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Contemporary Urologic Management of Children with Neurogenic Bladder
Patricio C. Gargollo, MDDirector, Pediatric Urology Minimally Invasive and
Robotic SurgeryAssistant Professor in Urology, UT Southwestern Medical School
Department of Urology, Children's Medical Center, Dallas
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Who am I and how did I get here?
• Baylor University Graduate • Harvard Medical School• Massachusetts General Hospital and
Harvard Medical School– 2 years general surgery– 4 years urology
• Children’s Hospital Boston– 3 years pediatric urology– Advanced fetal care center– Advanced Laparoscopic training
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Paradigm Shift• Medical Therapy and Management
– Less Antibiotics– Less Radiation– Less Screening– Less Testing
• Surgical therapy– Laparoscopic Surgery– Robotic Assisted Surgery
• Less Pain• Less Scars• Less Time in the hospital
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Outline
• Urology Goals• Physiology• Bladder Function/Malfunction• Bowel Function/Malfunction• Urology Studies• Surgical Treatments
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Classification
Myelomeningocele
Meningocele
Lipoma of the cord
Occulta
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Etiology
Risk Factors
Sex
Ethnic Background
Diet
Medications
Diabetes
Obesity
Socioeconomic status
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Prevalence
166,000 affected in the US
1 in 1,000 live births
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Texas Scottish Rite• 500 active patients
with MM
• 25 newborn patients annually
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Spinal Defects Clinic
• Integrate care among all specialties• Provide “one-stop” shopping• Patient Population: 500 patients• Tuesday s • 14-18 patients 12:30-6 pm• Patients 1 month-2 years old
– Seen every 3-6 months• Patients 2 years and older
– Seen every 6 months to 1 year
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Spinal Defects ClinicProviders
• Specialists:– Physiatrist– Orthopedist– Neurosurgeon– Urologist– Occupational Therapy– Physical Therapy– Social Work– Nursing – Project Nicaragua
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NGB: CHILDHOOD MILESTONES
birth - toilet training (3-4 yrs)
continence management (TT- middle school)
teenage rebellion
transition to adult care
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Goals
• Preserve renal function– No dialysis!
• Achieve social continence– Bladder– Bowel– No diapers!– Independence
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Bladder FunctionBladder• Overactive• Underactive• Normal
Sphincter•Overactive•Underactive•Normal
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Detrusor Sphincter Dyssynergia
Bladder-Overactive
Sphincter-Overactive
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Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity
Bladder-Overactive
Sphincter-Underactive
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Areflexic Bladder
BladderUnderactive
Sphincter-Underactive
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Bowel Function: “Pellets”
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Bowel Function:Diarrhea
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Urology Studies
• Renal/Bladder ultrasound• VCUG• DMSA• Urodynamics
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Urology Studies
• Renal/Bladder ultrasound
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Urology Studies
• Renal/Bladder ultrasound
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Urology Studies
• VCUG (Voiding cystourethrogram)
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Urology Studies
• DMSA
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Urology Studies
• UDS (Urodynamics)
Bladder Pressure
Sphincter Activity
Rectal/Abdominal Pressure
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Time
Pressure
Time
Activity
Time
Pressure
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Management and Outcomes
• No longitudinal studies of renal function, scarring
• Few longitudinal studies of bladder compliance
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Means to AssessNeed for therapy, results, determined by:
• Imaging Renal US VCUG DMSA
• Urodynamics
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Background
• Goals for management:– Preserve renal function, prevent scarring– Preserve bladder compliance
• No evidence that management impacts outcomes
• Reported endpoints– New HN, VUR– Change in UD – Augmentation rates
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Management Options
• 3 options for management of children with MM from birth – age 3y:
– Imaging-based observation
– Universal therapy (CIC + anticholinergic)
– UD-based selective therapy
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Surrogate Outcomes of Management
• Incidence of new HN, VUR
does HN or VUR predict renal damage?
• Development of adverse UD parameters
does tx prevent changes?
does tx restore compliance?
• Augmentation rates
management failure vs management decision?
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Newborns: Tx vs Observation
• No evidence shows universal treatment superiority
• No study shows impact of tx on care-givers
• Cost catheters, oxybutynin
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Newborn Protocol• ≤ 6 wks age Fluoroscopic UD Renal US, DMSA
• Renal US q 3mos x1y q 6mos UD, DMSA 1yr, 3yr
• Tx for: high risk UD + HN, VUR new HN, VUR, ∆ DMSA
• High Risk UD filling pressure> 40cm
Patterns:
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Initial Assessment: UD• Varying Methods
5-7Fr UD catheters
infusion 1.5- 15cc/min
monopolar needle vs patch electrodes EMG
• Varying Terminology upper, lower motor lesions detrusor hypertonicity vs overactivity • Varying Diagnoses
DSD vs no DSD
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Results: Initial UD 71 pts, mean age 3m (2wk – 6m)
Category Number of pts
“Normal” 16 (23%)
No detrusor contraction 22 (31%) <25 cm H2O 9
25-40 cm H2O 9
>40 cm H2O 4
Detrusor overactivity 33 (46%) <25 cm H2O 12
25-40 cm H2O 8
>40 cm H2O 13
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Results: Initial UD 71 pts, mean age 3m (2wk – 6m)
Category Number of pts
“Normal” 16 (23%)
No detrusor contraction 22 (31%) <25 cm H2O 9
25-40 cm H2O 9
>40 cm H2O 4
Detrusor overactivity 33 (46%) <25 cm H2O 12
25-40 cm H2O 8
>40 cm H2O 13
“High risk
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DLPP or Storage Pressure?
