8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
1/27
"
"#$%&'%()*+,- .&/,(, 0#,+%+.+,- +$ "/#,,1"(*%(/)* 0,234#*#52
")/* 6)%$&/
78,%/)3%
9 ,4)** %# :+,3(,, %4& ;#)%+#$ #=
;,234#*#5+3)* +,,(&,? 9 +$5
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
2/27
"
! #$%% &'()*+,) )#' )-.'*$.,/ &'().0)1+%$,2 +(3 4',$)$5$,26 ! +*71. )-+) )-.
'()'%'7$&+% 4*$(&$4%., '8 &'().0)1+%$,2 +*. 2'*. -.%481% )-+( 4',$)$5$,2 8'*
&'(&.4)1+%$9$(7 #-+) &1%)1*. $, +(3 )-. *.%+)$'( :.)#..( &1%)1*. +(3 4,;&-'%'7; )-+(
4',$)$5$,2 $,6
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
3/27
"
!"# %#&'()* +,#) -. ,+)*#%'+%)* %-&'#/'0)*+12 +1 '")' #*#2#&'1 )(# +&'#(,#3#&,#&'4
+&'#(3#'()'+&54 )&, +&'#(&)**6 (#*)'#,7 81 10%"4 ) 3)('+%0*)( #*#2#&' ')9#1 -& '"#
%")()%'#(+1'+%14 -( :0)*+'+#14 -. -'"#( #*#2#&'17 ;0)*+'+#1 )%" #*#2#&' +1 '"01 ) .0&%'+-& -.
-'"#( #*#2#&'17 B'1 %")()%'#( +1 ) %-23*#/ ?*#&, -. +'1 -=& 3(-3#('+#1 )&, '"-1# -. +'1
%-&'#/'7 8& #*#2#&' +1 &-' )& )0'-&-2-01 '"+&5 =+'" .+/#,4 )?1-*0'# 3(-3#('+#17
@+50(# - 1"-=1 ) 0&+'6 -. ,+..#(#&%#17 !"+1 +1 ) %#&'()* 3(+&%+3*# -. ,+)*#%'+%1 )1
%-+, ?6 C#5#*7 !"#(# +1 ) %-&'(),+%'+-& -. #*#2#&'1 =+'"+& ) 0&+'67 !"+1 *#),1 '-
(#%+3(-%)* +&.*0#&%# )&, %")&5#7
D+'"+& '"# %-23*#/ -. +&'#(3#'()'+&5 #*#2#&'14 - 2)6 ?# 2-(# 3-=#(.0* '")&
)&-'"#(7 E+)*#%'+%1 ,-#1 &-' +23*6 #:0)* 3-=#(7 B' ,-#1 +23*6 (#%+3(-%)* +&.*0#&%#4
"-=#
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
4/27
"
!"#$%&$ ()*+ ,!"-./0 12234+ 5"#$%&$ %& /.*6.)".7 %- "8. 9#&%"%:%&"%) -#"%#- #* ! :!/%!;6.0
7.9%)".7 %- /. ?@#+
/. ?@# 8./.
5 :!/%!;6. %& 7.9%)".7 !& ! %7 ;6#)A %- #/7./ "# .$98!&%B. %"&0 &.9!/!".0 =%:.-0
*%C.70 &%-=>6!/ -!">/.+ 5"#$%&$ %& "8. *>-7!$.-"!6 *.!">/. (!&&>$9"%#-4 "# !66 "8. #"8./&+
!6%"!"%:.0 #/
%-"./-!60 /.6!"%#-&8%9 @%"8 #"8./& "8!" )#>67 $#7>6!". %"& E>!6%"D+ F>!6%"!"%:. %-:!/%!-).
