Continental North America in the 16 th -18 th Centuries: New Worlds for All Dr. Philip P. Boucher Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus Emeritus.

Continental North America Continental North America in the 16in the 16thth-18-18thth Centuries: Centuries:

“New Worlds for All” “New Worlds for All”

Dr. Philip P. BoucherDr. Philip P. BoucherDistinguished Professor of HistoryDistinguished Professor of History

EmeritusEmeritusUniversity of Alabama in HuntsvilleUniversity of Alabama in Huntsville

[email protected]@hotmail.comPhilipboucher.com Philipboucher.com

IntroductionIntroduction Whose Colonial America?Whose Colonial America?

The older thirteen colonies approach, which most The older thirteen colonies approach, which most scholars consider obsolete. (Recall the large number scholars consider obsolete. (Recall the large number of Germans, Swedes and other non-British people in of Germans, Swedes and other non-British people in British North America). Excludes Spanish Florida, British North America). Excludes Spanish Florida, French settlements in Maine north of Mt. Desert French settlements in Maine north of Mt. Desert Island, French Louisiana (Alabama, Mississippi, Island, French Louisiana (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas), French settlements along the Louisiana, Arkansas), French settlements along the Mississippi and Missouri River basins (e.g. Ste. Mississippi and Missouri River basins (e.g. Ste. Geneviève, MO), French Détroit and many other Geneviève, MO), French Détroit and many other settlements in northern Indiana and Illinois, Spanish settlements in northern Indiana and Illinois, Spanish settlements in Texas, Arkansas, New Mexico and settlements in Texas, Arkansas, New Mexico and after 1769 California (Arnold pronounces it after 1769 California (Arnold pronounces it “correctly”), Russian settlements in Alaska. “correctly”), Russian settlements in Alaska.

Topics to be coveredTopics to be covered

America in 1491America in 1491 The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange Spanish North America, 16Spanish North America, 16thth-18-18thth Centuries Centuries French and English Challenges to Spanish French and English Challenges to Spanish

hegemony, to c. 1600hegemony, to c. 1600 French and English colonization to c. 1700French and English colonization to c. 1700 The Middle Colonies to c. 1740The Middle Colonies to c. 1740 New England (Northern Colonies) to c. 1700New England (Northern Colonies) to c. 1700 The Carolina Low Country (Southern colonies) The Carolina Low Country (Southern colonies)

to the 1740sto the 1740s Transformations, 1690s-1740sTransformations, 1690s-1740s Toward 1776Toward 1776

The Americas in 1491The Americas in 1491 Estimates of Population: Best estimate for Estimates of Population: Best estimate for

continental North America (excluding continental North America (excluding Mexico) between 5-10 million.Mexico) between 5-10 million.

Semi-sedentary societies dependent on Semi-sedentary societies dependent on maize, beans and squash agriculture maize, beans and squash agriculture supported by male hunting and fishing supported by male hunting and fishing products.products.

War prevalent among Native American War prevalent among Native American societies but it was a ritualized warfare societies but it was a ritualized warfare that emphasized vengeance and captivity that emphasized vengeance and captivity rather than European-style kill or be killed rather than European-style kill or be killed battle.battle.

Cultural encounters among Native Cultural encounters among Native Americans, West Europeans and West Americans, West Europeans and West Africans strongly shaped American history.Africans strongly shaped American history.

The Columbian Exchange beginsThe Columbian Exchange begins From the Americas: potatoes, maize, yucca root From the Americas: potatoes, maize, yucca root

(manioc flour), sweet potatoes, various squashes and (manioc flour), sweet potatoes, various squashes and pumpkins, a large variety of beans and legumes pumpkins, a large variety of beans and legumes (peanuts for example), tobacco, cacao, turkeys etc. (peanuts for example), tobacco, cacao, turkeys etc. Perhaps syphilis came from America.Perhaps syphilis came from America.

As potatoes, maize and yucca root are in the top five As potatoes, maize and yucca root are in the top five foods produced in the world today (wheat and rice are foods produced in the world today (wheat and rice are the other two), it is easy to understand the the other two), it is easy to understand the importance of Native Americans. The 18importance of Native Americans. The 18thth century century takeoff in world population probably attributable to takeoff in world population probably attributable to the spread of American plants.the spread of American plants.

Gold and silver in large quantities helped the Gold and silver in large quantities helped the European economies grow dramatically wealthier, at a European economies grow dramatically wealthier, at a huge cost to Native American and African coerced huge cost to Native American and African coerced laborers. Large tracts of arable lands on which could laborers. Large tracts of arable lands on which could be produced sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee, indigo, be produced sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee, indigo, cacao etc. were crucial to European capital cacao etc. were crucial to European capital accumulation and the industrialization of west Europe.accumulation and the industrialization of west Europe.

Exchange continued…Exchange continued… From Europe and West Africa (and all parts of the From Europe and West Africa (and all parts of the

“old world”) to America: wheat, rice, the major “old world”) to America: wheat, rice, the major domesticated animals (horses, cattle, pigs, domesticated animals (horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats), grapes, olive oil, citrus fruits, sheep, goats), grapes, olive oil, citrus fruits, bananas and much else including “pests” such as bananas and much else including “pests” such as rats. The domesticated animals transformed rats. The domesticated animals transformed American life, for good and bad.American life, for good and bad.

