IJEP 39 (7) : 587-593 (2019) Contemporary Condition Of Physico-Chemical Properties And Heavy Metal Contamination In Groundwater By Tannery Activities, Ambur, Vellore District S. Vasanthan 1 and A. Murugesan 2 1. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Centre for Research, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli - 627 012 2. Government Arts College, P.G. and Research Department of Chemistry, Ariyalur - 621 713 This study was focused to reveal the physico-chemical characteristics and the presence of heavy metals in groundwater samples. This research was done at the site of the tanneries, Ambur taluk in Vellore district Tamil Nadu, estimates the pollution indices and risk assessment to assess the rightness of groundwater for human consumption. The knowledge focused physico-chemical parameter and heavy metals, like lead, chromium, copper and zinc contamination on groundwater samples. Flame atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) technique was used to assess the heavy metals concentration. The analytical results showed that chromium concentration is significantly higher in groundwater samples at the site of the tannery locality. Also lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) metals strength was found to be slightly high in groundwater at the site of the tannery areas. The calculated pollution indices, namely contamination index (CI) and index of environmental risk (IER) for the heavy metals propose that majority of the studied groundwater samples are in the highly contaminated zone. All physical and chemical parameters within the limits and metals contamination in groundwater is answerable for the maintenance of harmfulness in farming crops and domestic uses. KEYWORDS Heavy metals, Tannery activities, Groundwater quality, Ambur, Vellore district REFERENCES 1. Del Mar Lopez, T., T.M. Aide and J.R. Thomlinson. 2001. J. Human Eng., 30:49-54. 2. Syrlybekkyzy, S., et al. 2014. Oriental J. Chemistry. 30(4):1631-1638. 3. Bollikolla, H., et al. 2016. Oriental J. Chemistry. 32(4): 2275-2282. 4. Rahaman, A., et al. 2016. J. Anal. Chem., 7(12):880. 5. Mohan, G. and C.U. Pittman. J. Hazard. Mater., 189:388-396. 6. Shaari, H., et al. 2015. Oriental J. Chemistry. 31(2):993-999. 7. Anda, F. and M. Geoderma. 2012. J. Hazard. Mater., 189:388-396. 8. Chowdhury, M., et al. 2013. Water Resour. and Industry. 3:11-22. 9. Givianrad, I. and M.H. Hashemi. 2014. Oriental J. Chemistry. 30(2): 737-743. 10. Ong, M.C., et al. 2013. Oriental J. Chemistry. 29(1):39-45. 11. Arora, M., et al. 2008. Food Chemistry. 111:811-815. 12. Council Directive Office. 1986. J. Eur. Comm., 181:0006-0012. 13. Thangarajan, M. 1999. Env. Geology. 38(3):209-222. 14. Muchuweti, et al. 2006. Agri. Ecosystems and Env., 112:41-48. 15. Subramanian, K.S. and T.A. Selvan. 2001. GSI Publications. Vol. 2, No. 1. 16. Huq, S.I. 1998. ACIAR, Coimatore. 17. Afzal, M., et al. 2014. Clean-Soil, Air, Water. 42:1133-1139.
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IJEP 39 (7) : 587-593 (2019)
Contemporary Condition Of Physico-Chemical Properties And Heavy Metal Contamination
In Groundwater By Tannery Activities, Ambur, Vellore District
S. Vasanthan1 and A. Murugesan2
1. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Centre for Research, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli - 627 012
2. Government Arts College, P.G. and Research Department of Chemistry, Ariyalur - 621 713
This study was focused to reveal the physico-chemical characteristics and the presence of heavy metals in
groundwater samples. This research was done at the site of the tanneries, Ambur taluk in Vellore district
Tamil Nadu, estimates the pollution indices and risk assessment to assess the rightness of groundwater for
human consumption. The knowledge focused physico-chemical parameter and heavy metals, like lead,
chromium, copper and zinc contamination on groundwater samples. Flame atomic absorption spectrometer
(AAS) technique was used to assess the heavy metals concentration. The analytical results showed that
chromium concentration is significantly higher in groundwater samples at the site of the tannery locality. Also
lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) metals strength was found to be slightly high in groundwater at the site
of the tannery areas. The calculated pollution indices, namely contamination index (CI) and index of
environmental risk (IER) for the heavy metals propose that majority of the studied groundwater samples are
in the highly contaminated zone. All physical and chemical parameters within the limits and metals
contamination in groundwater is answerable for the maintenance of harmfulness in farming crops and
domestic uses.