$.!-& "8!" %" )!- #-6D 8!:. ! &%-=>6!/0 *%C.7 E>!6%"D+ F>!6%"!"%:. %-:!/%!-). %& "8. :./D
7.*%-%"%#- #* ! :!/%!;6.G 5 :!/%!;6. %& ! *!)"#/ @%"8 ! =%:.- )8!/!)"./ "8!" #-6D :!/%.&
E>!-"%"!"%:.6D+ H!".7 E>!6%"D %& -#" $#7>6!".7 #/ .-/%)8.7 ;D #"8./ E>!6%"%.&+ H"
$!%-"!%-& "8. &!$. =.-./!6 *#/$ %- !66 &%">!"%#-&+ 5"#$%&"%) :!/%!;6.& &>)8 !& %-".66%=.-).0
)#-"/#66%-= 9!/.-"&0 )#66.)"%:%&$0 &)8##6%-=0 ".//#/%&$0 #/ &.-&%"%:%"D "# /.6!"%#-&8%9&
-.).&&!/%6D 8!:. ! =.-./!60 !;&"/!)" )8!/!)"./+ ?8.D -.:./ %-)6>7. &9.)%*%) 7."!%6& &>)8 !&
"8. 9!/"%)>6!/ $!--./ %- @8%)8 9!/.-"& )#-"/#6 "8.%/ )8%67/.-0 #/ "8. 9!/"%)>6!/
/.6!"%#-&8%9& "8!" 9.#96. !/. &.-&%"%:. "#0 #/ "8. 9!/"%)>6!/ &"D6. #* 9/#;6.$ :%-=+
I.-./!6%"D %& @8!" !66#@& ! :!/%!;6. "# ;. $.!&>/.7 @%"8 "8. &!$. %-&"/>$.-"
)/#&&J)>6">/!66D+ K.!&>/.$.-"& !/. #-6D )#$9!/!;6. @8.- E>!6%"D %& )#-&"!-"+ ?8>&0 "8.
9#&%"%:%&"%) 9/.#))>9!"%#- @%"8 $.!&>/.$.-" %& /.!66D ! 9/#CD *#/ =.-./!6%"D !-7
!;&"/!)"%#-+ ?8. .9%&".$#6#=%)!6 *#)>& #- $.!&>/.$.-" !& "8. 9/.$%./ $."8#7 #*
A-#@%-= !-7 7.&)/%;%-= )>6">/!6J9&D)8#6#=%)!6 98.-#$.-! 9/.&>$.& !-7 %-&"!-"%!".& !-
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
5/27
"
!"#!$!%&'($ (**+,-#&!" #.(# /(0&(1$2* (02 %2"20($3 *&"%+$(03 .!,!%2"2!+* 2"#&2* 45(#"203
6778(3 --9 :;9
?+$#+02
?!"#2@#+($&*,
A0!, #.2 '!"#2@#+($&*# -!&"# !B /&2C '+$#+02 '!"*&*#* !B &"#20-2"2#0(#&"%3
&"#20D2-2"D2"#3 &"#20"($$E 02$(#2D B('#!0*9 F.2 ,(&" B('#!0* '(" 12 '(#2%!0&G2D (* *!'&($
&"*#+#&!"*3 (0#&B('#* 4.!+*&"%3 #0("*-!0#(#&!"3 #2'."!$!%E3 2(#&"% +#2"*&$*3 (0#C!0H*>3 ("D
'+$#+0($ '!"'2-#* 4(1!+# #&,23 '.&$D3 -$2(*+023 -0!-20#E3 ("D #.2 *2$B>9 I--$E&"% B&%+02 !"2
#! #.2*2 B('#!0* E&2$D* A&%+02 F.022J
A&%+02 F.022 .202
F.2 B('#!0* &"#20-2"2#0(#2 2('. !#.20 ("D #.2 K+($E !B 2('. !"2 /(0&2* C. #.2
!#.20*9 I* L2%2$ ("D M(0@ *(&D3 2('. B('#!0 &* '!"'02#2 !0 D2#20,&"(#2 4N2*#&,,+"% !0
N2*#&,,#.2 &" O20,(">9 P('. B('#!0 &* ( *-2'&B&'3 D&*#&"'#&/2 '!,-$2@ K+($E #.(#
02*+$#* B0!, #.2 '!"#2@# !B &"#2002$(#2D B('#!0*9
A!0 2@(,-$23 #.2 '+$#+0($ '!"'2-# !B ( '.&$D /(0&2* C. D&BB202"# *!'&($ &"*#+#&!"*3