Devastating to the Native Americans were the Devastating to the Native Americans were the old world diseases (smallpox, the plague, various old world diseases (smallpox, the plague, various influenzas, malaria, yellow fever and many influenzas, malaria, yellow fever and many others), against which Native Americans had no others), against which Native Americans had no built up immunities. The toll was terrible and built up immunities. The toll was terrible and some historians estimate 70-90% of the Native some historians estimate 70-90% of the Native American population in 1491 died in the first 150 American population in 1491 died in the first 150 years of the encounter with Europeans and years of the encounter with Europeans and Africans.Africans.

Spanish North America, 16Spanish North America, 16thth-18-18thth CenturiesCenturies

The Spanish conquistadors and the exploration of The Spanish conquistadors and the exploration of North America: Hernan de Soto and the invasion of North America: Hernan de Soto and the invasion of the native population in the North American the native population in the North American heartland. The (presumed) impact on Native heartland. The (presumed) impact on Native American demography (see next imageAmerican demography (see next image).).

The Spanish Missions and expeditions in La Florida The Spanish Missions and expeditions in La Florida and Native Reaction (see image of Philip II of and Native Reaction (see image of Philip II of Spain).Spain).

Spanish Missions in New Mexico and Native Spanish Missions in New Mexico and Native American Reaction: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680.American Reaction: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680.

Onward to Texas and California, 17Onward to Texas and California, 17thth-18-18thth centuries. centuries. The Franciscan mission reservations. Alta The Franciscan mission reservations. Alta California.California.

Hernan CortHernan Cortééss

Philip II of Spain, r. 1556-1598Philip II of Spain, r. 1556-1598

French and English Challenges to Spanish Hegemony, 16French and English Challenges to Spanish Hegemony, 16thth CenturyCentury

The French in La The French in La Florida, 1560s: Florida, 1560s: What went What went wrong? The wrong? The French found no French found no gold and the gold and the Native Native Americans Americans (Timuacan (Timuacan Indians) could Indians) could not support not support these colonists, these colonists, who could not who could not figure out how figure out how to get food. to get food.

The French in La Florida, and Spanish The French in La Florida, and Spanish ReactionsReactions

Motives for the Ribaut expeditions Motives for the Ribaut expeditions Pedro MenPedro Menééndes de Avilès and the ndes de Avilès and the

French failure (image of Charlesfort)French failure (image of Charlesfort) Consequences: Building of Saint Consequences: Building of Saint

Augustine, the first European town in Augustine, the first European town in North America; the piquing of North America; the piquing of Elizabeth’s interest in La Florida.Elizabeth’s interest in La Florida.

Charlesfort, Jacksonville, FloridaCharlesfort, Jacksonville, Florida

Challenges continued…Challenges continued…

Queen Elizabeth and North Queen Elizabeth and North America (see images of Elizabeth America (see images of Elizabeth and Sir Walter Ralegh) {the way and Sir Walter Ralegh) {the way he usually spelled his name and he usually spelled his name and what most historians use}.what most historians use}.

The Roanoke Voyages: What The Roanoke Voyages: What went wrong? Bad location, went wrong? Bad location, drought and the Indian inability drought and the Indian inability to provide food over the long runto provide food over the long run

The young Elizabeth IThe young Elizabeth I

Sir Walter RaleghSir Walter Ralegh

Beyond Charlesfort and Beyond Charlesfort and RoanokeRoanoke

Spanish Missions and expeditions northward Spanish Missions and expeditions northward to the Chesapeake: A Spanish mission in to the Chesapeake: A Spanish mission in Powhattan’s area destroyed by Powhattan’s area destroyed by Opechancanough, brother of Chief Opechancanough, brother of Chief Powhattan.Powhattan.

Why did these efforts of the French and Why did these efforts of the French and English fail so dismally? Basically, the English fail so dismally? Basically, the French and English could not do in North French and English could not do in North America what the Spanish conquistadors America what the Spanish conquistadors did in Mexico and Peru-overwhelm rich did in Mexico and Peru-overwhelm rich civilizations, then forced the survivors to civilizations, then forced the survivors to work for them at subsistence wages.work for them at subsistence wages.

Pushes and Pulls of European Pushes and Pulls of European Migrations in the 17Migrations in the 17thth Century Century

Migrations of Free People. The lure of Quick Migrations of Free People. The lure of Quick Wealth. The exceptionality of New England as Wealth. The exceptionality of New England as founded by religious dissidents (of course do not founded by religious dissidents (of course do not forget Catholic colony of Maryland, 1633). Virginia forget Catholic colony of Maryland, 1633). Virginia not Massachusetts is the prototypical colony.not Massachusetts is the prototypical colony.