KEYWORDS
Heavy metals, Tannery activities, Groundwater quality, Ambur, Vellore district
REFERENCES
1. Del Mar Lopez, T., T.M. Aide and J.R. Thomlinson. 2001. J. Human Eng., 30:49-54.
2. Syrlybekkyzy, S., et al. 2014. Oriental J. Chemistry. 30(4):1631-1638.
3. Bollikolla, H., et al. 2016. Oriental J. Chemistry. 32(4): 2275-2282.
4. Rahaman, A., et al. 2016. J. Anal. Chem., 7(12):880.
5. Mohan, G. and C.U. Pittman. J. Hazard. Mater., 189:388-396.
6. Shaari, H., et al. 2015. Oriental J. Chemistry. 31(2):993-999.
7. Anda, F. and M. Geoderma. 2012. J. Hazard. Mater., 189:388-396.
8. Chowdhury, M., et al. 2013. Water Resour. and Industry. 3:11-22.
9. Givianrad, I. and M.H. Hashemi. 2014. Oriental J. Chemistry. 30(2): 737-743.
10. Ong, M.C., et al. 2013. Oriental J. Chemistry. 29(1):39-45.
11. Arora, M., et al. 2008. Food Chemistry. 111:811-815.
12. Council Directive Office. 1986. J. Eur. Comm., 181:0006-0012.
13. Thangarajan, M. 1999. Env. Geology. 38(3):209-222.
14. Muchuweti, et al. 2006. Agri. Ecosystems and Env., 112:41-48.
39. Zeng, Yu-Feng, Zi-Li Liu and Zu-Zeng Qin. 2009. Decolourization. J. Hazard. Mater., 162: 682-687.
40. Sreethawang, Thammanoon and Summaeth Chavadej. 2008. Colour removal of distillery wastewater by
ozonation in the absence and presence of immobilized iron oxide catalyst. J. Hazard. Mater., 155; 486-
493.
41. Asaithambi, P., et al. 2012. Ozone assisted electrocoagulation for the treatment of distillery effluent.
Desalination. 297: 1-7.
42. Navarro, P., et al. 2005. Degradation of wine industry wastewaters by photoctatalytic advanced
oxidation. Water Sci. Tech., 51: 113-120.
43. Beltran, F.J., F.J. Rivas and R. Montero-de-Espinosa. 2005. Iron type catalysts for the ozonation of oxalic
acid in water. Water Res., 39: 3553-3564.
44. Asaithambi, P., R. Saravanathamizhan and M. Matheswaran. 2015. Comparison of treatment and energy
efficiency of advanced oxidation processes for the distillery wastewater. Int. J. Env. Sci. Tech., 12:
2213-2220.
45. Beltran, F.J., J.M. Encinar and J.F. Gonza'lez. 1997. Industrial wastewater advanced oxidation. Part 2.
Ozone combination with hydrogen peroxide or UV radiation. Water Res., 31(10): 2415-2428.
46. Singh, Sanjay and A.K. Dikshit. 2012. Decolourization of polyalumium chloride and fungal sequencing
batch aerobic reactor treated molasses spent wash by ozone. Am. J. Env. Eng., 2(3): 45-48.
47. Martins. 2013. Flocculation, ozonation and Fenton's process in the treatment of distillery effluents. J.
Env. Eng., 139: 110-116.
48. Shruthi, M., et al. 2013. Fenton reagent in electrochemical treatment of bio-digester effluent (BDE):
Research and reviews. J. Eng. and Tech., 2: 205-208.
