Contents of Unit 16 1 Language structures: the –ed and –ing participles participles 2 Dialogue I: Going Metric 3 Dialogue II: Surprise, speculation, interest.

Contents of Unit 16Contents of Unit 16

1 Language structures: the –ed and –ing 1 Language structures: the –ed and –ing

participlesparticiples2 Dialogue I: Going Metric2 Dialogue I: Going Metric3 Dialogue II: Surprise, speculation, interest 3 Dialogue II: Surprise, speculation, interest

and curiosityand curiosity4 Reading: Going Metric—Progress Report4 Reading: Going Metric—Progress Report5 Exercises5 Exercises

language structureslanguage structures

1. You ought to have the refrigerator repaired.

2. Forms are often complicated to fill in.

3. John is keen on playing football.

4. I find it enjoyable watching a good TV serial.

5. I can’t bear Tom telling pointless jokes.

1. The –ed participle used as the object complement in the have something done pattern2. The infinitive that takes a logical object, which is the subject of the sentence3. The –ing participle used as the object of the preposition4. The –ing participle used as the postponed object in the introductory it construction5. The –ing participle used as the object complement

Dialogue IDialogue I

Questions:

1. What does the word “metrication” mean?

2. How do the traditional British weighs and measures differ from the traditional Chinese ones?

3. Do you think our way of life will change at all if we go completely metric? Give your reasons.

Dialogue IIDialogue II

• How to express surprise, speculation, intersurprise, speculation, interest and curiosityest and curiosity

• A dialogue about the manners in the train

• Ask Ss to read the dialogues in advance and make dialogues in pairs and perform in the class.

• I Background

• II Questions

• III Text structure

• IV Detailed study of the text

• V Discussion

• VI Homework

Reading: Going Metric—Progress ReportReading: Going Metric—Progress Reportcontentscontents

I Background: Metric systemI Background: Metric system• Every country in the world uses the metric

system although many products are still manufactured in common sizes for public use. The metric system was devised by French scientists in the late 18th century to replace the chaotic collection of units then in use. The goal of this effort was to produce a system that did not rely on a miscellany of separate standards, and to use the decimal system rather than fractions.

•

Metric System and Unit ConversionMetric System and Unit Conversion

Metric System Unit System of MeasurementThe Metric system was developed in France during the Napoleonic reign of France in the 1790's. The metric system has several advantages over the English system which is still in place in the U.S. However the scientific community has adopted the metric system almost from its inception. In fact, the metric system missed being nationalized in this country by one vote in the Continental Congress in the late 1700's or early 1800's. The advantages of the Metric system are: It was based on a decimal system (ie:powers of ten). Therefore, it simplifies calculations by using a set of prefixes which we will discuss in a few minutes. It is used by most other nations of the world, and therefore, it has commercial and trade advantage. If an American manufacturer that has domestic and international customers is to compete, they have to absorb the added cost of dealing with two systems of measurement.

• Let's now take a few minutes and speak of the useful set of "prefixes" used in the metric system sometimes referred to as the System Internationale (SI). One of the mathematical advantages of the metric system is its combination of metric terminology with its decimal organization. There are several prefixes that are associated with a decimal position and can be attached to the base metric unit in order to create a new metric unit. The knowledge of the decimal meaning of the prefix establishes the relationship between the newly created unit and the base unit. For example: the prefix "kilo" means 103 or 1000 so if I take a mythical base unit like the "bounce" and I attach the kilo prefix in front, I create a new unit called the "kilobounce".