Indentured Servitude. Varieties. Some skilled and Indentured Servitude. Varieties. Some skilled and reasonably well off people apprenticed (i.e. reasonably well off people apprenticed (i.e. indentured) as servants. Do not exaggerate the indentured) as servants. Do not exaggerate the numbers in British continental North America. numbers in British continental North America. Perhaps 60% of migrants were indentured or Perhaps 60% of migrants were indentured or bonded servants, 40% free people. Your textbook bonded servants, 40% free people. Your textbook may say 75% or higher but that figure is less may say 75% or higher but that figure is less accepted now.accepted now.

Pushes and pulls continued…Pushes and pulls continued… The 17The 17thth Century in Europe was, with the Century in Europe was, with the

exception of the Dutch Netherlands and parts of exception of the Dutch Netherlands and parts of England, an exceptionally difficult one England, an exceptionally difficult one economically. War and civil conflict characterized economically. War and civil conflict characterized what historians call an Age of Crisis. The misery what historians call an Age of Crisis. The misery of this century was certainly a factor in pushing of this century was certainly a factor in pushing migration overseas. migration overseas.

The English superiority in promoting migration The English superiority in promoting migration was due to a number of factors (elite belief that was due to a number of factors (elite belief that England was overpopulated and that the poor England was overpopulated and that the poor would be more productive overseas; elite belief would be more productive overseas; elite belief that investment in overseas plantations would that investment in overseas plantations would produce profits-a notion that did not pay off for produce profits-a notion that did not pay off for such as the Virginia Company stockholders.) Also, such as the Virginia Company stockholders.) Also, England did not have a large standing army to England did not have a large standing army to absorb poor young men, as did the French.absorb poor young men, as did the French.

European Penetration into North AmericaEuropean Penetration into North America

French and Dutch Colonization to c. French and Dutch Colonization to c. 16601660

Dutch colonists few in number because of Dutch colonists few in number because of commercial nature of their outposts e.g New commercial nature of their outposts e.g New Amsterdam. Dutch society in the 17Amsterdam. Dutch society in the 17thth century century richest in Europe and plenty of work available richest in Europe and plenty of work available there for poor people. Dutch establish trading there for poor people. Dutch establish trading posts at the future Albany and New York city to posts at the future Albany and New York city to tap the fur trade of the interior. Dutch outposts in tap the fur trade of the interior. Dutch outposts in North America important for trade with English North America important for trade with English and French colonists. The Dutch dominated the and French colonists. The Dutch dominated the slave trade from c. 1630 to c. 1670 and, (in) slave trade from c. 1630 to c. 1670 and, (in) famously, transported the first Africans to famously, transported the first Africans to Virginia in 1619 (there were African slaves in Virginia in 1619 (there were African slaves in Spanish Florida before 1619). Did you know, Spanish Florida before 1619). Did you know, however, that one fourth the population of New however, that one fourth the population of New Amsterdam (New York City) in 1660 was African Amsterdam (New York City) in 1660 was African slaves? (see image of Stuyvesant).slaves? (see image of Stuyvesant).

Peter StuyvesantPeter Stuyvesant

French and Dutch continued…French and Dutch continued… Few French migrants to Acadia and the St. Few French migrants to Acadia and the St.

Lawrence River valley because of climate Lawrence River valley because of climate issues (the mini ice age), the reluctance of issues (the mini ice age), the reluctance of the fur trading companies to support the fur trading companies to support colonists, the fear of Iroquois attacks and colonists, the fear of Iroquois attacks and the greater attraction of Caribbean colonial the greater attraction of Caribbean colonial sites. By 1660 only c. 3,000 colonists in sites. By 1660 only c. 3,000 colonists in New France and Acadia (i.e. Nova Scotia New France and Acadia (i.e. Nova Scotia today and northern Maine) compared to today and northern Maine) compared to some 30,000 in Massachusetts Bay. The some 30,000 in Massachusetts Bay. The French never come close to closing this French never come close to closing this demographic disadvantage. (see images of demographic disadvantage. (see images of Henri IV and Champlain).Henri IV and Champlain).

Henri IV of France (r. 1589-1610)Henri IV of France (r. 1589-1610)

Samuel de ChamplainSamuel de Champlain

(no authentic portrait exists)(no authentic portrait exists)

The Importance of the Caribbean The Importance of the Caribbean ColoniesColonies

English, French and Dutch penetration of the English, French and Dutch penetration of the Spanish Caribbean, 1620s-1650s.Spanish Caribbean, 1620s-1650s.

Tobacco, sugar and privateer ventures were Tobacco, sugar and privateer ventures were sources of wealth. Smuggling with Spanish sources of wealth. Smuggling with Spanish colonists another. Barbados and the sugar colonists another. Barbados and the sugar revolution in the 1640s-1650s.revolution in the 1640s-1650s.

All countries considered their Caribbean colonies All countries considered their Caribbean colonies of greater importance than the mainland ones.of greater importance than the mainland ones.

In the 18In the 18thth century British North American century British North American prosperity depended significantly on legal and prosperity depended significantly on legal and illegal trade with the British and French West illegal trade with the British and French West Indies, and English colonists were well aware of Indies, and English colonists were well aware of that. They would be amazed that historians of that. They would be amazed that historians of Colonial America underestimate the importance of Colonial America underestimate the importance of the West Indies to “American” life in that era.the West Indies to “American” life in that era.