49. Kazemi, Negar, et al. 2015. High-strength distillery wastewater treatment using catalytic sub and
supercritical water. The J. Supercritical Fluids. 97: 74-80.
50. Thakur, C., V.C. Srivastava and I.D. Mali. 2009. Electrochemical treatment of a distillery wastewater:
Parametric and residue disposal study. Chem. Eng. J., 148: 494-505.
51. Abdul Raman Abdul Aziz, P., et al. 2016. Combination of electrocoagulation with advanced oxidation
processes for the treatment of distillery industrial effluent. Process Safety and Env. Prot., 227-235.
IJEP 39 (7) : 659-662 (2019)
Treatment Of Low Strength Wastewater Using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket- Clariflocculator Integrated System Saurabh Kumar and A.R. Quaff National Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Patna - 800 005
In this study, the performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)-clariflocculator integrated system was evaluated while
treating low strength wastewater. The COD of the wastewater was removed upto 85% in the UASB reactor of the integrated
system. The effluent of the UASB reactor containing nutrient was treated in the clariflocculator of the integrated system. Water
treatment sludge (WTS) was used as a coagulant in a clariflocculator for removing total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). The UASB-
clariflocculator integrated system removed TKN around 80.32±1.44% at WTS dose of 1000 mg/L. In order to achieve dose of WTS,
a dose in the range of 600–1600 mg/L of WTS was varied and found maximum removal of TKN at 1000 mg/L dose of WTS. The
results suggested that reuse of water treatment sludge as a coagulant for the post-treatment of UASB reactor effluent would be
an attractive option. This technique may save the cost of fresh coagulant chemicals required for the coagulation process.
KEYWORDS
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB), Clariflocculator, Total kjeldahl nitrogen, Water treatment sludge REFERENCES
1. Makris, K.C., D. Sarkar and R. Datta. 2006. Evaluating a drinking-water waste byproduct as a novel
sorbent for arsenic. Chemosphere. 64:730-741.
2. Babatunde, A. and Y.Q. Zhao. 2007. Constructive approaches toward water treatment works sludge
management: An international review of beneficial reuses. Critical Reviews in Env. Sci. and Tech.,
37:129-164.
3. Muisa, N., Z. Hoko and P. Chifamba. 2011. Impacts of alum residues from Morton Jaffray Water Works
on water quality and fish, Harare, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 36:853-864.
4. Chu, W.2001. Dye removal from textile dye wastewater using recycled alum sludge. Water Resour.,
35:3147-3152.
5. Kyncl, M. 2008. Opportunity for water treatment sludge re-use. Geosci. Eng., LIV: 11-22.
6. Nair A.T and M.M. Ahammed. 2015. Water treatment sludge for phosphate removal from the effluent
of UASB reactor treating municipal wastewater. Process Safety and Env. Prot., 94:105-112.
7. Aiyuk, S., et al. 2004. Removal of carbon and nutrients from domestic wastewater using a low
investment, integrated treatment concept. Water Resour., 38: 3031-3042.
8. Chernicharo, C.A.L. 2006. Post-treatment options for the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater.
Env. Sci. and Bio.Tech., 5:73-92.
9. Tawfik, A., et al. 2008. Optimization of the performance of an integrated anaerobic-aerobic system for
domestic wastewater treatment. Water Sci. Tech., 58:185-94.
10. Nopens, I., C. Capalozza and P. A. Vanrolleghem. 2001. Stability analysis of a synthetic municipal
wastewater. Technical report, 32.
11. APHA. 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American Public Health
Association.
12. Lahav, O. and R.E. Loewenthal. 2000. Measure-ment of VFA in anaerobic digestion: The five-point
titration method revisited. Water SA. 26:389-392.
13. Khan, A.A., et al. 2014. Performance assessment of different STPs based on UASB followed by aerobic
post treatment systems. J. Env. Health Sci. and Eng., 1-13.
14. CPCB. 2013. Performance evaluation of sewage treatment plants under NRCD, Delhi. Central Pollution
Control Board, New Delhi.
