AlllOD TflSEflM NATL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C. A1 11 00985284 Wolcott, Norman M/A contribution to comp QC100 .U57 V424;1976 C.I NBS-PUB-C 1976 NBS PUBLICATIONS NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 424 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards A CONTRIBUTION TO TYPESEHING TECHNIQUES: 1 Tables of Coordinates for ershey's Repertory of Occidental Type Fonts and Graphic Symbols
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AlllOD TflSEflM
NATL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C.
A1 11 00985284Wolcott, Norman M/A contribution to compQC100 .U57 V424;1976 C.I NBS-PUB-C 1976
NBS
PUBLICATIONS
NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 424
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards
A CONTRIBUTION TO
TYPESEHING TECHNIQUES:
1 Tables of Coordinates for
ershey's Repertory of Occidental
Type Fonts and Graphic Symbols
NATIONAL BURTEAU OF STANDARDS
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A CONTRIBUTION
TO COMPUTER TYPESETTING TECHNIQUES:
Tables of Coordinates for Hershey's Repertory of
Occidental Type Fonts and Graphic Symbols
Oy STA-VDASDS!L/T<rcART
APR 2 0 1976
Qc/Od
Norman M. Wolcott
Computer Services Division
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D.C. 20234
and
Joseph Hilsenrath
Office of Standard Reference Data
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D.C. 20234
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, SQcr^iQry
James A. Baker, III, Under Secretary
Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assisfant Secreiary for Science and Technology
US NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acfmg Directorn I
Issued April 1 976
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Wolcott, Norman M.A Contribution to Computer Typesetting Techniques.
(National Bureau of Standards Special Publication; 424)Supt. of Docs. No.: C 13.10:424.
1. Computerized Typesetting—Tables. 2. Computer OutputMicrofilm Devices. 3. Digital Incremental Plotters. 4. Hershey,Allen Vincent, 1910- I. Hilsenrath, Joseph, joint author.
II. Title. III. Series: United States. National Bureau of Stand-
ards. Special Publication; 424. QC100.U57 No. 424 [Z253.3]
686.2'544 75-619219
National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 424
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Goveriunent Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.90
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Computer Output on Microfilm 2
3. The Digitized Character Set 4
4. Description of the Hershey Occidental Repertory 4
4.1 The Table of Character Digitizations 5
4.2 The Graphic Character Representations 5
4.3 Indices to Alphabets and Special Symbols 5
4.4 Applications 5
5. Operational Considerations 6
6. Acknowledgements 7
7. References 8
Appendix A - Tables of Character Digitizations A—
1
Appendix B - Graphic Representations of Characters B—
1
Appendix C - Indices to Alphabetics and Special Characters C-1
iii
Tables of Coordinates for Hershey's Repertory
of
Occidental Type Fonts and Graphic Symbols
by
Norman M. Wolcott
Computer Services Division
and
Joseph Hilsenrath
Office of Standard Reference Data
These tables present coordinates from which it is possible to generate 1377 different
alphabetic and graphic characters on either COM devices or on digital plotters The tables,
originally developed by Dr A. V. Hershey of the Naval Weapons Laboratory, are augmentedhere by corresponding figures which show for each character the location of the tabulated
points and the manner in which they are connected The tables can be used with existing
typographic systems to compose pages for scientific and mathematical publications of
graphic arts quality either on COM devices or flat-bed plotters. Numerous applications are
discussed and illustrated The tables are also available on a magnetic tape in either BCD or
ASCII format from the National Technical Information Service
Keywords: alphabets, COM, computerized typesetting digital plotting, graphics, Hersheycharacter set, plotting, type fonts, typesetting, vectorized characters
1. Introduction
So seldom does one find, outside of the mathematical literature, a man's namein the title of a publication that a few words of explanation are in order The tables
and illustrations show how to draw, either on cathode ray tubes (CRT) or on x-yplotters, 1377 characters and symbols in such detail as to provide esthetically
pleasing, and economically viable alternatives to classical and even more modernmethods of "setting type" for technical publications. The wide variety of alphabetsand symbols illustrated in this publication can be generated on vector plotters byconnecting the points given in these tables. This method of digitizing graphic-artscharacters allows them to be generated on any device which can plot vectors of
arbitrary length and direction. The tables are used in conjunction with typographiccomputer programs to drive plotters and COM (Computer Output on Microfilm)devices.
The determination of the location and number of points to use in approximatinga particular character requires a rare combination of interests and talents For one
1
man to achieve the digitizing of literally thousands of characters requires a large
measure of motivation, industry and fortitude - the last in nearly all of its
dictionary connotations.
Dr. Allen V. Hershey, a mathematical physicist at the U S Naval WeaponsLaboratory in Dahlgren. Virginia, carried out the digitization (by hand and eye) of
the characters illustrated in this publication. The successful completion of such an
ambitious undertaking as this, required a happy mixture of art and science - of
alphabets and algorithms, of calligraphy and computing, and of psychology andprinting. The reader would be quite correct to assume that the presence of the wordoccidental in the title of this report implies that oriental alphabets have also beendigitized by Dr. Hershey. i*
In an NWL report dated 1 August 1967 [l] Dr. Hershey discusses the motivation
for and the various considerations involved to achieve adequate digitization of both
the occidental and oriental alphabets. In the latter category that report contains an
engaging introduction to the origin and characteristics of the modern Japanese
characters and contains illustrations of the 600 or so Kanji, the Hiragana, and the
Katakana characters which he has digitized. The report concludes with a 30 pagelexicon of over 1100 important Japanese words of technical interest. Today there are
more automatic techniques for digitizing oriental or even occidental alphabets but
these systems normally involve storing much more information per character thanis needed in Hershey's method.
In subsequent NWL reports dated September 1969 [2], and September 1972 [3],
Hershey describes his FORTRAN typographic and cartographic systems which utilize
the library of digitized characters to compose finished pages of text, maps anddrawings, and mathematical equations. More recently, the FORTRAN typographic
system was described in the periodical literature [4] as a "do-it-yourself capability
[for] programmers and scientists who would like to do some printing of their own".
The extent to which this do-it-yourself system is able to produce high quality
graphic-arts mathematical tracts is best exemplified by Dr. Hershey's publications
[5, 6, 7, 8] on mathematical subjects which are, actually, his major line of interest
and employment.The above cited NWL reports have received limited distribution - too limited, we
believe, in view of the present and potential utility of his system. Our contact with
numerous groups interested in digitized characters for various purposes has led usto conclude that the publication of the tables of Dr. Hershey's coordinates in this
publication would be a public service.
2. Computer Output on Microfilm
The proliferation of computers and their burgeoning applications produceliterally mountains of paper most of which ends up, after a relatively short space of
time, in the wastebasket or in the recycling box. Where programs produce large
volumes of output required for archival purposes, such as parts lists, inventoryrecords, or accounting records, etc., microform versions represent more economic,more ecologically desirable, and more physically manageable output media Thedrive towards microform output of computer results has stimulated thedevelopment of a large variety of devices (now referred to as COM) for computeroutput on microfilm. The output of a COM device is usually on roll film (16mmand/or 35mm) or more recently on 105mm film in the form of microfiche. In any
* Numbers in brackets refer to references listed in section 7.
2
case, auxiliary devices are available to make film copies, and to make enlargementson paper or on short-run printing plates
These devices are related in design to a whole series of optical phototypesettersand electronic typesetters developed for graphic arts computerized typesetting Astate-of-the-art review, of computer-assisted phototypesetting, circa 1967, (NBSMonograph 99) by M. E. Stevens and J. H. Little [9] already contains a description of
the General Dynamics S-C 4020 - a precursor to all the modern COM devices.
At the time the National Bureau of Standards acquired an S-C 4020 it hadalready made extensive use of the Linofilm phototypesetter and the Linotronelectronic typesetter at the Government Printing Office. Certain obvious advantagesof an in-house machine led us to examine the output from this COM device to
determine its utility in preparing computer program listings for publications. Wefound the results from that machine inferior to results achieved on the linofilm
phototypesetter using the monowidth typewriter font (Clarinda) as shown in figure 1.
Manufacturers of state-of-the-art COM devices can now supply monowidth typefonts capable of producing graphic-arts quality output for program listings andsimilar material from computer print tapes.
While the monowidth characters normally supplied with most of the COM devicesare suitable for program listings, they are not adequate for scientific text as shownin figure 2 or mathematical text as shown in figure 3. Such texts can, however, begenerated on many of the current COM devices via programs which utilize Hershey'sdigitized characters discussed and illustrated in this publication.
The remarkable versatility of Hershey's system is best exemplified by figures 4
et. seq. The first of these (figure 4) is a page taken from one of Hershey'smathematical works (reference 7). The others represent a miscellany of applications
taken either from cited references or produced especially for this report.