In addition, the relationship between the two units is now well established. Since I know that "kilo" means 1000 then one kilobounce unit is the same as (or equal to) 103 bounce units. The prefixes that are most important are listed below along with their decimal and exponential equivalents: Prefix decimal equivalent exponential equivalent Pico 0.000000000001 10-12 Nano 0.000000001 10-9 Micro 0.000001 10-6 Milli 0.001 10-3 Centi 0.01 10-2 Deci 0.1 10-1 no prefix 1.0 100 Deka 10.0 101 Hecto 100.0 102 Kilo 1000.0 103 Mega 1,000,000. 106 Giga 1,000,000,000. 109 There are several dozen prefixes used but these above are most commonly used in Science measurements. Today, we will be looking at the metric units of measurement in five separate areas of measure. The abreviations of each unit will appear in parenthesis when the unit is first mentioned in the lesson. The types of measure discussed in this mini-lesson are : Mass Dimension Volume Time Area The last two will be briefly dealt with.

• Mass Measurement• The measure of mass in the metric system has several units that sci

entists use most often. • The kilogram is the standard unit of mass in the metric or SI system.

The Kilogram(Kg) is roughly analogous to the English pound. It takes approximately 2.12 pounds to equal one Kilogram.

• A smaller mass unit analogous to the English ounce is the gram. The gram represents approx. 30 dry ounces in mass. Other metric mass units include:

• the centigram (cg) • milligram(mg) • microgram (礸 ) • nanogram(ng). • Question: What are the relationship of each of the above mass units

with the base gram unit? Write each of them down. • The basic instrument used to measure mass is the mass balance. T

here are some digital balances today that can display the mass of an object in several different mass units both in the English and Metric systems

• Dimensional Measurement• Now let us go over dimensional measurement that is measure of len

gth, width, and height. The basic metric unit of dimension is the meter (m). The meter is analogous to the English yard. A meter is equal to slightly more than a yard (about 10% larger).

• One meter is equal to 1.09 yards or 39.36 inches. • A larger metric unit used often is the kilometer(km) which is analogo

us to the English mile. One kilometer is equal to 0.62 miles. In countries where the metric system is the national standard, signposts and posted speed limits are in km or km per hour. For example, the most common speed limit in Mexico is 100, but that is 100 km/h or about 60 miles per hour!!

• Other dimensional units include the • decimeter(dm) • centimeter(cm) which is analogous to the English inch. One inch is e

qual to 2.54 cm • millimeter(mm) • micrometer(祄 ) • nanometer(nm). The nanometer is used when very small interatomic

or intermolecular distances are called for.

• The main instrument in the science lab that measures dimension is the metric ruler. The metric ruler comes in various sizes. There is the 150 mm ruler and a metric meter ruler which are used most. However, all metric rulers are calibrated the same. The numerically numbered positions(major calibrations) are equal to centimeter marks, and then there are ten equally spaced positions(minor calibrations) in between each of the numbered positions each of which are equal to 0.1 cm(1 mm). According to this calibration, one can record measurements with one position of estimation to the nearest 0.01 cm. Another instrument most often used in Physics labs is called a micrometer. As the name implies it can measure to the nearest micrometer and is used for very precise measurements of diameters.

• Volume MeasurementThe third type of measure is measure of volume. Actually we can break this down into the measure of solid volume (regular and irregular) fluid (liquid and gas) volume

Volumes of Regular SolidsRegular Solids are those that have well defined dimensions of length, width, height, and diameter. These can first be measured with a suitable dimensional instrument like a metric ruler. Then a suitable geometrical formula might be applied to get the volume. For example, if the solid was rectangular shaped, you would measure the dimensions of the rectangle and then use the formulae V = l X w X h in order to determine the volume of the rectangle.

• Volumes of Irregular Solids• Irregularly shaped solids do not have well defined

dimensions and therefore can't use the above method of determining its volume. However, one can use the principle of liquid displacement that says since two chucks of matter can't occupy the same space at the same time that when placed together one object will displace the other. If we measure a certain volume of water in a graduated cylinder to be 5.0 cm3, and we immerse some pieces of metal into the water, the reading on the graduated cylinder might read 14.0 cm3. By subtracting the two readings we now have how much displacement of the water there was when the metal fragments were immersed. That displacement would be equal to the volume of the metal fragments.

