o n , Yod D e l e t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel R ~ d u c t i o n , Vowel

C o n t r a c t i o n , a n d L e n i t i o n come i n t c o p e r a t i . c n . I n t h e c a s e of

[ k d P o ] , S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d l ) - d e l e t i o n d o n o t a p p l y u n t i l

1 8 7

Page 203: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

L e n i t i o n a p p l i e s . T h i s was b a s e d on t h e c o n c e p t o f L I N E A R O R D E R

o f a p p l y i n g p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s (Newton, 1 9 7 0 ) . Based o n t h e

p r i n c i p l e o f RULE SCHEHR ~ N T E R R U P T I O N p r o p o s e d by F o l e y ( 1 3 7 7 ) .

I a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d p - d e l e t i o n h a v e b e e n

i n t e r r u p t e d b y a s u b s e t o f r u l e s t h a t a r e G l i d e F o r m a t i o n , Yod

D e l e t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel R e d u c t i o n , Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n a n d

L e n i t i o n , s t i l l w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n t h a t s u c h a n i n t e r z u p t i o n

a p p l i e s i n r e l a t i o n t o p a r t i c u l a r l e x i c a l i tems a n d n o t

g e n e r a l l y a c r o s s t h e l e x i c o n , i .e. w i t h t h e p r i n c i p l e o f L e x i c a l

D i f f u s i o n . The f a c t + h a t S p i r a n t i z a t i o n h a s n o t a p p l i e d t o t h e

form [ k d p o ] o f c a b e r i n T a b l e 47 b u t h a s a p p l i e d t o f o r m s (2-5)

o f t h e s a m e v e r b s h o w s t h a t t h e f i r s t c o n d i t i o n o f t h e t h e o r y of

interrupted r u l e s c h e m a t a , viz. t h a t r u l e s c h e m a t a a p p l y

l i n e a r l y , i s met. I n o t h e r w o r d s , S p i r a n t i z a t i o n i s a r u l e t h a t

c h a n g e s /b/ t o [ P I , /d/ t o ~ $ 1 , a c d /g/ t o /Y/ i n a n e n v i r o n m e n t

b e t w e e n t w o v o w e l s o n l y i f L e n i t i o r , wh ich c h a n g e s /p/ t o [ b ] ,

/ t / t o [ d l , a n d /k / t o [ g ] h a s a p p l i e d b e f o r e . Of c o u r s e , i f

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a p p l i e d b e f o r e eni it ion o r p - d e l e t i o n b e f o r e

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e f o r m s g i v e n i n T a b l e s

45-47, i t would n o t o n l y g i v e i n c o r r e c t r e s u l t s , b u t would a l s o

v i o l a t e t h e u n i v e r s a l c o n d i t i o n s on ~ p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d

7 - d ~ l e t i o n , t h a t i s , a c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y ( 1 9 7 7 : 7 4 ) , c o n d i t i o n s o n

u n i v e r s a l s c h e m a t a w h i c h d e t e r m i n e t h e i r e x p a n s i o n , a s well a s

L L h e . p a r o c h i a l c o n d i t i o n s , w h i c h a r e t h e l a n g u a g e s p e c i f i c

c o n d i t i o n s o n t h e o p e r a t i o n of u c i v e r s a l r u l e s .

Page 204: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

However, a s was s t a t e d a b o v e i n 3.1.2., S p i r a n t i z a t i o n h a s

n o t a p p l i e d t o t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r [ k b o ] o f c a b e r b u t h a s

a p p l i e d t o f o r m s (2-5) o f t h e same v e r b . T h i s s h o w s t h a t t h e

t h i r d c o n d i t i c n o f t h e t h e o r y , y&. t h a t r u l e s c h e m a t a a r e

i n t e r r u p t a b l e , is a l s o met, p r o v i d e d t h a t s u c h an i n t e r r u p t i o n

c a n s p p l y i n r e l a t i o n t o s p e c i f i c l e x i c a l items, i .e .

d i f f e r e n t i a l l y a c r o s s t h e l e x i c o n a s r e q u i r e d b y t h e G r a d u a l

iffu us ion h y p o t h e s i s .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , I h a v e shown i n t h i s s e c t i o n how

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d ? - d e l e t i o n , w h i c h a r e a l l o w e d t o a p p l y a t t w o

d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n of t h e v a r i o u s f o r m s o f t h e

v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r , c a n be a c c o u n t e d f o r v i a t h r e e

i m p o r t a n t c o n c e p t s p r o p c s e d i n t h e t h e o r y o f g e n e r a t i v e

p h o n o l o g y , n a m e l y LEXICAL DIFFUSION (Wang, 1 3 6 9 ) , LINEAR O R D E R

(Newton, 1970) , a n d RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION ( P o l e y , 1 9 7 7 ) ,

p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e f i r s t i s ccmbi r i ed w i t h e i t h e r o f t h e o t h e r

two.

3 . 1 . 4 C o n d i t i o n s on p d e l e t i o n . --- ------

I n 3.1.2. a n d 3.1.3., i t was d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e

c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n e t i o n [ p - 8 1 o b s e r v e d i n t h e p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v e , p r e t ~ r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d resent s u b j u n c t i v e of t h e

189

Page 205: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r may be e x p l a i n e d i n a f a i r l y s i m p l e

a n d n a t u r a l way i f we a s s u m e t h a t t h e p h o n c l o g i c a l r u l e s g i v e n

i n T a b l e s 45-53 a p p l y g r a d u a l l y a c r o s s t h e l e x i c o n a s p r o p o s e d

b y Wang ( 1 9 6 9 ) , From t h i s p o i n t o f v i e w , t h e s e t h r e e v e r b s a r e

r e a s o n a b l y a s s u m e d t o b e c o n d i t i o n e d by grammar t o u n d e r g o a

d i f f e r e n t number o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s w h i c h h a v e g r a d u a l l y

e x t e n d e d t h e i r s c o p e o f o p e r a t i c n t o t h e l e x i c a l items a c r o s s

t h ~ v e r b s w i t h i n a n d a c r o s s t h e t e n s e ~ a r a d i g m s ,

F o r e x a m p l e , it was s t a t e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e

forms [e'], [a's], [a'], [ k o s ] , [ a h ] of h a b e r a n d t h e f i r s t p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r [se/] o f s a b e r h a v e b e e n a f f e c t e d b y mos t o f t h e r u l e s

g i v e n i n T a b l e s 45-46, t h a t f e w e r r u l e s h a v e a p p l i e d t o t h t r es t

o f t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e forms o f s a b e r a n d a11 p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f c a b e r , a n d t h e t t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r

f o r m quep_o [ k d p o ] o f t h o v e r b c a b e r h a s n o t b e e n a f f e c t e d b y the

p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s c o n s i d e r e d .

However, why t h e c o n s o n a n t [ P I s t i l l r e m a i n s i n i n f i n i t i v e /

forms s u c h a s [ a p e r ] , i n t h e p a s t t e n s e f o r m s s u c h a s [ a p i a ] ,

a n d i n p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s s u c h a s [ ap i ao ] is s t i l l n o t c o m p l e t e l y

c l e a r i n o u r a n a l y s i s a n d r e q u i r e s f u r t h e r c o m m e n t a r y .

T h u s , I w i l l show i n t h i s f o u r t h s u b s e c t i o n t h a t t h e

a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e i n t e r v o c a l i c s e g m e n t [ P I i n t h e i n f i n i t i v e ,

p a s t p a r t i c i p l e , a n d p a s t t e n s e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e g , s a b e r

190

Page 206: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

a n d c a b e r c a n b e e x p l a i n e d p h o n o l o g i c a l l y i n terms of stress a n d

r o u n d n e s s of t h e s u r r o u n d i n g v o w e l s .

F o l e y (1977: 120) p r o p c s e s t h e I n e r t i a l Deve lopment

P r i n c i p l e w h i c h d e t e r m i n e s p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e by t h e c o n d i t i o n

t h a t s t r e n g t h e n i n g a p p l i e s p r e f e r e n t i a l l y a n d m o s t e x t e n s i v e l y

t o s t r o n g e l e m e n t s i n s t r o n g e n v i r o n m e n t s , a n d b y t h e c o n d i t i o n

. t h a t w e a k e n i n g a p p l i e s p r e f e r e n t i a l l y a n d m o s t e x t e n s i v e l y t o

weak e l e m e n t s i n weak e n v i r o n m e n t s .

F o l e y i l l u s t r a t e s t h i s p r i n c i p l e a s f o l l o w s . I n N o r t h

Gsrman, F o l e y c l a i m s , t h e w e a k e s t v o i c e d s t o p /g / weakens

f u r t h e r ( s p i r a n t i z e s ) i n weak ( i n t e r v o c a l i c ) p o s i t i o n , b u t t h e

s % r o n g e r elemerits /d/ a n d /b/ r e m a i n u n a f f e c t e d . I n D a n i s h ,

a f t e r /g/ a n d /d/ s p i r a n t i z e , /{/ b u t n o t /a/ is e l i d e d : kayg

-- --> &si t h o u g h b i a e ==> idem. ( c f . F o l e y , 1977: 32) I n S p a n i s h ,

a c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y , p h o n o l o g i c a l l y weak e l e m e n t s a r e n o t o n l y

more l i a b l e t o f u r t h e r w e a k e n i n g , b u t a l s o u n d e r g o more

e x t e n s i v e w e a k e n i n g t h a n t h e i r p h o n o l o g i c a l l y s t r o n g e r

c o n g e n e r s . F o r e x a m p l e , L a t . kc w e a k e n s b y o n l y c n e u n i t ( b u c c a

-- --> b o c a [ b 6 k a ] t9mouth" ) , w h i l e t h e w e a k e r /k/ w e a k e n s b y two

u n i t s ( L a t . z m i c a ==> amLqa [ a m i y a ] ) . S i m i l a r l y , /b / weak2ns b y

o n l y o n e u n i t ( L a t . h a b g r e ==> h a b e r [ a b g r ] ) , w h i l e t h e

p h o n o l o g i c a l l y w e a k e r /d/ w e a k e n s by t w o u n i t s ( L a t . c r e d e r e ==>

c r e d e r ==> creer [ k r e d r ] ) . F o l e y a l s o l is ts e x a m p l e s f r o m --- --

d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e s s u c h a s ~ u r i a t M o n g o l i a n , C z e c h , ~ a n s k r i t ,

Page 207: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

Kasem, Modern G r e e k , a n d D a n i s h s h c w i n g f i r s t t h a t v e l a r s a r e

w e a k e r t h a n l a b i a l s o r d e n t a l s , a n d s e c o n d t h a t v e l a r s a n d

d e n t a l s a r e w e a k e r t h a n l a b i a l s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , e c c o r d i n g t o

F o l e y , v e l a r s a re t h e w e a k e s t c o n s o n a n t s f o r t h e y u n d e r g o

f u r t h e r w e a k e n i n g , w h e t h e r of v o i c e d s t o p s t o c o n t i n u a n t s o r o f

t o t a l e l i s i c n ; o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , l a b i a l s a r e t h e s t r o n g l s t f o r

t h e y o r t h e i r r e f l e x e s r e m a i n w h i l e v e l a r s a n d d e n t a l s weaken.

T h i s c a n b e e x p l a i n e d s i m p l y if we c o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g

e x a m p l e s : (cf. F o l e y , 1977: 3 2 )

a . S p a n i s h I n t e r v o c a l i c CJ ( r e a l f l r o y a l t l ( L a t . r e q a l i s ) a n d a (=go t t ~ b e l i s v e t ' ( L a t . c r e d o ) d r o p b u t l a b i a l b ( h a b e r (

L a t . habe'rts) r e m a i n s .

b . F r e n c h i n t e r v o c a l i c v e l a r s ( l i r e ( L a + . l a q e r e , a m i e ( L a t .

a m i c a ) a n d d e n t a l s ( c r c i r e L a t . c r & i E r e , y&(Lat. v i t a ) -- d r o p , b u t l a b i a l ~ ( a v o r E ( L a t . h a b B r e , r i v e ( ~ a t , r i p a )

r e m a i n .

B a s e d o n a l l t h e f a c t s p r e s e n t e d a b o v e , F c l e y s h o w s t h a t

h i s I n e r t i a l D e v e l o p m e n t P r i n c i p l e cac s t a t e

a . t h e u n i v e r s a l rule [ + v o i c e , 4 n ] ==> [+cant ] / P --- V, t h a t is , t h a t v o i c e d s t o p c o n s o n a n t s become c o n t i n u a n t s

b e t w e e n v o w e l s , i n which t h e o p e r a t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e 1

s t r e n g t h o f t h e c o n s o n a n t o n t h e a l p h a p a r a m e t e r ; z *

b . the u n i v e r s a l c c n d l t i o n t h a t t h e r u l e a p p l i e s

Page 208: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p r e f e r e n t i a l l y t o weak c o n s o n a n t s ; a n d

c. t h e p a r o c h i a l c o n d i t i o n s which s p e c i f y t h e v a l u e p f o r

p a r t i c u l a r l a n g u a g e s . F o r e x a m p l e , i n German t h e v a l u e

o f p i s 1 s i n c e the v o i c e d s t o p /g / s p i r a n t i z e s w h i l e

/d/ a n d /b/ r e m a i n u n a f f e c t e d . I n D a n i s h , t h e v a l u e o f 2

i s 2 s i n c e b o t h /g/ a n d /d / s p i r a n t i z e . I n .Span i sh , t h e

v a l u e o f n i s 3 s i n c e t h e t h r e e v o i c e d s t o p s e g m e n t s b

s p i r a n t i z e .

I f we c o n s i d e r t h e v e r b s h a x g , s a b e r a n d c a b e r t h a t h a v e

b e ~ n a n a l y z e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n s o f t h i s c h a p t s r , t h e

f a c t t h a t t h e c o n s o n a n t $ 1 s t i l l r e m a i n s i n t h e i n f i n i t i v e

f o r m s [ a ? & 1, [sag;, 1, a n d [ kap& ] c o u l d a p p a r e n t l y b e p r e d i c t e d

by F o l e y l s I n e r t i a l D e v e l o p m e c t P r i n c i p l e i l l u s t r a t e d a b o v e .

However, c o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m s o f t h e t h r e e v e r b s :

TABLE 5 6 .

HABER SABER

(a) h e se

141 I se'l

( b ) habemos s a b e m o s

apdmos 1 [ sape'mos 1

(c) h a b i d o s a b i d o

r a ~ i 2 0 ~ [ s a p i J o ]

CABER

q u e p o

L kelp0 I

c a b e m o s

[ kage'mos ]

c a b i d o

[ k a ~ i a o ]

The f a c t t h a t t h e i n t e r v o c a l i c [ P I h a s b e e n d r o p p e d i n t h e f i r s t

Page 209: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p e r s o n s i n g u l a r f c r m s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r a n d s a b e r g i v e n i n ( a )

o f T a b l e 56 a b o v e a a d t h a t t h e s a m e s e g m e n t h a s r e m a i n e d i n

f o r m s ( b ) a n d (c) o f t h e same v e r b s c a n n o t be a c c o u n t e d f o r

c o m p l e t e l y by t h e p a r o c h i a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r S ~ a n i s h e s t a b l i s h e d

by F o l e y (1977:32) w h i c h s p e c i f y t h a t i n r e r v o c a l i c /g/ a n d /d /

d r o p w h i l 5 l a b i a l /b/ r e m a i n s .

I n t h e first s e c t i o n of t h i s c h a p t e r , I showed t h a t t h e

c o n s o n a n t a l a l t e r n a t i o n s m a n i f e s t e d by t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r

a n d c a b e r i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e , a n d

p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e c a n b e h a n d l e d o n l y i f we a s s u m e t h a t a

p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s h a s a p p l i e d g r a d u a l l y a c r o s s t h e l e x i c a l

i tems a n d e l s o a c r o s s t h e t e n s e s . F u ~ t h e r m c r e , I showed i n t h e

same s e c t i o n t h a t t h e t h r e ~ v e r b s u n d e r a n a l y s i s a r e c o n d i t i o n e d

by grammar a n d common a n d v a r i e d u s a g e t o u n d e r g o a d i f f e r e n t

number o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s . However, why t h e c o n s o n a n t [ p J

s t i l l r e m a i n s i n t h e i n f i n i t i v e f o r m s [ a ~ & r ] , [ s a p & r ] , a n d

[ k a g g r ] a s well as i n t h e p l u r a l f o r m s ( b ) a n d t h e p a s t

p a r t i c i p l e f o r m s (c) g i v e n i n T a b l e 56 a b o v e c a n be e x p l a i n e d

o n l y i f a p h o n o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h stress o f t h e

s u r r o u n d i n g v o w e l s i s a d d e d t o t h e g e n e r a l l y s t a t e d p a r o c h i a l

c o n d i t i o n s o f p - d e l e t i o n p r o p o s e d by F o l e y ( 1 977:32) a n d t o o u r

a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d i n 3 .1 .2 . a n d 3.1.3.

' N o t e t h a t t h e [PI w h i c h a p p e a r s i n e x a m p l e s (b ) a n d ( c ) i n

T a b l e 56 a b o v e i s I n p r ~ t o n i c p o s i t i o n a n d t h e s t r e s s e d vowel i s

Page 210: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

a f r o n t v o w e l . O b s e r v e now e x a m p l e s ( a -c ) g i v e n b e l o w i n T a b l e

57 :

TABLE 5 7 .

n a v a ja

c a b a l l o

d e b e r e s

a b o n o

b a b o s a

a r r i b d

a b u l i a

a b u s o

r o b u s t o

E x a m p l e s (b -c ) i n T a b l e 5 6 a n d ( a - c ) i n T a b l e 57 a b o v e show t h a t

Lp] r e m a i n s w h e t h e r t h e f o l l o w i n g s t r e s s e d vowel. i s a f r o n t ,

b a c k o r low v o w e l . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e v o w e l w h i c h p r e c e d e s t h e

i n t e r v o c a l i c i p ] i s a l s o r e l e v a n t a s shown b y t h e f o l l o w i n g

e x a m p l e s :

TABLE 58.

Page 211: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

n i e v e

s a l i v a

c u b a

d Q b i t o

s e b o

v i v o

i v u l a

l o b 0

n u b e

E x a m p l e s g i v e n i n T a b l e

f o r a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e

p r e c e d i n g v o w e l ( f r o n t ,

t e n d s t o d i s a p p e a r i f

58 a r e s u b s t a n t i a l s y n c h r o n i c e v i d e n c e

c o n s o n a n t [ P I a l s o r e m a i n s i f t h e

b a c k , o r low) i s s t r e s s e d . However, i t

it i s p r e c e d e d o r f o l l o w e d by a r o u n d

u n s t r e s s e d v o w e l 0 1 o r [ u ] , b u t n o t o t h e r w i s e , a s shown i n

e x a m p l e s (a-b) i n T a b l e 59:

TABLE 59.