It should be recognized that the character generation which this publicationaddresses is only half of what is required to produce the finished pages illustrated.
The placement of the characters in their precise location on the page must behandled via suitable typographic programs. Such a suit of programs has indeed beendeveloped by Dr. Hershey and are reported in references 2, 3, and 4. They wereindispensible in the preparation of some of the illustrations in this publication.
Unless otherwise noted the figures and appendices were produced via thefollowing process:
a) Input was supplied via card deck and magnetic tape to the Hersheytypographic system resident on the NBS-UNIVAC 1108 computer to
produce a driver tape for the FR-80 COM device
b) The 35mm film produced by the COM device was run through a microfilmreader-printer to produce full size pages.
c) Page numbers were applied by hand and the resulting camera-ready pageswere submitted for offset-printing in the usual manner.
For the text we did not make use of Hershey's Typographic System. We used onlyhis character digitization and his COM output routines. The line justification wascarried out by an existing typography program, developed at NBS by Mrs. CarlaMessina, simply by incorporating Hershey's character widths instead of thosenormally used on the Linotron 1010.
The text itself was keyboarded on-line to the Department of Commerce's textediting system via an ASCII coded terminal. The corrected text was dumped on a
3
9-track magnetic tape which was processed on the NBS computer via a new programto produce a tape to drive the COM device. This technique allowed us to take
advantage of Hershey's character digitizations, while avoiding the use of punchedcards for text and typographic instructions - the latter being quite cumbersome.
3. The Digitized Character Set
The starting point for the programmer desiring to produce graphic arts outputon CRT devices and plotters is a digitized set of alphabetic and graphic characters.
The digitizations should conform to several restrictions: (1) They should be adequatein detail to provide suitable representations of the desired characters; (2) Theyshould not be overly definitive to minimize core requirements on the host computer;and (3) The organization scheme should be flexible so as to allow for modification,
replacement, or extension of the character set.
It is our view that the vectored digitizations in this report (which weredeveloped by Dr. A. V. Hershey, Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, Va.) conformadequately to these requirements. As to whether these vectored characters are
capable of graphic arts quality, it is only necessary to refer to figures 4 et. seq. andto the numerous reports (references 5-8) which have been issued using them, to
confirm the capability for quality typographic and graphical composition. The core
requirement is the availability of the equivalent of 25000 36-bit words which is not
excessive for this data base. Characters can be easily omitted, modified, or added to
the list so that the core requirement can be tailored to the problem at hand Figure
15 gives some examples of characters which have been generated locally for use with
the NBS typographic routines.
As indicated above the occidental repertory of digitized characters has been in
existence since 1967. Unfortunately at the time it was first presented this prodigiouseffort did not receive the widespread notice it deserved, possibly because the
representations of the characters were of such high quality that the casual readerdid not realize that they were computer output and not graphic arts displays.
In order to make the digitizations more available and to supply more detailed
information on how the characters are generated, the present publication lists the
individual character digitizations of the occidental character set and indicates bygraphic displays the way in which each character is composed from its digital
representation. Needless to say the application of the digitizations is not limited to
cathode ray printers. The tables can also be used with other computer driven
devices such as digital pen plotters, electrostatic printers, or optical recorders.
4. Description of the Hershey Occidental Repertory
There are 1377 characters in the Hershey set, each of which is assigned a
number between 1 and 3296 The characters are described as uniplex, duplex, or
triplex according to the number of parallel strokes used in the construction of the
character. The description as simplex, complex, or gothic, indicates the extent to
which the characters contain tapered segments. Three sizes of characters are
available: the principal or normal size (21 raster units high, em = 32), the indexical
size (13 raster units high, em = 21), and the cartographic size (9 raster units high).
The appearance of the various alphabets when drawn at a normal typographic
scale IS shown in figure 6. In addition numerous special characters are available. Alisting of these and the associated character numbers is found in Appendix C.
4
4.1 The Table of Character Digitizations In the Hershey system, characters are
drawn by connecting hnes between successive (x,y) coordinate pairs The coordinates
of each character are given in raster coordinates', which are integers ranging from +
49 to -49. The (x.y) coordinates for each character in the occidental repertory are
given in Appendix A. A useful quantity is the printer's em, or the distance betweenthe bottoms of two successive lines of close packed text. The em is 32 raster units
for characters in the principal size, and 21 raster units for the indexical size.
The table in Appendix A is organized in the following way: The first column is the
character number, the first pair of numbers separated by colons (;) are the left andright boundaries of the character in raster coordinates, and succeeding pairs of
numbers set off by colons denote the (x,y) set for that character. An (x,y) coordinate
pair of (-64,0) indicates that the pen is lifted at that point in the character; a
coordinate pair of (-64,-64) indicates that the end of the character has beenreached.
An ASCII tape of the table in Appendix A is available for those desiring the
digitizations in machine readable format. It can be obtained from the National
Technical Information Service.
4.2 The Graphic Character Representations. Large scale drawings of the
characters comprising the table in Appendix A are given in Appendix B. Coordinatepairs are denoted by small circles, and the left and right boundaries of eachcharacter (the character width) are denoted by short vertical lines. The characternumber is located in the upper left hand corner, and the origin of coordinates for
each character is located at the center of each display. It should be noted that in
the displays a right handed coordinate system is used in which the +x axis is towardthe right and the +y axis is toward the bottom of the page. This is in accord with the
normal printing convention in which distance down the page is considered positive.
4.3 Indices to Alphabets and Special Symbols. The names of the characters andsymbols that can be generated from the tables in Appendix A are listed in AppendixC together with the numbers assigned to them in the Hershey system. It should benoted where alphabets are concerned, the table lists only the number for the first
letter. Numbers for the rest of the alphabet follow in succession.
4.4 Applications. The original application of the digitizations was for use with
the Hershey Typographic System. Figures 4 through 10 show some samplesgenerated using the character set in conjunction with the Typographic System.Among these are examples from Dr. Hershey's own mathematical publications
(figure 4), a mathematical manuscript in German (figure 9), etc. Figure 11 showssome typical scientific text from a test run, made while interfacing the NBStypographic routines with the Hershey character set. Appendix C was also set with
Hershey's System.
The applications of the Hershey system discussed thus far were to publications
requiring graphic-arts quality art work which must be produced on one of the moreversatile COM devices or on a large flat-bed plotter. Certain of the character sets
presented in this publication can be applied with profit by installations which haveonly a small drum plotter. While the characters generated on these ubiquitousdevices suffer some deterioration, as can be seen from figures 12 et seq., theynever-the-less are an improvement over the lettering normally found on suchdevices. At NBS a subset of the occidental set has been converted into a FORTRANsubroutine which is used with a digital plotter to provide graph titles of improvedlegibility (see figure 12). In another application, a sub-set of the occidental
6
repertory was used to develop a monowidth type font suitable for providing
renditions of computer card listings (See figure 13). Another routine has beenwritten to generate vue-graphs using the Hershey character set (See figure 14). Thevue-graphs are prepared by first making an ink drawing of the vue-graph material
with a digital plotter, then making a reduction on an office copying machine. Fromthis the final vue-graph can be made using a thermal printer. Other applications will
be limited only by the ingenuity of the user.
5. Operational Considerations
In order for a digital character set to be useful, there must be a way of
transforming the digital characters to a graphic output medium, be it microfilm or
hard copy. While in principle it would be possible to do this on-line with a mainframe computer, in practice it is more convenient to generate an intermediate file
on magnetic tape, and then to use this magnetic tape to drive the graphic outputdevice. The computer program used to generate the intermediate tape file dependson the output characteristics desired. We have purposely used a variety of programsin order to indicate the flexibility of the digital character set. For vue-graphs (figure
14), or computer-listings (figure 1) for which no typography (justification,
hyphenation, paging) is required, a simple FORTRAN program is all that is needed.
Where more typographic features are desired as in composing tables or pages of
formulae or equations, a typographic program must be used. Two typographic
programs were used to prepare this publication The first is Dr. A V. Hershey'sTypographic System' which was used as indicated above. The second approach, bymeans of which the body of this report was generated, was to use an existing NBStypography program which performed the line justification and page makeup. Thatprogram was modified to use the Hershey character set and associated characterwidths.
For the highest quality output a large flat-bed pen plotter with multi-pencapability should be used. This is the technique used by Hershey to produce his
reports (Ref. 3-10). Fairly good quality can also be obtained on a drum plotter, butvariable line widths are difficult to obtain if a turret pen is not available. The speedof a pen plotter is one to two characters per second depending on the size andcomplexity of the character.