.!+*&"% (0'.'#+023 '$!#.&"%3 ("D %(,2*9 Q&,&$(0$E3 #.2 &"*#+#&!" !B 2D+'(#&!" &*
D&BB202"# &" D&BB202"# *!'&($ *E*#2,*9 R" ,!*# -2(*("# *!'&2#&2*3 2D+'(#&!" &* .("D*
*2-(0(#2 *'.!!$* !0 *'.!!$ 1+&$D&"%* (* 2@&*# &" ,!D20" *!'&2#&2*9
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
6/27
"
!"#$%&'() '+ )(& % ,-)-.%/0 %1+&.%$&0 +'),/- &2'), 3'&2 4'5-" 6.(6-.&'-+7 8& '+ %
$(96/-5 #)'&: (4 +6-$'4'$ 6.(6-.&'-+ 32'$2 ;%.: 3'&2 &2- $()&-5& (4 .-/%&-" 4%$&(.+7
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
7/27
"
!"##$%&' )*+,"-.%*+ #$-"',"'#/ 01'"+ -1*+*-,'+"#,"-# *+' *2#,+*-,3 "4,+"4#"-3 4*,.+*%3 5"6'!3
.4"&'+#*%3 #"47.%*+3 *4! 1$8$7'4'$.#/
01'#' 5'*,.+'# $5 &*+"*2%'# *+' '&"!'4, "4 -$%%'-,"&"#83 91"-1 "# 5*+ *4! *9*: ,1'
8$#, )$).%*+ &*+"*2%' "4 -+$##;-.%,.+*% )#:-1$%$7:/
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
8/27
"
!" $" %&'%((%") '*+)+,-%. /0$"1 23445. 667 389:383; 6%D )>%*%E% 0+=A$*1%= $"A $') %)>+'$((D )%B. B-'> (+I% )>% E$)>%* % K%=) += ,-+)% A+EE%*%")7 !) += $ 6%L%"%+* @+?*$"). "-$"'%A. '$) A%"+"%=% '
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
9/27
"
!"##$!% ' !"((") *#"+,$( -) !#"../!0,%0#', *.1!2","314 )'($,1 %#$'%-)3
-)5-6-50',-.(7!",,$!%-6-.( '. 3-6$). 8-%2"0% $9*,'-)-)3 821 %2$1 $9-.%: ;#$$)'%-")4 !"(($#!$4 ')5 $54 -)!,05-)3 3$)$.4 -5$'.4 8'%$#4
')5 %2$ ,'+"# *"8$# "< 20('). // -. 6$#1 5-
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
10/27
"#
!"#"$% '(%) #'*$ )+ #,$ -,'.'-#$."%#"-% )/ .$('#$0 1'-.) -2(#2.'( /'-#).%3 4,$5 '.$ +)#
"+#."+%"-'((5 "+0"6"02'("%#"-3 721$."'+ -"#"$% 89::: 5$'.% ;3!3 '#$. ?.$$* -"#5@%#'#$%
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
11/27
""
!"#$% (&)*$&+ ,-(,#&$& ."*/0$*$01& &$0,+2 3%"+4 ,#-++5,"/$"#*/ 6+7,%-/-)0,*/ 1*#0*8/&+ 9-
(-$ +0)(0!0,*($/7 0(,#&*+& -"# -6$0-(+ !-# +-,0*/ *(9 6+7,%-/-)0,*/ /0!&2 :(,#&*+0() $%&
901+0$7 -! 1*#0*8/&+ 9-&+ (-$ *99#&++ !/*;+ 0( $%& 1 (-$0-( -! * 1*#0*8/&2
3%& *8+$#*,$4 *#$0!0,0*/4 +0()"/*# ,%*#*,$ -! 6-+0$010+$0, 1*#0*8/&+
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
12/27
"#
!"#$%&'()*&+) -"./.0 1'!!"#$%&'() '2 3.435 $) 6)&/(&2&1$(%6 -7$%("! 8 9:&0 ;33