IJEP 39 (8) : 663-668 (2019)
Assessment Of Groundwater Qualities Of Some Areas Of Imphal East District
Of Manipur During Monsoon – 7th Phase
Nandababu Singh Laishram
D.M. College of Science, Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, Imphal - 795 001
Fifteen groundwater samples (S-1 to S-15) were collected from different sampling sites (handpumps) of
Imphal east district of Manipur during monsoon period (June) of 2017. They were analyzed for physico-
chemical parameters, such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total
alkalinity (TA) ( and ), total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and Cl-. Only groundwater represented by S-
4 (Heingang Awang Leikai (3), near foothill), S-13 (Kaina Tourist Home, Kaina) and S-15 (Nungaipokpi, near
foothill and Meirashang) are found to be fit for drinking purpose as the values of their physico-chemical
parameters are below/within the acceptable limits of BIS standard for drinking water as well as that of WHO.
Other remaining groundwater (S-1 to S-3, S-5 to S-12 and S-14) may also be used for drinking purpose in
absence of alternate sources. However, some suitable treatments are necessary so as to keep the values of
total alkalinity for S-1 to S-3, S-5 to S-12 and S-14, total hardness for S-1, S-10 and S-12 and concentrations
of Mg2+ for S-10 and S-12 below their corresponding acceptable limits of BIS standard drinking water in
order to make them perfectly fit for drinking purpose. All the groundwater may also be used for other domestic
and irrigation purposes. Based on correlation coefficient data, moderately high values of TDS for ground
waters, are attributed to the presence of mainly dissolved bicarbonates of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+, and
chlorides of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Alkalinity for different groundwater, is due to the presence of dissolved NaHCO3,
KHCO3, CaHCO
3 and MgHCO
3. Further total hardness for different groundwater is due to the presence of
mainly bicarbonates and chlorides of Ca2+ and Mg2+.
KEYWORDS
Physico-chemical parameters, Drinking, Irrigation, BIS, WHO
REFERENCE
1. Prasad, P.R.C., et al. 2009. Is rapid urbanization leading to loss of water bodies? J. Spot. Sci., 11(2):
43-52.
2. Raghunath, H.M. 2007. Groundwater (3rd edn). New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi. pp 1-
308.
3. Aghajadeh, N. and A.A. Mogaddam. 2010. Assessment of groundwater quality and its suitability for
drinking and agricultural uses in the Oshnavieh area, northeast of Iran. J. Env. Prot., 1: 30-40.
4. Alhababy, A.M. and A.J. Al-Rajab. 2015. Groundwater quality assessment in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia.
Curr. World Env., 10(1): 22-28.
5. Elbana, T.A., et al. 2017. Assessment of marginal quality water for sustainable irrigation management:
A case study of Bahr El-Baqar area, Egypt. Water Air Soil Poll., 228: 214.
6. Chudaeva, V.A., et al. 2008. The composition of groundwaters of Muraviov-Amursky Peninsula
Primorye, Russia. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 37(2): 193-199.
7. Pathak, D.R., R. Yatabe and N.P. Bhandary. 2013. Statistical analysis of factors affecting groundwater
quality in shallow aquifer of Kathmandu, Nepal. Int. J. Water Res., 1(1): 12-20.
8. Oiste, A.M. 2014. Groundwater quality assessment in urban environment. Int. J. Env. Sci. Tech., 11:
2095-2012.
9. Nandurkar, N.M. 2017. Water quality assessment for drinking and irrigation purpose in eastern part of
district Pune, Maharashtra. Indian J. Env. Prot., 37(5): 392-398.
10. Gujjar, K.N., B.R. Kiran and D.S. Somashekhar. 2017. Assessment of groundwater quality in
Chikkmagaluru and Kadar area Karnataka. Indian J. Env. Prot., 37(5): 420-427.
11. Sarala, C. and P. Ravi Babu. 2012. Assessment of groundwater quality parameters in and around
Jawaharnagar, Hyderabad. Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub., 2(10): 1-5.