The next best quality is obtained with a 35mm graphics COM recorder with
16,000 addressable rasters in each of the x and y directions. This is the resolution of
the COM device on which the bulk of this publication was producedA graphics COM recorder customarily consists of a tape drive, a programmable
mini-computer, perhaps a disc drive, a cathode ray tube on which the images aredrawn by the CRT electron beam, a 35mm camera which photographs the CRT tubeface, and a film transport mechanism which advances the film between frames. Thebeam on the CRT tube face can be directed to one of approximately 12,000 x 16,000
addressable positions. The minimum separation between addressable positions is
called a raster unit. The minimum spot size is larger than a raster unit - in the FR-80 it is approximately seven raster units. The 35mm film can be developed to
produce either a positive or a negative image. The 35mm film is then used to
produce hard copy or printing plates by photographic techniques.
To use the vector characters for different type sizes, it is essential that a
method be available for varying the width of the strokes on the output device. On
6
digital pen plotters this is acomplished by use of a turret pen with pen widths
varying from .3mm to 1.2mm. On a COM device there are usually methods for varying
spot size and spot intensity under program control. For extremely large characters
it is possible to replace each vector by a number of parallel vectors to increase the
line width beyond that obtainable by varying pen or spot size. Ref. 3-10 contain
numerous examples of these techniques as applied to actual publications.
On the device we used, the output using the Hershey characters was limited bytape speed, roughly 60 characters per second. As an example this text, whichcontains 24,000 characters required 400 seconds to process on the FR-80. COMdevices containing internally stored fonts operate at a much higher speed - roughly
5,000 characters per second. As an example, the half million or so characters in
Appendix E were produced in about 100 seconds using the internally stored
characters which are supplied with the FR-80.
Higher speeds could also be obtained for the Hershey characters by writing a
special program for a particular COM unit in which some of the characters resided mcore in the mini-computer, or on an attached disc. Such an approach has in fact
been implemented by one manufacturer.
6. Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Steve Soroka in preparingthe program to produce the pictures in Appendix B, to Mrs Carla Messma for theprogram to interface the NBS typographic system with the Hershey system, to M.
Leighton Greenough for editorial advice, to Mrs. Constance Seymour for assistance in
preparation of the manuscript and last, but not least, to Dr. A. V. Hershey. Hedeserves our thanks, and that of the readers as well, not only for havmg developedsuch a remarkably useful and important system but also for the generosity withwhich he has shared the fruits of his labor with others.
7
7. References
[l] A. V. Hershey, Calligraphy for Computers, Technical Report No. 2101 (1 August1967), U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, Virginia 22448
[2] A V. Hershey, FORTRAN IV Programming for Cartography and Typography , NWLTechnical Report TR-2339 (September 1969), U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory.
Dahlgren, Virginia
[3] A. V. Hershey, Preparation of Reports with the FORTRAN Typographic System, NWLTechnical Note TN-K/27-70 (September 1970, U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory,
Dahlgren, Virginia 22448
[4] A. V. Hershey, A Computer System for Scientific Typography, in ComputerGraphics and Image Processing, Vol 1, pp373-385 (1972)
[5] A. V. Hershey, FORTRAN Programming for Surface Wave Trains, NWL TechnicalReport TR-2714 (September 1972, U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren.Virginia 22448
[6] A. V. Hershey, Interpolations of Surface Wave Trains, NWL Technical Report TR-3064 (November 1973), U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory. Dahlgren, Virginia 22448
[7] A. V. Hershey, A Comment on the Lagally Theorem, NWL Technical Report TR-3133(May 1974), U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, Virginia 22448
[8] A. V. Hershey, A Comment on the Fourier Theorem, NWL Technical Report TR-3145(June 1974), U. S. Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, Virginia 22448
[9] M. E. Stevens and J. L. Little, Automatic Typographic-Quality TypesettingTechniques: A State-of-the Art Review, NBS Monograph 99 (April 7, 1967),
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402
8
SUBROUTINE NPRINT ( K , ITEST , IC , IBLANK , lOTAPE , IPTAPE , lEND
)
NPRI 10 *
c THIS VERSION OF NPRINT USES A FORTRAN WRITE STATEMENT NPRI 20
c SUBROUTINE NPRINT -NTRAN PRINT- PRINTS OUT RECORDS OF LENGTH NPRI 30
c NCOUT FROM THE STRING IC -lAl FORMAT- THE CURRENT LENGTH OF NPRI 40
c CHARACTERS IN IC IS K . IF K IS LESS THAN NCOUT NOTHING IS DONE NPRI 50
c UNLESS THE LAST RECORD IS TO BE WRITTEN INDICATED BY IEND=1 NPRI 60
c WHEN IEND=:-1 THE ENTIRE CONTENTS OF IC IS WRITTEN OUT BUT THE NPRI 70
c TAPE IS NOT ENDFILED AND EACH RECORD IS NCOUT CHARACTERS LONG NPRI 80
c WHEN IEND=1 THE LAST RECORD IS FILLED WITH IBLANKS FROM K+1 TO NPRI 90
c NCOUT AND AN END OF FILE IS PLACED ON IPTAPE. ITEST IS NEGATIVE NPRI 100
c FOR PRINTING, ZERO FOR PRINTING AND WRITING TAPE AND POSTIVE FOR NPRI 110
c WRITING TAPE. lOTAPE IS THE SYSTEM PRINTER. IPTAPE IS THE TAPE. NPRI 120
DIMENSION IC(4100) NPRI 130
NC0UT=132 NPRI 140
10 IF (K) 20.20,80 NPRI 150
20 IF (lEND) 70,70,40 NPRI 160
40 IF (ITEST) 60,50,50 NPRI 170
50 ENDFILE IPTAPE NPRI 180
60 WRITE (I0TAPE,19) ( IC ( I ) , 1=1 , NCOUT
)
NPRI 190
WRITE (I0TAPE,9) NPRI 200
70 RETURN NPRI 210
80 IF (lEND) 90,110,90 NPRI 220
90 IF ( NCOUT* (K/NCOUT)-K) 100,110,100 NPRI 230
100 K = NCOUT* ( (K/NCOUT) + 1) NPRI 240
110 IF (K-NCOUT) 20,160,160 NPRI 250
160 N=N+1 NPRI 260
IF (ITEST) 170,170,180 NPRI 270
170 WRITE (I0TAPE,19) ( IC ( I ) , 1=1 , NCOUT
)
NPRI 280
WRITE (I0TAPE,59) N, NCOUT NPRI 290
180 IF (ITEST) 210,200,200 NPRI 300
200 WRITE (IPTAPE, 39) ( IC ( I ) , 1=1 , NCOUT
)
NPRI 310
210 IF (K - NCOUT) 10,220,240 NPRI 320
220 K=0 NPRI 330
DO 230 1=1, NCOUT NPRI 340
230 IC(I)=IBLANK NPRI 350
GO TO 10 NPRI 360
240 J=K NPRI 370
K=0 NPRI 380
K1=NC0UT+1 NPRI 390
DO 250 I=K1,J NPRI 400
K=K+1 NPRI 410
250 IC(K)=IC(I) NPRI 420
K1=K+1 NPRI 430DO 260 I=K1,J NPRI 440
260 IC(I)=IBLANK NPRI 450
GO TO 110 NPRI 460
Figure 1 A portion of a computer program typeset on the Mergenthaler Linofilm at
the G.P.O. via the NBS program SETLST using a monowidth CLARINDA typeface.
9
10
i=l
On the other hand, a modification of the form given in
[24] diminishes specific heat rms deviations by a
factor of about 1/2. Maximum deviations in C^JR
(given below) become 0.02 percent in our present
range of interest for methane, 80 ^ 7" ^ 360 K. This
accuracy is at least an order of magnitude better than
can be obtained from PVT data when using the thermo-
Figure 3. This page from the NBS Journal of Research Section B is representative of
both the notational and spacial complexity of mathematical text. See figure 4 for a
comparison of the typographic quality of similar material produced via the Hersheysystem.
11
coincides with the circle of radius r. The area of a spherical cap with polar angle 6
on a sphere of unit radius is given by the equation
ff sin e de d(p = 2tt{1 - cos e) (16)
The equation for the streamline therefore is
flux = 27rg(l^
]
- -nr^W = 0 (17)
upstream of the source, and is
flux = - 27Tg ^1- -^i^!
—
-j- nr^W = - 4iTq (18)
downstream of the source. The two equations are equivalent. Solution for 2 leads to
the equation
» 1
- z=,
^ - 19
'l - J^r^4q
along the streamline. The velocity of flow from the source is given by the equation
along the streamline. The square of the local velocity is given by the equation
(r2 + 22)i (r' + zr \q I
When the square of the velocity is integrated over the surface of the boundary, the
only surviving component of ds is 2-n r dr in the 2-direction by symmetry. Thus the
force f on the boundary is given by the equation
Integration with respect to r in the range
f = TTpfT^kI
( 1 - -r^ + -^r*)rdr (22)
O^T^^— (23)
leads to the equation
f = 0 (24)
Thus the force on the boundary is not equal to the force on the source.