DLLP 50 cmSame risk?
Pressure during storage is more important than compliance
Churchill et al, 1994
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Selective Therapy (UD-based)• UD identifies high risk before deterioration
• Therapy prevents renal, bladder damage
• Preserve renal function, decrease augmentation
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Outcomes
71 pts
Low risk UD54 (76%)
High risk UD17 (24%)
Initial UD
F/u UD F/u UD
EFP <40n=12
1 new HN,2 new VUR
1 new HN+VUR
6/54* Δ to risk UD
* UD changes at mean 9mo (4-12)
Treatmentn=12
Observationn=5
1 new HN
No new HN/VUR
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Outcomes • Renal damage: no data, f/u DMSA pending
• 25% f UTI: 9/17 (53%) high risk 9/54 (17%) low risk
10/18 (56%) CIC vs 8/53 (15%) obs , p=.001
• 18% VUR: 11/71 (15%) initially 3/60 (5%) new
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Renal Outcomes: Baseline DMSA
38 patients– 35 (92%) normal scan– 3 (8%) abnormal scan, congenital nephropathy?
Pt DMSA finding Initial UD Pattern EFP Initial u/s Initial VCUG
fUTI
1 Unilateral, CRN 20 No hydro No VUR No
2 Unilateral, focal scar 40 No hydro No VUR No
3 Unilateral, CRN 62 Unilateral SFU Gr 3 Gr 5, 3 Yes
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Renal Scar: Risk Factors
32% DMSA renal scar
MLR analysis:
VUR OR 8.12 (95%CI 2.92 – 23.14)
no UD parameter
bladder capacity
DLPP>40cm H2O
DSD
detrusor overactivity
95 pts NGB 7±4yrs
[40% taking anticholinergics]
Leonardo et al, 2007
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Renal Scar: Risk Factors
16 (25%) had abnormal DMSA function < 40%, or focal scar
• VUR OR 2.06 (1.43 – 2.97)• f UTI OR 9.53 (2.64 – 34.34)
• DLPP 44±20 vs 46±28 ns• Compliance 8.8±5.9 vs 12±11 ns
DMSA, UD in sequential pts2005-07
113pts, 64 > 10ys age studied
Shiroyanagi et al, 2009
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Renal Scar (non-NGB)
15% focal DMSA defect
• 15% VUR I-III 50% VUR IV-V
• Recurrent fUTI
541 consecutive pts fUTI and/or VUR
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Results: Initial U/S, VCUG
• 14/71 (20%) abnormal
HN 3 (4%)
VUR 8 (11%)
HN+VUR 3 (4%)
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Results– 18/71 (25%) had treatment by 1 year
12 initial “high risk” 6 initial “low risk” – new loss of compliance
– 14/71 (19%) VUR
11/71(15%) initially 3/60 (5%) new
– 18 (25%) with febrile UTI
10/18 (56%) CIC vs 8/53 (15%) obs, p=0.001
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Conclusions• Majority of infants have low risk UD findings
• 83% of low risk pts have no change in UD or imaging during observation
• Compliance changes occurred before age 1yr
• Treated -risk patients lowered bladder pressures– No data yet on renal impact
• Initial management can be tailored by initial UD
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Conclusions
• ~25% newborns have potentially adverse imaging and/or UD
~15% VUR
• ~10% have potentially adverse changes during obs
• Scar risk of fUTI ± VUR not known with NGB
• Potentially negative impact of CIC on renal function (fUTI)
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Summary of Outcomes• Some pts with “normal” or “low risk” UD will convert to “high risk”
• Some pts with “high risk” UD have no clinical findings
Uncertain:
Is high bladder pressure alone a risk factor for renal damage?
Can therapy (CIC) cause renal damage, ie via febrile UTI?
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Management
• Medical Management– Intermittent Catheterization– Anticholinergics
• Surgical Management– Bladder Procedures– Bladder Outlet Procedures– Catheterizable Channels– Procedures on the ureters
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A.A.B.B.
