Section 1 : Basic Sciences 1. Anatomy and Physiology of Ear 1 Temporal Bone 2 Anatomy of External Ear 2 Auricle 2; External Auditory Canal 4; Tympanic Membrane 5; Middle Ear Anatomy 6; Parts of Middle Ear (Tympanum) 6; Boundaries of Middle Ear 7; Ossicles 8; Intratympanic Muscles 9; Intratympanic Nerves 9; Middle Ear Mucosa 9; Compartments and Folds of Middle Ear 9; Mastoid Antrum 11; Types of Mastoid 11; Korner’s Septum 11; Blood Supply 13; Lymphatic Drainage of Ear 13 Anatomy of Internal Ear 13 Bony Labyrinth 13; Membranous Labyrinth 15; Inner Ear Fluids 16; Organ of Corti 16; Vestibular Receptors 16; Blood Supply of Labyrinth 19; Internal Auditory Canal 19 Development of Ear 19 Central Connections (Neural Pathways) 20 Auditory Neural Pathways 20; Central Vestibular Connections 21; Physiology of Hearing 22; Conduction of Sound 22; Transduction of Mechanical Energy to Electrical Impulses 23; Medial Geniculate Body and Temporal Lobe Auditory Cortex 25 Physiology of Vestibular System 25 Semicircular Canals Functions 25; Utricle and Saccule Functions 26 Maintenance of Body Equilibrium 26 2. Anatomy and Physiology of Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 29 Anatomy of Nose 30 External Nose 30; Internal Nose 30; Anatomy of Paranasal Sinuses 37 Physiology of Nose 39 Respiration 39; Air-Conditioning of Inspired Air 40; Protection of Airway 40; Vocal Resonance 41; Nasal Reflexes 41; Olfaction 41 Physiology of Paranasal Sinuses 41 Functions 41; Ventilation of Sinuses 42 3. Anatomy and Physiology of Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus 43 Oral Cavity 44 Salivary Glands 46 Pharynx 49 Waldeyer’s Ring 51 Nasopharynx 51 Adenoids 52 Oropharynx 52 Palatine (Faucial) Tonsils 53 Laryngopharynx 56 Esophagus 56 Physiology of Swallowing 58 Embryology 58 4. Anatomy and Physiology of Larynx and Tracheobronchial Tree 61 Anatomy of Larynx 61 Cartilages 61; Joints 62; Membranes and Ligaments 62; Cavity of the Larynx 63; Mucous Membrane of the CONTENTS
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Section 1 : Basic Sciences
1. Anatomy and Physiology of ear 1Temporal Bone 2
� Anatomy of External Ear 2 Auricle 2; External Auditory Canal 4; Tympanic Membrane 5; Middle Ear Anatomy 6; Parts of Middle Ear (Tympanum) 6; Boundaries of Middle Ear 7; Ossicles 8; Intratympanic Muscles 9; Intratympanic Nerves 9; Middle Ear Mucosa 9; Compartments and Folds of Middle Ear 9; Mastoid Antrum 11; Types of Mastoid 11; Korner’s Septum 11; Blood Supply 13; Lymphatic Drainage of Ear 13
� Anatomy of Internal Ear 13Bony Labyrinth 13; Membranous Labyrinth 15; Inner Ear Fluids 16; Organ of Corti 16; Vestibular Receptors 16; Blood Supply of Labyrinth 19; Internal Auditory Canal 19
� Development of Ear 19 � central connections (Neural pathways) 20
Auditory Neural Pathways 20; Central Vestibular Connections 21; Physiology of Hearing 22; Conduction of Sound 22; Transduction of Mechanical Energy to Electrical Impulses 23; Medial Geniculate Body and Temporal Lobe Auditory Cortex 25
� physiology of Vestibular System 25Semicircular Canals Functions 25; Utricle and Saccule Functions 26
� Maintenance of Body Equilibrium 26
2. Anatomy and Physiology of Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 29 � Anatomy of Nose 30
External Nose 30; Internal Nose 30; Anatomy of Paranasal Sinuses 37 � physiology of Nose 39
Respiration 39; Air-Conditioning of Inspired Air 40; Protection of Airway 40; Vocal Resonance 41; Nasal Reflexes 41; Olfaction 41
� physiology of paranasal Sinuses 41Functions 41; Ventilation of Sinuses 42
3. Anatomy and Physiology of Oral Cavity, Pharynx and esophagus 43 � oral cavity 44 � Salivary Glands 46 � pharynx 49
4. Anatomy and Physiology of Larynx and Tracheobronchial Tree 61 � Anatomy of Larynx 61
Cartilages 61; Joints 62; Membranes and Ligaments 62; Cavity of the Larynx 63; Mucous Membrane of the
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Larynx 64; Lymphatic Drainage 64; Spaces of the Larynx 64; Functional Divisions of Vocal Folds 65; Phase Difference 65; Muscles of Larynx 65; Nerve Supply of Larynx 66; Development 67
� functions of Larynx 68Protection of Lower Airways 68; Phonation and Speech 68; Respiration 68; Fixation of Chest 68
� Anatomy of Tracheobronchial Tree 68Trachea and Bronchi 68; Tracheal Cartilages 68; Mucosa 69; Bronchopulmonary Segments 69
5. Anatomy of Neck 72Surface Anatomy 72; Triangles of Neck 73; Cervical Fascia 74; Lymph Nodes of Head and Neck 75; Neck Dissection 78; Thyroid Gland 78; Parathyroid Glands 79; Development 79
� Disorders of Tympanic Membrane 191Granular Myringitis 191; Malignant or Necrotizing Otitis Externa 191; Retracted Tympanic Membrane 191; Tympanosclerosis 192; Perforation of Tympanic Membrane 192; Traumatic Rupture of Tympanic Membrane 192