That the force on the boundary can be zero may be seen by a consideration of the
variation of v^ along the boundary. At the vertex of the boundary there is a stagnation
point and the Bernoulli pressure is positive. At a point opposite to the source the
square of the velocity is the sum of the squares of the free-stream velocity and the
radial velocity from the source. The Bernoulli pressure is negative and is applied over
Figure 4. This page taken from reference 7 shows the typographic quality of this
application of the Hershey character set. The art for this page was produced by a
60% reduction from an original drawn on a flat-bed plotter.
12
Einstein: Zur einheitlichen Feldtheorie
der Divergenzbildungen bei Tensordichten von beliebigem Range:
- «"*A/i - - («:'*A2t)/<, (5)
Die Punkte bei 521 bedeuten beliebige Indizes, die in alien drei Gliedern der Gleichung
dieselben sind, namlich diejenigen, welche bei den Divergenzbildungen nicht betrofTen
warden.Der Beweis von (5) stiitzt sich ausser auf die Definitionsformel
.. = at''"* . + W'-'A''- - St'^-'A"- • • (6)
insbesondere auf die Identitat (2). Gleichung (5) hangt eng zusammen mit demVertauschungsgesetz der kovarianten Differentiation, das ich der Vollstandigkeit halber
ebenfalls angeben will. Sei 7" ein beliebiger Tensor, dessen Indizes ich der Bequemlichkeithalber weglasse, so gilt
T,^ - T,,,, ^ - T,,\Zc (7)
Von der Identitat (5) machen wir nun Anwendung auf die Tensordichte a3|i derenuntere Indizes wir heraufgezogen denken. Wir finden so als einzige nicht triviale Identitat
welche man mit Riicksicht auf (3b) auf die Form bringen kann
(a5f,/,-a5?,A°,)/„ = o (8)
3. Die Feldgleichungen.
Nachdem ich die Identitat (3b) entdeckt hatte, war es mir klar, dass bei einer
natiirlichen einschrankenden Charakterisierung einer Mannigfaltigkeit von der ins Augegefassten Art die Tensordichte JB^j eine wichtige Rolle spielen miisse. Da deren Divergenz
35?i/<x identisch verschwindet, war es der nachstliegende Gedanke, die Forderungaufzustellen (Feldgleichungen), dass auch die andere Divergenz 93fcj/j verschwindensolle. So gelangt man in der Tat zu Gleichungen, die in erster Naherung das bekannteVakuumfeldgesetz der Gravitation liefern, wie es aus der bisherigen allgemeinenRelativitatstheorie bekannt ist.
Dagegen ergab sich so keine Vektorbedingung fiir die derart, dass alle mitverschwindender Divergenz mit jenen Feldgleichungen vereinbar waren. Dies beruhtdarauf, dass in erster Naherung (wegen Vertauschbarkeit des gewohnlichen Differen-
zierens) die Identitat
Figure 5. A further example of a well set- page employing the German-Gothiccharacters digitized by Dr. A. V. Hershey. The art for this page was produced by a
60% reduction from an original drawn on a flat-bed plotter.
13
SR SIMPLEX ROMANABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghljklnnnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890, +
Figure 6. Here we see the appearance of various alphabets when drawn via the Hersheysystem at normal typographic scale (21 raster units). The same set can also be producedin indexical size (13 raster units). Capitals can also be produced in cartographic size
Figure 7. The above variations of a line of text illustrate the typographic variety to befound in the Hershey character set discussed in this handbook.
16
The Rose Revived
worth in 1793, and later gave us the China
Monthly roses. A handful of these may be foundin modern catalogues, but they are a little
thin in texture and uncertain in design, andnearly all of them are scentless, so that 1 feel
that they have been retained chiefly for their
willingness to flower from May till December,a merit for which at least 'Cramoisie
Superieure' (Coquereau, 1832) deserves a place
in the garden (especially in its floriferous
climbing form), though it may not possess all
the character that we look for in an antique
rose.
The China Monthly roses, under the name'Bengales', seem to have been more popular
on the continent than in this country, on the
other hand,the contemporary Scotch Briars,
which occupy a similar niche in moderncatalogues, enjoyed a much greater popularity
in these islands than elsewhere. They were
raised from our native Burnet Rose, originally,
it is said (Miss Wilmot, The Genus Rosa), by
Robert Brown of Perth in 1793, and very rapidly
several hundred varieties were produced, manyof which must have been scarcely
distinguishable. Half a dozen or so are,
fortunately, still easy to obtain.
59
Figure 8. This facsimile of a hand-set page was produced from the Hershey character
set. Reprinted with permission from The Curious Gardner by F. A. Hampton.
17
MATHEMATICS
1/2
(cm)/(sec)
,2n+l
n=0
r(2)
72
2 sin 5 COS 0
,ici>(
SUMS
FRACTIONS
IS
RADICALS
1
x/tt
ABBREVIATIONS
tan * —X
EXPONENTS
_ri„ 4W
1/2
4
cos^5 - sin^0 (erg)/(°)
p(2)= E C„2'n=0
PRODUCTS
< ^ ^ , ^ sine " / 02p{z) = n (2-aj —-= n 1--^
n=l e \ n'^TT^
S Ax)dx
FUNCTIONS
w{z)
DERIVATIVES
dw du du dv dv= i— = hi—dz ox dy dy dx
INTEGRALS
1 r/iz)
n^p, k)
fia)
a bxc = axb c / a ds = fV adr
dz2-ni J z - a
VECTORS
/ a dr = / Vxa ds
MATRICES
y =Ax
fj:
dy
•pix)dx
ax(bxc) = bac — cab
x=^A ^y
ttu ai3
a^i ctga CL23
Q'31 a.32 Q'33
= IUi>l
Figure 9. This replica of a page taken from reference 2 shows how effectively mathematical
expressions can be handled via the Hershey character set and typographic system.
18
LUNAR MOTIONRev. N. M. Wolcott
Whereas the sun in its motion through the sky and seasons appears regular, the
motion of the moon is more complex. At first thought it might be supposed that the
moon would follow the sun being high in the sky in summer and low in winter. A little
reflection however shows that this is not the case, for whereas the sun is at its highest
in the sky at the summer solistice, so the full moon at this time being opposite to the
sun must necessarily attain its lowest position. Conversely the full moon at the winter
solistice must then reach its highest position at that time when the sun is lowest. This
then accounts for the long bright moonlit nights in winter and the minimal appearancethe moon makes in summer. With regard to the moon at the periods of the first andlast quarter, a little more thought is required. Since the moon moves counterclockwise
about the earth and the earth counterclockwise about the sun, the first quarter moonbeing behind the earth in its orbit will lie at its lowest point at the time of the autumnalequinox, whilst the third quarter moon being ahead of the earth will be at its highest
as the earth proceeds from summer to winter. At the vernal equinox however the roles
are reversed and the first quarter moon is at its highest and the third quarter at its
lowest. In the fall the moon is often seen high in the sky in the morning at nine or ten
o'clock between the third quarter and the new moon. We thus see that the moon traverses
a complete path through the sky along the ecliptic every 28 days, and occupies at someperiod during each lunar month either its highest or lowest position.
We are now in a position to understand the phenomenon of the harvest moon. Forat the time of the autumnal equinox the full moon will be neither at its highest norlowest point, but rather in between, and will be moving higher in the sky as the monthprogresses. (Remember the third quarter moon is at its highest in September.) Themoon thus will be tending to rise earlier each night as it moves to the north along the
ecliptic, thus partially counteracting the normal retardation in moonrise due to lunar
revolution about the earth. The result is a series of nearly full moons which continueto rise day after day at about the same time of evening. Thus to the observer whoglances at the sky shortly after sunset a moon will appear every evening. At the timeof the vernal equinox however the moon is moving daily toward its lowest position, andhence the time of moonrise will be retarded beyond its normal hourly advance, to a
period of almost two hours. The full moon is then only visible for a day or two, andwe have no springtime counterpart of the harvest moon. Actually the full moon will
rarely occur just at the autumnal equinox, and there will be two full moons which will
share the harvest moon efTect. the first of these which may occur in late August is theharvest moon whilst the later one which may be in October is called the hunter's moon.
Thus we see that a little reflection will explain the different locations in which the
moon appears at various seasons of the year. It is curious that with so much interest
in the exploration of the moon, these simple facts of lunar motion are not generally
understood.
Figure 10. Another example of the use of the Hershey system for the preparation of
scientific text.
19
4. Isotropic Tensors of Ranks 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
For completeness, we list here distinct isotropic tensors of ranks 2, 3, 4, and 6, for
which no reduction is needed.
Table 2.