( a ) f a b u l o s o

t a b u r e t e

n e b u l o s a

m o v i m i e n t o

o v u l a c i d n

. evo lucid^

u b l c a c i o a

'If a b u l o u s t l L f a u l o ' s o 125

l t ~ t o o l t l I t a u r e ' t e 3

l tc loudl t [ neulc'sa 1

"movementtt [ moimy&to 126

t t o v u l a t i o n t t o u l a s y d n 1

n e v o l u t i o n f i I e o l u s y d n 1

t l l o ~ a t i o n l l [ u i k a s y o / n ]

Page 212: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

( b ) c i v i l i z a d o e e c i v i l i z e d " [ s i ~ i l i s a ' o ]

n i v e l a d o I f l e v e l e d f e [ n i p e l a b ]

r i v a l i d a d " r i v a l r y " [ r i p a l i h a ' ]

I l e v a n t a r s 6 Itto g e t u p m [ l e $ a n t a s e ]

n a v e g a c i d n e l n a v i g a t i o n l e I n a p e a s r d n ] I a b e r r a c i d n l e a b o r r a t i o n f e [ a g e f a s y d n ]

C o n s e q u e n t l y , I p r o p o s e t h a t p - d e l e t i o n i s p h o n o l o g i c a l l y

c o n d i t i o n e d by stress a n d r o u n d n e s s o f t h e s u r r c u n d i n g vowels .

T h i s c o n d i t i o n c a n b e f o r m u l a t e d a s f o l l o w s :

c o n d i t i o n : o n e V = -stress [ + r c u n d ]

I n c o n c l u d i n g t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , i t s h o u l d b e s t r e s s e d t h a t

i t is n o t s o much t h e f o r m u l a t i o n of t h e c o n d i t i o n i n ( 5 4 ) a b o v e

i n i t s e l f , w h i c h w i l l p r o b a b l y r e q u i r e c h a c g e a n d r e v i s i o n , b u t

r a t h s r t h e n e c e s s i t y o f 2 p h o n o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s u c h a s t h i s

t h a t i s i m p o r t a n t . T h i s c o n d i t i o n i s p r o p o s e d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e

g e n o r a l p a r o c h i a l c o n d i t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d by F o l e y (1977 :32)

which s p e c i f y t h a t t h e l a b i a l [ B ] r e m a i n s w h i l e t h e i n t e r v o c a l i c

[ 1. and [ 8 1 d r o p . It i s c o n s o n a n t , however , w i t h t h e p r i n c i p l e s

o f p o l e y e s a p p r o a c h a n d w i t h t h e G r a d u a l D i f f u s i o n a n a l y s i s

197

Page 213: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p r e s e n t e d i n 3 .1 .2 . of t h i s c h a p t e r .

It w o u l d b e o f i n t e r e s t t o e s t a b l i s h t h e s p e c i f i c

c o r r e s p o n d i n g p h c n o l c g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s o f a - d e l e t i o n

a n d i - d e l e t i o n i n i n t e r v o c a l i c p o s i t i o n . I n f a c t , w h i l e t h i s

t h e s i s i s n c t d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h i s i s s u e , a s a n

i l l u s t r a t i o n , I w i l l show t h a t t h e b e h a v i o r o f $ - d e l e t i o n is

q u i t e d i f f e r e n t f rom t h a t o f ? - d e l e t i o n o b s e r v e d i n T a b l e s 56-59

a b o v 2 a ~ l d t h a t t h e r e a r e i n s t a ~ c e s i r . which [ a ] i s weaker t h a n [ ] r and [ P I , u n d e r t h e s a m e c o n d i t i c n s , when [ a ] i s d r o p p e d w h i l e

t h e o t h e r t w o r e m a i n .

L e t u s f i rs t c o n s i d e r e x a m p l s s w i t h 3 - d e l e t i o n :

TABLE 60.

a r m a d a I*armedw [ afma']

a p a g a d a ~ e x t i n g u i s h e d ~ i a p a y d ]

n a d a I t n o t h i n g " [ n i l

A s c a n b ~ , n o t e d a b o v e i n T a b l e 6 0 , [ a ] d r o p s when it i s p r e c e d e d

by t h e s t r e s s e d l o w v o w e l Ca3.27 Ccmpare e x a m p l e s i n T a b l e 6 0

w i t h t h o s e i n T a k l e 6 1 below:

Page 214: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

TABLE 61.

a r m a b a "he armed" [ a f m i p a 1

a p a g a b a I the e x t i n g u i s h s d t t [ a p a r a ' p a ]

a l a b a "he p r a i s e s " [ alz$a ]

T h e s e l a s t t h r e e e x a m p l e s show t h a t [ p ] r e m a i n s i n p o s t o n i c

p o s i t i o n a n d t h u s it is s u b j e c t t o d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s

c o n c e r n i n g stress o f t h e p r e c e d i n g vowel . Compare now e x a m p l e s

( a -c ) g i v e n i n T a b l e 62 be low:

TABLE 6 2 .

I ( a ) a h o r c a d c ! I thangedtf [ a o ~ k d o ]

p a r t $ d a " d e p a r t u r e m [ p a f t i a ]

c o m i d a I tmeal" ccmia ]

p a r t i d o Itgarnett [ p a f t l ' o ]

c o m i d o t t e a t e n t f comio 3

(b ) c a b 0 t rendf t [ k a 0 1

p a v o t f t u r k e y " 1

t a p a r r a b o I t l o i n c l o t h 1 I [ t a p a ~ & $ o ]

Page 215: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

a l t i v a @ I a r r o g a n t n [ a l t i p a ]

s a l i v a " s a l i v a f f [ s a l i p a ]

v l v o " a l i v e f l L b b 0 I

e s c r i b o "1 write" [ e s k r i g o ]

(c) amaga

d a g a

Pa g o

l a g o

c i e g o

a m i g a

m e n d i g o

a b r i g o

I n 5 x a m p l e s (a) a b o v e , t h e s e g m e n t [ a ] h a s b e e n d r o p p e d i n

p o s t o n i c p o s i t i o n a n d p r e c e d e d by a v o w e l i n f i n a l p o s i t i o n .

E x a m p l e s ( b ) a n d ( c ) c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t [ ] a n d I T ] a re I s t r o n g e r s e g m e n t s t h a n [ h ] i n t h i s p o s i t i o n . 2 8

It h a s been d e m o n s t r a t e d i n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n t h a t t h e

p a r o c h i a l c o n d i t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d by F o l e y (1 977) w h i c h s p e c i f y

t h a t i n t e r v o c a l i c / / a n d /a/ d r o p w h i l e l a b i a l /B/ r e m a i n s a r e I n o t t o t a l l y s u f f i c i e n t t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t i n t e r v o c a l i c

[ P I . h a s b e e n d r o p p e d i n t h e f i rs t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r f o r m s [d l a n d

[ s & ] o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r a n d s a b e r w h i l e i t h a s r e m a i n e d i n

Page 216: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p r e t o n i c p o s i t i o n a s well a s i n p o s t o n i c p o s i t i o n . I p r o p o s e

t h a t a p h o n o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h stress m d r o u n d n e s s

o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g v o w e l s b e a d d e d b o t h t o P o l e y t s g e n e r a l

p a r o c h i a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r S p a n i s h a n d t o o u r s p e c i f i c a n a l y s i s i n

terms o f L e x i c a l iffu us ion p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r .

3 . 2 R s d u c t i o n , C o n t r a c t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s 2nd V o c a l i c g a i s i n q . --

T h i s s e c o n d s e c t i o n i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h s i x s u b s e t s o f

i r r e g u l a r f i r s t , s f c o n d , ar?d t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s : a ) h a b e r

I t t o h a v e w , s a b e r I t t o knowt t , a n d caber " t o f i t ( i n t o ) I t ; b) placer

I t t o p l e a s e w a n d t r a e r " to b r i n g w ; c) p o d e i " b e a b l e t t , p o n e r I t t o

p u t t t a n d r e s p o n d e r I t t o a n s w e r t t ; d ) q u e r e r Itto w a n t H , a n d vex " t o

seet1; e) h a c e r I t to makett, d e c i r I t t o s a y t t , a n d v e n i r " t o cometa;

f ) ---- a n d a r t t to w a l k t t , " t o b e t t , a n d t e n e g t t t o h a v e t t .

It w i l l b e shown:

a . T h a t p lacer a n d t r a e r a r e m o r p h o p h o n c l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d

t o t h e t h r e e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r b e c a u s e t h e y

s h a r e t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] i n t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s ;

b . T h a t pod=, p o n e g a n d r e s p o ~ d ~ r a r e a l s o r e l a t e d t o t h e

v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r b e c a u s e o f t h e r a i s i n g o f

t h e r o o t b a c k /o/ t o Lu] i n the p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e ;

c. T h a t g u e r e r a n d m, w h i c h m a n i f e s t a f r o n t v o w e l [ e - i ]

r a i s i n g a l t e r n a t i o n , c o n s t i t u t e , t h e r e f o r e , a p a r a l l e l

20 1

Page 217: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

w l t h t h o s e e i g h t v e r b s w h i c h show t h e b a c k v o w e l [ a - u ] ,

[ o-u ] a l t s r n a t i c n s ;

d . T h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s among a l l t h e v e r b s m e n t i o n e d i n

( a - c ) a b o v e a r e e x p l i c a b l e i n terms o f L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n

o f t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a c r o s s t h e i r l e x i c a l i t e m s .

T h e r u l e s of M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n , Vowel R e d u c t i o n

2 n d V o c a l i c R a i s i n g w i l l b e f o r m u l a t e d a n d m o t i v a t e d i n o r d e r t o

a c c o u n t f o r t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] o b s e r v e d i n t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r . T h e s e r u l e s w i l l b e f o r m u l a t e d i n a way t h a t --- e x p l a i n s t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] o b s e r v e d a l s o i n t h e s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s L r a e r a n d p l a c e r , a s well a s t h e a l t e r n a t i o n

[ o - u ] of t h e s e c o n d c c n j u g a t i o n v e r b s o r , p o n s r a n d

r e s p o n d e r , a n d t h e a l t e r r a t i o n [ e - i ] of q u e r e r , JJJ~ f r o m t h e -- s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n , a n d d e c i r - f v e n i r ---- f r o m t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n .

The s e t o f p h o n o l o g i c & l r u l e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , i&.

M e t a t h o s i s , Vowel c o n t r a c t i o n , Vowel ~ e d u c t i o n , a n d V o c a l i c

R a l s i n g , w i l l show t h a t t h e v e r b s o f s u b s e t s ( b - f ) m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e a r e r e l a t e d t o . h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r mak ing up a

s u b - g r o u p o f v e r b s w i t h s h a r e d v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t a l

a l t e r n a t i o n s i n t h e p r ~ t e r i t e .

It w i l l a l s o b e d e m o n s t r a t e d i n t h i s section why t h e f i r s t

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s e s t a r l l to b e n , a n d a n d a r l l t o wa lk l l , a n d t h e

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b t e n e r " t o h a v e n a l s o h a v e 2 i n t h e i r

Page 218: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p r e t e r i t e s arid how t h e y a r e , t h e r e f o r e , r e l a t e d t o t h e v e r b s

h a b e r s a b e r a n d c a b e r , a s well a s t c t h e o t h e r f i v e s u b s e t s of ----? ---- v e r b s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e .

I n 2. 1.2. I . , I c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b

d e c i r a n d *he s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b h a c e r were a s u b s e t o f --- r e l a t e d v e r b s i n t h e f u t u r e a n d t h e c c n d i t i o n a l f o r m s s i n c e t h e y

u n d e r w e n t t h e same p h o n c l o g i c a l r u l e s . I a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e

e o f d e c i f Ifto s a y t 1 , d s c i m c s f t n e s a y f 1 , a n d t h e & o f d i r e ' w i l l -

s a y m , d i j e "1 s a i d w , a n d d i c h o " s a i d - p a s t p a r t s t t i s a n /i/ i n

t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n .

Now, i n t h i s s e c o n d s e c t i o n , I w i l l show t h a t d e c i r is a l s o

s u b j e c t t o t h e se t of p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s which a p p l y t o t h e

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s q u e r e r , h a c e r a n d qer I n t h e p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e . I will a l s c d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e

v e r b s d e c i r a n d h a c e r w i t h x, v e n i r , p o n e r , t e n e r , a n d s a l i r

i s b a s e d o n t h e G r a d u a l iffu us ion of a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s

r e p r e s e n t e d b y F i n a l Vowel D e l e t i o n a n d R o o t F i n a l C o n s o n a n t

D e l e t i o n a c r o s s t h e l e x i c a l items o f t h e f u t u r e , c o n d i t i o n a l ,

a n d i m p e r a t i v e .

The h i s t o r i c a l d a t a a n d t h e s t a n d a r d d a t a f r o m o t h e r

Romance l a n g u a g e s s u c h a s P o r t u g u e s e , F r e n c h , I t a l i a n , a n d

C a t a l a n w h i c h w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n s u p p o r t t h e

r u l e s , r u l e o r d e r i n g , a n d u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e t t a t i o n s p r o p o s e d i n

Page 219: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t h e ' a n a l y s i s .

H a b e r S a b e r a ~ d C a b e r . 3.2. ---A - 1 -,

I n 3 , 1 . 2 . , t h r e e i m p o r t a n t a s s u m p t i o n s were made:

a , t h e r oc t s f o r h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r are / a b / , / s a p / ,

a n d /kap / r e s p e c t i v e l y . The /p/ of t h e r o o t / s a p /

a p p e a r s i n a l l t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e a n d p r e t e r i t e

s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s s u c h a s s u p e "1 knewu a n d s g ~ i e r a "1

k n e w - s ~ b j . ~ T h e /p/ o f t h e roo t / k a p / a p p e a r s i n t h e

f i r s t person s i n g u l a r of t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e q u e p o I t I

f i t ( i n t o ) " , i n a l l t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e a n d

s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s s u c h a s c u p e I f i t ( i n t o ) " a n d

c u p i e r a I t I f i t - s u b j . l r r a n d a l s o i n r e l a t e d w o r d s . l i k e -- c a ~ a c i d a d " c a p a c i t y " ; -- ---

b. t h e f u t u r e t e n s e i n S p a n i s h is f o r m e d b y a d d i n g t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f habe2 t o t h e b a s e form o f

t h e i n f i n i t i v e of a l l v e r b s w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n a s was

d e m o n s t r a t e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s c h a p t e r ; (see

T a b l e 4 2 , 3.1.1.)

c. t h e underlying r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d

c a b e r show a n /i/ i n c r e m s n t i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e --- a n d . p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e a n d a n /u / i n c r e m ~ n t i n t h e

p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e i n s t e a d o f /y/ a n d /w / a s p r o p o s e d

by P o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 ) . Then , t h e main d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e

Page 220: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t h r e e i r r e g u l a r v e r b s a n d t h e r e g u l a r p a t t e r n v e r b s of

t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o

t h e p r e s e n c e of a d i f f e r e n t i n c r e m e n t v o w e l i n t h e

u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . 2 9

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e t h r e e a s s u m p t i o n s , I p r o p o s e d a s e t o f

p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a n d d e r i v a t i o n s f o r t h e forms of t h e p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v e , p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d E r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e of t h e

v e r b s - , I h a b e r - I s a b e r a n d c a b e r . ( S e e T a b l e s 45-53, 3 .1 .2 . )

L e t u s now o b s e r v e t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f t h e

t h r e s v e r b s g i v e n i n T a b l e s 45-47. The p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s o f t h e s e

f o r m s a r e t h e same a s t h o s e o b s e r v e d i n s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e

r e g u l a r p a t t e r n v e r b f r o m t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n , i .e. -2, =, - 0 -emos -en . T h e u n d e r l y i n g f c r m s f o r t h e f i rst p e r s o n - Y l , I - s i n g u l a r of h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r a r e / a b i o / , / s a p i o / , a r d

/ k a p i o / r e s p e c t i v e l y . The v o w e l /o/ p r o p o s e d i n them i s

i n d e p e n d 2 n t l y m o t i v a t e d . It a p p e a r s n o t o n l y i n L a t i n h a b e o , s a p i o , a n d capio, b u t a l s o i n Nod. I t a l i a n & ''1 h a v e t 1 a n d so "1 -

knowM; i n Mod. P o r t u g u e s e c a i b o I 1 I f i t i n t o l l , a n d i n S p a n i s h

q u e p o . Ths r u l e s of S p i r a n t i z a t i o n , 7 - d e l e t i o n a n d Vowel

c o n t r a c t i o n t h a t r e c e i v e d s p e c i a l t r e a t m e n t i n t h e f i r s t s e c t i o n

o f t h i s c h a p t e r a p p l y n o t o n l y i n S p a n i s h b u t a l s o i n

P o r t u g u e s e , I t a l i a n a n d F r e n c h . R u l e s s u c h a s Yod F o r m a t i o n a n d

Page 221: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

Yod D e l e t i o n a r e a l s o m o t i v a t e d f r o m t h e s e l a n g u a g e s . L e t u s

c o n s i d e r t h e d e r i v a t i o n s of t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r o f t h e

v e r b -- h a b e r i n t h e f o u r Romance l a n g u a g e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e :

TABLE 6 3 . *

SPANISH

U n d e r l . Forms / a b i e s /

1 . S p i r a n t i z a t . &pies

2 . p - d e l e t i o n a'ies

6.V. r a i s i ~ g ( IT . ) -- 7 . s ==>fl (1T.Fr.) --

POTUGUESE

a'ies

I T A L I A N

/ a b i e s /

a'pies

a'ies

a'i s a'i

FRENCH

/ a b i e s /

; l ies

a'e s

a's

P h o n e t . o u t p u t s [a's] 61 [ak ] [:I

? - d e l e t i o n a p p l i e s n o t o n l y t o v e r b f o r m s s u c h a s t h o s e

p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 6 3 a b o v e b u t a l s o t o o t h e r f o r m s s u c h a s

p r o n o u n s , nour.s , a n d a d v e r b s :

TABLE 64.

L a t . u b i 0.Sp. o "wherel t

0 . P o r t . o u

L a t . i b i 0.Sp. h i l t t h e r e 1 l

L a t . . t i b i MmSpw t i llyou-Ob j. of p r e p .

