Contents • Previous Year’s Solved Paper 1. Chaucer To Shakespeare 3–71 • The Age of Chaucer 3 • Life of Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 5 • Main Poetical Works of Chaucer 6 • Chaucer’s Realism 9 • Chaucer–The Realist 10 • Chaucer’s Art of Characterisation 12 • Chaucer as a Narrative Poet 15 • Chaucer’s Humour 16 • Chaucer’s Language 19 • Chaucer’s Versification 19 • Chaucer as a Satirist and an Ironist 20 • Chaucer as the Poet of the People 21 • Chaucer as the Father of English Poetry 22 • Chaucer’s Humanity 23 • Chaucer’s Contribution to English Language and Versification 24 • Examination of Matthew Arnold’s Criticism of Chaucer 25 • Chaucer’s Place in English Literature 26 • Development of Poetry in the Age of Chaucer 27 • Langland as a Satirist and Social Reformer 31 • Scottish Chaucerians 33 • Other Poets from 1579 to 1625 34 • The Age of Shakespeare (1516-1600) 35 • Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-42) and Henry Howard, Earl of Survey (1516-47) 38 • Spenser’s Faerie Queen as an Epic 38 • Sonnets and Sonneteers 40 • The University Wits 42 • Marlowe and Shakespeare 43 • Shakespeare’s Life (1564-1616) 44
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Contents · 5. Victorian Period 188–235 † Literary Tendencies of the Victorian Age 190 † Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) 195 † Robert Browning (1812-1889) 197 † Minor Poets
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Contents
• Previous Year’s Solved Paper
1. Chaucer To Shakespeare 3–71
• The Age of Chaucer 3
• Life of Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 5
• Main Poetical Works of Chaucer 6
• Chaucer’s Realism 9
• Chaucer–The Realist 10
• Chaucer’s Art of Characterisation 12
• Chaucer as a Narrative Poet 15
• Chaucer’s Humour 16
• Chaucer’s Language 19
• Chaucer’s Versification 19
• Chaucer as a Satirist and an Ironist 20
• Chaucer as the Poet of the People 21
• Chaucer as the Father of English Poetry 22
• Chaucer’s Humanity 23
• Chaucer’s Contribution to English Language and Versification 24
• Examination of Matthew Arnold’s Criticism of Chaucer 25
• Chaucer’s Place in English Literature 26
• Development of Poetry in the Age of Chaucer 27
• Langland as a Satirist and Social Reformer 31
• Scottish Chaucerians 33
• Other Poets from 1579 to 1625 34
• The Age of Shakespeare (1516-1600) 35
• Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-42) and Henry Howard, Earl of Survey (1516-47) 38
• Spenser’s Faerie Queen as an Epic 38
• Sonnets and Sonneteers 40
• The University Wits 42
• Marlowe and Shakespeare 43
• Shakespeare’s Life (1564-1616) 44
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• The Eternal Shakespeare 45
• Fiction 52
• Non-Fiction 53
• Multiple Choice Questions 55
2. Jacobean To Restoration Periods 72–110
• Loss of National Appeal 74
• Other Channels of Expression 75
• Dominant Tendencies in the Jacobean and Caroline Drama 76
• The Contribution of the Post-Shakespearean Dramatists of the Jacobean Period 78
• The Puritan Age : Social Background 85
• The Influence of Machiavelli 86
• Literary Background 87
• John Milton and Epic Poetry 90
• John Dryden (1631-1700) 94
• Eminent Writers of The Comedy of Manners 97
• Multiple Choice Questions 99
3. Augustan Age : 18th Century Literature 111–148
• Alexander Pope (1688-1744) 113
• Verse Satire in the 18th Century 118
• The Pre-Romantics 121
• Minor Poets of the Revival 124
• Daniel Defoe (1661-1731) 132
• Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) 133
• Henry Fielding (1707-1754) 134
• Smollett and Sterne 135
• Multiple Choice Questions 137
4. Romantic Period 149–187
• Romanticism 149
• Characteristics of the Romantic Poetry 150
• Literary Characteristics of the Age 151
• The Poets of Romanticism 154
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) 156
• Robert Southey (1774-1843) 160
• Walter Scott (1771-1832) 160
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• George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824) 162
• Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) 163
• John Keats (1795-1821) 164
• Prose Writers of the Romantic Period 166
• Charles Lamb (1775-1834) 166
• Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) 167
• Walter Savage Landor (1775-1864) 169
• The Essay in the Eighteenth Century 174
• Wordsworth and Coleridge 176
• Multiple Choice Questions 178
5. Victorian Period 188–235
• Literary Tendencies of the Victorian Age 190
• Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) 195
• Robert Browning (1812-1889) 197
• Minor Poets of the Victorian Age 201
• The Novelists of the Victorian Age 203
• Mary Ann Evans, George Eliot (1819-1880) 207
• Minor Novelists of the Victorian Age 209
• Essayists of the Victorian Age 211
• Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) 213
• John Ruskin (1819-1900) 215
• Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) 216
• John Henry Newman (1801-1890) 218
• George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) 222
• Multiple Choice Questions 227
6. Modern Period 236–287
• Tradition and Experiment in Modern Poetry 236
• Modern Poetry 239
• Georgian Poets and Poetry 240
• Modern Novel 249
• The Experimentalists and Innovators 256
• Twentieth Century Drama 257
• Main Characteristics and Features of Twentieth Century Drama 258
• Multiple Choice Questions 273
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7. Contemporary Period 288–321
• Poetry 289
• The Neo-Romanticism 300
• Prose 302
• Contemporary Age in an Era of Prose and Journalism 304
• Drama 307
• Multiple Choice Questions 312
8. American and Other Non-British Literatures 322–396
• American Literature 322
• Nineteenth Century American Literature 322
• American Literature in the Twentieth Century 331
• Commonwealth Literature 340
• Canadian Literature 340
• Australian Literature 343
• African Literature 344
• New Zealand Literature 346
• Indian English Literature 347
• The Era of Political Awakening (1901-1947) 350
• The Development of Poetry 351
• Eminent Poets of the Seventies and Eighties 360
• Indian English Poetry from 1990-2005 362
• The Pioneers of Prose (1820-1900) 365
• Towards the Dawn (1901-1947) 365
• The Era of Independence 368
• Some Contemporary Writers 370
• The Era of Awakening or Freedom Struggle 370
• The Dawn of Independence 372
• Women Novelists 377
• Indian English Drama after Independence 380
• Some Eminent Playwrights 380
• Multiple Choice Questions 383
9. Literary Theory and Criticism 397–435
• Plato (427 B.C. - 347 B.C.) 397
• Aristotle (384 B.C.-322 B.C.) 398
• Longinus, “The First Romantic Critic” 400
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• Dante (1265-1321) 402
• The Renaissance Criticism in England 403
• Neo-Classicism in English Literary Criticism 404