Reuik Distinct and linearly independent fundamental isotropic tensors
Independent sets of isotropic tensors of rank five have been studied by Cisotti [8] andCaldonazzo [9]. A particularly simple way of generating such a set is to write eq (3.4) in
the following way:
c>t« 6ip = e^t <5„p + 6jj,- e,^„ d^p- (41)
It is immediately clear from this equation, that any fundamental isotropic tensor of rankfive in which the index i appears in the Kronecker delta can be expressed as a linearcombination of fundamental tensors in which the index i appears in the alternator. Acount of the number of the latter fundamental rank-five isotropic tensors reveals thatthere are six of them, viz:
Since Weyl.s result [l] implies that (3.4) or (4.1) exhaust all possible reduction equationsfor rank-five isotropic tensors, and since none of the six in (4.2) can be so reduced, weconclude that (4.2) is a linearly independent set.
Figure 11 A portion of a test run to check out programs to interface the Hersheycharacter set with the NBS typographic system.
20
1.0M NaNOj, pH 10, 0^ FREE
2500 (1 > ^ '
-1000 I ' ' ' " ^-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2
Figure 12. An example of plot produced on a drum-plotter utilizing the Hersheyalphabet patterned after the LEROY® character set.
Figure 13. A portion of a program listing produced on a drum-plotter using a
monowidth subset of the Hershey character repertory.
22
TAPE UNIT TESTS 25 APR 84 TO 07 MAY 84
CI ID /\ 1K1IT clKKUKb/rNM
SATURN 7 TRACK 800 CPI
8/0 2 28811 .069
8/1 0 23438 .000
8/2 0 22002 .000
8/3 0 20017 .000
8/4 0 21019 .000
8/5 1 22203 .045
8/6 21 18097 1,160
SATURN 9 TRACK 800 CPI
8/8 823 24376 33.763
8/9 9 23246 .387
JUPITER NRZI 800 CPI
5/0 463 33437 13.847
5/1 19 35269 .539
5/2 44 27066 1.626
JUPITER PHASE ENCODED 1600 CPI
5/3 168 24830 6.766
5/4 37 35294 1.048
Figure 14. A vue-graph prepared from a page produced on a drum-plotter using asubset of the Hershey character repertory.
23
: 265 : 266 : 267 : 268 : 269 ;
'I I....."-.!. I
I I[. I |.
I II
I I|. J
I I|. s
Figure 15. These special characters were digitized at MBS to meet the piiblication requirementsof the Office of Standard Reference Data. The illustration was produced on a standard drumplotter.
24
T275 : 276 : 278 : 279 : 280 :
2 1' I' "1 I' I ; l< I' I' I I' I 1 1 1 :
£ I I' I ± I I' I ± I" I' ! I' I ± 1 1- \"'"±
T......|.........i.... 1 |.i
....|...i, i
t.i
|,
Figure 15. Concluded
25
Figure 16. Here we see the use of the triplex mode to draw 72 pointcharacters on a drum plotter (with a 0.4mm wide pen). Use of a widerpen would have removed the white spaces between all of the lines.Since spot size and intensity can be varied on a COM device , comparableresults can be achieved.
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-O^^fXj >j-c^ooo>4-ooLn oof\j>J-u^Lr»u^r^ >j-ino>J-oot—ro v3-u-> rMvO*— fsjO-J- oo->OI II O I \ O III lllO II II 1III I
rv.>d- -vT'—j-rsjoooo ioof\jro-j- orooo oo -<ro t—oorsj-sfoo -sfoororsjo*— ro*—oo^ooo<— «—oooooI t— II lilt— II I t— t— I t— It— I t— It r—II III I
ir>ro t—J- vj- vj-o vO -4"-Ni-rsjuno f\j -<r -vj- ooorsj-j- r-.o-j->ou-i>^ro Ot— orrnj-ir^u->roo>4-^Os^r— inr\j u-^r^ -sj- ^j-^^ oI III I I I I II -oo I I I
<— o II iiii<oiivO I II oo I O I
II III II IIIoo rNjhs.oor^r^r^ oorsj^j-ro orsjro-sr 1000000 or\iu^OOOoo t— rv.ir»ooo^r^ou~»of\jinoof\joo orsj^rsjoo o
I lit— ii<— I 111 I iiiiii lit—I I I
00 00 I I I I 01 II o^ I
I I I I I II I I I I I I I
rv.-sr OLnrN.rou-»u-»r^ rsjooo*— roo-j-m *—0000 rvr^'-foot— oO"**-roi/->ooorsj00000 >j-fNjro>4-oiNJo r\jrohnf\jf^o rot— I t— t— t— I It— I
I I 01 ^ I t— lit— I II I*— I It— lit— I t— II I I
I I llll I IIIfo^oir»r\j-sj--Na- <—f\jrou-»o-^-^rO'—O fNjrxjrsj-j- Lor^tr^t— >4-u^^rooo<>*—iNJir^i^-j-r^'^ounO'^OOin'— 00
I 01 O I Oil lllOIIII Olllt oil III llll 01III III I
ooo>j-ioroo-4-mrooo oroo-j-rvjOoorMO-^*—^000 rNjooooooooor^or^Orsjooooorsjoo^poOLnrsJOOoot— rsj o01 II t—t— I t— I O'^^ I I t— I I''— «— It— I It— I lit— t—
I II llll I I III IIrsju-»-«j-t— «— -j-rNjo^rxj mfn-sj-om-J"ror^mO'J">4-'J"(Nj|v-( ooo>J"0*4'>^ ^-^r ooo-^r t— ^OLnO'4^^'*^^^lJ^^^•*Jo«— oro-sj-rsjo^ o10 01 I I II Oilil llO 00 OIIII OlOIIO IllO <— III I llll III I
r^ir>r\jf\i(\i^ir\^GO^r\i(\jt^(\it^c>(y^r^<::>^r\i<><D<::>t^ or^(\i<>r^irir^ot—or^t—or\j<>fNjooor^f\JOi^f^oof^iNJOO»—t— I t— 1 I I 1 t— t— t—
o -vj-ooo -sTro-sf "sj-oooo*-J">J"-^0>0 oovOOr\jroc> -^ro ^4-00 ^st>j- 000 oof^^o*— vj- vO o ^f\j r^^ofNjr^ vj- r\j•— I ^OlO I vO I II III IIvOInO*— I %Ottl IsO I
o r—000 o^t^ t— 000^ "<r'—oooorsj Ooo>J'in-4-i/*> rsjrooo->J- >of^oo r-ro ^^-sf-s*- o>4- 00^ >oor^rou^rn-s4->4-I I I I I I I II I I I I 1 I OO-^ T— nO «—
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I
^ -N*- ooo-^oo -nT -nT -sf 'sj- ^mo u-ir\j rsjf\j rvj^ ^ torn ^j-^vO O I O I OO II I I I >o ^ I I
< ' II I I 1 I II
1^ too oin o->f vO-nT u-»f^ Loro soor^ -o r^r^or^ f^N.ooo^u-too oro r^o
nO I 'O I 1^1 I vO I I
r\j ro >oo ro-«j-r^o roNOi/^r^ooooosO oo r^roo oir>f\jo *ou^(NiO'4-roo -j- roo om r\jLrioor>.tnr^o-<rof\jt I I vO f— I <—
I I) llllll I I IsOl
^ o rsjfvj oooo*— oir>>4-NOu^«—orsj or^ vOi/^f^ O ro>d-"»3-ro po^j-^J-ooooooo 0"-4- rou-> f\jr^NOoror^rv.moI (I t—^ I I I I I I I I I I I I I r— I I I I I
o >4--^u^(Nj-sj'>4-u-^ro>4->j-inin-si-or^>4-iNjr\jrNjf\jr\jr^ —j--sj-mmI I I O I I oo lOIIOII I II It— I II I IllsOl
I' I I I I I I I
in -^j- iNj ino fvj ooin r\jin |v-io r\j^ fSJo ir> f\j o rsjooosO I I I III III I t— <— t— lllllllllll f— llsOllOl I
<—^ I I
I t I t I I I I I tillfo^ -vf rsjo r*^ f\j rsjroin f\j >j- f\j r\jo oo«— rsj
^