La?. s i b i M.Sp.. s i n h i m , h e r , t h e m - O b j . o f p r e p . "

20 6

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L a t . sebum M.Cat. s e u I f fa t l t

L a t . r c b g u s O.Sp. r o y c " r e d d i s h w

B. Sp. r o j o , r o j i z o .

C r o w l e y (1952: 14) a l s o g i v e s a n e x a m p l e o f h i s t o r i c a l l o s s o f

i n t e r v o c a l i c b f r o m L a t i n s e d e b a t ( 3 r d . p. s i n g . , i m p e r f e c t

i n d i c a t i v o o f t h e 2nd. c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b se"dZre l r t o si t") t o O l d

S p . s e d b . N o t e t h a t t h e i m p e r f e c t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f t h e

S p a n i s h v e r b s i n t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n s c o n s t i t u t e

c l ea r s y n c h r o n i c e v i d e n c e f o r postulating ? - d e l e t i o n i n t h e

i m p e r f e c t m a r k e r 4 2 , I&, c o m i a f r o m [come'Ba] I 1 I a t e t t a n d

f r o m [ a u h d p a ] "1 h e a r d " . 3 0

Now, o b s e r v e T a b l e s 4 7 a n d 5 0 i n 3 . 1 . 2 . a b o v e . Note t h a t

t h e p r o c e s s o f A s s i m i l a t i o n i n b a c k n e s s a n d r o u n d n e s s ( r u l e 6 )

c o m b i n e s a low vowel [ a ] w i t h [ y ] a n d [ w ] t o fo rm t h e mid v o w e l s

[ e l and [ o ] r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h i s i s t h e r e a s o n f o r a s s u m i n g t h a t

[ y ] a x i s t s i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f (1) q u e p o [ k d p o ] f r o m [ka /ypo] i n

Table 4 7 , ( a s well a s i n [e'] a n d [ sg] ) a n d [ w ] i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n

of c u p e [ k i p e l f r o m [ka/wpe] i n T a b l e 50. T h i s a n a l y s i s i s

p r e d i c a t e d on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t : a) B e h a v e a r u l e of ~ l i d e

F o r m a t i o n ( r u l e 3) u ==> [ y , w ] / - V[-stress] i n o u r

p h o n o l o g y , and b) t h a t a r u l e o f M e t a t h e s i s , which w i l l b e

f o r m u l a t e d l a t e r i n t h i s s e c t i o n , a l s o o p e r a t e s o n (1) q u e p o

f rom [ k a / p y o ] a n d o n c u p e f r o m [ k i p w e ] t h e r e b y y i e l d i n g t h e

20 7

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c o r r e c t c o ~ d i t i o n s f o r r u l e (6) . 3 1

T h e r u l e o f Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n ( r u l e 5) which a p p l i e s i n t h e

d e r i v a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 6 3 a b o v e h a s a l s o o p e r a t e d

h i s t o r i c a l l y i n t h e c h a n g e f rom ati in t o S p a n i s h a s shcwn i n t h e

e x a m p l e s be low:

TABLE 6 5 .

L a t . s a e t a "stiff h a i r " a .Sp. s e d a [ s d a a ] l f s i l k l l

Vasc . s e t a

A s t u r . s e a

L a t , t a o d i u m l t t e d i o u s n e s s ~ l N.Sp. t e d i c [ t e / b y o ]

G a l l . t e y o

L a t e t a e d a " t o r c h " M . s ~ , t e a [ t k a l

S o r . t e d a .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , Vowel C o ~ t r z c t i o n ( r u l e 5) 32 h a s two

s u b p a r t s . The f i r s t s u b p a r t w h i c h i s g i v e n i n (55) :

c a n b e r e w r i t t e n a s f o l l o w s :

Page 224: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n 1.

s t r u c t u r a l D e s c r i p t i o n (SD) :

1 2

S t r u c t u r a l Change ( S C ) :

1 2 ==== > [ + b a c k ]

T h i s r u l e c o n v e r t s [ g e l i n t o [ g ] a s car . b e o b s e r v e d i n

d e r i v a t i c n s i n T a b l e 6 3 a b o v e . The s e c o n d s u b p a r t of Vowel

c o n t r a c t i o n which Is i n (56) :

c a n be r e w r i t t e n a s f o l l o w s :

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Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n 2.

S t r u c t u r a l ~ e s c r i p t i o n (SD) :

S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e (SC) :

T h i s s e c o n d s u b p a r t c h a n g e s [ a&] t o ~ d ] i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n of t h e

f i r s t p 5 r s o n p l u r a l of hemos [e!mos] of t h e v e r b h a b e r . It a l s o 7-

e x p l a i n s how w o r d s s u c h a s s e d a , t e d i o a n d tee g i v e n i n T a b l e 65

a b o v e a r e d e r i v e d f r o m L a t i n .

M e t a t h e s i s . -------

When t w o s o u n d s o r g r o u p s o f s o u n d s i n t e r f e r e w i t h e a c h

o t h e r , t h e r e s u l t i s a n e x c h a n g e o f p l a c e s , a p r o c e s s w h i c h h a s

l o n g b e e n c a l l e d M e t a t h e s i s . T h i s p r o c e s s is o b s e r v e d i n t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s

s a b ~ r a n d c a t e r a s well a s i n t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f t h e t h r e e ---- v e r b s . Even t h o u g h t h e s e f o r m s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n p r e s e n t e d i n

3 . 1 . 2 . ( T a b l e s 4 5 - 5 3 ) , we w i l l c o n s i d e r t h e m a g a i n i n o r d e r t o

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show how M e t a t h e s i s a p p l i e s , O b s e r v e t h e d e r i v a t i o n s g i v e n i n

T a b l e 66 below:

TABLE 66.

P r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e

H A B E R (1) [a'pwe] ==> [iwpe]

S A B E R (1) [ S ~ ~ ~ O I ==> (sa/ypol [ we] ==> s i w p e ]

CABER ( 1 ) [ k $ p y o ] ==> [ kiypo 1 [ k i p w e ] ==> [ k i w p e ]

Wi th r e s p e c t t o t h e s e t h r e e v e r b s , t h e c o n s o n a n t s i n v o l v e d i n

etat thesis a r e [ p ] i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d L p ] a n d LF] i n

t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d of c o u r s e t h e g l i d e s [ y ] a n d [ w ] .

O b s e r v e t h e r e f l e x e s i n o t h e r Romance l a n g u a g e s :

TABLE 67.

port, c a i b o * c a i p o L a t , c a p i o "1 f i t i n t o - s u b j . "

c a i b a * c a i p a L a t . c a p i a m "1 f i t i n t o - i n d . "

s a i b a * s a i p a L a t , s a p i a m "1 know-sub jaw

h o u v e * h a u b i L a t . h a b u f "1 h a d N

s o u b e * s a u p i L a t . s a p u i "1 knewt1

P r o v . h a u b * h a u b i L a t h a b u i

s a u p * s a u p i L a t . s a p u i .

c a u p * c a u p i L a t . c a p u i ,

M e t a t h e s i s h a s o c c u r r e d h i s t o r i c a l l y ~ o t o n l y i n v e r b f o r m s b u t

a l s o i n n o u n s i n v o l v i n g t h e c o n s o n a n t Is/ a s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n

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t h e f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s :

TABLE 68.

at. c a s g u s M , s ~ . q u e s o [ k 4 s o ] " c h e e s e f 1

P o r t . q u e i jo

L a ? . c a s e a r i a M . S p . q u e s s r a [ k e s d r a ] I t c h e e s e s h c p w

P o r t . q u e i j e i ra

L a t . b a s i u m M.Sp. b e s o 3 3 be's01 l t k i s s l f

P o r t . b e i jo

Cat. b e s

I n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e d e r i v a t i o n s g i v e n i n T a b l e 6 6

a b o v ~ , t h e r u l e o f M e t a t h e s i s c a n b e f o r m a l i z e d a s f o l l c w s :

(57) M e t a t h e s i s ( f i r s t v e r s i o n )

T h a t is,

etat thesis ( f i r s t v e r s i o n )

S t r u c t u r a l D e s c r i p t i o n (SD) :

Page 228: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e ( S C ) :

T h i s M e t a t h e s i s r u l e w i l l r e q u i r e r e v i s i o n s i n c e t h e l a b i a l

s e g m e n t s [ p ] a n d [$I a r e n o t t h e o n l y c o n s o n a n t s i n v o l v e d i n t h e

p r o c e s s u n d e r 2. T h i s w i l l b e d o n e i n 3 . 2 . 2 , s q q .

L e t u s now c o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i o n s :

TABLE 69 .

S A B E R (1) sdypo] ==> [ ~ e ' ~ o l ==> c s d l

CABER [ k i y p o ] ==> [ k e / p o ] ==> [ k k o ]

Vowel R e d u c t i o n ( r u l e 6 ) c o m b i n e s a l o w v o w e l [ a ] w i t h t h e

m e t a t h e s i z e d g l i d e [ y ] , g i v i n g t h e mid f r o n t vowel [ e l o b s e r v e d

i n [ se/] o f s a b e r a n d k & o ] o f c a b e r . T h i s r u l e is a l s o

n e c e s s a r y t o d e r i v e b p e ] ( = h u b e ) f r o m tiwpe], [ s o p e ] ( = s u p e )

f r o m [&wpe], [ko'pe] ( = c u p e ) from [ k g w p e ] a s well a s t h e rest of

p m t e r i t e forms p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s 48-50. ( S e e 3 .1 .2 . a b o v e )

T h u s , i t c a n b e o b s e r v e d t h a t Vowel R e d u c t i o n ( r u l e 6) i n v o l v e s

a p r o c e s s o f A s s i m i l a t i o n i n b a c k n e s s a n d r o u n d n e s s a s well a s a

r a i s i n g p r o c e s s .

I f we l o o k a t T a b l e s 48-50 a g a i n i n 3.1.2., we observe that

t h e t o ] i n [dpe ] , [sdpe], a n d [ k d p e ] , w h i c h r e s u l t s from t h e

c o n t r a c t i o n o f t h e l o w vowel [ a ] a n d t h e g l i d e [ w ] , i s r a i s e d t o

c u l by r u l e ( 1 2 ) , g e n e r a t i n g t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c

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r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [:pel, [ ~ ; ~ e ] , a n d [ k d p o ] o f t h e p r e t e r i t e o f

t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r . F o l e y ' s c l a i m t h a t " p r e t e r i t e

d i f f u s e n e s s t t i s a s p e c i a l r u l e o n l y f o r p r e t e r i t e f o r m s a p p e a r s

t o be c o r r e c t s i n c e the f r o n t v o w e l /e/ d o e s n o t become [ i] i n

t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s [sd] f ~ o m h i s / s i y p o / a n d [ k & o ]

f r m h i s /kgypo/. However, t h e r u l e f o r m u l a t e d by F o l e y

(1965: 7 4 ) would a l s o a p p l y i n a l t e r n a t i o n s l i k e [ mdper ] "to

movett / [ mopyd] I fhe movedtt, d e r i v i n g i n c o r r e c t p h o o e t i c

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s s u c h a s +[mupydl . T h l s s h o w s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t a

r u l e w h i c h ra ises the [ o ] t o [ u ] i n t h e f o r m s o f hbgy, s a b e r ,

a n d caqer h a s t c be c l e a r l y f o r m u l a t e d ,

I A r a i s i n g r u l e which a p p l i e s i n a l t e r n a t i o n s l i k e L m o r l r ]

I t t o d i e t t / [ m u r y d l " h e d i e d t t is f o r m u l a t e d by Lema ( 1 978: 100) :

(58)'[:] ===> [:I / a' -- e35

b) ----- I11 Con j.

A s c a n b e n o t e d , t h e r a i s i n g r u l e p r o p o s e d by Lema (1978:lOO)

~ p e r a t e s o n l y on t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f t h e r e g u l a r t h i r d

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s . However, the c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l

p r o c e s s w h i c h r a i s e s t h e v o w e l s [ e , o ] t o [ i , u ] i n t h e p r e t e r i t e

f o r m s o f t h e i r r e g u l a r v e r b s c o n s i d e r e d i n o u r s t u d y a r e 1

d i f f e r e n t . The v o w e l La] w h i c h c o n t r a c t s w i t h t h e g l i d e [ y ] i n

[ k g p o ] f r o m [ k k y p o ] and with t h e glide [ w ] i n [kGF€] f r o m [ k6pe]z

[ k d r p e ] a l w a y s becomes [ e l a n d [ o ] r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h i s p r o c e s s i s

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s u b j e c t t o L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n s i n c e t h e [ e l i n ~ k e / ~ o ] r e m a i n s [ e l

w h i l e t h e Lo] i n [ k d p e ] r a i s e s t o [ u ) . We w i l l s h o w i n

3 .2 .3 . -3 .2 .5 . t h a t t h e [ u ] of v e r b f o r m s s u c h a s [ p a e l and t h e

[ i ] w h i c h a p p e a r s i n [ d f x e ] , [ b i n e l o f t h e v e r b s d e c i r a n d v e n i r

a r e a l s o s u b j e c t t o t h e p r o c e s s o f v o c a l i c ~ a i s i n g which a p p l i e s

t o h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r . It o p e r a t e s o n v e r b s o n l y b e c a u s e

t h e u n d e r l y i n g i n c r e m e n t s /i/ a n d /u/ w h i c h beccme [ y ] and L w 3

by t h e a c t i o n of Glide F o r m a t i o n a l w a y s m e t a t h e s i z e .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s t h a t p e r f o r m s t h e

f u n c t i o n of r a i s i n g t h e v o w e l s [ o ] a n d [ e l i n t h e p r e t e r i t e o f

t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s m u s t b e f o r m u l a t e d . I n

t h e c a s e o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r t h e l o ] h a s t o b e

f o l l o w e d b y C, , t h a t is, b y o n e o r more c o n s o n a n t s , ( t h e s e

c o n s o n a n t s a r e i n f a c t [ p ] , when t h e r u l e o p e r a t e s ) which

a r e i n t u r n f o l l o w e d by a n y v o w e l o r a yod:

(53) V o c a l i c R a i s i n g 1 (first v e r s i o n ) :

The f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i o n s e x e m p l i f y t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f r u l e

5 9 f o r m u l a t e d a b o v e :

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TABLE 7 0 .

H A B E R : ~ d w b e ] ==> [o'pe] ==> cdpe] / /

SABER:[ s a v p i s t e 1 ==> [ s o p l s t e 1 ==> I ~ u p l s t e I

CABER:[ k a w p d r o n ] ==> [ k o p y & r o n ] ==> [ k u p y 6 r o n ]

V o c a l i c R a i s i n g 1 ( r u l e 59) d o e s n o t e p p l y t o p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f

t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n s u c h a s t h c s e g i v e n i n T a b l e 7 1 b e l o w

b e c a u s e t h e r e i s n o i n c r e m e n t i n t h e i r u n d e r l y i n g f o r m s and

M e t a t h e s i s d o e s n o t o p e r a t e :

TABLE 7 1 .

mover [mope ' r ] t t t o more l t

t o s e r t o s e ' r ~ " t o c o u g h w

c o s t r [ k o s e ' r ] " t o seww

c o c e r [ k o s e ' r ] " t o c o o k t t

l l o v e r [ X o $ d r ] I t t o r a i n w

m o v i d [mo$yd] " h e mcved"

tos id t o s y d ] " h e c o u g h e d t t

cos id [ k c s y d ] Ithe s e w e d t 1

c o c i d [ k o s y d ] I t he cooked t t

~ l o v i d [ I o p y d ] t l i t r a i n e d * !

Page 232: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

3 . 2 . 2 P l a c e r a n d T r a e r . --- --- -- ----

The v e r b s p l a c e r a n d t r a e r a r e m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d

t o t h e t h r e e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r a n a l y z e d i n 3 . 2 . 1 .

a b o v 2 b e c a u s e t h e y s h a r e t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] i n t h e p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e forms. c o n s i d e r t h e s e f o r m s i n T a b l e 7 2 be low:

TABLE 72.

1 . s. tr[ 41 je ftI b r o u g h t t f - 3 . s. tr[ u jo "he b r o u g h t t f p l [ d ] r o "he p l e a s e d n

3 . p . -- p l [ ~ ] ~ ~ d r o n " t h e y p l e a s e d f 1 3 7

I p r o p o s e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s s u c h a s / t r a x - / f o r

t r a e r a n d / p l a k - / f o r placer. The /x/ i n t h e f i r s t v e r b i s -- p h a n o l c g i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d f r o m t h e s u r f a c e /x/ i n a l l t h e

p r e t s r i t e i n d i c a t i v e a n d p r e t e r i t e s u b j u c c t i v e f o r m s s u c h a s

/ C-r& [ t r a x e ] L a t . t r a x i ( L a t . 3 r d . c o n j. t r a h g r e ) a n d t r a i e r a --

[ t r a x d r a ] r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h i s /x / c a n a l s o b e j u s t i f i e d o n t h e

b a s i s o f t h e r e l a t e d f o r m s t r a c c i d n [ t r a k s y o / n ] f t t r a c t i o n f r ,

t r a c t o r [ t r e k t d r ] f l t r a c t o r l f . In t h e f i r s t c + s e , t h e /x/ ----- d i s s i m i l a t e s t o L k ] b e f o r e t h e f r i c a t i v e /s/ a n d i n t h e s e c o n d ,

A - h e /x/ a s s i m i l a t e s t o [ k ] b e f o r e a n o t h e r s t o p c o n s o n a n t .

O b s e r v e o t h e r r e l a t e d forms s u c h a s c o n t r a e r [ k o n t r a d r ] ltto

Page 233: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The / k / i n t h e stem / p l a k - / o f t h e v e r b p l a c e r c a n b e

p h o n o l o g i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d f r o m t h e s u r f a c e [ 1 i n p l u q o [ p l d y o ] 1 L a t . p l l c u i t [ p l i k u i t ] " h e p l e a s e d f q ( L a t . 2nd . c o n j . p l a c r r e

[ p l i k e r e ] . T h i s /k/ i s a l s o j u s t i f i e d o n t h e b a s i s o f r e l a t e d

f o r m s s u c h a s f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r o f t h e s t a n d a r d p r e t e r i r e

f o r m a [ p l a s ; ] "1 p l e a s e d t f , p l a c e n t e r p [ p l a s e n t k o ]

" p l e a s a n t w , p l a c e r [ plase ' r ] f t p l e a s u r e f f , g l & c i d o [ p l < s i & o ]

l f p l a c i d f f . I n t h i s case, t h e v e l a r c o n s o r a n t / k / i s a s s i b i l a t e d

t o [ s ] b e f o r e t h e f r o n t v o w e l s /e/ a n d /i/. 38

L e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e r i v a t i o n s f o r t h e

p r e t e r i t e r e l i c f o r m s of b o t h v e r b s t r a e r a n d p l a c e r :

TABLE 73 . Preteri te I n d i c a t i v e

U n d e r l y i n g f o r m s : / t r a x - u - o /

- ( s t r e s s ) t r g x u o

3. C ~ J + L W ] = = > L O I t r d x o

4 . /k / ==> [ g ] --

6 . L o ] ==> L u l t r d x o

P h o n e t . c u t p u t s : t r d x o ]

Page 234: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

O b s e r v e t h a t r u l e (3) c o m b i n e s a lcw v o w e l [ a ] w i t h t h e g l i d e

w ] t o f o r m t h e mid f r o n t v o w e l Lo]. A s imi l a r p r o c e s s is

i n v o l v e d i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n of g u e p o [ d p o ] f r o m [ k g y p o ] i n w h i c h

t h e v o w e l L a ] i s c o m b i n e d w i t h [ y ] t o f o r m t h e mid f r o n t v o w e l

[ e l . T h i s a n a l y s i s i s p r e d i c a t e d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t we

a l r e a d y h a v e a r u l e o f G l i d e a or mat ion ( r u l e 1 ) 39 a n d t h a t t h e

r u l e o f M e t a t h e s i s w h i c h was f o r m u l a t e d i n (57) a b o v e f o r t h e

p r e t e r i t e forms o f h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r a l s o o p e r a t e s o n t r u j o

f r o m [ t r a ' x - w - o ] O l d S p . t r o x e t t r a x u i , La t . t r a x i a n d p l u q p

f r o m [p la 'k -w-o] O l d Sp. ~ l o q o + p l a u c i t , L a t . p l Z c u i t , t h e r e b y

y i e l d i n g t h e correct c o r d i t i o n s n e e d e d b y r u l e ( 3 ) .