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
13/27
"#
!" $!%&'( )* +,- $!%&' !.* /-01%*-+* "0 +%1!%2,1 +"-+*3!$ "- 3$'+."1"4/+,1 3.*-"5*-,(
6"7*8*29 "%2 $!%&' "0 1/5/!*& *1*5*-!$ ,17,'$ /-+1%&*$ 2*+"4-/!/"- "0 !.*/2 +"-+2*!*
+.,2,+!*2 7./+. $!*5$ 02"5 !.*/2 3"$/!/"- /- !.* +"531*: "0 0,+!"2$( ;%2!.*25"2*9 7*
%1!/5,!*1' $!%&' +"531*: /-!*2,+!/"-$ ,5"-4 *1*5*-!$( )* $!%&' ."7 3$'+."1"4/+,1
3.*-"5*-, 2*+/32"+,11' /-01%*-+* +%1!%2,1 0,+!"2$ ,-& ,1$" 5*&/,!* "%2
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
14/27
"#
!"#$% '(#) "*+,#)-.% (#/ ). *. '-)( -%)"!!-0"%," 11 -2"23 '(#) -/ )(" %#)+$" .4 56 #%* )("
%#)+$" .4 "*+,#)-.% )(#) "%#7!"/ )(" !#))"$ ). -%4!+"%," )(" 4.$8"$ 9:#)%"$3 ;2 ?@A1
?=;B2
5% ,.%)$#/)3 ,.%)"C)+#!-/8 "8>(#/-D"/ )(" -%)"$%#! $"!#)-.% 7")'""% 4#,).$/ #/
*">-,)"* -% 4-0+$" 4.+$2
!"#$%&'()(*+,-&%.(/()(*+
E(" .%).!.0-,#! >$-%,->!"/ .4 ,.%)"C)+#! #%* >./-)-F-/8 !"#* ). *-44"$"%)
">-/)"8.!.0-,#! #%* 8")(.*.!.0-,#! >$-%,->!"/2
G.%)"C)+#!-/8
E(" *-#!",)-,#! .%).!.0H .4 -%)"$*">"%*"%)3 -%)"$>"%")$#)-%0 4#,).$/ !"#*/ ). +)-!-D-%0
/)-8+!- #%* $"/>.%/"/ '(-,( #$" "87"**"* '-)(-%3 #%* $">$"/"%)3 # ,.%,$")" ,+!)+$#! #%*
>/H,(.!.0-,#! ,.%)"C)2
E(" /)-8+!- '" +)-!-D" #$" "87"**"* -% )(" ,+!)+$#! ,.%)"C) .4 )(" /+7I",)/2 E("H #$"
,+!)+$#!!H 8"#%-%04+!3 .$ J",.!.0-,#!!H F#!-*2J E(" $"/>.%/"/ '" "!-,-) -% .$*"$ ). -%4"$
>/H,(.!.0-,#! >("%.8"%# #$" #!/. J",.!.0-,#!!H F#!-*2J E("H $">$"/"%) ,+!)+$#!!H
/-0%-4-,#%) 7"(#F-.$2 K)-8+!- #%* $"/>.%/"/ 8+/) >#$)#L" .4 # ,+!)+$#! ,.%)"C) -4 '" #$" ).
!"#$% #7.+) ,+!)+$#!!H .$0#%-D"* >/H,(.!.0-,#! $"#,)-.%/ ). ,+!)+$#! /)-8+!-2
G.%)"C)+#!-/) ">-/)"8.!.0H #%* 8")(.*.!.0H 4+$)("$ /)->+!#)" )(#) # /)-8+!+/ 7"
>$"/"%)"* '-)(-% # >#))"$% .4 $"!#)"* /)-8+!- /. )(#) /+7I",)/ ,#% ,.8>$"("%* -)/ 8"#%-%02
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
15/27
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
16/27
"#
!"#$%$&' )*+",-$%" $&-"#.#"-/-$)&0 )1 *"2/%$)#3$&3,)&-"4- 2/%" *""& !"%"5)."! *6
78/5$-/-$%" 9"-2)!)5)'$0-0: ;#)8&!"! -2")#6 /&! .2"&)9"&)5)'6 /#" ./#-$,85/#56 0.",$1$,
9"-2)!)5)'$,/5 /..#)/,2"0 -2" /8-2)#0 .#"0"&-"!