English Colonization in North America to English Colonization in North America to 16601660

Jamestown and the Virginia Plantation: The terrible Jamestown and the Virginia Plantation: The terrible years, to 1624 (starving time; conflicts with the years, to 1624 (starving time; conflicts with the Powhattans); 1619-House of Burgesses and first Powhattans); 1619-House of Burgesses and first slaves; a surge of economic and demographic slaves; a surge of economic and demographic expansion, 1624-1660 because of tobacco and the expansion, 1624-1660 because of tobacco and the gradual elimination of conflicts with the gradual elimination of conflicts with the Powhattans (see images of James I, Captain John Powhattans (see images of James I, Captain John Smith, Pocahontas).Smith, Pocahontas).

Pilgrims and Puritans in New England: Searching Pilgrims and Puritans in New England: Searching for a Religious Utopia (see image of Charles I). for a Religious Utopia (see image of Charles I). These colonies practically independent from the These colonies practically independent from the Crown. Crown.

Maryland (see image of Calvert).Maryland (see image of Calvert). Cromwell, the Navigation Acts and the effort to Cromwell, the Navigation Acts and the effort to

lessen independence of the colonies.lessen independence of the colonies.

James I, Stuart (r. 1603-1625)James I, Stuart (r. 1603-1625)

Capt. John Smith, the Great Self PromoterCapt. John Smith, the Great Self Promoter

Pocahontas “Civilized” as Rebecca Pocahontas “Civilized” as Rebecca

King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649)King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649)

Cecilius Calvert, 2Cecilius Calvert, 2ndnd Lord Baltimore Lord BaltimoreMaryland as proprietary colony, 1633Maryland as proprietary colony, 1633

Puritans and Pilgrims in New England to c. Puritans and Pilgrims in New England to c. 16601660

Religious Persecution and Migrations: Religious Persecution and Migrations: Charles I and growing persecution of Charles I and growing persecution of Puritans from 1630. About 20,000 Puritans from 1630. About 20,000 Puritans migrate to Massachusetts Bay by Puritans migrate to Massachusetts Bay by 1640. (see images of William Bradford, 1640. (see images of William Bradford, John Winthrop).John Winthrop).

Dissenters from Puritan rule (Thomas Dissenters from Puritan rule (Thomas Hooker, Roger Williams) establish Hooker, Roger Williams) establish Connecticut and Rhode Island.Connecticut and Rhode Island.

Relations with Native Americans: Pequot Relations with Native Americans: Pequot massacre of 1636. Williams policy of good massacre of 1636. Williams policy of good relations. “Praying Indians” and relations. “Praying Indians” and evangelical efforts of John Elliot.evangelical efforts of John Elliot.

William Bradford, Plymouth colonyWilliam Bradford, Plymouth colony

John WinthropJohn Winthrop

Puritans and Pilgrims continued…Puritans and Pilgrims continued… The return of many Puritans to England in the The return of many Puritans to England in the

1640s to assist English Puritans and Cromwell in 1640s to assist English Puritans and Cromwell in the fight against Charles I (see image of the fight against Charles I (see image of Cromwell).Cromwell).

Form of Government: In effect theocratic, as a Form of Government: In effect theocratic, as a result of the original Covenant. Self government result of the original Covenant. Self government by the “elect”. Hooker and Williams more by the “elect”. Hooker and Williams more “democratic,” for lack of a better word.“democratic,” for lack of a better word.

Economy: Farming, fishing and husbandry. Economy: Farming, fishing and husbandry. Logging was the only industry. Note for students Logging was the only industry. Note for students the incredible environmental impact of husbandry, the incredible environmental impact of husbandry, plow farming, logging and beaver hunting. plow farming, logging and beaver hunting. However, emphasize to students that America was However, emphasize to students that America was not a “virgin” land as Native Americans not a “virgin” land as Native Americans transformed their environment in numerous ways transformed their environment in numerous ways such as using fire to create woodland savannahs.such as using fire to create woodland savannahs.

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

Population to New England ColoniesPopulation to New England Colonies

FrenchFrench Colonization, 1660s-1690s Colonization, 1660s-1690s

Louis XIV, Colbert and the growth of the French Louis XIV, Colbert and the growth of the French colonial empire and the French navy (see image colonial empire and the French navy (see image of Louis XIV). The king was determined to rule of Louis XIV). The king was determined to rule French settlements overseasFrench settlements overseas

Populating New France and the Caribbean (1660s-Populating New France and the Caribbean (1660s-a surge) a surge)

Frontenac, La Salle and the surge to the West in Frontenac, La Salle and the surge to the West in search of furs: Creating forts on Lake Ontario and search of furs: Creating forts on Lake Ontario and the Illinois River. La Salle’s voyage to the mouth the Illinois River. La Salle’s voyage to the mouth of the Mississippi (1682). Previously, Marquette of the Mississippi (1682). Previously, Marquette and Joliet had reached the Arkansas River (1673)and Joliet had reached the Arkansas River (1673)

The terrible wars with the Iroquois lasting to 1701: The terrible wars with the Iroquois lasting to 1701: The French Canadian militia becomes the premier The French Canadian militia becomes the premier European striking force on the continent. With European striking force on the continent. With their Native American allies, the militiamen will their Native American allies, the militiamen will strike deep into New England and New York in all strike deep into New England and New York in all 1818thth century wars. century wars.