I n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e d e r i v a t i o n s g i v e n i n T a b l e 7 3

a b o v e , M e t a t h e s i s ( r u l e 2) m u s t be r e f o r m u l a t e d a g a i n , t a k i n g

i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e v e l a r c o n s o n a n t s /x/ a n d /k/:

(60) M s t a t h e s i s ( s e c o n d v e r s i o n ) :

T h a t is ,

Page 235: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

M e t a t h e s i s ( s e c o n d v e r s i o n ) :

S t r u c t u r a l D e s c r i p t i o n (SD)

S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e (SC)

---- ---- > 1324

The r u l e o f V o c a l i c R a i s i n g f o r m u l a t e d i n ( 5 9 ) a b o v e

a p p l i e s t o the p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f t r a e r a n d ~ l a c e r i n o r d e r t o

e x p l a i n t h a t t h e [ o ] i n [ t r d x o ] a n d [ p l o o ] i s r a i s e d t o [ u ]

b e f o r e t h e v e l a r s /x/ a n d /k/. ' I

3 . 2 . 3 P o d e r P o n e r a n d Responder , -- ,-d -- --

The s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s g o d e r , p o n e r a n d r e s p o n d e r a r e

r e l a t e d t o h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r a s well a s t o t r a e r a n d p lacer

s i n c e t h e y a r e s u b j e c t t o a s e t o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s made u p o f

G l i d e F o r m z t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s , a n d V o c a l i c R a i s i n g i n t h e

p r e t e r i t e f o r m s . T h e R a i s i n g r u l e a p p l i e s t o t h e v o w e l l o ] +

[w]. his g l i d e c o m e s from a n /u/ i n c r e m e n t i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t h a t h a v e b e e n a c t e d upon b y G l i d e F o r m a t i o n a n d

M e t a t h e s i s . T h s e p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a c c o u n t f o r t h e a l t e r n a t i o n

[ o - u ] o b s e r v e d i n o d e p o n e r a n d r e s p o n d e r a s shown i n t h e

Page 236: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

d e r i v a t i o n s g i v e n be low:

TABLE 74 , P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e .

u n d e r l y i n g forms:

- (stress)

2. M e t a t h e s i s

3 . /n/ => fl / G - s

4. [ o + w ] ==> l o ]

5. [t] ==> L d ] 6 . [ d l ==> [ h ] 7 . [ o ] ==> [ u ]

P h o n e t . o u t p u t s

A s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n T a b l e 7 4

t h e p r e t e r i t e forms of p o d e r a n d

r e s p ~ c + i v e l y .

pdwnse

pdwse / p o s e

- - /

pu se

a b o v e , t h e u n d e r l y i n g stams f o r

p o n e r a r e / p o t + u / a n d / p o n + s + u /

The /t/ i n / p o t + u / i s p h o n o l o g i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d f r o m t h e

s u r f a c e w h i c h a p p e a r s i n a l l t h e forms cf t h e v e r b p o d e r ,

/ s u c h a s p o d l a [ p o b i a l "1 c o u l d 1 @ , ~ e d o -- [pwd?io] "1 c a n t t . N o t e

t h a t t h e p h o n e m i c /t/ a p p e a r s i n t h e r e l a t e d f o r m pote 'nciz

[ p o t e n s i a ] I@potency t1 . I n t h e c a s e o f t h e v e r b p c n e r , /pon-/ i s

t h s stem of a l l t h e forms w i t h e x c e p t i o n o f t h e p r e t e r i t e a n d

p a s t p a r t i c i p l e f o r m s i n w h i c h a s u r f a c e [ s ] i s p r ' e s e n t . Thus , I

Page 237: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

p r o p o s e t h a t t h e u n d e r l y i n g /s/ o c c u r s o n l y i n t h e p r e t e r i t e a n d

p a s t p a r t i c i p l e f o r m s of t h e v e r b p o n e r a n d , i n t h i s c a s e , t h e

f i n a l stem c o n s o n a n t /n/ is d e l e t e d . The n - d e l e t i o n r u l e b e f o r e

s (see T a b l e 74 a b o v e ) i s n e e d e d h i s t o r i c a l l y f o r d e r i v i n g mesa - [mesa] f l t a b l e f r f r o m L a t . mensa , mes me's ] "monthlf f rom L a t .

mens m e n s i s seso [sdso] " b r a i n l f from L a t . s e n s u s , a n d gegcxg ---,I - f -- [ e s p d s o ] " h u s b a n d " from L a t . s p 5 n s u s . G i v e n e r u d i t e w o r d s s u c h

m e n s u a l m e n s w t h ] Ifmon t h l y " , c o m e n s a l [ komensa / l ] I f t a b l e a s ---- compan ion l f , -- s e n s a t e ~ [ s e n s a t d s ] l l p r u d o n c e f t a n d e s p o n s a l e ~

/ [ e s p o n s a l e s ] f f b e t r o t h a l w , we a s s u m e t h a t n - d e l ~ t i c n r u l e a p p l i e s

o n l y t o v u l g a r w o r d s . ( S e e F c l e y , l965:7O) T h i s a s s u m p t i o n is

j u s t i f i e d i f we o b s e r v e t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e v e r b r e s p o n d e r l1to

a n s w e r f f from L a t . r e s p c ' n d g r e . I n V u l g a r L a t i n , t h e p r e t e r i t e /

f o r m o f t h i s v e r b was : r e s p o n s i , O l d Sp. r e s p u s e , H a s p . y s s p d k

(LAS) , r e s p u s e ( d i a l e c t ) . The g of * r e s p o g _ s i h a s k e n d e l e t e d a s

n o t e d i n r e s p u s e .

The p r e t e r i t e r e l i c forms r e p u s e , r e p u s i s t e , r e p u s o ,

r e p u s i m o s , r e p u s i e r o n of t h e v e r b r e s p o n d e r a r e n o t p r e s e n t e d i n --

T a b l e 7 4 a b o v e s i n c e t h i s i s a c a s e o f l e x i c a l c o n f u s i o n b e t w e e n

t h e v e r b r e p o n z from L a t . r e p c n g r e a n d t h e v e r b r e s p o n d s from

L a t . - r e s ~ c n d G r e . A s s t a t e d by W a h l g r e n (1920 :82) I f . . . , comme e n

f r a n q a i s , e n p r o v e n q a l , En i t a l l e n , e t c , , I t i n f l u e n c e du v e r b

r e p o n e r se f a i t d g a l e m e n t s e n t i r (cf , p a r f . r e p u s e , p a r t -

r e p u e s t o p o u r g e s p u s e , r e s p u e s t o ) l f . --

Page 238: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The forms of t h e v e r b s - r e p o n e r a n d f e s p c n d e r a r e c o n f u s o d

i n a l m o s t a l l Romance l a n g u a g e s . I n R a y n o u a r d , we o b s e r v e r e s p o s

n h e a n s w o r e d l a n d g r e s p o s t n h e h a s a n s w e r e d w ; ~ i t t r g g i v e s t h e

i m p e r a t i v e form of Old F r . r e p o n e 2 t t a n s w e r - y o u p l . " . S a c t a

T e r e s a u s e s r e p u e s t a I1answerl1 f o r r e s p u e s t a I1answer t@. ( C f .

C u e r v o , 1881 :90) F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e l e x i c a l c o n f u s i o n b e t w e e n

forms of r e s p o n d e l a n d r e p o n e 2 i s o b s e r v e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g

e x a m p l e s t a k e n f r o m C u e r v o ( 1 8 8 1 : 9 0 ) : a ) t l ~ o d r a / d e c i r s e q u e ,

e j s r c i e n d o a l l i e l m a g i s t e r i o d e l a c g t e d r a , e l amor d e 10s

d i ~ c : ~ u l o s l a i n c l i n a b a d f a v o r d e lcs i n g e n i o s d e a q u e l

P e r o es f d c i l r e p o n e r que . . . t t ( ~ e i joc, ~ s p a i i o l e s a m e r i c a n o s ) . b )

t l ~ o d r i a o n r s e q u e s e m e j a n t e e s t i l o y v e r s i f i c a c i d n ,

p r o p i o s d e u n a f i b u l a . . .no l o s o n e n mcdo a l g u n o d e 10s g g n e r o s

e l e v a d o s d e l a p o e s i a l ~ . ( Q u i n t a n a , ~ n t r o d u c c i d n 4 & ~ o e s l a

c a s t g l l a n a d e l s i q l o X V I I I , a r t . I V ) s i g l o X V I I I , a r t . I V ) ------ 7

I n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s

p o d e r , p o n e r a n d g ~ p o n d e r , M e t a t h e s i s ( r u l e 2) w i l l be

r e w r i t t e n i n ( 6 1 ) :

(61) M e t a t h e s i s ( t h i r d v e r s i o n ) :

Page 239: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

I n t h i s r u l e o f M e t a t h e s i s , we o b s e r v e t h a t t h e v o v ~ l [ a ]

o c c u r s i n t h e root when t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t i s s p e c i f i e d

[ + l a b i a l ] , a s f o r e x a m p l e i n [a'pwe], [ s d p w e ] , a n d [ kdpwe] of

h a b e r s a b e r a n d c a b e r r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e r u l e e x t e n d s t o t h e e f ---A,

v a l a r s /k / a n d /x/ a f t e r t h e v o w e l [ a ] a n d t o /*/ a n d / n / a f t e r

t h e v o w e l [ o 1. The v o w e l s [ a ] a n d [ o ] a r e , h o w e v e r , p r e c e d e d by

a [ + l a b i a l ] s e g m e n t i n t h e case of [ pla/kwo ] ( = p l u q o ) o f t h e

v e r b p l a c e r , a n d i n [ p d t w e 1, [ pdnswe ] o f t h e v e r b s p o d e r a n d

p o n e r . However , we u s e t h e f e a t u r e [ + g r a v e ] i n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n

o f M e t a t h e s i s i n (60) b s c a u s e o f t h e i n c l u s i o n of t h e s l g m e n t s

/k / a n d /x/ i n r o o t f i n a l p c s i t i o n , a s o b s e r v e d i n r u l e ( 6 1 ) .

As we d i d f o r M e t a t h e s i s , t h e r u l e of V o c a l i c R a i s i n g w i l l

b e a l s o f o r m u l a t e d i n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ o - u ]

o b s e r v e d i n p o d e r , p o n e r a n d r e s p o n d e r :

( 6 2 ) V o c a l i c R a i s i n g 1 ( s e c o n d v e r s i o n ) :

Page 240: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

3 . 2 . 4 Q u e r e r a n d ---

The s e c o n d

Ver. -7-

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s g u e r e r " t o w a n t w a n d E g Itto

see'' h a v e a h i g h v o w e l & i n t h e r o o t o f t h e p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e . I w i l l show i n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n t h a t t h e s e two v e r b s

a r e m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d t c h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r .

u e r e r a n d ver which m a n i f e s t a f r o n t v o w e l [ e - i ] r a i s i n g Q--

a l t e r n a t i o n c o n s t i t u t e a p a r a l l e l w i t h f i v e v e r b s f r o m t h e

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n , IT. h a b e r , s a b e r , c a b e r , t r a g r a n d p l a c e r

which show t h e b a c k v o w e l [ a - u ] a l t e r n a t i o n a n d w i t h t h e t h r e e

v e r b s pogo, p o n e r a n d r e s p o n d e r w h i c h show t h e b a c k v o w e l [ o - u ]

a l t e r n a t i o n .

C o n s i d e r t h e f o l l ~ w i n g d e r i v a t i o n s which c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e

f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r o f t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m guise [ k i s e ] "1

wanted" o f t h e v e r b q u e r e r a n d t h e r e l ic form v i d e [ . b i a e ] "1

sawvt o f t h e v e r b x:

Page 241: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

T A B L E 75. P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e .

u n d e r l y i n g forms: /bed- i - e /

- (stress) b & i e

1 [ t ] ==> [ f ] bddye

2. M e t a t h e s i s b;yde

3 . [e + Y] f i ~ ] biyde [i + y J = = > [ i ] b i d e

4 . [ d l ==> c h ] b i h e 5 , [k" ] ==> [ k ] --

P h o n s t . o u t p u t s [ b i d e ]

I a s s u m e t h a t t h e u n d ~ r l y i n g stem f o r + h e v e r b qgl L a t v i d G r e i s

/bed- / a n d f o r t h e v ~ r b q u e r e 3 L a t . g u a e r g r e / k d e s - / . e l

The /d/ i n t h e stem /bed-/ is p h o n o l o g i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d from

t h e s u r f a c e [ a ] w h i c h a p p e a r s i n t h e r e l i c f o r m s yide [ b i a e ] "1 -?

saw" a n d v i d o [ b i $ o ] I fhe s a w f t . T h i s s e g m e n t a l s o a p p e a r s i n

r e l a t e d f o r m s s u c h a s v i d c n t e [ b i a e ' n t e ] ttseertt. I n t h e c a s e o f

q u i s e [ k f s e ] , t h e p h o n e m i c / k w / c a n b e m o t i v a t e d by t h e n o n

p a l a t a l i z a t i o n of t h e [ k ] t o [ s ] b e f o r e f r o n t v o w e l s [ l , u ] a n d

b y t h e o r t h o g r a p h i c w h i c h r e m a i n s b e f o r e a f r o n t v o w e l ; i t

a p p e a r s i n a l l t h e forms o f t h e v e r b q u e r e r . O b s e r v e L a t .

q u a e s i v i - - I I t a l . c h i e s e , O l d F r . q u i s t , P r o v . q u e s , P o r t . q u i s .

R u l e ( 5 ) w h i c h g e n e r a t e s t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c o u t p u t [ k f s e ]

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frcm [kU i se ] a l s o a p p l i e s i n f o r m s s u c h a s g&' [ k g ] f r o m /kwe'/

I twhat t t a n d quie /n [ k i e h ] f r o m /kJ ie /n / ttwhott.

A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c h a p t e r 3, I a s s u m e d t h a t t h e

u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of t h e f o r m s o f h a b e r , s a b e r a n d

c a b e r show a n i n c r e m e n t a l v o w e l /u/ i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e . --

The same a s s u m p t i o n is v a l i d f o r t h e v e r b s t raey, p l a c e r , p o d e r ,

g o n e r a n d r e s p o n d e r a s h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s

p r e s e n t e d i n 3.2.1.-3.2.4. I p r c p o s e t h a t t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f

t h e v e r b s ~y a n d g u e r e r , whose d e r i v a t i o n s a r e g i v 5 n i n T a b l e

75 a b o v e , a s well a s t h e v e r b h a c e r , which w i l l b e a n a l y z e d i n

3.2.5. b e l o w , h a v e a t h e m e v o w e l /i/ i n s t e a d o f a n /e/ a s i n t h e

v e r b ---- t e m o r ( p r e t e r i t e temi "1 f e a r e d t t f r o m /tern-e-i/) * 2 which i s

t h e r e g u l a r p a t t e r n v e r b of t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n . Then , t h e

ma in d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e i r r e g u l a r v e r b s a n d t h e r e g u l a r

p a t t e r n v e r b of t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e

p r e s e n c e of a d i f f e r e n t t h e m e vowel i n t h e underlying

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e v e r b f o r m s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

As p r e s e n t e d i n t h e d a t a i n c h a p t e r 1 (see T a b l e 1 2 ) , t h e

p r e t e r i t e r e l i c forms i d a n d vFdo of t h e v e r b ver a r e u s e d

1 f b e s i d e t h e s t a n d a r d f o r m s , s p . The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e

two sets o f forms i s t h a t t h e v o w e l s o f t h e e n d i n g s i n t h e f i r s t

s e t v i d f e 1 a n d v i d r o l a r e n o t s t r e s s e d a s a r e t h o s e i n t h e

s e c o n d s e t v r i 1 a n d v i r 6 1 . T h e f c r m s o f t h e s e c o n d s e t a r e

c o n s i d e r e d r e g u l a r s i n c e t h e y f o l l o w t h e stress p a t t e r n of t h e

Page 243: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

v e r b temsr I t t o f e a r t 1 , 1 s t . p e r s o n s i n g u l a r temf il a n d 3 r d .

p e r s o n s i n g u l a r t e r n , w h i c h i s t h e p a t t s r n v e r b o f t h e

S p a n i s h r e g u l a r s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n . However , t h e u n d e r l y i n g stem

f o r b o t h sets cf f o r m s i s /bed-/. The r e l i c f o r m s v i d e a n d v i d o /

become r s g u l a r , & ( l i k e tern<, iemio) when ~ p i r a n t i z a t i o n

a n d a - d a l e t i o n h a v e a p p l i e d t o t h e m a s shown i n t a b l e 24 below:

TABLE 76. P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e .

U n d e r l y i n g forms: / b e d - i - e /

- ( s t r e s s ) b & i e

1. G l i d e f o r m a t i o n b4dye

2 . M e t a t h e s i s bLyde

6 . e - d e l e t i o n b i 7. S t r e s s c h a n g e -- 8. G l i d e F o r m a t i o n --

- b i d

P h o n e t i c o u t p u t s [ b i ] I b y d l

I n c o n c l u d i n g t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e v e r b s ver and q u e r e r , t h e

r u l e o f etat thesis w h i c h was r e f o r m u l a t e d i n 3.2.3. a b o v e w i l l ,

b e r e w r i t t e n i n (63) b e l o w i n o r d e r t o i n c l u d e t h e s e g m e n t /d/

a l s o i n v o l v e d i n t h i s p r o c e s s :

Page 244: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

(63) M e t a t h e s i s ( f i n a l v e r s i o n ) :

M e t a t h e s i s c a n b e b r o k e n down i n t o f i v e s u b r u l e s d e p e n d i n g

o n t h e k i n d s o f c o n s c n a n t s a n d t h e v o w e l w h i c h o c c u r i n t h e

u n d e r l y i n g stems o f t h s forms u n d e r a n a l y s i s . I n t h e case o f t h e

v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r , a b i l a b i a l s e g m e n t a p p e a r s a t t h e

e n d o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e r o o t s /ab- / , / s ap - / , a n d /kap-/ , a n d t h e

p r e c e d i n g v o w e l i s a l w a y s [ a ] . T h i s p a r t o f r u l e (63) i s g i v e n

i n ( 6 3 a ) :

( 6 3 a ) M e t a t h e s i s 1:

S t r u c t u r a l D e s c r i p t i o n ( S D )

1 , 2 3 4

S t r u c t u r a l C h a n g e (SC)

---- ---- > 1324.