0-$985$ )& / ,)9.8-"# 0,#""& 1)# / *#$"1 ."#$)!: I8*+",-0 G"#" /0Q"! -) "0-$9/-" -2"
1#"78"&,6 G$-2 G2$,2 ./#-$,85/# 0-$985$ /.."/#"! -)'"-2"#: S,,8#/-" "0-$9/-"0 $&!$,/-"0
0"&0$-$%$-6 -) "&%$#)&9"&-/5 #"5/-$)&02$.0:
F2"0" 0-$985$ /#" 0"./#/-" 1#)9 /&6 ,85-8#/5 ,)&-"4-: F2"6 /#" ",)5)'$,/556 $&%/5$!:
F2"6 /#" /#-$1$,$/5 1)#90 G2$,2 !) &)- #".#"0"&- ,85-8#/556 9"/&$&'185 1$'8#"0: F2"
/8-2)#0 "%"& 0/6> US55 -2" 1$'8#"0 G"#" 0,2"9/-$, -) "&08#" -2/- -2"#" G/0 5$--5" ,85-8#/53
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
17/27
"#
!"#$%&%$ !()*+,%$ )#-.%./01
23 %! "#$4,%-5 36-3 $4,345-, "!($6+,+/%!3! 7+4,8 -33#)"3 3+ 85-7 $+.$,4!%+.! -*+43 36#
$4,345-, $6-5-$3#5 +& "#5$#"3%+. *( 8#,%*#5-3#,( #)",+(%./ $4,345-,,( )#-.%./,#!! !3%)4,%0
9%.$# 36# !3%)4,% -5# #$+,+/%$-,,( %.:-,%8; 36#( $-..+3 #,%$%3 $4,345-,,( )#-.%./&4,
5#!"+.!#!0 2& 36# !4*
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
18/27
"#
!"#$%&'$ %"#)*+#"# $* #&,)-". */"%$. #&+01-2%. 3%20,"+$"4 2'$#
5*#&$&/$# 1#" 2# 42$2 #&+0-". $%1+'2$"4. */"%$ %"#)*+#"6 78"9 2##1," $82$ 2 #&+0-"
:"82/&*%2- %"#)*+#" 2 )#9'8*-*0&'2- )8"+*,"+*+; *%. 2$ -"2#$. 31--9 "
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
19/27
"#
!" $%& '(') ("*)+ "*%' ,)'&-& .-/)+"0 "*) -'1)'"(+ (2 "*) .-/)+" &3%4)0 $*( $%+')50
67-+)3" %'&$)+& "( 5-+)3" 89)&"-('& 3%''(" :) "%/)' %" 2%3) 1%49)6 ;.-/)+"0
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
20/27
"#
!"#$%$&$#%$' %)*"+,- ,".+ '"/'*!%.01$20%$"/ "3 %)* $##.*# 0/4 ,".+ +*#*0+') 5*%)"4"1"6,
7$11 !+*&*/% ,". 3+"5 +*0')$/6 %)0% 6"018 9/ '"/%+0#%- %)* "/%"1"6$'01 0/4 *!$#%*5"1"6$'01
3+05*7"+: "3 '"/%*;%.01$#5 7$11 )*1! ,". %" 0++$&* 0% %)0% 6"018
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
21/27
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
22/27
""
!"#$%& ()%&&*
+",-&./".,- 0&-,/"12 13 4$-/$%,- !,./1%5
#$%&'#(%)
(*+(,-%)
)*(.