• 14.0 - 5.0 = 9.0 cm3 = volume of metal fragments

• Measurement of Fluid Volumes

Let's now discuss measure of fluid volume. There are several instruments used to directly measure fluid volumes. The graduated cylinder is the most commonly used in the lab. However, there are several others. The pipet, buret,and volumetric Flask measure fluid volumes more precisely than most graduated cylinders. The basic metric unit of measure for volume is the liter(l) unit. The liter is analogous to the English quart. One liter being the same as 1.06 quarts. It is basically a fluid volume unit as is the smaller metric unit called the milliliter(ml). The milliliter is analogous to the English fluid ounce. One fluid ounce is equal to about 30 ml. Other metric units of volume that are more often associated with volumes of solids is the cubic centimeter(cm3) which is equal to a milliliter. To a careless observer the cm3 may look like a dimensional unit since it has the symbol for "centimeter" in it. However, it also has the word "cubic" which always indicates a volume unit. You can think of a cubic centimeter as a cube 1 cm on each edge. The volume of such a cube would be 1cm X 1cm X 1cm or 1 cm3.

We also use the cubic meter(m3) often in science to measure large volumes in space. Actually, any dimensional relationship such as 100 cm = 1 m can be used to derive a volume unit relationship simply by cubeing BOTH sides of the relationship so for example: 100 cm = 1 m cubed would be: (100 cm)(100 cm)(100 cm) = (1m)(1m)(1m) or 1 X 106 cm3 = 1 m3 You can even do this with English dimensional relationships that result in a newly created volume relationship. For example: 1 ft = 12 in. If we cubed both sides we would have: (1 ft)(1 ft)(1 ft)= (12 in)(12 in)(12in) or 1 ft3 = 1728 in3 Try it yourself on the following dimensional relationships: 1 inch = 2.54 cm Determine the relationship between cubic inches and cubic centimeters?

• Area MeasurementArea measurement relationships are similar to volume relationships except you square both sides of the dimensional relationship. For example if we wanted to know the relationship between square cm and square m we could begin with the following dimensional relationship between cm and m 100 cm = 1 m Now square both sides (100 cm)2 = (1 m)2 10000 cm2 = 1 m2 In summary, dimensional measurement is one dimensional, area measurement is two dimensional and volume measurement is three dimensional in scope.

II QuestionsII Questions1. What is meant by “going metric”?

2. How is the measurement of clothes marked these days?

3. What is the metric unit of mass?

4. What is the metric unit of capacity?

5. What is the metric unit of length?

6. What do you know about the weights and measures formerly used in the U.K. or in the U.S.A.?

III Text structureIII Text structureA meter measures three foot threeIt’s longer than a yard, you see( one meter is approximately 39.37 ins.)A liter of water’s A pint and three quarters(one liter is approximately 1.76 pints.)Two and a quarter pounds of jamWeigh about a kilogram me(one kilogram me is approximately 2.204 pounds.)

Ⅳ Ⅳ Detailed study of the textDetailed study of the text

language pointslanguage points

1. for the time being: at present

2. rhymes: verses

Reading How Far Have You Got?Ⅱ

Questions1. What is happening to weights and measures in Britain?Why might life become rather difficult for those who don’t or won’t accept metrication?3. Is metrication easy to remember if you are ready to use it?4. Are people forced to go metric?5. What will happen if you still use non-metric measures as time goes on?6. Why will you feel uncomfortable and lonely?7. Is metrication compulsory?8. Is there any point in starting metrication if no one joins in?

V DiscussionV Discussion

Do you feel it complicated to understand metric system?

Do you feel it difficult to use metric system?

3. What is the best way to use it with no errors?

VI HomeworkVI Homework

1. Finish the exercises in the textbook and wor1. Finish the exercises in the textbook and workbook kbook

2. Surf on line and seek for more information o2. Surf on line and seek for more information on the different conversions of metric system, thn the different conversions of metric system, then exchange the ideas with your classmates.en exchange the ideas with your classmates.