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M e t a t h e s i s a l s c a p p l i e s i n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e vowel [ a ] t h a t

i s b e t w e e n a l a b i a l s e g m e n t s u c h a s [ p ] i n [p16kwo] a n d a v e l a r

w h i c h is d e s c r i b e d w i t h t h e f e a t u r e [ + g r a v e ] . T h i s p r o c e s s i s

f o r m u l a t e d i n (63b) :

(63b) M e t a t h e s i s 2:

S t r u c t u r a l ~ e s c r i p t i o n (SD)

S t r u c t u r a l Change (SC)

O b s e r v e t h a t in t h e u n d e r l y i n g stems /ak-/ a n d / t r a x - / o f the

v e r b s h a c e r a n d t r a e g , . t h e l a s t c o n s o n a n t s , which h a v e t h e

f e a t u r e s p e c i f i c a t i o n [ + g r a v e ] , are p r e c e d e d by t h e l o w vowel

L a ] a s is t h o case i n [ p l d k w o ] of p l a c e r shown i n (63b) a b o v e .

T h i s i s t h e environment i n [ t r i w x - 0 ) from [ t r d x w o ) a n d i n

[ g y k - e l f r o m [ Q k y - e l , a s c a n b e a c c o u n t e d f o r by s u b r u l e (63c)

be low:

Page 246: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

( 6 3 c ) M e t a t h e s i s 3:

S t r u c t u r a l D e s c r i p t i o n (SD)

S t r u c t u r a l Change (SC)

I n t h e c a s e o f t h e p r e t e r l t e f o r m s [ pu'he] a n d [ p d s e ] of t h e

v e r b s p o d e r , a n d p o n e r , M e t a t h e s i s a p p l i e s t o [ p d t w e ] a n d

[ p & s w e 1, g i v i n g [ p d w t e ] a n d [ p d w n s e l r e s p e c t i v e l y . The v o w e l

i n v o l v e d i n t h i s s p e c i f i c case i s t h e b a c k v o w e l t o ] p r e c e d e d b y

t h e l a b i a l s e g m e n t [ p ] a n d f o l l o w e d b y d e n t a l s . T h i s i s

f o r m a l l z e d i n (63d) :

(63d) M e t a t h e s i s 4 :

S t r u c t u r a l ~ e s c r i p t i o n (SD)

S t r u c t u r a l Change (SC)

---- ---- > 12435.

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The i n t e r m e d i a t e d e r i v a t i o n s [ be'dye] a n d [ b<nye] o f t h e

p r e t . i r i t e f o r m s [ b i a e ] a n d [ b i n e l o f t h e v e r b s ver a n d v e n i r a r e

a l s o s u b j e c t t o t h e r u l e o f M e t a t h e s i s . T h i s r u l e a p p l i e s i f t h e

f i r s t c o n s o n a n t o f t h e stem is a g a i n a l a b i a l f o l l o w e d by t h e

f r o n t v o w e l [ c ] a n d a d e n t a l s e g m e n t . The f i f t h p a r t o f r u l e

(63) e x p l a i n s t h i s p r o c e s s :

( 6 3 e ) M e t a t h e s i s 5:

S T r u c t u r a l D e s c r i p t i o n ( S D )

1 2 3 4 5

S t r u c t u r a l Change (SC)

---- ---- > 12435.

Thus , i t is c l e a r f rom t h e d a t a t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e o f a [ + g r a v e ]

c o n s o n a n t , i . e . a l a b i a l o r a v e l a r , a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o r e n d o f

t h e r o o t i s a p r e c o n d i t i o n o n ~ e t a t h e s i s .

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3 . 2 . 5 H a c e r Decir a n d V e n i r . -- --A --- --

I n 2 . 1.2. I . , I showed t h a t t h e s e c o n d c c n j u g a t i o n v e r b

h a c e r a n d t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b d e c i r a r e a s u b s e t o f ---- r e l a t e d v e r b s i n t h e f u t u r e a n d c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s s i n c e t h e y

u n d e r w e n t t h e same set o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s .

Now, I w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t d e c i r a n d h a c e r a r e s u b j e c t t o

s h a r e d m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s w h i c h a l s o a p p l y t o t h e

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s q u e r e r a n d w y , a n d t o t h e t h i r d

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b v e n i r i n t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s . I w i l l c o n c l u d e

z h i s s u b s e c t i o n by c l a i m i n g t h a t t h e v e r b s h a c e r , d e c i r , a n d

v e n i r m a n i f e s t t h e f r o n t v o w e l [ e - i ] r a i s i n g a l t e r n a t i c n ---

o b s ~ r v ~ ~ d i n q u e r e r a n d E L i n 3 . 2 . 4 . a b o v e . T h e s e f i v e v e r b s

make u p a s u b g r o u p o f r e l a t e d f o r m s w i t h - - h a b e r - - I s a b e r ,--r c a b e r

t r a e r , p l a c e r , a n d w i t h p o d e r , p o n e r a n d r e s p o n d e r which show ---- t h e b a c k v o w e l [ a - u ] a n d [ o - u ] a l t e r n a t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y . I w i l l

a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t h a c e r a n d d e c i r a r e a c l e a r e x a m p l e o f

g r a d u a l d i f f u s i o n o f a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s a c r o s s t h e l e x i c a l

items o f t h e i m p e r a t i v e .

L e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e d e r i v a t i o n s o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n

s i n g u l a r of t h e t h r e e v e r b s h a c ~ r , d e c i r a n d v e n i r i n t h e

p r e t s r i t e i n d i c a t i v e :

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TABLE 77. P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e .

u n d e r l y i n g forms: / ak - i -E / / d i k - s - i - e / /hen-i-e/

- ( s t r e s s ) 6 k i e d i k s i e be /n ie

1 . G l i d e form. a 'kye d f k s y e b d n y e

2 . f l e t a t h e s i s L y k e d i y k s e be/yne

3 . / k s / = > ~ g ] / - [ e l -- d i y 8 e - 4 . [ a + y ] => f e y ] {yke -- -

l y k e -- / [ o + y ] => [ i y ] b l y n e

C i t y ] => [ i] i k e d G e b i n e

P h o n e t i c o u t p u t s [ i s e ] [ b i n e ]

T h e u n d e r l y i n g stems / d i k + / f o r d e c i r a n d / a k + / f o r h a c + r a r e

p h o n o l o g i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d from t h e s u r f a c e [ ] i n d i q o f d l o I ' L a t . d i c e [dike] l 1 1 s a y 1 I a n d t h e [ ] i n hago [ g l o ] L a t . f a c i 6 Y [ f a ' k i o ] "1 make". T h e u n d e r l y i n g /k / i s a l s o j u s t i f i e d o n t h e

b a s i s o f t h e r e l a t e d f o r m s d i c t a d c [ d i k t i d o ] l g d i c t a t i o n t l a n d

a c f o [ a k t o ] wac t rv . ---

The u n d e r l y i n g /s/ a f t e r t h e s e g m e n t /k / i n / d i k - s - i - e / i s

a s s u m e d t o a p p e a r o n l y i n t h e phonemic r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of t h e

p r e t e r i t e forms of t h e v e r b d e c i r . / k s / c a n b e p h o n o l o g i c a l l y

m o t i v a t e d o n t h e b a s i s of r e l a t e d f o r m s s u c h a s d i c c i d n

[ d i k s y d n ] l l d i c t i o n l l , S j c c i o n a r i o [ d i k s y o n g r y o ] l t d i c t i o n a r y I 1 .

Page 250: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

Dijz [ d i x o ] comes f r o m * d i x e [ d i s ' e ] , L a t . d F x i ~ d i k s i ] . - Thus, r u l s ( 1 ) g i v e n i n T a b l e 77 a b o v e i s p e r f e c t l y j u s t i f i e d .

O b s e r v e T a b l e 7 8 b e l c w w h i c h p r e s e n t s t h e r e f l e x e s o f t h i s r u l e

i n s s v e r a l Romance l a n g u a g e s :

TABLE 78. P r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v e .

0 , ~ p . d i x e [ d i s ' e ] M.Sp. d i j e [ d i x e ]

0 . P o r t . d i x o [ d i g e l M.Port . d i s s e [ d i s e ]

O.Cat, six M.Cat. d i g u $ [ d i

The p r e t s r i t e f o r m s i n t h e t h r e e Romance l z n g u a g e s p r e s e n t e d

a b o v e u n d e r w e n t t h e same p r o c e s s which c o n v e r t s / k s / i n t o [;I.

Then, r u l e (6) a p p l i e s t o ~ p a n i s h [ d i s ' e ] , g i v i n g t h e c o r r e c t

p h o n e t i c o u t p u t [ d i x o ] . O b s e r v e t h a t rule (6) a l s o a p p l i e s t o

preterite f o r m s s u c h a s [ a d d g e l f r o m / z d u k s e / L a t . a d u x i

[ adiksi] "1 sllegehw , g i v i n g [ a a d x e ] (Old P o r t . adux'3 [ adGSe],

o l d . C a t , a d u x [ a d G 1) . G i v e n t h e a n a l y s i s i n T a b l e 77 a b o v e , the c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c

r e p r e s s n t a t i o n s o f t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s h i c e , d i j e , a n d v i n e c a n

b e g e n e r a t e d . The r u l e o f M e t a t h e s i s which was f o r m u I a t e d i n

(63) a b o v e a p p l i e s t o t h e s e f o r m s . N o t e t h a t a [ + g r a v e J

c o n s o n a n t a p p e a r s i n t h e r o o t s o f t h e s e v e r b s a s well.

' T h e r u l e o f V o c a l i c R a i s i n g w i l l a l s o b e f o r m u l a t e d i n

o r d e r t o a c c o u n t for t h e r a i s i n g o f t h e f r o n t v o w e l [ e l t o g i v e

Page 251: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

[ f s e ] f r o m [ d y k e ] a n d [ b f n e ] from [ bgyr!e]:

(65) V o c a l i c R a i s i n g 2 ( f i r s t v e r s i o n ) :

b) [ e y ] ==> [ i y p r 1 -- c'

Thus , R a i s i n g 1 g i v e n i n (62) a n d R a i s i n g 2 i n (65) a b o v e c a n be

c o l l a p s e d i n t o o n e r u l e i n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e p r e t e r i t e

f o r m s o f t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s

c h a p t e r :

(66) V o c a l i c R a i s i n g ( f i n a l v e r s i o n ) :

a) k;] ===> k;] ( [ w , y ] = i n c r e m e n t s ) I C, [ - c o n s ]

( f r o m /E/)

( f i n a l p h c n e t i c o u t p u t s : [ u , i 1)

I n 2. 1.2.2., I showed t h a t t h e c o r r e c t p h o n e t i c

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ d i d ] a n d [ a r e ' ] of t h e f u t u r e forms of t h e

v e r b s d e c i r a n d h a c e r r e s p e c t i v e l y a s well a s t h e i r

c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s d i r i a [ d i r i a ] a n d h a r i a [ a r i a ]

c o u l d b e a c c o u n t e d f o r i f a ) t h e Theme Vowel D e l e t i o n r u l e

p o s t u l a t e d b y ~ a r r i s (1969:75) ( s e e r u l e ( 5 5 ) i n c h a p t e r 2)

a p p l i e s t o c o n f i g u r a t i o n s /v # d i s + i + r #e)# /v a n d / v # a s + e + r #&#

/v , g i v i n g /v # d i s + r #d# / V a n d /v # a s + r #e'# /v r e s p e c t i v e l y ;

a n d b) i f t h e f i n a l c o n s o n a n t o f t h e r o o t s [ d i s + ] a n d [ a s + ] i s

Page 252: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

d e l e t e d b e f o r e /r/ b y a p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e which was a l s o

f o r m u l a t e d i n c h a p t e r 2 a n d i s r e p e a t e d i n ( 6 7 ) be low:

(67) s = = = > $ / + - - r (cf. r u l e 22)

L e t u s now o b s e r v e t h e f u t u r e a n d c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s of t h e

v e r b s L e n d e c i r l f to b l e s s " , m a l d e c i r " to c u r s e t t , r e h a c e r " t o

r e m a k e w , a n d s a t i s f a c s " t o s a t i s f y " , which a r e c o m p l e x f o r m s of

d e c i r a n d h a c e r r e s p ~ c t i v e l y : --

TABLE 79.

1 n f i n i t l v e F u t u r e c o n d i t i o n a l ,

I I I I d e c i r d i r e , a s , ,. . d i r z a , r a y , . . .

b e n d e c i r b e n d e c i r q , . b e n d e c i r + a , . , m a l d e c l r m a l d e c i r e , . m a l d e c i r l a , . .

I I / 1 h a c e r h a r e , a I s , . . . h a r l a f r a s , . . .

r e h a c e r h a r e , . . . . r e h a r r e , . . . . . /

s a t i s f a c e r s a t i s f a r d , . s a t i s f a r l a , . ,

T a b l e 7 9 a b o v e s h o w s t h a t t h e f o r m s of d e c i r b u t n o t i ts

c o m p l e x f o r m s h a v e u n d e r g c n e m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s s u c h

a s Vowel D e l e t i o n ( r u l e 3, i n 2 .1 .2 .1 .) a n d R o o t F i n a l C o n s o n a n t

D e l e t i o n ( r u l e 6 7 a b o v e = r u l e 22 , i n 2. 1 , 2 . 2 . ) w h i l e a l l t h e

forms o f h a c e r h a v e u n d e r g o n e s u c h p r o c e s s e s . T h i s i s c o n s i s t e n t

w i t h t h e L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n h y p o t h e s i s .

The c a s e is e x a c t l y t h e same i n t h e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s of

d e c i r b e n d e c i r a n d m a l d e c i r : -,-, --

Page 253: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

TABLE 80.

I n f i n i t i v e I m p e r a t i v e

d e c i r d i b e n d e c i r b e n d i c c m a l d e c i r m a l d i c e

T h a t i s , t h e fo rm of d e c i r b u t n o t i t s r e l a t e d f o r m s h a s

u n d e r g o n e F i n a l Vowel D e l e t i o n a n d Root C o n s o n a n t D e l e t i o n .

However, i n t h e i m p e r a t i v e fcrms o f h a c e r , r e h a c e r a n d

s a t i s f a c e r : ----

TABLE 81.

I n f i n i t i v e I m p e r a t i v e

h a c e r h a z ( o r t h o g r a f i c z = [ s ] ) r e h a c e r r e h a z

s a t i s f a c e r s a t i s f a z / s a t i s f a c e

o n l y t h e p r o c e s s o f f i n a l v o w e l d e l e t i c n h a s a p p l i e d .

The f a c t s t h a t h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d s o f a r w i t h r e s p e c t t o

t h e f u t u r e , c o n d i t i o n a l a n d i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s d e c i r ,

h a c e r a n d t h e i r c o m p l e x forms c a n b e ~ x p l a i n e d o n l y i f we a s s u m e --

t h a t Vowel D e l e t i o n a n d Root F i n a l C o n s o n a n t D e l e t i o n o p e r a t e

- g r a d u a l l y a c r o s s t h e l e x i c o n o f t h e s e v e r b s . I n o t h e r words , t h e

f u t u r e a n d c o n d i t i o n a l f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s - , I d e c i r - h a c e r a n d t h e

compounds o f h a c e r h a v e b e e n a f f e c t e d by t h e p r o c e s s w h i l e t h e

Page 254: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

c o m p l e x f o r m s of t h e v e r b d e c i r , i .e . b e n d e c i r k , m a l d e c i r e ' , e tc . , h a v e n o t . I n t h e i m p e r a t i v e , t h e v e r b d e c i r h a s b e m more

s u s c e p t i b l e t o t h e a c t o f F i n a l Vowel D e l e t i o n a n d R o o t F i n a l

C o n s o n a n t D e l e t i o n . Only t h e p r o c e s s cf F i n a l Vowel D e l e t i o n h a s

a p p l i e d t o t h e v e r b h a c e r a n d i t s c o m p l e x f o r m s r e h a c e r a n d

s a t i s f a c e r . -------

N o t e t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s t y p e o f p h o n o l o g i c a l

p r o c e s s e s m u s t b e g r a d u a l I n terms of t h e LEXICAL DIFFUSION

h y p o t h e s i s . The f a c t t h a t two l e x i c a l items s u c h a s s a t i s f a z a n d

s a t i s f a c s " p l e a s e - i m p e r e n c o e x i s t s y n c h r o n i c a l l y i s e v i d e n c e o f ----- t h e g r a d u a l a p p l F c a t i o n o f t h e p r o c e s s . ~ h i s c a s e i s i n f a c t

s i m i l a r t o t h e p r o c e s s t h a t h a s g r a d u a l l y b e e n a p p l y i n g t o t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e , and p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r e n d c a b e r a n a l y z e d i n

3 . 1 . 2 . Th.e se t of p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s w h i c h o p e r a t e s o n t h e s e

t h r e e v e r b s a p p e a r s t o h a v e l o s t some i m p e t u s , a s was

d e m o n s t r a t e d by f o r m s w h i c h h a v e n o t u ~ d e r g o n e t h e c h a n g e .

S i m i l a r l y , t h e c o m p l e x f o r m s o f t h e v e r b d e c i g i n t h e f u t u r e a n d

c o n d i t i o n a l a s well a s i n t h e i m p e r a t i v e show t h a t t h e

p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s c a s e by Vowel D e l e t i o n

2 n d Root F i n a l C o n s o n a n t D e l e t i o n h a s a l s o l o s t some i m p e t u s . We

c a n a s s u m e , a s i n t h e c a s e of t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d caber,

t h a t it i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e set of r u l e s w i l l e v e n t u a l l y a p p l y

t o t h e c o m p l e x f o r m s of h a c e r a n d d e c i r n o t y e t a f f e c t e d by i t .

Page 255: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The F i n a l Vowel D e l e t i o n w h i c h a p p l i e s t o t h e f o r m s fi o f

d e c i r a n d & o f h a c e r g i v e n i n T a b l e s 80-81 a b o v e a l s o a c c o u n t s -- f o r t h e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s of t h e v e r b s p o n e g l c t o p u t n , t e n e r " t o

have" , v e n i r " t o cometc, a n d s a l i r V o g e t o u t " p r e s e n t e d i n

T a b l e 82 below:

TABLE 82.

I n f i n i t i v e I m p e r a t i v e #'

p o n e r /pone / ==> [ pqn ] Pan t e n e r / t e n € / ==> te,n 1 t e n v e n i r / b e n e / ==> [ byn ] v e n s a l i r / s a l e / ==> [ s a l ] sa 1

Note t h a t t h e f i n a l vowel o f t h e i m p e r a t i v e i s n o t d e l s t e d i n

r e g u l a r v e r b s :

TABLE 83 .