Louis XIV in his primeLouis XIV in his prime

English Colonization: 1660s-1690s continued…English Colonization: 1660s-1690s continued…

Growth of the Sugar Colonies: French Growth of the Sugar Colonies: French Caribbean colonies well behind the British Caribbean colonies well behind the British but will catch and surpass the British in but will catch and surpass the British in the 18the 18thth century. This was a major cause century. This was a major cause of the mid 18of the mid 18thth century wars between century wars between these rival empires. Also, the French these rival empires. Also, the French sugar colonies became a Mecca for North sugar colonies became a Mecca for North American smugglers, causing British American smugglers, causing British reactions such as the Sugar Acts of 1733 reactions such as the Sugar Acts of 1733 and 1764. The “Bostonians” (as all British and 1764. The “Bostonians” (as all British North American smugglers were called by North American smugglers were called by French islanders) were not happy with French islanders) were not happy with Britain’s efforts to enforce the Navigation Britain’s efforts to enforce the Navigation Acts, which caused them to pay higher Acts, which caused them to pay higher prices for British West Indian sugar.prices for British West Indian sugar.

MercantilismMercantilism

Zero sum economic system: If your state grows Zero sum economic system: If your state grows more prosperous, then rival states’ economies more prosperous, then rival states’ economies decline.decline.

Proponents of mercantilism stressed need to Proponents of mercantilism stressed need to produce all military goods at home. produce all military goods at home.

Methods of promoting state’s prosperity: remove Methods of promoting state’s prosperity: remove duties on exports, raise them on imports; give duties on exports, raise them on imports; give monopolies for promotion of difficult trades (Royal monopolies for promotion of difficult trades (Royal African Company, East India Company etc.) at African Company, East India Company etc.) at home or in your colonies produce all goods home or in your colonies produce all goods demanded by the people (silk, tobacco, indigo, demanded by the people (silk, tobacco, indigo, sugar, cacao, cotton etc.); subsidize important sugar, cacao, cotton etc.); subsidize important economic sectors such as the slave trade, economic sectors such as the slave trade, shipbuilding, iron making, textiles.shipbuilding, iron making, textiles.

Colonies were to serve the motherland as good Colonies were to serve the motherland as good children obeyed parents.children obeyed parents.

Mercantilism continued…Mercantilism continued…

The English Navigation Acts (1651, 1661, 1663 The English Navigation Acts (1651, 1661, 1663 etc.) were a prime example of mercantilism. All etc.) were a prime example of mercantilism. All goods entering into England and British America goods entering into England and British America had to be brought in English ships. All had to be brought in English ships. All enumerated commodities from the colonies enumerated commodities from the colonies (sugar, cotton, tobacco, indigo and dyewoods) (sugar, cotton, tobacco, indigo and dyewoods) had to be shipped directly to England. Colonists had to be shipped directly to England. Colonists could ship other goods (e.g. salted fish, beef and could ship other goods (e.g. salted fish, beef and pork) to foreign countries such as Portugal and pork) to foreign countries such as Portugal and Madeira. In the latter case, Madeira, a heavily Madeira. In the latter case, Madeira, a heavily fortified wine, did not have to pass through fortified wine, did not have to pass through England. After 1698 colonists could participate in England. After 1698 colonists could participate in the West African slave trade.the West African slave trade.

English Colonization: 1660s-1690sEnglish Colonization: 1660s-1690s

Charles II, James II and the impulse to Charles II, James II and the impulse to Empire (image of Charles II).Empire (image of Charles II).

The primacy of the sugar colonies The primacy of the sugar colonies (especially Barbados and Jamaica) and the (especially Barbados and Jamaica) and the astonishing growth of the British slave astonishing growth of the British slave trade. Monopoly of the slave trade by the trade. Monopoly of the slave trade by the Royal African Company, whose head was Royal African Company, whose head was the future James II.the future James II.

The maturation of Virginia’s economy, The maturation of Virginia’s economy, increasingly dependant on slave labor; the increasingly dependant on slave labor; the emergence of a tobacco aristocracy.emergence of a tobacco aristocracy.

Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 a serious but in Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 a serious but in the end ineffective effort to curtail the the end ineffective effort to curtail the power of the tobacco barons.power of the tobacco barons.

Charles IICharles II

English Colonization: 1660s-1690s continued…English Colonization: 1660s-1690s continued…

The new style charter and proprietary companies The new style charter and proprietary companies of Carolina and Pennsylvania: their divergent of Carolina and Pennsylvania: their divergent economies and political structures.economies and political structures.

The capture of New Amsterdam in 1664, renamed The capture of New Amsterdam in 1664, renamed New York after the Duke of York, the future James New York after the Duke of York, the future James II. Image of James II.II. Image of James II.

The royal colonies become the rule rather than The royal colonies become the rule rather than the exception.the exception.