D. D. C. C.
Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction
Good bladderGood sphincter
Good bladderBad sphincter
Bad bladderBad sphincter
Bad bladderGood sphincter
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GoalsMedical Social
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Surgical Intervention• Last resort when medical therapy fails:
– Botox, Augmentation +/-– BN procedure : injection, suspension,
sling, urethral lengthening ((Piipi Salle, Kropp), AUS… last resort is BN closure
– Mitrofanoff- Monti-Yang +/-– Reimplant +/-– Malone ACE
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Pediatric Reconstruction: Key Points
• In children- try to preserve bladder, not divert• Detubularize & reconfigure bowel: avoid hour glass!
– Intact bowel P- 60-100 cm H2O• Maintain terminal 10-20 cm distal ileum (B12
absorption – megaloblastic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, optic atrophy, dementia)
• Bladder neck closure as last resort only• Consider MACE & Mitrofanoff
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Treatment:BladderCIC: Clean intermittent catheterization
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DOES NOT INCREASE INFECTIONS IF DONE CORRECTLY!!!!!!!
CIC: Clean intermittent catheterization
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Treatment:BladderCIC: Clean intermittent catheterization
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Surgery:BladderBladder Botox
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Surgery:Bladder Augmentation
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Surgery:Bladder Augmentation
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Surgery:Bladder Augmentation
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Surgery:Bladder Augmentation
Results:•Prevent kidney damage•Continence
Surgery:•Increase bladder size•Decrease high pressures to kidneys
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Catheterizable Stoma
Monti-Tube
Appendicovesicostomy
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Surgery:Mitrofanoff
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Surgery:Mitrofanoff
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Post-op Care
Urethral Foley
Mitrofanoff or ACEMidline/Umbilicus Suprapubic Tube
RLQ or LLQ
ACEMidline or RLQ
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Post-op Care
Urethral Foley
Mitrofanoff or ACESuprapubic Tube
ACE
1. Locations and origins may differ2. Bag drainage and plugs may differ
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Post-op Care
Flushing “In” Irrigation “In and Out”
1) ACE Procedure2) Can be tap water3) Sit patient on toilet/bedside commode4) Serial increase in volume
VS
1) Bladder only2) Via Mitrofanoff, SPT or urethral foley3) Additional catheters must be closed 4) Sterile water or saline 60 cc BID5) This can be tricky but it’s important!
POD#1: AMBULATION
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Routine Care:FAQs
1. How far does the ACE/Mitrofanoff go in?
2. Can I hurt anything?
3. How long does it take to heal?
4. What are the outcomes?
5. What are the risks?
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Key Points
– Short term and long term issues– Behavior and diet changes– Many surgeries and treatments– Intense post-operative care and teaching– Requires both family and nursing support
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Surgical Management
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Minimally Invasive Pediatric Surgery• Shift
–Extirpative•Nephrectomy
– Reconstructive•Ureteral reimplant, augmentation, complex Reconstruction
• Feasible– Nephrectomy, pyeloplasty, ureteral
reimplantation
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Robotic Assisted Continent Catheterizable Conduit
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1
2
3
Robotic System
1: 8mm working port, mid-clavicular line
2: 12mm camera port, midline
3: 8mm working port, mid-clavicular line
X: 5mm port for sutures10 cm
10 cm
1750
1
2
3
Appendicovesicostomy/ ACE
X
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Bagrodia, A., Gargollo, P.: Robot-assisted bladder neck reconstruction, bladder neck sling, and appendicovesicostomy in children: description of technique and initial results. J Endourol, 25: 1299, 2011
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Complex Reconstruction
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Neurogenic Incontinence• Various surgical techniques• Bladder neck sling for incontinence first
described in 1986• Sling without augmentation demonstrated
to be safe– Continence rates are low (36-57%)
• Sling with bladder neck reconstruction safe, with 82% continence (Snodgrass J Urol 184, p 1775, 2010)
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Methods: Technique
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Results: Patient CharacteristicsCase Age
(years)Sex BMI
(kg/m2)Diagnosis Shunt
1 8 F 24.5 MMC N2 13 F 27.1 MMC Y3 13 M 29 MMC N4 5 F 16.7 LMC N5 11 F 31.2 MMC Y6 7 F 14.8 Tranverse myelitis N7 8 M 20.2 SCI N
BMI: Body Mass Index, Shunt: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
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Results: Cumulative outcomes• 86% of cases
completed robotically
• One complication (conversion)
• Two cases of de novo reflux (resolved)
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Efficacy, efficiency, safety of robotic APV/BNR/BNS
• Efficacy:– All patients are dry– Low profile scars
• Efficiency:– Operative times are longer– Hospital durations are shorter
• Safety:– Acceptable complication rate
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Complex Reconstruction
• Gargollo et. al. Comparison of Open and Robotic Assisted Appendicovesicostomy, Bladder Neck Reconstruction and Bladder Neck Sling IRUS, January 2011
• Robotic Cohort– Longer operative times– Lower Blood loss– Lower length of stay– Decreased Narcotic Use
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Conclusions• The present series expands the
scope of robotic reconstruction in children
• Preliminary data demonstrates these procedure are feasible and safe
• Comparison with open APV with bladder neck reconstruction is required and ongoing
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Thank you for your attention