17. Disorders of eustachian Tube 194Anatomy 194; Physiology 196; Examination of Eustachian Tube 196; Tests for Eustachian Tube Function 197; Obstruction of Eustachian Tube 198; Patulous Eustachian Tube 199
18. Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with effusion 200 � Acute otitis Media 201
Etiopathology 201; Clinical Features 201; Diagnosis 202; Treatment 202; Recurrent Acute Otitis Media 203; Acute Necrotising Otitis Media 204
� otitis Media with Effusion 204Etiology 204; Clinical Features 204; Diagnosis 204; Treatment 205; Sequelae and Complications 205; Aero Otitis Media (Otitic Barotrauma) 205
19. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media and Cholesteatoma 207Mastoid Pneumatization 207; Atelectasis and Adhesive Otitis Media 208; Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media 208; Atticoantral CSOM or Chronic OM with Cholesteatoma 210; Tubotympanic CSOM or Chronic OM without Cholesteatoma 214
20. Complications of Suppurative Otitis Media 216Factors Influencing Development of Complications 217; Pathways of Spread 217; Acute Mastoiditis 218; Masked (Latent) Mastoiditis 219; Extratemporal Complications (Abscesses) 219; Petrositis or Petrous Apicitis 220; Facial Nerve Paralysis 221; Labyrinthitis 221; Extradural (Epidural) Abscess 221; Subdural Abscess or Empyema 221; Meningitis 222; Otogenic Brain Abscess 223; Lateral Sinus Thrombophlebitis 224; Otitic Hydrocephalus 225
21. evaluation of Dizzy Patient 227Evaluation–General Outline 228; Description of Dizziness 228; Onset, Duration and Progression 230; Provoking Factors 230; Associated Symptoms 231; Personal, Family and Past History 231; Spontaneous Nystagmus 231; Dynamic Ocular Examination 232; Fistula Test 232; Valsalva Maneuver 233; Dix-Hallpike Maneuver 233; Optokinetic Test 234; Rotation Tests 234; Caloric Test 234; Tandem Walking 235; Romberg’s Test 235; Cerebellar Tests 235; Hyperventilation 235; Orthostatic Hypoten-sion 235; Special Vestibular Investigations 235; Differences between Central and Peripheral Vertigo 235
24. Facial Nerve Disorders 255Pertinent Anatomy 255; Surgical Landmarks 257; Clinical Evaluation of Facial Palsy 258; Pathophysiology of Nerve Injury 258; Sunderland Classification 258; Differences between Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Palsy 259; Investigations 259; Causes of Facial Nerve Paralysis 261; Sequelae/Complication of Facial Nerve Palsy 261; Bell’s Palsy 262; Recurrent Facial
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Palsy 263; Melkersson’s Syndrome 263; Ramsay Hunt Syndrome or Herpes Zoster Oticus (Varicella-Zoster Virus) 263; Temporal Bone Fracture 263; Lyme Disease (Bannwarth’s Syndrome) 265; Sarcoidosis 265; Mobius Syndrome 265; Iatrogenic or Surgical Trauma 265; Hyperkinetic Disorders of Facial Nerve 266; Surgical Treatment of Facial Nerve Palsy 266
25. Tumors of the ear and Cerebellopontine Angle 268Benign Tumors of External Ear 268; Malignant Tumors of External Ear 269; Tumors of Middle Ear and Mastoid 270; Internal Auditory Canal and Cerebellopontine Angle 273
Section 3 : Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
26. Nasal Symptoms and examination 279 � History Taking 279 � Examination 280
External Nose 280; Vestibule 280; Anterior Rhinoscopy (Examination of Nasal Cavity) 281; Posterior Rhinoscopy 284; Patency of Nasal Cavities 284; Sense of Smell 284; Paranasal Sinuses 284
� Special Investigations of Nasal complaints 285Smell 285; Measurement of Mucociliary Flow 286; Nasal Obstruction 286; Nasal Valves Disorders 287; Radiological Imaging 288; Diagnostic Antrum Puncture 288; Allergic Tests 288
27. Diseases of external Nose and epistaxis 289 � Diseases of External Nose 289
Infections 289; Deformities of External Nose 290; Tumors of External Nose 291 � Epistaxis 293
40. Sleep Apnea and Sleep-Disordered Breathing 430Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea 431; Diagnosis and Evaluation of OSA 431; Severity of OSA 432; Complications of OSA 433; Nonsurgical Treatment 433; Surgical Treatment of OSA 434; Surgical Treatment of Snoring without OSA 435
53. Neck Nodes, Masses and Thyroid 527Neck Nodes and Masses 527; Thyroid Neoplasms 532
54. Deep Neck infections 538Pertinent Anatomy 538; Sources of Infections 540; Microbiology 540; Clinical Features 540; Investigations 540; Treatment 541; Peritonsillar Infections 541; Parapharyngeal Space Abscess or Pharyngomaxillary Abscess or Lateral Pharyngeal Space Abscess 542; Acute Retropharyngeal Abscess 543; Chronic Retropharyngeal Abscess or Prevertebral Space Abscess 543; Ludwig’s Angina 543; Abscess of Space of Body of Mandible 544; Masticator Space Abscess 544; Trismus 545
Section 8 : Operative Procedures and instruments 55. Middle ear and Mastoid Surgeries 547