The attempted colonial revolution of James II and The attempted colonial revolution of James II and thus the critical importance of the Glorious thus the critical importance of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89: This was the defining Revolution of 1688-89: This was the defining moment in our colonial history. James II had gone moment in our colonial history. James II had gone a long ways toward imposing royal prerogative on a long ways toward imposing royal prerogative on the colonies. the colonies.

James II, 1685-1689James II, 1685-1689

Middle Colonies at c. 1740Middle Colonies at c. 1740

Economies: Wheat and corn farming, Economies: Wheat and corn farming, husbandry, commerce. Known as the husbandry, commerce. Known as the “bread colonies.” Flour milling chief “bread colonies.” Flour milling chief industry. Some salted beef and pork industry. Some salted beef and pork exported to England and the West exported to England and the West Indies.Indies.

Government: New York and New Government: New York and New Jersey were royal colonies with Jersey were royal colonies with royally appointed governors. royally appointed governors. Pennsylvania and Delaware were Pennsylvania and Delaware were proprietary colonies. (image of proprietary colonies. (image of William Penn).William Penn).

William PennWilliam Penn

Middle Colonies at c. 1740 continued…Middle Colonies at c. 1740 continued…

Social structure: egalitarian as compared to Social structure: egalitarian as compared to southern colonies. No significant landed southern colonies. No significant landed aristocracy. Mercantile class becoming significant. aristocracy. Mercantile class becoming significant. The young Ben Franklin, hard working, pragmatic The young Ben Franklin, hard working, pragmatic and empirical is a symbol of this region. In 1745 he and empirical is a symbol of this region. In 1745 he and like-minded people established the American and like-minded people established the American Philosophical Society for the promotion of the arts Philosophical Society for the promotion of the arts and sciences.and sciences.

Religion: Many religious groups (Presbyterians, Religion: Many religious groups (Presbyterians, Quakers, French Huguenots, Anglicans) and thus Quakers, French Huguenots, Anglicans) and thus more religious toleration. Quakers and more religious toleration. Quakers and Pennsylvania most well known for that, and Pennsylvania most well known for that, and Pennsylvania attracted thousands of religiously-Pennsylvania attracted thousands of religiously-persecuted Germans (e.g. the Amish). Later in the persecuted Germans (e.g. the Amish). Later in the century, after the First Great Awakening (1740s), century, after the First Great Awakening (1740s), Methodists and Baptists will be numerous in these Methodists and Baptists will be numerous in these colonies.colonies.

The Chesapeake c. 1740The Chesapeake c. 1740 Economies: Slave-worked tobacco Economies: Slave-worked tobacco

plantations dominant in the Tidewater. plantations dominant in the Tidewater. Smaller scale farming in the interior. Smaller scale farming in the interior. Commercial activities principally centered Commercial activities principally centered in Baltimore.in Baltimore.

Politics: Royal rule. As elsewhere, elected Politics: Royal rule. As elsewhere, elected legislatures limit power of governors and legislatures limit power of governors and their councils.their councils.

Social Structure: Planter dominated society. Social Structure: Planter dominated society. Fear of slave uprisings lead smaller farmers Fear of slave uprisings lead smaller farmers to grudgingly accept the political and social to grudgingly accept the political and social guidance of the elite. (William Byrd image).guidance of the elite. (William Byrd image).

William Byrd of VirginiaWilliam Byrd of Virginia

The Chesapeake c. 1740 continued…The Chesapeake c. 1740 continued…

Religion: Mainly Anglicans with the established Religion: Mainly Anglicans with the established church called the Episcopal Church of America. As church called the Episcopal Church of America. As in England, the Episcopal Church did not in England, the Episcopal Church did not encourage an emotional religion. After the Great encourage an emotional religion. After the Great Awakening, many smaller white farmers and Awakening, many smaller white farmers and eventually slaves became attracted to the eventually slaves became attracted to the Methodist and Baptist faiths.Methodist and Baptist faiths.

Education: Little formal education because of Education: Little formal education because of distances separating people. For most people distances separating people. For most people there was neither reasons nor resources to there was neither reasons nor resources to establish public schools. The elite had tutors, sent establish public schools. The elite had tutors, sent their children to England, or to the College of their children to England, or to the College of William & Mary (1693).William & Mary (1693).

The Carolina Low Country to c. 1740The Carolina Low Country to c. 1740

The Restoration and the founding of the Carolina The Restoration and the founding of the Carolina Proprietary Colony. Locke’s Fundamental Proprietary Colony. Locke’s Fundamental Constitution of 1662 explicitly guaranteed Constitution of 1662 explicitly guaranteed absolute rights of slaveholders (Shaftesbury, absolute rights of slaveholders (Shaftesbury, Locke, images).Locke, images).

The Barbados and Huguenot Connections.The Barbados and Huguenot Connections. The Deerskin trade critical to early Carolina.The Deerskin trade critical to early Carolina. Relations with Native Americans and the Indian Relations with Native Americans and the Indian

Slave Trade: The Yamassee War.Slave Trade: The Yamassee War. Economy: Rice most important export after 1700. Economy: Rice most important export after 1700.