12. Hazarika, S. and B. Bhuyan. 2013. Fluride, arsenic and iron content of groundwater around six selected
8. Chakraverty, A., P. Mishra and H.D. Banerjee. 1985. Investigation of thermal decomposition of rice husk.
Thermochimica Acta. 94:267-275.
9. Lipska-Quinn, A.E., S.H. Zeronian and K.M. McGee. 1985. Fundamentals of thermochemical biomass
conversion. Elsevier Applied, London. pp 453-471.
10. Boateng, A.A., W.P. Walawender and L.T. Fan. 1990. Devolatilization studies of rice hulls in a TGA and
a fluidized bed reactor. In Biomass for energy and industry. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
11. Williams, P.T., A.H. Samsudding and D.T. Taylor. 1992. Pyrolysis of oil palm waste-Biomass for energy,
industry and environment. Elsevier Applied Science, London. pp 754-761.
12. Raveendran, K., A. Ganesh and K.C. Khilar. 1996. Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and biomass
components. Fuel. 75:987-998.
13. Magin, Lapuerta, Juan Jose Hernandez and Joaquin Rodriguez. 2004. Kinetic of devolatilization of
forestry wastes from thermogravimetric analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy. 27:385-391.
14. Maa, P.S. and R.C. Bailie. 1973. Influence of particle size and environmental conditions on high
temperature pyrolysis of cellulose material. Combustion Sci. Tech., 7:257-269.
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Sci. and Flame. 131:257-370.
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Ind. Eng. Chem. Process. 23:637-641.
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Meeting. Paper no. 96a.
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72:151-159.
19. Kinbakaran, V., et al. 2007. Kinetics of auto-gasification of poultry littre. Int. J. Green Energy. 4:519-
534.
20. Levenspiel. 1962. Chemical reaction engineering (Ist edn). Wiley Eastern (P.) Ltd., New Delhi. pp 141.
IJEP 39 (8) : 673-677 (2019)
Analysis Of Thermal Barrier Coating On Engine Valves Using Biofuel R. Devaraj, J. Hemanandh, S.P. Venkatesan and S. Ganesan Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chennai - 600 119 Due to the depleting resources of petrofuels and the emission of hazardous gases, alternative fuels have found a place in recent times. In the present study, the inlet and exhaust valves of a single cylinder four stroke DI diesel engine is coated with stellite 6 material with waste fish fry oil (WFF) as the engine fuel. Two test fuels, in different proportions, are prepared using transesterified waste fish fry oil. The performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine show that WFF B10 and WFF B20. Out of these two blends, WFF B20 show less HC, CO, CO
2 emission and smoke compared to WFF B10 and
petro diesel in the stellite 6 coated inlet and exhaust valve engine. Also, coated valve engine shows improved thermal efficiency and power output compared to the uncoated one.
KEYWORDS
Biodiesel, Diesel engine, Emission, Performance, Waste fish fry oil
REFERENCES
1. Dhanamurugan, A. and R. Subramanian. 2013. Performance of single cylinder diesel engine with bael
seed biodiesel. J. Scientific and Ind. Res., 72(11): 690-694.
2. Subramanian, R., et al. 2011. Studies on performance and emission characteristics of multi cylinder
diesel engine using hybrid fuel blends as fuel. J. Scientific and Ind. Res., 70(7): 539-543.
3. Maher, A., et al. 2015. Mechanical and thermal stresses analysis in diesel engine exhaust valve with
and without thermal coating layer on valve face. Asian Transactions on Eng., 5(6): 253-262.
4. Soni, Karan, et al. 2015. Optimising an IC engine exhaust valve design using finite element analysis. Int.
J. Modern Eng. Res., 5(5):55-59.
5. Deba, Abdulkarim Ali, et al. 2014. Waste cooking oil: Resourceful waste for lipase catalyzed biodiesel
production. Int. J. Sci. and Res. Publication. 4(9): 1-12.