I c f i n i t i v e I m p e r a t i v e

amar ( 1 s t . c o n j . ) ama [ g q a ] t o m e r ( 2 n a . c o n j . ) t e m ~ [ t o m e ] p a r t i r (3rd .con- j . ) p a r t e Lpa'rte]

The c o n d i t i o n s o n /E/ d e l e t i o n a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e n a t u r e a n d

number o f t h e p r e c e d i n g c c n s o n a n t s . A l s o n o t e t h a t t h e

u n d ~ r l y i n g /e/ t h a t I p r o p o s e d f o r t h e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s o f t h e

v e r b s g i v e n i n T a b l e 8 2 a b o v e a p p e e r s i n b e n d i c e , m a l d i c e a n d

s a t i s f a c e . The same p r o c e s s o f F i n a l Vowel D e l e t i o n o p e r a t e s i n -----

t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e f o l l o w i n g n o u n s :

Page 256: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

TABLE 8 4 .

L a t i n s o l e ==> s a l e ==> m a r e ==> mense (mese)

F u r t h e r m o r e , o b s e r v e

so1 "sun" s a l t t sa l t f t mar t tseaw mes t f m o n t h u

t h a t t h e v o w e l /e/ d e s a p p e a r s i n f i n a l

p o s i t i o n i n t h e i m p e r a t i v e forms of t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s

wz, s ~ , a n d leer: ( B e f o r e e - d e l e t i o n a p p l i e s , t h e s e forms

u n d e r g o S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d C o n s o n a n t D e l e t i o n )

TABLE 85.

I n f i n i t i v e I m p e r a t i v e

v e r /bf:de/ => b e a e => b d e => [b;] ser / s ~ d e / => sebe => se'e => [ s d ]

leer / l e g e / => l e r e => l i e

C o n s e q u ~ n t l y , two p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s a r ? r e q u i r e d t o

g e n c r a t e t h e i m p e r a t i v e forms g i v e n i n T a b l e s 8 1 a n d 8 2 a s well

a s t h e f o r m s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 80 . The f i rs t r u l e which i s

g i v e n i n ( 6 8 ) b e l o w d e l ~ t e s t h e f i n a l v o w e l /e/ i n a l l t h e s e

f o r m s . O f c o u r s e , t h e y mus t b e specially marked i n t h e l e x i c o n

t o u n d e r g o it g r z d u a l l y :

(68) * e ===> fl / C #

Page 257: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The s e c o n d r u l e , which i s g i v e n i n ( 6 9 ) b e l o w , h a s o n l y a p p l i e d

t o t h e i m p e r a t i v e fo rm / d i s / d e l e t i n g t h e f i n a l r o o t c o n s o n a n t

/s/, t o g i v e 1:

I n c o n c l u s i o n , it h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d i n 3.2.5. a b o v e

t h a t t h e v e r b s d e c i r a n d h a c e r a re s u b j e c t t o s h a r e d

m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s w h i c h a l s o a p p l y t o t h e s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s q u e r e r a n d vex, a n d t o t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n

v e r b v e n i r i n t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s . T h e s e f i v e v e r b s make up a

s u b g r o u p of r e l a t e d f o r m s w i t h t h ~ v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , c a b e r ,

, p l a c e r , a n d w i t h p o d e r , p o n e r a n d ~ e s p o n d e r which show t r a e r

t h e back v o w e l [ a - u ] a n d l o - u ] a l t e r n a t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t was

a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e v e r b s d e c i r a n d

h a c e r w i t h E, v e n i r , p o n e r , t e n e r , a n d s a l i r i s b a s e d o n t h s I ----

g r a d u a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s r e p r e s e n t e d b y

F F n a l Vowel D e l e t i o n a n d R o o t F i n a l C o n s o n a n t ~ e l e t i o n a c r o s s

t h e l e x i c a l items o f t h e f u t u r e , c o n d i t i o n a l , a n d i m p e r a t i v e .

Page 258: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

3.2.6 A n d a r E s t a r a n d T e n e r . - - -2 - - --

The f i rs t c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s a n d a r " t o w a l k " a n d e s t a r " t o

be", a n d t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b t e n e r I t t o have" h a v e a n [ u ]

i n t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s a s c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n T a b l e 8 6 below:

TABLE 86.

P re te r i t e I n d i c a t i v e

a n d a r acd[ < ] v e e s t a r estl y ] v e t e n a r t[ u ]ve

A s was s t a t e d i n 2.1. I . , Bello (1881: 153) claims t h a t t h e

v e r b s a n d a r , e s t a r a n d t e n e r b e l o n g t o " E l q u i n t o o r d e n o g r u p o

d e f o r m a s a f i n e s l l ( t h e f i f t h c l a s s o r g r o u p of r e l a t e d forms)

b e c a u s e t h e y c h a n g e t h e i r r o o t s a n d - , gst= a n d t e n - t o anduv-,

e s t u v ~ a n d t u v - i n t h e p r e t e r i t e i r d i c a t i v e . T h i s i s t h e r e a s o n , --

a c c o r d i n g t o Bel lo , f o r a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e s e t h r e e i r r e g u l a r

v e r b s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r

a n d c a b e g .

I n 2 . 1 . 1 . , 1 c o n c l u d e d t h a t B e l l o l s a n a l y s i s o f t h e f i f t h

c l a s s o f i r r e g u l a r r e l a t e d f o r m s i s a p u r e l y d e s c r i p t i v e

a n a l y s i s o f t h e phenomena o b s e r v a b l e o n l y a t t h e l e v e l o f

s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , i .e . a p u r e l y m o r p h o l o g i c a l

c l a s s i f i c a t i o ~ , Now, I w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e why - - I a n d a r - - e s t a r a n d

Page 259: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t e n o r h a v e a n [ u ] i n t h e p r e t e r i t e forms a n d how t h e y a r e , ---

t h e r e f o r e , r e l a t e d t o t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r a n d c a b e r .

I f /and- / a n d /€st-/ a r e t h e b a s i c f o r m s o f t h e f i r s t

c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s a n d a r a n d e s t a r , t h e n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

p r e t e r i t e f o r m s a n d u v p [ a n d d p e ] a n d e s t u v e [es tdbe] c a n n o t b e

t h e r e s u l t of c h e n g i n g t h e b a s i c f o r m s , c o n t r a r y t o B e l l o l s

(1881: 153) c l a i m , b u t r a t h e r o f a d d i n g t h e s i m p l e p r e t e r i t e stem

hub- 6 - o f t h e v e r b h a b ~ r t o t h e b a s i c f o r m s /and-/ a n d ---

/ s t - / . T h i s p a r a l l e l s t h e e a r l i e r p r o p o s a l on t h e f o r m a t i o n o f

t h e f u t u r e t e n s e by t h e a d d i t i o n t o t h e i n f i n i t i v e of t h e

p r e s e n t t e n s e f o r m s of h a b e r . 1-

I p r o p o s e t h a t t h e stem a n d u v - [ a n d d p - ] o f t h e p r e t e r i t e

i n d i c a t i v e forms a n d u v e , a n d u v i s z g , a n d u v o , e t c . (see f o r m s i n

T a b l e s 5 a n d 8 i n t h e Data) is a compound , t h e r e s u l t o f

a p p l y i n g a m o r p h o l o g i c a l r u l e w h i c h a d d s t h e p r e t e r i t e v a r i a n t

hub- 6 - of t h e r o o t /ab-/ o f t h e v e r b h a b e r t o t h e r o o t ---

/and- / o f t h e v e r b a n d a y , i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e f i n a l o v e r t

c o n s o n a n t . T h i s t y p e i s t r a d i t i o n a l l y c a l l e d p e r i p h r a s t i c

form", t h a t is , a f o r m i n w h i c h t h e p r i n c i p a l v e r b i s c o m b i n e d

w i t h a n a u x i l i a r y o r some o t h 2 r p a r t i c l e .

I a l s o p r o p o s e t h a t t h e p r e t e r i t e forms e s t u v e , e s t u v i s t e ,

e s t u v o , e tc . o f t h e v e r b es ta r a n d t u v e , t u v i s t e , t u v o , e tc . --

o f t h e v e r b tmer a r e compound f o r m s . N o t e t h a t , i n t h e l a t t e r ,

Page 260: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t h e 2 o f t e n - i s t h e first o v e r t c o n s o n a n t .

O b s e r v e t h e f c r m a t i o n o f t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s

h a b e r e s t a r a n d t e n e r i n Romance l a n g u a g e s s u c h a s P o r t u g u e s e - - I -- a n d C a t a l a n :

TABLE 87.

p r e t s r i t e I n d i c a t i v e .

PORTUGUESE:

H A V E TER ESTAR

1 . s . h o u v ~ t i v e e s t i v e 2 . s. h o u v e s t e t i v e s t e e s t i v e s t e 3 . s . h o u v r t e v e e s t e v e

CATALAN:

HAVE TENIR ESTAR

Old Mod. O l d Mod. O l d Mod. 1 . s . a* h a d t i n & t i n d e s t i& estic& 3,s. a& hag& terch t i c& estech e s t i w

N o t e t h a t , i n P o r t u g u e s e , t h e e n d i n g s ==, - v e s t € , 2 2 , o f t h e

s h r e s p r e t e r i t e s i n g u l a r f o r m s o f t h e v e r b h a v e r " t o h a v e t f a l s o

a p p e a r i n t h e c t h e r t h r e e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s -2 " to h a v e n a n d

e s t a r "to b e n . 2~ i s t h e u s u a l a n d p r e f e r r e d p e r f e c t t e n s e --

a u x i l i a r y i n s p o k e n P o r t u g u e s e . The forms o f h a v e r a r s f o u n d

3 n l y i n formal w r i t t e n a n d s p o k e n s t y l e , p r i m a r i l y i n t h e p a s t

p e r f e c t t e n s e s . S i m i l a r l y , n o t e t h a t i n O l d C a t a l a n t h e e n d i n g

- c h o f t h e f i rs t a n d t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r forms o f h a v e r "to --

Page 261: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

h a v o M a p p s a r s i n t h e f o r m s of -- t e n i r I t t o h a v e w a n d e s t a r " to b e w .

E x a c t l y t h e s a m e phenomenon c c c u r s i n Modern C a t a l a n , i . e . t h e

e n d i n g s -qui a n d - q u d of t h e f i r s t a n d t h i r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r o f

h a v e r a r e a l s o t h e e n d i n g s of t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g forms i c t h e

o t h e r t w o v e r b s .

T h i s s h o w s t h a t a c l o s e m o r p h o l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

t h e p r e t e r i t e forms of t h e v f r b s h a b e r , t e n e r a n d e s t a r o c c u r s

n o t o n l y i n S p a n i s h b u t a l s o i n o t h e r Romance l a n g u a g e s s u c h a s

P o r t u g u e s e a n d C a t a l a n . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e

v e r b s h a b e r a n d t e n e r i s c o n d i t i o n e d by s e m a n t i c s : h a b e r i s t h e

p e r f e c t a u x i l i a r y v e r b i n S p a n i s h , b u t i n a c o n t e x t s u c h a s

h a s d s s a l i r ma5ana o b l i q a t o r i a m e n t e it means l tyou h a v e t o l e a v e --- t o m o r r o w anyway". N o t e t h a t b o t h v e r b s h z v e r a n d ter a r e u s e d a s

p e r f e c t t e n s e a u x i l i a r i e s i n P o r t u g u e s e .

A l l t h e f a c t s p r e s e n t e d s o f a r s u p p o r t my claim t h a t

S p a n i s h p r e t e r i t e forms of a n d a r , e s t a r a n d t e n e r a r e t h ~ r e s u l t

of a p p l y i n g a m o r p h o l o g i c a l r u l e t h a t r e a d s a s f o l l o w s :

(70) To form" t h e p r e t e r i t e s cf t h e f i r s t c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s a n d a r a n d e s t a h , t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b t e n e r , a n d t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e d e r i v a t i o n a l compounds , a d d t h e p r e t e r i t e v a r i a n t /ub-/ [ 6~ ] o f t h e r o o t /ab-/ [a'p-3 o f t h e a u x i l i a r y v e r b h a b e r a s well a s t h e p e r s o n a n d cumber e n d i n g s -2, -iste, -Q,- imos , a n d - e r o n t o t h e b a s i c r o o t s / and- / a n d /est-/ of t h e v e r b s a n d a r a n d e s t a r r e s p e c t i v e l y , a n d , by a n a l o g y , t o t h e d e n t a l s t o p c o n s o n a n t /t/ of t h e b a s i c r o o t / t e n - / of t h e v e r b t e n e r .

Page 262: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e p r e t e r i t e forms a n d u v e , E s t u v e a n d t u v e

a r e n o t i n f l e c t e d forms o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e v e r b s a n d a r , @ s t a r a n d

t e n e r a s c l a i m e d by Bello ( 1 8 8 1 : 153) , b u t r a t h e r compound - , I

c o n t r u c t i o n s , w i t h i n wh ich i n f l e c t i o n a p p l i e s t o the a d d e d forms

o f t h e v e r b h a b e r .

Page 263: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

FCOTNOTES T O CHAPTER 3. ------ I T h i s i s n o t t o s a y t h a t o t h e r l i n g u i s t s h a v e d i s a g r e e d

w i t h t h i s c l a i m . On t h e c o n t r a r y , B e l l 0 ( 1 8 8 1 ) , Cuezvo

( 1 8 8 1 ) , a n d F o l e y (1965) h a v e shown i n t e r e s t i n g r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n t h e t h r e e v e r b s e v e r t h o u g h t h e i r a n a l y s e s h a v e

been t o o r e s t r i c t e d .

I would l i k e t o t h a n k D r . E . R. Colhoun a t whose

s u g g e s t i o n S e c t i o n 3.1.4. was d o n e . O f c o u r s e , the

a n a l y s i s p r e s e o t e d h e r e i s my own r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

I refer h e r e t o t h e i r r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e f o r m s o f p l a c e r

a n d t r a e r , t h a t is, t r u j e , t r u j o , a n d p l u q o , p l u q u i e r o n

r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s e t w o v e r b s a l s o h a v e r e g u l a r p r e t e r i t e

f o r m s s u c h a s t r a j e , t r a j o , a n d p l a c i , p l a c i e r o n . . ( S e e

T a b l e s 12 a n d 13 of c h a p t e r 1 i n t h e D a t a )

De i n t h i s e x a m p l e i s a p a r a g o g i c , t h a t i s , a s y l l a b l e -- a d d e d a t t h e e n d of a word.

~ e r n g i s a m e t a t h e s i z e d f o r m o f t h e u s u a l v e n d r g "he w i l l

cornsat.

It is d i f f i c u l t t o s a y w h e t h e r s e n t e n c e s (a) a n d (b) a r e

s y n o n y m o u s o r n o t s i n c e t h e y do n o t h a v e o n e r e a d i n g i n

common. S e n t e n c e ( a ) means I thas a n o b l i g a t i o n t o b e h e r e t t

' a n d t h e o t h e r p o s s i b l e r e a d i n g i s Ithe i s n o t h e r e i n s p i t e

o f t h e f a c t t h a t h e h a s a n o b l i g a t i o n t o b e h e r e " (cf.

Page 264: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

e x a m p l e ( - 1 , p.39 be low i n w h i c h t h e r e a d i n g Itbe

n e c e s s a r y f t is a l s o p o s s i b l e ) . S e n t e n c e (b) i s a f u t u r e a n d

a f u t u r e o f p r o b a b i l i t y , m e a n i n g "he i s p r o b a b l y h e r e

noww. It d o e s n o t h a v e a n o b l i g a t i o n m e a n i n g a s s e n t e n c e -- ( a ) d o e s , u n l e s s i t i s a s u b s t i t u t e f o r a ccmmand f o r m , a s

/ / f o r e x a m p l e i n E s t a r s agu~ maiiana "You h a v e t o be h e r e

tomor rowI t . C o f i s e q u e n t l y , e x a m p l e s ( a ) a n d ( b ) c a n n o t b e

c o n s i d e r e d s t r o n g e v i d e n c e i n t h i s a n a l y s i s .

7 H a r r i s ' p o i n t o f v i e w is a l s o a s s u m e d by J e n s e n (1371:84)

who s a y s t h a t t f t h e s y n t h e t i c f u t u r e of C l a s s i c a l L a t i n

(amabo, etc.) i s r e p l a c e d i n Romance b y a n a n a l y t i c a l

p e r i p h r a s i s , c o n s i s t i n g of t h e i n f i n i t i v e f o l l o w e d b y t h e

p r e s e n t t e n s e o f a n a u x i l i a r y v e r b w h i c h , i n most a r e a s o f

Romania , is h a b g r e ( e x . : s c r z b g r e h a b e o , v g n ' i r e h a b e t ) .

T h i s c o n s f r u c t i o n o r i g i n a l l y e x p r e s s e d o b l i g a t i o n , h a b e p

b e i n g more o r less t h e e q u i v a l e n t of d e b e o , b u t i t s o o n

became t h e n o r m a l f o r m u l a o f f u t u r i t y . "

8 R e g u l a a n d J e r n e j (1965: 152 , f t . n o t e 3) c o n s i d e r abb iamo a

I t forma a n a l o g i c a d e r i v a t a d a l c o n g i u n t i v c w , t h a t i s , f r o m

t h e s u b j u n c t i v e - - a b b i a I - , I a b b i a , I a b b i a - , I a b b i a m o ---- a b b i a n o .

9 T h i s a s s u m p t i c n is s u p p o r t e d by J e n s e n ' s o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t

"when u s e d a s f u t u r e e n d i n g s , t h e f o r m s of t h e p r e s e n t

t e n s e o f h a b g r e a r e r e d u c e d i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n p l u r a l

w h e r e t h e ab- p o r t i o n is d r o p p e d . The f u t u r e o f c a n t a r e i s

g i v e n a s a n e x a m p l e of t h i s f c r m a t i o n :

Page 265: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

* c a n t a r e a i o c a n t e d * c a n t a r e as c a n t e r ~ i * c a n t a r e a t c a n t e r a * c a n t a r e ( h a b ) emus c a n t e r e m o * c a n t a r e h a b e n t c a n t e r a n n o

( J e n s e n , 1971 :84)

1 0 T h i s c o n c e p t was n o t e n t i r e l y unknown t o e a r l i e r

g e n e r a t i o n s o f l i n g u i s t s . ~ c c o r d i n g t o Chen a n d Wang

(1975: 257) , S a p i r , K a r l g r e n , a n d S o m m e r f e l t , h a v e a l s o

s u g g e s t e d d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y t h e l e x i c a l l y g r a d u a l

n a t u r e of s o u n d c h a n g e .

t l The term r e s i d u ? i s d e f i c e d b y Wang ( 1 969: 10) . Be s a y s

t h a t " T h e r e are s i t u a t i o n s i n w h i c h two o r more c h a n g e s

a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e same s u b s e t of morphemes a t t h e s a m e

time. S u c h s i t u a t i o n s l e a v e r e s i d u e s w h i c h a r e t h e d i r e c t

c o n s e q u e n c e s of s o u n d c h a n g e s t h a t were p r e v e n t e d from

r u n n i n g t h e i r f u l l c o u r s e f 1 .