tOl nOI II I II I I 1IO I II I I I I I I o I I O I II II
toforv^^ooorof^vTi^o*—ooro^ON3-^in«— "s^in*— «—o^ro^inoro^'j-*—i-o^-J-ooinorororoeoro^s-r^-j-^oo^Oinooro-j-oroI III III III r I I I O I t II O I *—OO O I oo I I I I I II I O I O I II II
I I I I I I I I IIO ^
A-67
III II
Oil vO >-D I
1 I I
I II I I >o I
lopo fs.rjo iNJoorooo rsj -J- rsj fsj (Nj
^O^o ^--rf-nO o^ ro fNj^
II %o t >0 I I I
I I
o i/^to u-tfo r*s. rs.ro*oo fvj ir»III I ^1
or^.«— %0>o^ to rooro -J-
sO«— II I I I I nOI I I
ir>roro >3- iNja* r*- ro ir>rjo» fsioI I I I «— I I
fo rs.oO ^ ro i—fo nO 4-'—I I I I I I I -o
I I
(NJ fSj
APPENDIX B
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF CHARACTERS
I
I
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
637 : 538 : 639 : 640 : 541 :
V I I I I I I ± I I I ± I I I ± I I I ±: 547 : 548 : 549 : 550 : 551 :
7557 7 558 : 559 : 560 : 561 :
B-6
B-7
: 4 : i : :
I I I T I I I T I I I 'T I I I T' I I I
620 : 621 : 622 : 623 : 624
625 : 626 : 627 : 628 : 629
I
B-8
I I I r I!•
'660 : 661
I I I -v I I I -v I I I-
'6E2 : 663 : 664
9
U iWVi TVI I I I I r I I'
'66S : 6££ : 6B7I I I ± I I I'
'668 : 669
I I I±'^1 1 1 ± I "^I !•
"610 : 671 : 672
h) I bJI I I ± I I I-
573 : 674
: 675I I
!•
676 : 677 : 683 684
•I !•
e•I !•
696 6B7 697 090
•I I!• •I I I-
B-10
B-12
: 763
7758
:
'759
1u
: 7EB
"760
h
1 1 •
: 75$
! K
"761
"1 I n1 1 T' 1 1 1
: 762
H [ \\
: 763
f
t N
r764
- s- ^ -
r7B5 "766 : 767
: :
[caj K: 768
y"796 "797 [798
'
7799
roQo "801 "602 "«0J
<
1
: a04
>•
B-13
B-14
B-15
B-16
B-17
B- 18
V I I I
JjI I I I I I
1 1 1
2:''
: 1 IIB : 1119 : 1120 : 1121 : 1122
B-20
I
B-21
r I I I r I I I r I I I I I I ;r I I
: 1 163 : 1 1B4 : 11 BE : 115S : 1157
; 1163 : 1 164 : 1165 : 1166 : 1167
: 1 16B : 1 169 : 1 1 70 : llTl : 1172
: 1 173 : 1 174 : 1175 : 1176 : 1177
I
B-22 I
i
B-23
yI I I r I I I r I I I
-yI I I -v I I I j_
: 1207 : 1208 : 1209 : 1210 : 1211 :
j
B-34
B-25
B-26
B-27
B-28
B-29
: 2110 ; 2)11 : 2112 : 2113 : 2114
: 2115 : 2116 : 2117 : 2118 r 2119
B-31
"2150 : 2151 2152•I
I'
2153 : 2154
I I'
'21S5I I'
"2156•I ± I I I'
: 2157 : 2158 2159
I!•
"2160•I ± I
!•
; 2161 : 2162I !•
2163•I ± !
: 2164
2165•I !•
2)66 : 2167 : 2168 2169
"2170 2171 : 2172 : 2173 2174
•I I! I !•
B-33
B-35
I !•
: 2Z2B 22299
•I !•
: 2230•I I
!
: 2231 2232
: 2233 : 2234'I ± I'
: 2235 2236 2237
2Z3BI
!•
2239•I I
!
: 2240 22«1
I !•
: 2242
/
2243 2244 : 2245 : 2246
•I I I!•
: 2247
2Z4B : 2249 : 2250 : 2251
^ T \2252
•I I;
I!• •I !
B-36
: 22S3 : 2254 : 2255 : 2256 : 22S7
B-37
B- 39
B-40
: I I I !I I I
:I I I
:I I I :
I I I
B-41
B-43
: 2601 : 2602 : 2B03 : 2604 : 2605 :j
: 260B : 2607 : 2608 : 26Q9 : 2610
: 2611 : 2612 : 2613 : 2614 : 2615
B-44
B-45
B-46
B-47
: 2162 : 2763 : 2764 : 2765 : 2766 T I
: 2177 : 2178 : 2779 :2801 i 2802 :
j
I
B-48
B-49
: 2901
29QB
I -I
!
2902 : 2903 : 2904'I !
: 2905
2907 2908 2909
I I! •I !• •I !•
2911 2912 2913 : 2914 : 2915
I I-
: 291B
O «l o o dp o
I I I'
: ?921
2917
I!
2922
•I !•
I I'
: 2918
2923
: 2919
9P-
I I!
: 2924
I 2920
2925
I I I'
I !
o—eo—o o—ee
—
g o CO o o Qj) 0 : &- aa o o co o o ao o
I !
B-50
B-52
B-53
: 3117 : 3118 : 31 19 : 3120 :3121 :
: 3122 : 3123 : 3124 : 3125 r 3126
: 3156 : 3)57 : 3158 : 3159 : 3160
B-54
V !•
: 316B : 3J67 : 3168 3169 3170
: 3171 : 3172 : 3173 : 3174 z 3175 :
: 317B : 3197 : 3198 : 3199 : 3200
: 3Z01 : 3202 : 3203 : 3204 i 3205 :
B-55
: 32U : 3212 : 3213 : 3214 : 3215 :
j
: 3216
: 3226 : 3227 : 3228 : 3229 : 3247
i
B-56
: 327B : 3279 : 3301 : 3302 : 3303
B-58
: 3S19 : 3S20 : 3B21 : 3522 : 3523
: 360B : 3609 : 3B10 : 361 1 : 3512
B-61
I
B-62
B-63
B-64
1
I
5
{
APPENDIX C
INDICES TO ALPHABETICS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
INDEX TO ALPHABETS
0001 CARTOGRAPHIC ROMAN0027 CARTOGRAPHIC GREEK0200 CARTOGRAPHIC NUMERALS0501 UC SIMPLEX . ROMAN PRIN SIZE0527 UC SIMPLEX GREEK PRIN SIZE0551 UC SIMPLEX SCRIPT PRIN SIZE0601 LC SIMPLEX ROMAN PRIN SIZE0627 LC SIMPLEX GREEK PRIN SIZE
0651 LC SIMPLEX SCRIPT PRIN SIZE0700 NUMERALS SIMPLEX ROMAN PRIN SIZE
1001 UC COMPLEX ROMAN INDEX SIZE1027 UC COMPLEX GREEK INDEX SIZE
1051 UC COMPLEX ITALIC INDEX SIZE
1101 LC COMPLEX ROMAN INDEX SIZE1127 LC COMPLEX GREEK INDEX SIZE
1151 LC COMPLEX ITALIC INDEX SIZE
1200 NUMERALS COMPLEX ROMAN INDEX SIZE
2001 UC COMPLEX ROMAN PRIN SIZE
2027 UC COMPLEX GREEK PRIN SIZE
2051 UC COMPLEX ITALIC PRIN SIZE
2101 LC COMPLEX ROMAN PRIN SIZE
2127 LC COMPLEX GREEK PRIN SIZE
2151 LC COMPLEX ITALIC PRIN SIZE
2200 NUMERALS COMPLEX ROMAN PRIN SIZE
2501 UC DUPLEX ROMAN PRIN SIZE
2551 UC COMPLEX SCRIPT PRIN SIZE
2601 LC DUPLEX ROMAN PRIN SIZE
2651 LC COMPLEX SCRIPT PRIN SIZE
2700 NUMERALS DUPLEX ROMAN PRIN SIZE
2750 NUMERALS COMPLEX SCRIPT PRIN SIZE
2801 UC COMPLEX CYRILLIC PRIN SIZE
2901 LC COMPLEX CYRILLIC PRIN SIZE
3001 UC TRIPLEX ROMAN PRIN SIZE
2051 UC TRIPLEX ITALIC PRIN SIZE
3151 LC TRIPLEX ITALIC PRIN SIZE
3200 NUMERALS TRIPLEX ROMAN PRIN SIZE
3250 NUMERALS TRIPLEX ITALIC PRIN SIZE
3301 UC GOTHIC GERMAN PRIN SIZE
3401 LC GOTHIC GERMAN PRIN SIZE
3501 UC GOTHIC ENGLISH PRIN SIZE
3601 LC GOTHIC ENGLISH PRIN SIZE
3700 NUMERALS GOTHIC PRIN SIZE
3801 UC GOTHIC ITALIAN PRIN SIZE
3901 LC GOTHIC ITALIAN PRIN' SIZE
C-1
INDEX TO SPECIAL CHARACTERS
0210 PERIOD 0733 NUMBER0211 COMMA 0734 AMPERSAND0212 COLON 0735 LOZENGE0213 SEMICOLON 0737 PARALLEL0214 EXCLAMATION 0738 PERPENDICULAR0215 INTERROGATION 0739 ANGLE0216 PRIME 0740 CONCLUSION0217 SECOND 0741 SPADE0218 DEGREE 0742 HEART0219 DOLLAR 0743 DIAMOND0220 SOLIDUS 0744 CLUB0221 LEFT PARENTHESIS 0745 SHAMROCK0222 RIGHT PARENTHESIS 0746 FLEUR DE LIS