6. Londhe, Rohit T. and J.M. Kshirsagar. 2014. Experimental analysis of valve and valve seats wear in
gases (CNG) fuelled engine. IOSR J. Mech. and Civil Eng., 11(4): 56-62.
7. Piramanandhan, M. and N. Mohanasundara Raju. 2013. Overview of recent research in thermal barrier
coatings for internal combustion engine. Int. J. Conceptions on Mech. and Civil Eng., 1(1): 93-100.
8. Cinica, N. and J.M. Guilemany. 2013. Cold gas sprayed Stellite 6 coatings and their wear resistance. J.
Mat. Sci. and Eng., 2(2): 1-6.
9. Mashkour, Mahmoud A., Ibtihal Al-Namie and Ahmed Sabah Hameed. 2012. Study the effect of ceramic
coating on the performance and emissions of diesel engine. J. Eng., 18(8): 935-942.
10. Hira, Aman, Shailendra Singh and Alok Chaube. 2012. Performance and emission characteristics of CI
engine using blends of ethanol and biodiesel with diesel. Int. J. Eng. Res. and Tech., 1(5): 1-12.
11. Murali Manohar, R., et al. 2012. Thermal and emission properties of engine fueled with diesel and
biodiesel blends of B20N, B80N, B20K, B80K.
12. Lupoi, Rocco, et al. 2012. Hard facing steel with nano-structured coatings of Stellite 6 by supersonic
laser deposition. Light: Sci. and Application. 1: 1-6.
13. Patil, Prafulla D., et al. 2012. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using sulphuric acid and
microwave irradiation process. J. Env. Prot., 3: 107-113.
14. Xue, Jinli, et al. 2011. Effect of biodiesel on engine performance and emission. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Review. 15(2): 1098-1116.
15. Sharanappa, Pani and Mallinath C. Navindgi. 2017. Investigation of performance and combustion
characteristics of DI diesel engine fuelled with ternary fuel blend at different injection pressure. World J.
Eng. and Tech., 5(1): 125-138.
16. Shrirame, Hemant Y., N.L. Panwar and B.R. Bamniya. 2011. Biodiesel from castor oil – A green energy option. Low Carbon Economy. 2(1): 1-6.
IJEP 39 (9) : 678-680 (2019)
Changes In Physico-Chemical Properties Of Different Soils Depending On Soil
Temperature
D. Das1, B. Mulia2 and B.B. Kar2
1. Model Degree College, Nayagarh, Khurda
2. KIIT (Deemed to be University), Department of Chemistry, Bhubaneswar - 751 024
Soil surface shows conditional variation depending on the soil temperature in terms of emission and
absorption of energy in the medium. During this temperature variation, there is an exchange of free radicals,
ions, moisture nutrients, nitrogen gas, oxygen and other gaseous parameters as well. Thus, many chemical
reactions taking place on the soil surface depends directly (or) indirectly on the soil temperature. In addition,
the vegetation of a particular area is mostly concerned about the soil temperature and nutritional parameters
as well. In this study, an attempt has been made to correlate the soil temperature based on seasonal variation
and its impact on physical properties, chemical parameters, growth of earthworms and other microorganisms.
KEYWORDS
Seasonal variation, Correlation, Nitrogen and oxygen, Earthworms
REFERENCES
1. Rajendren, K. and R Veeraputhiran. 2001. Agric. Rev., 22(l):68-70.
2. Borah, P.K. et al. 2012. Der Chemica Sinica. 3(4):834-840.
3. Lakdawala, M.M. D.H. Patel. 2013. Der Chemica Sinica. 4(4):73-77.
4. Prabhu, P. and U. Balasubramnian. 2012. Advances in Appl. Sci. Res., 3(4): 2103-2107.
5. Sonawane, N.S., C.P. Sawant and R.V. Patil. 2013. Archives of Appl. Sci. Res., 5(2):294-298.
6. Jain, S. and A. Singh. 2008. Int. J. Chem. Sci., 6(1):80-86.
7. Velmurugan, S., et al. 2012. Asian J. Plant Sci. and Res., 2(4):473-477.