1 2 Note t h a t P r o f e s s o r R o b e r t s v [ a e n t ~ s a ~ $ ~ t a r i ] a n d P r o f e s s o r

C o l h o u n l s [ae n t I s a p a t r i ] i s a l s o e v i d e n c e t h a t Vowel

S h o r t e n i n g i s s t i l l a p p l y i n g a s ~ i p a r s k y (1968) h a s

c l a i m e d .

1 3 N o t e t h a t , i n p r i n c i p l e , t h e i r r e g u l a r vowel a n d

c o n s o n a n t a l alternations of t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s

h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e --- --

m a n i f e s t e d by t h e r e g u l a r v e r b s o f t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n .

Page 266: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

( S e e T a b l e 2 i n c h a p t e r 1)

G l i d e F o r m a t i o n ( r u l e 3) a p p l i e s t o a l l u n s t r e s s e d h i g h

v o w e l s when t h e y a r e i n p r e v o c a l l c p o s i t i o n , a s was

e x e m p l i f i e d i n c h a p t e r 2 o f t h i s t h e s i s . ( c f , s e c t i o n

2 .2 .1 .) A s c a n b e c b s e r v e d i~ T a b l e s 45-53, r u l e ( 3 ) h a s

t o b e c r u c i a l l y o r d e r e d a f t e r r u l e s (1-2) and a l s o b s f o r e

r u l e s (4 -6 ) .

D e l e t i o n o f t h e vowel l o ] a p p l i e s o n l y i n T a b l e s 4 5 a n d

4 6 , It h a s t o b e o r d e r e d a f t e r S p i r a n t i z a t i c n ( r u l e 9) a n d

$ - d e l e t i o n ( r u l e 10) s i n c e the v o w e l [ o ] i s d e l e t e d o n l y

a f t e r a vowel . T h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n of a v o w e l i n t h e

e n v i r o n m e n t o f r u l e (11) i s j u s t i f i e d s i n c e i t a p p l i e s t o

[do] i n T a b l e 45, g i v i n g [d l , a n d t o [ s d o ] i n T a b l e 4 6 ,

/ g i v i n g sel ; i t d o e s n o t a p p l y , f o r i n s t a n c e , t o ~ d ~ o 1

( p r e t e r i t e form ~ d ~ o ] ) a s shown i n T a b l e 48 .

D i p h t h o n g i z a t i o n a p p l i e s t o [ h a u b i r o n ] a s well a s t o

[ s a w p d r o n ] a n d L kawp$ron] , ( s e e T a b l e s 48-49) , g i v i n g

hawby&on 1, [ sawpyefrcn 1, a n d [ kawpye'ron ] r e s p e c t i v e l y . A s

c a n b e n o t e d i n t h e Data ( T a b l e s 4- 13 i n c h a p t e r 1) , t h e

p h o n e t i c [ y d ] ftom [ $ I a p p e a r s i n t h e t h i r d p e r s o n p l u r a l

f o r m s of t h e p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e of t h e t h r e e v e r b s u n d e r

a n a l y s i s . It a l s o a p p e a r s i n t h e s a m e t h i r d p e r s o n p l u r a l

o f t h e same t e n s e of a l l the s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s i n

S p a n i s h : e. g . [ komy4ron ] " t h e y a t e t f , [ temye ' ron ] " t h e y

f e a r e d w , ctc.

Page 267: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

S i n c e D i p h t h o n g i z a t i . c n a p p l i e s t o t h e s t r e s s e d mid-vowels

/0/ a n d /E/, ( s e e Lerna, 1978: C h a p t e r I V f o r d e t a i l s ) , i t

h a s t o b e o r d e r e d a f t e r s t r e s s - a s s i g n m e n t . Moreover , it

h a s t c a p p l y a f t e , r Y o d - d e l e t i o n ( r u l e 4 ) In t h e

d e r i v a t i o n s of T a b l e s 47-49, t h a t is , t h e i n p u t f o r

y - d e l e t i o n i s n o t [ habwydron ] b u t r a t h e r [ h a b w i r o n ] .

I I I am g r a t e f u l t o D r . E.W. R c b e r t s f o r s u g g e s t i n g t h i s

d i r e c t i o n f o r t h e a n a l y s i s p r e s e n ' e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r ,

L B N o t e t h a t haber & may a p p e a r i n c o n s t r u c t i o n s s u c h a s h_a

d e es tar en sg o f i c i n a It (he) i s p r o b a b l y i n h i s o f f i c e " , - m e a n i n g p r o b a b i l i t y . ( c f . f o o t n o t e 6 of t h i s c h a p t e r )

1 9 T h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n i s u n u s u a l s i n c e we g e t p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v e of h a b e r p l u s i m p e r f e c t of ver . Compare t h i s

s e n t e n c e w i t h a ) Mucho t i e m p o h s c e que no t_e ( p r e s e n t

of h a c e r - p r e s e n t cf 1%) a n 2 b) Mucho t i e m p o h a c i a qgg

no 22 v e i a ( i m p e r f e c t o f h a c e r - i m p e r f e c t o f ) . - 2 o O b s e r v e t h a t t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e forms o f t h e v e r b

h a b s r h a d n o t b e e n r e d u c e d i n Old ~ p a n i s h . Habes , h a b e , --- habemos , h a b e n , were t h ~ u s u a l forms a t t h a t time. (cf . ---- C u e r v o , 1881:87) Thus , w i t h t h i s k i n d o f i n f o r m a t i o n , we

c a n d e t e r m i n e , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e r e l a t i v e c h r o n o l o g y of

$ - d e l e t i o n ; a l s o , i ts g r a d u a l e v o l u t i o n a n d e x p a n s i o n

a c r o s s t h e f o r m s c o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d .

21 ' The term u p e r s l s t e n t l f was f i r s t u s e d b y C h a f e (1967) i n

h i s a r t i c l e "The O r d e r i n g o f P h o n o l o g i c a l R u l e s t t , i n : IJAL

Page 268: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

34 ,115- 1 3 6 , a n d t h e n t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n by Newton

(1970) . . 2 2 Newton h a s p r e s e n t e d s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s o f r u l e a p p l i c a t i o n

i n G r e e k s h o w i n g t h a t s t r i c t a d h e r e n c e t o f f p o i n t r u l e f t

p h o n o l o g y i n v o l v e s 1) t h e r e c o g n l t i c n o f a s y m m e t r y

v i o l a t i o n , i . e . when, f o r e x z m p l e , two r u l e s A a n d B a r e

s o r e l a t e d t h a t A b l e e d s B a n d B f e e d s A , o r w h e r e t h e

r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t w o r u l e s is o n e o f m u t u a l f e e d i n g ( c f .

Newton, 1970: 32- 35) ; 2) t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f t r a n s i t i v i t y

v i o l a t i o n , i . e . where , fc r i n s t a n c e , a r u l e A f e e d s B a n d

B f e e d s C, b u t a t t h e same time r u l e A i s s o o r d e r e d t h a t

i t i s c r u c i a l l y p r e c e d e d by r u l e C (cf . Newton,

1970 :36-41) ; a n d 3) i n b o t h c a s e s , t h e a b a n d o n m e n t o f

o r d e r e d sets o f r u l e s .

2 3 Note h e r e t h a t t h e p r i n c i p l e of G R A D U A L DIFFUSION is

s i m ? l a r l y r e l e v a n t t o t h e u s e o f F o l e y ' s RULE SCHEMA

INTERRUPTION a s i t i s t o t h e u s e o f N e w t c n t s LINEAR MODEL.

2 + The r e l a t i o n .( , a c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y ( 1 977: 28) , i s t h e

r e l a t i v e p h o n o l o g i c a l s t r e n g t h o f e l e m e n t s a p p e a r i n g

p h o n e t i c a l l y a s v e l a r s , d e n t a l s , a n d l a b i a l s . He

e s t a b l i s h e s t h e r e l a t i o n g ( 1 ) ==> d ( 2 ) ==> b(3) ==> w h i c h

i n d i c a t e s t h a t q s p i r a n t i z e s more r e a d i l y t h a n 2 o r &, a n d

q a n d d s p i r a n t i z e more r e a d i l y t h a n &.

2 5 ' O b s e r v e t h a t t h e [ h ] r e m a i n s i n t h e s a m e e n v i r o n m e n t a s

shown by e x a m p l e s s u c h a s a d u l a n t g [ a b u l d n t e ] , inadura r

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2 6 Note t h a t t h e r u l e o f ~ l i d e F o r m a t i o n d o e s n o t a p p l y t o

t h e s e f o r m s e v e n t h o u g h t h e v o w e l s [ u ] a n d [i ] a r e n e x t t o

a n o t h e r v o w e l . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t G l i d e F o r m a t i o n i s a l s o

a r u l e w h i c h is s u b j e c t t o LEXICAL DIFFUSION.

z 7 The i n t e r e s t i c g f ac t t o n o t e h e r e is t h a t $ - d e l e t i o n

o c c u r s i n f o r m a l i s t i c s t y l e . L a t i n - A m e r i c a n s p e a k e r s s a y ,

f o r e x a m p l e , [ l a p a ' o ] l lwashedf l i n s t e a d o f [ l a p a ' d o ] e v e n i n

c a r e f u l s p e e c h . N o t e , h c w e v e r , t h a t stress i s p r o b a b l y

r e l e v a n t h e r e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r d e l e t i c n s .

2 8 /

I n e x a m p l e s s u c h a s d e s n u d g [desnuc], c o r n u d o [kornd- ] , a n d

mudo [m:], t h e [ a ] is d r o p p e d w h i l e t h e [!I] a n d [ 1 a r e -- I n e v e r d r o p p e d , a s shown i n [ e s t d p o ] Ithe u a s f t a n d [ x d l o ]

N j u i c e f t . Note a g a i n t h a t t h e [ a ] i s f o z m a t i v e i n i t i a l

w h i l e [P J a n d [ y ] a re r o o t f i n a l .

2 9 O b s e r v e T a b l e 4 4 i n t h i s c h a p t e r .

3 0 3 - d e l e t i o n a l s o a p p l i e s t o t h e i m p e r f e c t f o r m &. O b s e r v e

Mod. Sp. -- s e n t a r s e I f t o s i t downw f r o m V u l g a r La t .

+ a d s e d e n t F i r $ (Old Sp . a s e n t a r , Mcd. P o r t . a s s e n t a r )

d e r i v e d f r o m L a t . seaere.

3 1 R u l e 6 i s a l s o n e e d e d t o d e r i v e o v e n t e [ o y e n t e ] f l h e a r e r f f

f rom [ a w h y d n t e ] L a t . a u a i r e . 3 2 T h i s r u l e Is r u l e (5) i n T a b l e 63 o f t h i s s e c t i o n a n d

c o r r e s p o n d s t o r u l e (7) i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n s g i v e n i n T a b l e s

45-53, 3 . 1 . 2 .

Page 270: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

It i s i m p o r t a n t t o p o i n t o u t t h a t H e t a t h e s i s a p p l i e s t o

v e r b forms s u c h a s t h o s e i n T a b l e 66 a n d 6 7 , a n d t o n o u n s

s u c h a s s u e s o f r o n [ k d y s u s I([ k d s y u s ] . ( N o t e t h a t [ k g s y u s ]

i s i n t u r n f r o m [ k a / s i u s ] u n d e r l y i n g f o r m / k a s e u s / f r o m

L a t . case 'us ) However, t h e v c w e l [el i n [ k d s o ] d o e s n o t

become i ] a f t e r M e t a t h e s i s a n d Vowel C o n t r a c t i o n a p p l y ,

a s is t h e c a s e i n V e r b f o r m s s u c h a s [ b f n e ] o f v e n i r . ( S e e

3.2.5. f o r more d e t a i l s ) M o r e o v e r , n o t e t h a t i t i s c n l y i n

v e r b s t h a t t h e [ y ] a n d [ w ] f rom /i/ a n d /u/ i n c r e m e n t s

o c c u r a n d are m e t a t h e s i z e d .

The c o n s o n e n t a l e n v i r o n m e n t i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t w i t h r e s p e c t

t o t h e r u l e o f M e t a t h e s i s . It a p p l i e s b e t w e e n t h e l o w

v o w e l [ a ] f o l l o w e d by t h e l a b i a l c o n s o n a ~ t s [ p ] a n d [ P I i n

t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r . (cf . T a b l e s 45-53,

3.1.2.) F u r t h e r m o r e , eta thesis a p p l i e s a f t e r G l i d e

F o r m a t i o n .

Only p a r t (b) o f r u l e (58) i s r e l e v a n t f o r o u r a n a l y s i s .

No te t h a t t h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e a g l o b a l r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n a) a n d b ) (see S o m m e r s t $ i n , ( 1977: 190-2) f o r

d e t a i l s a n d r e f e r e n c e s o n t h e u s e o f t h e term " g l o b a l

r u l e 1 ' ) . However, we w i l l n o t e x p a n d on t h i s i s s u e i n t h i s

t h e s i s .

T h 2 s e a re t h e p r e t e r i t e r e l i c f o r m s of t h e v e r b s t r a e r a n d

p l a c e r . A s h a s b e e n p o i n t e d o u t i n c h a p t e r s 1 a n d 2 , t h e s e

two v e r b s a l s o h a v e s t a n d a r d p r e t e r i t e f ~ r m s t r a i e , t r a i ~ ,

Page 271: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

a n d p l a c i , p l a c i e r o q . ( S e e T a b l e s 12 a n d 13 i n t h e D a t a of

c h a p t e r 1 )

F o r m o r e d i s c u s s i o n on t h i s , see 2. 1 .2 .2 .

S e e Harr is (1969:31) f o r some more d e t a i l s a b o u t t h e r u l e

o f G l i d e F o r m a t i o n .

I u s e the J a k o b s o n i a n f e a t u r e [ + g r a v e ] t o e x p l a i n t h e

i n c l u s i o n o f t h e v e l a r s e g m e n t s / k / a n d /x/. The f e a t u r e

l i n k s l a b i a l a n d v e l a r c o n s o n a n t s .

N o t e t h a t t h e r u l e o f R h o t a c i s m a p p l i e s i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n

o f q u e r e r [ k e r e ' r ] i n w h i c h t h e C r ] comes f r o m un . u n d e r l y i n g / s / .

The /e/ i n /tern-e-i/ is n o t c h a n g e d by G l i d e F o r m a t i o n a s

it i s i n [ k a ' s i u s ] f rom [ k a / s e u s ] { ~ a t . c a s E g s , Sp. q u e s o

[ k g s o 1 t t c h e e s e t t . ( S e e T a b l e 68)

A s c a n be n o t e d , G l i d e F o r m a t i o n h a s a p p l i e d a t two

d i f f e r e c t s t a g e s i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n of [ b y d l frcm

/bed- i -o / . The same manner o f a p p l i c a t i o n was o b s e r v e d

w i t h r e s p e c t t o S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d B - d e l e t i o n shown i n

3 .1 .3 . a b o v e .

S e e n o t e o n g l o b a l r e l a t i o n i n R u l e ( 5 9 ) .

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CHAPTER 4

C O N C L U S I O N S ----

The a i m o f t h e p r e s e n t t h e s i s h a s b e e n t o p r o p o s e a n

a n a l y s i s t h a t e x p l a i n s p r i m a r i l y t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] o b s e r v e d

i n t h e t h r e e i r r e g u l a r s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r "to h a v e n ,

s a b e r I f t o known, a n d c a b e r " t o f i t ( i n t o ) I t , a n d t h e a l t e r n a t i o n -- [p-B] o b s e r v e d i n s a b e r a n d c a b e r . I d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e s e

v e r b s a r e m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d a n d t h a t t h e y make u p a

s u b g r o u p o f v e r b s w i t h s i m i l a r a l t e r n a t i o n s i n t h e p r e s e n t

i n d i c a t i v a , p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e , which

a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e m a n i f e s t e d by t h e r e g u l a r v e r b s o f t h e

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n .

We a s s u m e d i n c h a p t e r 1 t h a t S p a n i s h v e r b s a r e r e g u l a r i n

t h e f i rs t , s e c o n d , a n d t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n i f t h e t h e m e v o w e l ,

t h a t is, t h e v o w e l t h a t f o l l o w s t h e r o o t o f t h e v e r b , i s 2 , g,

o r *I r e s p e c t i v e l y a n d t E e p e r s o n - n u m b e r e n d i n g s a r e a s t h o s e o f

t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p a t t e r n v e r b s d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e s 1-3 . A v e r b

Page 273: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

i s c o n s i d e r e d i r r e g u l a r i f i t s p a r a d i g m d i f f e r s from t h a t of t h e

p a t t o r n v e r b s .

I n c h a p t e r 2, we d i s c u s s e d t h e g l i d e i n c r e m e n t s /y/ a n d / w /

wh ich , a c c o r d i n g t o F o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 ) , a re i n v o l v e d i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of t h e f o r m s of c e r t a i n members i n t h e p a r a d i g m s

o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r , a n d we c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e

p a r t i c u l a r c h a r a c t e r of t h e s e g l i d e l n c r e m e c t s i z n o t m o t i v a t e d

i n F o l e y l s a n a l y s i s . F u r t h e r , i n c h a p t e r 3 , we p r o p o s s d t h a t

t h e s a t h r e e v e r b s show a n u n d e r l y i n g i n c r e m e n t /i/ i n t h e

p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e a n d a n i n c r e m e n t /u/

i n t h e p r e t e r i t e I n d i c a t i v 9 i n s t e a d o f /y/ a n d /w/ a s p r o p o s e d

b y F o l e y ( 1 9 6 5 : 6 4 ) . The s a m e a n a l y s i s i s v a l i d f o r t h e p r e t e r i t e

f o r m s o f t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s t r a e r , ~ l a c e r , p c d e r ,

p o n e r , a n d r e s p o n d e r a s h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d i n 3 .2 .1 . -3.2.3.

We a l s o p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e i r r e g u l a r v e r b s of t h e s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n g u e r e r , 1s a n d h a c e r , whose d e r i v a t i o n s are g i v e n

i n 3 . 2 . 4 . a n d 3 .2 . S. , h a v e a n u n d e r l y i n g i n c r e m e n t /i/ i n s t e a d

o f a t h e m e v o w e l / e / a s i n t h e v e r b temer ( p r e t e r i t e temi I t I

f e a r e d t 1 f r o m /tern-e-i/) w h i c h i s t h e r e g u l a r p a t t e r n v ~ r b of t h e

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e main d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e e l e v e n

i r r e g u l a r v e r b s a n d t h e r e g u l a r p a t t e r n v e r b o f t h e s e c o n d

c o n j u g a t i o n c a n be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f a d i f f e r e n t

i n c r e m e n t a l v o w e l i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i c n s o f t h e v e r b

Page 274: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

f o r m s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

T h i s s t u d y i s a l s o c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e i r r e g u l a r v e r b s d e c i r

a n d v e n i r from t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i c n which show a n u n d e r l y i n g

i n c r e m e n t /i/ i n t h e p r e t e r i t e f o r m s , a s was p r e s e n t e d i n 3.2.5.