0223 BAR 0750 DRIZZLE0224 DIFFERENCE 0751 RAIN0225 SUM 0752 SNOW0226 EQUALITY 0753 SURFACE COLD FRONT0227 CROSS 0754 SURFACE WARM FRONT0228 ASTERISK 0755 50 KNOT FLAG0229 DOT 0756 UPPER COLD FRONT0230 LEFT QUOTATION 0757 UPPER WARM FRONT0231 RIGHT QUOTATION 0758 CUMULO0232 ARROW 0759 ALTO0233 NUMBER 0760 ALTO0234 AMPERSAND 0761 CIRRO0235 LOZENGE 0762 LEFT CIRROSTRATO0583 NABLA 0763 RIGHT CIRROSTRATO0710 PERIOD 0764 SAND0711 COMMA 0765 GLAZE0712 COLON 0766 HAZE0713 SEMICOLON 0767 THUNDERSTORM0714 EXCLAMATION 0768 HURRICANE0715 INTERROGATION 0796 HORIZONTAL0716 PRIME 0797 45-OBUQUE0717 SECOND 0798 VERTICAL0718 DEGREE 0799 135-OBLIQUE0719 DOLLAR 0800 HORIZONTAL0720 SOLIDUS 0801 30-OBLIQUE0721 LEFT PARENTHESIS 0802 60-OBLIQUE0722 RIGHT PARENTHESIS 0803 VERTICAL
0723 BAR 0804 120-OBUQUE0724 DIFFERENCE 0805 150-OBLIQUE0725 SUM 0806 HORIZONTAL0726 EQUALITY 0807 45-OBLIQUE0727 CROSS 0808 VERTICAL
0728 ASTERISK 0809 135-OBLIQUE0729 DOT 0810 UPPER LEFT QUADRANT0730 LEFT QUOTATION 0811 LOWER LEFT QUADRANT0731 RIGHT QUOTATION 0812 LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT0732 ARROW 0813 UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT
C-2
INDEX TO SPECIAL CHARACTERS
0814 LOWER QUADRANT 0873 WILLOW0815 LEFT QUADRANT 0874 GRASS0816 RIGHT QUADRANT 0899 DOT0817 UPPER QUADRANT 0900 2-CIRCLE0818 VERTICAL ZIGZAG 0901 4-CIRCLE0819 HORIZONTAL ZIGZAG 0902 5-CIRCLE0820 30-ZIGZAG 0903 7-CIRCLE0821 45-ZIGZAG 0904 11 -CIRCLE0822 UPPER LOOP 0905 17-CIRCLE0823 LEFT LOOP 0906 22 -CIRCLE0824 LOWER LOOP 0907 41 -CIRCLE0825 RIGHT LOOP 0908 US HIGHWAY0826 30-LOOP 0909 IS HIGHWAY0827 45-LOOP 1210 PERIOD0828 JUNCTION 1211 COMMA0829 JUMPER 1212 COLON0830 GRID 1213 SEMICOLON0831 SHIELD 1214 EXCLAMATION0832 FILAMENT 1215 INTERROGATION0833 GROUND 1216 PRIME0834 ANTENNA 1217 SECOND0840 CIRCLE 1218 DEGREE0841 SQUARE 1219 ASTERISK0842 TRIANGLE 1220 SOLIDUS0843 DIAMOND 1221 LEFT PARENTHESIS0844 STAR 1222 RIGHT PARENTHESIS0845 MARK 1223 LEFT BRACKET0846 CROSS 1224 RIGHT BRACKET0847 ASTERISK 1225 LEFT BRACE0850 CIRCLE 1226 RIGHT BRACE0851 SQUARE 1227 LEFT ELBOW0852 UP VERTEX 1228 RIGHT ELBOW0853 LEFT VERTEX 1229 BAR0854 DOWN VERTEX 1230 DOUBLE BAR0855 RIGHT VERTEX 1231 MINUS0856 STAR 1232 PLUS0857 FLAG 1233 PLUS OR MINUS0860 ANCHORAGE 1234 MINUS OR PLUS0861 AERODROME 1235 CROSS PRODUCT0862 MINE 1236 DOT PRODUCT0863 DERRICK 1237 QUOTIENT0864 LIGHTSHIP 1238 EQUALITY0865 WRECK 1239 INEQUALITY
0866 CROSS 1240 IDENTITY
0867 CRESCENT 1241 LESS
0868 STAR 1242 MORE0869 BELL 1243 EQUAL OR LESS
0870 PALM 1244 EQUAL OR MORE0871 PINE 1245 VARIATION
0872 OAK 1246 APPROXIMATION
C-3
INDEX TO SPECIAL CHARACTERS
1247 CARET 1404 RIGHT PARENTHESIS1248 ACUTE ACCENT 1405 LEFT BRACKET1249 GRAVE ACCENT 1406 RIGHT BRACKET1250 BREVE 1407 LEFT BRACE1251 RIGHT QUOTATION 1408 RIGHT BRACE1252 LEFT QUOTATION 1409 UPPER HALF BRACE1253 NORMAL ASPIRATE 1410 LOWER HALF BRACE1254 INVERTED ASPIRATE 1411 RADICAL1256 RIGHT HOOK 1412 INTEGRAL1257 UP HOOK 2077 ALEPH1258 LEFT HOOK 2210 PERIOD1259 DOWN HOOK 2211 COMMA1260 ELEMENT 2212 COLON1261 RIGHT ARROW 2213 SEMICOLON1262 UP ARROW 2214 EXCLAMATION1263 LEFT ARROW 2215 INTERROGATION1264 DOWN ARROW 2216 PRIME1265 DELTA 2217 SECOND1266 NABLA 2218 DEGREE1267 RADICAL 2219 ASTERISK1268 INTEGRAL 2220 SOLIDUS1269 CIRCUIT INTEGRAL 2221 LEFT PARENTHESIS1270 INFINITY 2222 RIGHT PARENTHESIS1271 PERCENT 2223 LEFT BRACKET1272 AMPERSAND 2224 RIGHT BRACKET1273 AT 2225 LEFT BRACE1274 DOLLAR 2226 RIGHT BRACE1275 NUMBER 2227 LEFT ELBOW1276 PARAGRAPH 2228 RIGHT ELBOW1277 DAGGER 2229 BAR1278 DOUBLE DAGGER 2230 DOUBLE BAR1279 EXISTENCE 2231 MINUS1281 SUN 2232 PLUS1282 MERCURY 2233 PLUS OR MINUS1283 VENUS 2234 MINUS OR PLUS1284 EARTH 2235 CROSS PRODUCT1285 MARS 2236 DOT PRODUCT1286 JUPITER 2237 QUOTIENT1287 SATURN 2238 EQUAUTY1288 URANUS 2239 INEQUALITY
1289 NEPTUNE 2240 IDENTITY
1290 PLUTO 2241 LESS
1291 MOON 2242 MORE1292 COMET 2243 EQUAL OR LESS
1293 STAR 2244 EQUAL OR MORE1294 ASCENDING NODE 2245 VARIATION
1295 DESCENDING NODE 2246 APPROXIMATION
1401 PI 2247 CARET
1402 SIGMA 2248 ACUTE ACCENT1403 LEFT PARENTHESIS 2249 GRAVE ACCENT
C-4
INDEX TO SPECIAL CHARACTERS
2250 RRFVFDrvEj V £j VTRflO
2251 RIGHT OIJOTATION I TRRA
2252 I FFT OTIOTATinMLiHir 1 V^^ UU 1 A 1 1 WIN oz-'HRPTO
2253 NORMAT A9PTRATP 9AnTTTARIT19
2254 INVFRTFH A9PTRATP PT 1 r\CO I v PAPRTPORMI 19^.^Ar rvic wrviN uo2255Krf i_/ RAnTfAI PT 1 1 AOI I ARTI 19
noT2258 T vpT unr\KLiEjr I n>JVJi\ PT 1 flCo I o ITPPFR FT AP
L/wniN nvJUi\ PT 1 QCo 1 y T OWFR FT AP2?fi0 FT FMFMT PTPnCoCU WHOT F MOTF2?fi1 RinHT ARROW PTP 1coc 1 T4AI F TMOTF
22fi? TIP ARROW PTPPcocc OTIARTFR MOTFT FFT ARROW PTPTcoco 9T4ARP
2264 nOWN ARROW PTP4COC*t NATTIRATINA 1 *J rVALj
r>FT TA PTPf^coco FT ATr LiA 1
MART A PTPRcoco WI40T F RF9TRAr>TrAT PTP7coc 1
HAT F RF9TTNTFORAT PTPflcoco OTIARTFR RF9Tv^U Arv 1 Eilv ivJLiO 1
P?RQ PTRPTITT TMTFORAT PTPQcocy FTPHTH RF9T
<C(C 1 w TMFTNTTYiiN r iiN ill PTTncoou P PT FF??7
1
PFRPFMT PTT 1coo 1 F PT FFAMPFR9AMr) PTTPcooc r TT FF
AT PTR7COD 1noT
PP74 nOT I AR PTRflCODO Ijpppp pj APPP7'^ NT IMRFR PTRQcooy T OWFR FT AGPP7R PARAnRAPT4 PT7nCO 1 \J WHOT F MOTFPP77 DAnnFR PT7 TCO f 1 HAT F MOTFPP7fl nOTIRTF DAnnFR PT7PCO f c OTIARTFR MOTF
Vtf ^ A£\ 1 INw 1 Hj
PP7Q FYTSTFNTF PT7TCO 1 o 9HARPPPW
1
ceo 1 O IN PT74.CO f *T MATTIRAl
ppftp MFRPTIRY PT7'=^CO r O FT ATr LiA I
PPRT VFNT 19V EjIN u o PT7RCO r u WHOT F RF9Tiiriwi_il-j rviljO 1
PPRA FARTT4EjAIv 1 O PT77cor 1 HAT F RF9TOAl-iF l\£iO 1
MAR9 PT7RC O f (J OTIARTFR RF9T^kJAl\lEil\ r\l_jO 1
PPftR TTIPTTFR PT7QCO 1 FTGHTH RF9TPPR7 9ATTIRM G n FF
TIRANTI9 coo 1 F PT FFPPRQ MFPTTINFINCjr 1 UlNEj <wOOC r PT FFppQn PT TITO 2401 PT
PPQ 1 MOON 2402 9IGMAPPQP POMFT T FFT PARFNTHFST*=?