Deer hides and indigo important products.Deer hides and indigo important products. Government: Proprietary until 1729, then a royal Government: Proprietary until 1729, then a royal

colony.colony.

Anthony Ashley Cooper, First Earl of ShaftesburyAnthony Ashley Cooper, First Earl of Shaftesbury

John LockeJohn Locke

The Carolina Low Country to c. 1740 continued…The Carolina Low Country to c. 1740 continued…

Founding of Georgia in 1732. Oglethorpe and the Founding of Georgia in 1732. Oglethorpe and the idea of a refuge for impoverished and imprisoned idea of a refuge for impoverished and imprisoned people in England. English government supports people in England. English government supports the enterprise to establish defenses against the enterprise to establish defenses against Spanish Florida and French Louisiana. Colonists Spanish Florida and French Louisiana. Colonists soon pressed for increasing the size of land grants soon pressed for increasing the size of land grants and introducing slavery to emulate the planters of and introducing slavery to emulate the planters of Low Country Carolina. Low Country Carolina.

Low Country Society: Planter dominated. Smaller Low Country Society: Planter dominated. Smaller farmers in the interior. The only colony to have a farmers in the interior. The only colony to have a black majority by 1740. After massive imports of black majority by 1740. After massive imports of slaves in the 1720s and 1730s, the Stono slave slaves in the 1720s and 1730s, the Stono slave rebellion of that year led to ever more repressive rebellion of that year led to ever more repressive legislation.legislation.

Religion: Similar to the Chesapeake coloniesReligion: Similar to the Chesapeake colonies Education: Similar to the Chesapeake colonies, but Education: Similar to the Chesapeake colonies, but

no university established yet.no university established yet.

Transformations: 1690s-1740sTransformations: 1690s-1740s

Destruction of Native American Power east Destruction of Native American Power east of the Appalachians.of the Appalachians.

Impact of European Wars (images of Impact of European Wars (images of William III, Mary II, Anne). New England William III, Mary II, Anne). New England colonies and New York suffer numerous colonies and New York suffer numerous French and Indian incursions (e.g. the French and Indian incursions (e.g. the Deerfield massacre of 1704)Deerfield massacre of 1704)

Economic Maturation and Trade with the Economic Maturation and Trade with the Caribbean.Caribbean.

The Rapid Growth of New France and the The Rapid Growth of New France and the French CaribbeanFrench Caribbean

William III of England r. 1689-1702William III of England r. 1689-1702

Mary II, wife of William IIIMary II, wife of William III

Queen Anne, r. 1702-1714Queen Anne, r. 1702-1714

Transformations: 1690s-1740s continued…Transformations: 1690s-1740s continued…

The growth of Lower and Upper Louisiana The growth of Lower and Upper Louisiana (image of Bienville).(image of Bienville).

Rapid population growth in British North Rapid population growth in British North America (1720, 397,000 people; in 1760, America (1720, 397,000 people; in 1760, the figure was 1,267,000; New France the figure was 1,267,000; New France reached 70,000 by 1760)reached 70,000 by 1760)

British North America became a critical part British North America became a critical part of the British imperial economy. The of the British imperial economy. The colonies had become more important as a colonies had become more important as a market for British manufactures than as a market for British manufactures than as a producer of commodities such as tobacco, producer of commodities such as tobacco, rice and indigo – although these crops were rice and indigo – although these crops were how the colonists paid for British goods.how the colonists paid for British goods.

Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de BienvilleJean-Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de Bienville

““Father” of French Louisiana”Father” of French Louisiana”

Estimated African Slave imports into the Estimated African Slave imports into the Americas to 1870Americas to 1870

British North America/United States: British North America/United States: 400,000 (some estimate a higher figure of 400,000 (some estimate a higher figure of c. 600,000).c. 600,000).

Spanish America: 1,552,000.Spanish America: 1,552,000. British Caribbean: 1,665,000.British Caribbean: 1,665,000. French Caribbean, 1,600,000.French Caribbean, 1,600,000. Brazil: 3,646,00.Brazil: 3,646,00. Explanations for the low level of slave Explanations for the low level of slave

imports to British North America (higher imports to British North America (higher prices for slaves in sugar colonies, shorter prices for slaves in sugar colonies, shorter passage from West Africa to Brazil and the passage from West Africa to Brazil and the Caribbean, wealthier planters in sugar Caribbean, wealthier planters in sugar areas).areas).

Estimated African Slave imports into the Estimated African Slave imports into the Americas to1870 continued…Americas to1870 continued…

Why slaves in British North America had Why slaves in British North America had higher birth than death rates unlike Brazil higher birth than death rates unlike Brazil and the Caribbean (uncertainty about and the Caribbean (uncertainty about replacing slaves may have led to better replacing slaves may have led to better treatment of slaves, more land available treatment of slaves, more land available for slave gardens and for raising of pigs for slave gardens and for raising of pigs and chickens, lighter work load than slaves and chickens, lighter work load than slaves in sugar areas, better disease in sugar areas, better disease environment). The fact that few North environment). The fact that few North American planters were absentee owners, American planters were absentee owners, unlike sugar planters in the Caribbean, unlike sugar planters in the Caribbean, may have been a factor, too. may have been a factor, too.