The a n a l y s i s o f t h e i n c r e m e n t s /i/ a n d /u / is p r e d i c a t e d on

t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t we h a v e a r u l e o f G l i d e F o r m a t i o n a s well a s

t h e r u l e s o f etat thesis a n d v o c a l i c R a i s i n g i n o u r p h o n o l o g y o f

~ p a n i s h . T h e s e r u l e s were f o r m u l a t e d a n d m o t i v a t e d . A s was

d e m o n s t r a t e d i n 3 . 2 . 1 . - 3 . 2 . 5 . , it is b e t t e r i n terms o f t h e

w h o l e s y s t e m o f S p a n i s h p h o n o l o g y t o p o s t u l a t e u n d e r l y i n g /i/

a n d /u/ i n c r e m e n t s .

I n c h a p t e r 3, we showed:

a . t h a t t h e v e r b s p l a c e r , a n d t r a e r a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e

t h r e ~ v e r b s h a b e r , saber, a n d c a b e r b e c a u s e t h e y s h a r e

t h e a l t e r n a t i o n [ a - u ] i n t h e p r e t e r i t e r e l ic f o r m s ;

b. t h a t p o n e r , p o d e r , a n d r e s p c n d e r a r e a l s o r e l a t e d t o t h e

same t h r e e v e r b s a s well a s t o t r a e r e n d p l a c e r b e c a u s e

o f t h e r a i s i n g o f t h e r o o t back vowel /o / t o [ u ] i n t h e

p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e ;

c. how a n d a r , e s t a r , a n d t e n e r which h a v e a n [ u ] i n t h e i r

p r e t e r i t e s a r e r e l a t e d t o h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r , a n d

a l s o t o t h e f i v e v e r b s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e ;

2 5 9

Page 275: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

t h a t q u e r e r , ver a n d v e n i r , w h i c h m a n i f e s t a f r o n t v o w e l

[ e - i ) r a i s i n g a l t e r n a t i o n , a n d h a c e r , d e c i r , t h a t h a v e

a n [ I i n t h e i r p r e t e r i t e s , c o n s t i t u t e a p a r a l l e l w i t h

t h o s e v e r b s w h i c h show t h e b a c k v o w e l [ a - u ] , [ o - u ]

a l t e r n a t i o n s ; a n d

t h a t t h e v e r b s m e n t 5 o n e d i n (a-d) a b o v e are l i n k e d

t o g e t h ~ r i n terms of s h a r e d m c r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s

t h a t o p e r a t e g r a d u a l l y o n v a r i o u s fcrms o f t h e p a r a d i g m s

o f t h e i r l e x i c a l items.

The s t u d y p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s was c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h r e e

i m p o r t a n t c o n c e p t s t h a t h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d i n t h e t h s o r y of

g s o e r a t i v e p h o n o l o g y , i . e m LEXICAL DIFFUSION (Wang, 1969) , L I N E A R O R D E R (Newton, 1 9 7 0 ) , a n d RULE SCHEMA INTERRUPTION

( F o l e y , 1 9 7 7 ) . I n terms of t h e c o n c e p t of LEXICAL DIFFUSION, o u r

a n a l y s i s d e a l t w i t h p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e

r u l e s o f L e n i t i o n , S p i r a n t i z a t i o n , p - d e l e t i o n , a n d V o c a l i c

R a i s i n g t h a t h a v e g r a d u a l l y b e e n a p p l y i n g t o t h e f o r m s of t h e

v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r . T h i s set of p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s

a p p l i e s most e x t e n s i v e l y i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n s o f t h e f o r m s of t h e

v e r b h a b a r , l e s s e x t e n s i v e l y t o t h e forms o f t h e v e r b s a b e r , a n d

e v e n l e s s t o t h o s e of c a b e r . T h e se t a p p e a r s t o h a v e l o s t some

i m p e t u s , a s was shown b y f o r m s s u c h a s h a b e m o s [ape 'mos], I

[ k&o] , s a b e s [ s a p e s ] , etc. w h i c h h a v e n o t u n d e r g o n e t h e c h a n g e .

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d se t h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t o

Page 276: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

a p p l y g r a d u a l l y a c r o s s t h e t e n s e s of t h e v e r b s : t h e whole s e t of

r u l e s a p p l i e s i n t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e , f e w e r r u l e s i n t h e

p r e t e r i t e , a n d e v e n fewer i n t h e p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e . It was

shown t h a t t h e t h r e e v e r b s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a re r e a s o n a b l y

a s s u m e d t o be c o n d i t i o n e d by g rammar a n d common a n d v a r i e d u s a g e

t o u n d e r g o a d i f f e r e n t number of p h c n o l o g i c a l r u l e s .

I n 3.2.5., we d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b

h a c e r a n d t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b d e c i r a r e a c l e a r e x a m p l e -- o f G r a d u a l D i f f u s i o n of a p r o c e s s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e r u l e s of

Vowel D e l e t i o r i a n d Root F i c a l C o n s o n a n t D e l e t i o n . The f u t u r e a n d

c o n d i t i o n a l forms o f h a c e r , d e c i r , a n d t h e compounds o f h a c e r

h a v e b e s n a f f e c t e d b y t h e p r o c e s s e s w h i l e t h e c o m p l e x f o r m s of

t h e v e r b d e c i r , i . e . bendeci-', m a l d e c i r g , e tc . , h a v e n o t . I n

t h e i m p e r a t i v e , t h e v e r b d e c i r h a s b e e n more s u s c e p t i b l e t o the

a c t o f Vowel D e l e t i o n a n d R o o t F i n a l C o n s o n a n t D e l e t i o n . Only

t h e p r o c e s s o f Vowel D e l e t i o n h a s a p p l i e d t o t h e v e r b h a c e r a n d

i t s c o m p l e x f o r m s ~ h a c e r a n d s a t i s f a c e r . T h e f a c t t h a t two

l o x i c a l items s u c h a s s a t i s f a z a n d s a t i s f a c e I f p l e a s e - i m p e r . "

c o 2 x i s t s y n c h r o n i c a l l y i s e v i d e n c e of the g r a d u a l a p p l i c a t i o n of

t h e p r o c e s s e s . We a s s u m e d , a s i n t h e c a s e of t h e v e r b s h a b e r ,

s a b e r , a n d c a b e r , t h a t it i s p o s s F b l e t h a t the set o f r u l e s ---- c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e i r d e r i v a t i o n s w i l l e v e n t u a l l y a p p l y t o t h e

c o m p l e x f o r m s of h a c e r a n d d e c i r i n t h e f u t u r e , c o n d i t i o n z l , a n d

i m p e r a t i v e n o t y e t a f f e c t e d b y i t .

26 1

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B a s ~ d o n t h e s e c o n d t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p t , i . e . L I N E A R O R D E R

o f a p p l y i n g p h o r o l o g i c a l r u l e s a s d e s c r i b e d b y Newton ( l 9 7 O ) , we

showed i n 3.1.3. t h a t ~ p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d ? - d e l e t i o n a r e t w o

r u l e s s t i l l a c t i v e i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t i n d i c a t i v e ,

p r e t e r i t e i n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s o f t h e v e r b s

h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r when o t h e r p r o c e s s e s s u c h a s G l i d e

F o r m a t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel ~ e d u c t i o n , Vowel c o n t r a c t i o n , a n d

eni it ion come i n t o o p e r a t i o n . We p r e s e n t e d f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e

s h o w i c g t h a t N e w t o r ' s model is c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e c o n c e p t o f

LEXICAL DIFFUSION. I n o t h e r w o r d s , e v e n t h o u g h S p i r a n t i z a t i o n

a n d P - d e l e t i o n a re a c t i v e r u l e s i n t h e s e n s e o f ~ e w t o n (1970)

when ~ l i d e F o r m a t i o n , M e t a t h e s i s , Vowel R e d u c t i o n , Vowel

c o n t r a c t i o n , a n d en it ion o p e r a t e , t h e f i rst two r u l e s d o n o t

a p p l y t o a l l t h e f o r m s o f t h e t h r e e v e r b s a t t h e s a m e time b u t

r a t h e r g r a d u a l l y . a c r o s s them. T h i s e x p l a i n s why S p i r a n t i z a t i o n

a n d 3 - d e l e t i o n h a v e n o t a p p l i e d ' i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n s o f t h e

p r e t e r i t 2 i n d i c a t i v e a n d p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e o f s a b e r a n d c i ibe r .

(cf. T a b l e s 49-53, c h a p t e r 3)

F i n a l l y , o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e c o n c e p t o f RULE SCHEMA

INTERRUPTION ( F o l e y , 6 9 7 7 ) , we d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t i n t h e c a s e o f

t h e t h r e e s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n v e r b s h a b e r , s a b e r , a n d c a b e r

S p i r a n t i z a t i o n a n d ? - d e l e t i o n may a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d t o

r e p r e s e n t a p h o n o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s t h a t h a s b e e n i n t e r r u p t e d by

t h e r u l e s o f G l i d e F o r m a t i o n , Pod D e l e t i o n , ~ e t a t h e s i s , Vowel

Page 278: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

R e d u c t i o n , Vowel ~ o n s t r a c t i o n , a n d L e n i t i o n . � his is so ,

p r o v i d e d t h a t s u c h a n i n t e r r u p t i o n a p p l i e s i n r e l a t i o n t o

s p e c i f i c l e x i c a l items, i. e m d i f f e r e n t i a l l y a c r o s s t h e l e x i c o n

a s r e q u i r e d b y t h e G r a d u a l if f u s i o n h y p o t h e s i s . Moreover , i t

was n o t e d t h a t t h e r e s u l t s of a n a n a l y s i s i n terms of LEXICAL

DIFFUSION a n d Newton ' s L I N E A R MODEL may be e q u i v a l e n t t o a n

a n a l y s i s i n terms o f F o l e y ' s INTERRUPTED R U L E SCHEMATA c o m b i n e d

w i t h t h e c o n c e p t o f LEXICAL DIFFUSION. However, t h e f i n a l

e v a l u a t i o n o f 'he t h e o r e t i c a l l y a n d e m p i r i c a l l y more a d e q u a t e

a n a l y s i s is b e y o n d t h e n e c e s s a r i l y l i m i t e d s c o p s o f t h i s t h e s i s .

The r e a s o n s why t h e i n t e r v o c a l i c d r o p s i n t h e f i r s t

p e r s o n s i n g u l a r f o r m s [ d l a n d [s&] o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r a n d s a b e r

w h i l e i t r e m a i n s i n p o s t o n i c p c s i t i o n i n i n f i n i t i v e s s u c h a s

h a b e r [ a?&] , i n t h e p a s t t e n s e f o r m s s u c h a s h a b i a [ a p i a ] , a n d --- i n p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s s u c h a s . h a b i d 0 [ a g i a o I c o u l d n o t be made

c o m p l e t e l y c l ea r i n o u r a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d i n 3 . 1 . 2 , a n d 3 . I . 3 .

However, we d i d show t h a t t h e p a r o c h i a l c o n d i t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d

b y F o l e y (1977) w h i c h s p e c i f y t h a t i n t e r v o c a l i c /g / a n d /d/ d r o p

w h i l e l a b i a l /b/ r e m a i n s a r e n o t t o t a l l y s u f f i c i e n t t o a c c o u n t

f o r t h i s p r o b l e m . C o ~ s e q u e n t l y , we p r o p o s e d t h a t a t - l e a s t a

p h o n o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h stress a n d r o u n d n e s s o f t h e

s u r r o u n d i n g v o w e l s may n e ~ d t o b e a d d e d b o t h t o F o l e y ' s (1377)

g e n e r a l p a r o c h i a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r S p a n i s h a n d t o o u r s p e c i f i c

a n a l y s i s i n terms of L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s t u d y .

Page 279: Contributions to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology · The present thesis is a contribution to the study of Spanish verb morphophonology. Spanish verbs are traditionally classified

The d a t a c o n s i d e r e d i n t h i s t h e s i s a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of

L a t i n - A m e r i c a n S p a n i s h s p o k e n by e d u c a t e d s p e a k e r s . F u r t h e r m o r e ,

h i s t o r i c a l a n d s y n c h r o n i c d a t a f r o m o t h e r Romance l a c g u a g e s s u c h

a s P o r t u g u e s e , F r e n c h , I t a l i a n , a n d C a t a l a n a r e p r e s e n t e d t o

s u p p o r t t h e r u l e s , r u l e o r d e r i n g , a n d u n d e r l y i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

p r o p o s e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s .

It is t h e main p u r p o s e o f t h i s t h e s i s t o show t h a t a n

a n d y s i s e f f e c t e d i n terms of s h a r e d m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l

p r o c e s s e s t h a t o p e r a t e g r a d u a l l y on v a r i o u s f o r m s o f t h e

p a r a d i g m s o f t h e v e r b s h a b e r , s z b e r , c a b e r , t r a e r , placer,

g o d e r , p o n e r , r e s p o n d e r , q u e r e r , IS, t e n e r , a n d h a c e r f r o m the

s e c o n d c o n j u g a t i o n , d e c i r a n d venil f r o m t h e t h i r d c o n j u g a t i o n ,

a n d e s t a r , a n d a r f r o m t h e f i r s t c o n j u g z t i o n p r o v i d e s new

g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s a b o u t f a c t s of S p a n i s h v e r b m c r p h o p h o n o l o g y ,

f a c t s t h a t would o t h e r w i s e h a v e t c b e r e g a r d e d a s t o t a l l y

i d i o s y n c r a t i c .

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B I B L I O G R A P H Y

A l o n s o , arti in. ( 1 974) , ~ r a m i t i c a E s p a i i o l C o n t e m p o r a n e o , E d i t o r i a l G u a d a r r a m a , Madr id .

B e l l o , A . a n d C u e r v o , R. J . ( 1 8 8 1 ) , ~ r a m g t i c a c a s t e l l a n a , E d i t o r i a l National, ~ d x i c o .

C l a i r , R. S t . a n d P a r k , C. ( 1 9 7 4 ) , **The i r r e g u l a r p r e s e n t t e n s e v e r b s of S p a n i s h " , i n L i n g u i s t i c s , v o l . 135, pp .73-99.

C o l e s P u b l i s h i n g Company L t d . ( 1 965) , F r e n c h V e r b s F u l l y C o n i u q a t e d , T o r o n t o . -

C o r o m i n a s , J o a n . ( 1961) , B r e v e ~ i c c i o n a r i o E t i m o l 6 q i c o de &a L e n q ~ C a s t e l l a n a , G r e d o s , M a d r i d . --

C r o w l e y , C. J. ( 1 9 5 2 ) , I t p e r s i s t i n g L a t i n i s m s i n E l Poema d e ~ i o C i d a n d o t h e r s e l e c t e d O l d S ~ a n i s h l i t e r a r y w o r k s n , i n L a n ~ u a q e , v o l . 28, 3 . ---

C h a f e , W . ( 1967) , #*The o r d e r i n g o f p h o n o l o g i c a l r u l e s t t , i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l gf Americgq L i n q u i s t i c s , 3 4 , ---- pp. 115-136.

Chen, M . Y e (19721 , ##The time d i m e n s i o n : c o n t r i b u t i o n t o w a r d s a t h e o r y o f s o u n d Change", i n F o u n d a t i o n s of L a n q u a q f , vo1.8 , pp .457-498 .

Chen, M . Y . a n d H s i e h , U - I . ( 1 9 7 1 ) , *!The time v a r i a b l e i n p h o n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e " , i n J o u r n a l of L i n q u i s t i c s , v o f . 7, pp.1-13.

Chen, M . Y . arid Hang, S-Y. ( 1 9 7 5 ) , *#Sound c h a n g e : A c t u a t i o n a n d I m p l e m e n t a t i o n t 8 , i n L a n q u a q e , vo1 .51 , pp .255-281 .

Chomsky, N. ( 1 9 6 5 ) , Aspects of 2.g T h e o r y of S y n t a x , BIT P r e s s , C a m b r i d g e , Mass.

Chomsky, N . a n d Halle, N . ( 1 9 6 8 ) , The Sound P a t t e r n of E n q l i s h , H a r p e r a n d Row, N e w York .

Chomsky, N . a n d Halle N . ( l 9 6 5 / 7 2 ) , **Some c o n t r o v e r s i a l q u e s t i o n s i n p h o n o l o g i c a l t h e o r y n , i n J o u r n a l of ' L i n q g i s t i c s , 1, pp.97-138.

F o l e y , J.. ( 1 9 6 5 ) , S p a n i s h Morpho loqy , U n p u b l i s h e d d o c t o r a l

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t h e s i s , MIT, c a m b r i d g e , Mass.

-- (1 977) , ~ o u n d a t i o n s of T h e o r e t i c a l P h o n o l o q y , MIT, C a m b r i d g e , Mass.

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Ha l l , R . A . Jr. ( 1 948) , D e s c r i p t i v e I a t a l i a n Grammar, C o r n e l l Romance S t u d i e s , v o l . 1 1 , N e w York .

Harr i s , J. W . ( 1 9 6 9 ) , S p a n i s h P h o n o l o g y , M I T P r e s s , C a m b r i d g e , Mass.

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An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o N a t u r a l G e n s r a t i v e Hooperv J - B - ( 1 9 7 6 ) r - - - -- - - - - - - - - P h o n o l o g y , A c a d e m i c P r e s s , N e w York . -----

J a n s o n , T. ( 1 9 7 3 ) , I t R e v 6 r s e d L e x i c a l D i f f u s i o n a n d L e x i c a l S p l i t : L o s s o f -d i n S t o c k h o l m l l , i n William S-P Wang (Eds . ) , ( l 9 7 7 ) , L e x i c o n in P h o n o l o g i c a l C h a n q e , Mouton, T h e Hague , pp .252-265.

J e n s e n , F. ( 1 9 7 1 ) , I& I t a l i a n Verb, T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a P r e s s , C h a p e l H i l l .

Keates, L. W. ( 1 9 6 9 ) , A F i r s t C o u r s e in P o r t u q u e s e , T h e U n i v e r s i t y cf L e e d s , ond don.

K i p a r s k y , P . ( 1 9 6 8 ) , l l L i r , g u i s t i c u n i v e r s a l s a n d l i n g u i s t i c c h a n g e " , i n E. Bach a n d R. Harms ( e d s ) , U n i v e r s a l s fn ~inquis t ic T h e o g , N e w Y o r k : H o l t , pp . 171-202 . --

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