PPQQ STAR 2404 RICHT PARFNTHF*=^T9Xxlvin 1 1 r\£\£ljli 1 riuOiO
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDSDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEWASHINGTON, D.C. 20234
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
11. Contract/Grant No.
12. J^r»r»n Q rtr 1 n o Cjroc*nnartr\r\ TVlamo '»r»^^ ( nmn\ar-a AAArar^r- ^^trai^t ^t-^^a 77D\' ^* '-'J-'>Jii a Kji iiig \Jl g all liCdLlUIl IN aillCr ana v-Ompic LC *lQarCS S 1*3 irCC t, 'y ^ ^ CalG, ^ l tr ) 13. Type of Report & PeriodCovered
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 75-619219
16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less {actual summary ol most significant information. If document includes a significant
bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)
These tables present coordinates from which it is possible to generate1377 different alphabetic and graphic characters on either COM devicesor on digital plotters. The tables, originally developed by Dr. A. V.Hershey of the Naval Weapons Laboratory, are augmented here bycorresponding figures which show for each character the location of thetabulated points and the manner in which they are connected. The tablescan be used with existing typographic systems to compose pages for
scientific and mathematical publications of graphic arts quality either onCOM devices or flat-bed plotters. Numerous applications are discussedand illustrated. The tables are also available on a magnetic tape in eitherBCD or ASCII format from the National Technical Information Service
17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper
name; separated by semicolons)
Alphabets; COM; computerized typesetting; digital plotting; graphics;Hershey character set; plotting; type fonts; typesetting; vectorizedcharacters
18. AVAILABILITY [x] Unlimited
1' For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS
|X ! Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashineton. D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. C13. 10:4Z4
1 1Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)Springfield, Virginia 22151
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21. NO. OF PAGES
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U3COMM.DC 29042-P74
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stants, and properties of matter. Issued six times ayear. Annual subscription: Domestic, $17.00; Foreign,$21.25.
• Mathematical Sciences (Section B)
Studies and compilations designed mainly for the math-ematician and theoretical physicist. Topics in mathe-matical statistics, theory of experiment design, numeri-cal analysis, theoretical physics and chemistry, logical
design and programming of computers and computersystems. Short numerical tables. Issued quarterly. An-nual subscription: Domestic, $9.00; Foreign, $11.25.
DIMENSIONS/NBS (formerly Technical News Bul-letin)—This monthly magazine is published to informscientists, engineers, businessmen, industry, teachers,
students, and consumers of the latest advances in
science and technology, with primary emphasis on the
work at NBS. The magazine highlights and reviews suchissues as energy research, fire protection, building tech-
nology, metric conversion, pollution abatement, healthand safety, and consumer product performance. In addi-
tion, it reports the results of Bureau programs in
measurement standards and techniques, properties of
matter and materials, engineering standards and serv-
ices, instrumentation, and automatic data processing.
Monographs—Major contributions to the technical liter-
ature on various subjects related to the Bureau's scien-
tific and technical activities.
Handbooks—Recommended codes of engineering andindustrial practice (including safety codes) developedin cooperation with interested industries, professionalorganizations, and regulatory bodies.
Special Publications—Include proceedings of confer-
ences sponsored by NBS, NBS annual reports, and otherspecial publications appropriate to this grouping suchas wall charts, pocket cards, and bibliographies.
Applied Mathematics Scries—Mathematical tables,
manuals, and studies of special interest to physicists,
engineers, chemists, biologists, mathematicians, com-puter programmers, and others engaged in scientific
and technical work.
National Standard Reference Data Series—Providesquantitative data on the physical and chemical proper-ties of materials, compiled from the world's literature
and critically evaluated. Developed under a world-wide
program coordinated by NBS. Prograni under authority
of National Standard Data Act (Public Law 90-396).
NOTE: At present the principal publication outlet for
these data is the Journal of Physical and ChemicalReference Data (JPCRD) published quarterly for NBSby the American Chemical Society (A(3S) and the Amer-ican Institute of Physics (AIP). Subscriptions, reprints,
and supplements available from ACS, 1155 Sixteenth
St. N. W., Wash. D. C. 20056.
Building Science Series—Disseminates technical infor-
mation developed at the Bureau on building materials,
components, systems, and whole structures. The series
presents research results, test methods, and perform-ance criteria related to the structural and environmen-tal functions and the durability and safety character-istics of building elements and systems.
Technical Notes—Studies or reports which are completein themselves but restrictive in their treatment of asubject. Analogous to monographs but not so compre-hensive in scope or definitive in treatment of the sub-
ject area. Often serve as a vehicle for final reports of
work performed at NBS under the sponsorship of other'
government agencies.
Voluntary Product Standards—^^Developed under pro-
cedures published by the Department of Commerce in
Part 10, Title 15, of the Code of Federal Regulations.
The purpose of the standards is to establish nationally
recognized requirements for products, and to provide
all concerned interests with a basis for common under-standing of the characteristics of the products. NBSadministers this program as a supplement to the activi-
ties of the private sector standardizing organizations.
Federal Information Processing Standards Publications(FIPS PUBS)—Publications in this series collectively
constitute the Federal Information Processing Stand-ards Register. Register serves as the official source of
information in the Federal Government regarding stand-ards issued by NBS pursuant to the Federal Propertyand Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended,Public Law 89-306 (79 Stat. 1127), and as implementedby Executive Order 11717 (38 FR 12315, dated May 11,
1973) and Part 6 of Title 15 CFR (Code of FederalRegulations).
Consumer Information Series—Practical information,based on NBS research and experience, covering areasof interest to the consumer. Easily understandablelanguage and illustrations provide useful backgroundknowledge for shopping in today's technological
marketplace.
NBS Interagency Reports (NBSIR)—A special series of
interim or final reports on work performed by NBS foroutside sponsors (both government and non-govern-ment). In general, initial distribution is handled by thesponsor; public distribution is by the National TechnicalInformation Service (Springfield, Va. 22161) in papercopy or microfiche form.
Order NBS publications (except NBSIR's and Biblio-
BIBLIOGRAPHIC SUBSCRIPTION SERVICESThe following current-awareness and literature-surveybibliographies are issued periodically by the Bureau:Cryogenic Data Center Current Awareness Service
A literature survey issued biweekly. Annual sub-scription: Domestic, $20.00; foreign, $25.00.
Liquefied Natural Gas. A literature survey issued quar-
terly. Annual subscription : $20.00.
Superconducting Devices and Materials. A literature
survey issued quarterly. Annual subscription : $20.00.Send subscription orders and remittances for thepreceding bibliographic services to National Bu-reau of Standards, Cryogenic Data Center (275.02)Boulder, Colorado 80302.
Electromagnetic Metrology Current Awareness Service
Issued monthly. Annual subscription: $24.00. Sendsubscription order and remittance to ElectromagneticsDivision, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder,Colo. 80302.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Bureau of StandardsWashington. D C. 20234