&+)%&%/%&*+)
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
23/27
"#
"#$%&' "(%&
)*+'&,'*'+&-+#(* (. /%0+%&-0 -*1 23456(0($#5-0 "-5+(&3
789)"7/9:
$%&'($)&*
)+,)-.&* *+)'$/
',*&'&0&'+,*
.*1)2+/+31
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
24/27
"#
"#$%&' "#(')
*+,#-#(#,-#. /'01-#+2 3'-4''2 5%0-%&10 61', 128 *,9.:+0+$#.10 61',
5%0-%&10 *,9.:+0+$#.10
;28'?181'@ A@ BCDDEF@ /1-#+210#G#2$ .1,.:K A@ BLMNOF@ "+&?#2$ #?72+&?10 128 A+.#10
*,9.:+0+$9K NLK CQRSCMD@
>,.:K A@ BLMQCF@ A+.#10
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
25/27
"#
!"#$%& () () *+,,-.) /0121345 67 285 95286:6;6%< 67 59=101>#; 05?5#0>8 6$ 1$:1@1:4#;
96:50$12< 1$ A#1"#$) B?1#$ C640$#; 67 D6>1#; E?86;6%6$206;& #$: =50>5=216$ 67 05;#216$?81=? 1$
285 5$@106$95$2) C640$#; 67 E50?6$#;12< #$: D6>1#; E?86;6%1#; T4?21>5 7069 # >4;240#; =50?=5>21@5) U$ V)
W#2?49626& *X:).) !#$:M66Y 67 >4;2405 #$: =?86;6%< *==) -ORIGH,.) L5" Z60Y[
\]760: ^$1@50?12< E05??)
J1Y502& N) *HQRH.) A85 ?#9=;5 1$250@15" ?40@5< #? # 266; 67 05?5#0>8 #$: =6;1>< 7609#216$)
U$ V) J50$50 K !) J#??"5;; *X:?).& A85 =6;1>< ?>15$>5?[ N5>5$2 :5@5;6=95$2? 1$
?>6=5 #$: 95286: *==) +--I+RH.) D2#$760:[ D2#$760: ^$1@50?12< E05??)
E5$%& ()& K L1?M522& N) *HQQQ.) /4;2405& :1#;5>21>?& #$: 05#?6$1$% #M642 >6$20#:1>216$)
B9501>#$ E?86;6%1?2& RG& OGHIORG)
E5==50& D) *HQG+.) S60;: 85) _50Y5;5#; >6$?1:50#216$?) L)Z)[ E;5$49)
N#2$50& /) *HQQQ.) A8055 #==06#>85? 26 >4;240#; =?86;6%0121345) /4;240#;
V?& HH& OI-H)
N#2$50& /) *+,,+.) /4;240#; =?86;6%
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
26/27
"#
!"#$%&' )* +,--./0* 1 2"3&4 356#5&"6 7893:464;$ "$4#:%& 75/6
8/9/2019 Contextualism Versus Positivism in Cross-Cultural Psychology
27/27
$ !"# %&'%#()*+, (&-#. &/ 0+.1+2,#3 4+'5 +,, 6#)"&5&,&71%+, +'5 )"#&.#)1%+,
%&'3).*%)38 13 #'&.6&*39 :) /&.%#3 ;.##'/1#,5< #) +,9 4+'5 6&3) &)"#. %.&33=%*,)*.+,
(3>%"&,&713)38 1')& #3(&*31'7 (.&=%+(1)+,13) 15#&,&7> ?*1)# *'-1))1'7,> 4%/9 @6+5+#< ABBC313 &/ )"# (&,1)1%+, 2+313< /*'%)1&'< +'5 1'3)1)*)1&'+, 3*((&.) /&. )"13 15#&,&7>89
% D#'7E3 )#.61'&,&7> 13 1'%&..#%)99 F# #..&'#&*3,> *3#3 )"# )#.6 51+,#%)1%3 )& .#/#.
)& G"1'#3# )"1'H1'7 )"+) +%)*+,,> 13 + /&.6 &/ G&'/*%1+'136 +'5 !+&1369 !"#3# +'%1#')
5&%).1'#3 +.# '&) 51+,#%)1%+,< +3 : (&1') &*) 4+'5 I+& (&1')#5 &*)8 1' J+)'#. K F*1< ABBC89
D#'7 13 +,3& -.&'7 )& %"+.+%)#.1L# M#3)#.' )"1'H1'7 +3 ,1'#+. +'5 '&'=%&')#N)*+,9
!"# *3# &/ %&')#N)*+,136 1' M#3)#.' )"&*7") 3"&-3 )"# #..&. &/ )"13 %"+.+%)#.1L+)1&'99