British colonies move toward 1776British colonies move toward 1776

The Great Awakening (see images of The Great Awakening (see images of Johnathan Edwards and George Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield). The religious message of Whitefield). The religious message of the Awakening was explicitly anti-the Awakening was explicitly anti-establishment and more egalitarian, establishment and more egalitarian, thus preparing the ground for the thus preparing the ground for the American Revolution.American Revolution.

King George’s War, 1744-48: The King George’s War, 1744-48: The capture of Louisbourg and its capture of Louisbourg and its consequences (image of Louisbourg, consequences (image of Louisbourg, colonies at the mid 18colonies at the mid 18thth century). century).

Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards

George Whitefield and the Great AwakeningGeorge Whitefield and the Great Awakening

Reconstructed Fortress of Louisbourg, Cape Breton IslandReconstructed Fortress of Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island

Louisbourg, Canada

The Colonies, Mid 18The Colonies, Mid 18thth Century Century

Toward 1776: The Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)Toward 1776: The Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)

Causes: As their empires grew, both Britain and France Causes: As their empires grew, both Britain and France became convinced that conflict was inevitable. British North became convinced that conflict was inevitable. British North Americans, rapidly increasing in numbers (some 1,250,000 in Americans, rapidly increasing in numbers (some 1,250,000 in 1750), believed their future was in the west. France and their 1750), believed their future was in the west. France and their Native American allies stood in the way.Native American allies stood in the way.

Fighting erupted first in North America: George Washington, Fighting erupted first in North America: George Washington, General Braddock and the Ohio River conflicts. Image of General Braddock and the Ohio River conflicts. Image of Braddock’s defeat.Braddock’s defeat.

Franklin and the failure of the Albany Congress, 1754 (image Franklin and the failure of the Albany Congress, 1754 (image of Franklin).of Franklin).

The Iroquois Confederacy, the real power brokers (image of The Iroquois Confederacy, the real power brokers (image of French/English territories mid 18French/English territories mid 18thth century): In 1754 despite century): In 1754 despite bribes, the Iroquois refused to back the British in the bribes, the Iroquois refused to back the British in the forthcoming war. They would not do so until it became forthcoming war. They would not do so until it became evident in 1759 that Britain would win the war. Point out to evident in 1759 that Britain would win the war. Point out to students that Iroquois had adapted the weaponry of the students that Iroquois had adapted the weaponry of the Europeans and combined that with the guerrilla tactics that so Europeans and combined that with the guerrilla tactics that so befuddled European-trained troops.befuddled European-trained troops.

George Washington in the Disastrous Defeat of Braddock by George Washington in the Disastrous Defeat of Braddock by the French and Indians near Pittsburgh, 1755the French and Indians near Pittsburgh, 1755

The pragmatic, wise FranklinThe pragmatic, wise Franklin

French/English territories mid 18French/English territories mid 18thth Century Century

Toward 1776: The Seven Years’ War or the French and Indian Toward 1776: The Seven Years’ War or the French and Indian War Continued…War Continued…

French victories to 1757: Ticonderoga and Fort French victories to 1757: Ticonderoga and Fort William Henry sieges (see The Last of the Mohicans William Henry sieges (see The Last of the Mohicans for the brilliantly filmed siege of Fort William Henry) for the brilliantly filmed siege of Fort William Henry) opened the gates of Albany but the defeatist opened the gates of Albany but the defeatist Montcalm refused to go further. (image of French Montcalm refused to go further. (image of French and Indian War, 1754-1760)and Indian War, 1754-1760)

The English and American counterattack, or why The English and American counterattack, or why they won the war (images of William Pitt, modern they won the war (images of William Pitt, modern Québec, Montcalm, death of General Wolfe).Québec, Montcalm, death of General Wolfe).

Consequences of the Treaty of Paris, 1763 (images Consequences of the Treaty of Paris, 1763 (images of George III, eastern North America in 1763): Spain of George III, eastern North America in 1763): Spain gains Louisiana and New Orleans, Proclamation Line gains Louisiana and New Orleans, Proclamation Line of 1763, British effort to retire their debt, Writs of of 1763, British effort to retire their debt, Writs of Assistance, Sugar Act of 1764 etc. Remember John Assistance, Sugar Act of 1764 etc. Remember John Adams quote relating to 1763 that we had already Adams quote relating to 1763 that we had already become a nation.become a nation.

French and Indian War, 1754-1760French and Indian War, 1754-1760

William Pitt, 1st Earl of ChathamWilliam Pitt, 1st Earl of ChathamThe Architect of Victory in the French and Indian WarThe Architect of Victory in the French and Indian War

QuQuébec: the supposedly impregnable fortress on a rockébec: the supposedly impregnable fortress on a rock

Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, an Arrogant FoolLouis-Joseph de Montcalm, an Arrogant Fool

Death of General Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham, by Benjamin RushDeath of General Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham, by Benjamin Rush

George III, r. 1760-1820George III, r. 1760-1820

Eastern North America, 1763Eastern North America, 1763