Construction of Reinforced Concrete Buildingstaff.uob.edu.bh/files/640114130_files/R-C-Building.pdf · Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building By Dr. Hussain Shana’ah University

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building

ByDr. Hussain Shana’ahUniversity of Bahrain

November 2005

1 2 Site before construction begins

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

3 Top soil (in this case approx. 1.5 meters deep) under the building will be removed to rock formation level (where the footings will be started). Note strings are used to indicate grid lines

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

4 At footings, the loose soil material will be removed and cleaned manually

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

5 5 At footings, the loose soil material will be removed and cleanedAt footings, the loose soil material will be removed and cleaned manually, and manually, and this is a close up photo of the rock.this is a close up photo of the rock.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

6 6 Blinding outline is established by rough formwork, and bottom ofBlinding outline is established by rough formwork, and bottom of footing level footing level is set by at least four level points is set by at least four level points

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

7 Blinding formwork for a group of footings

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

8 8 At the same time, formwork for footings is being prepared at onsAt the same time, formwork for footings is being prepared at onsite workshop. ite workshop. Carpenters prepare formwork using marine plywood with whiteCarpenters prepare formwork using marine plywood with white--wood backingwood backing

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

9 9 Footing formwork is assembled at footing location on top of blinFooting formwork is assembled at footing location on top of blinding. The ding. The blinding will form a good clean surface for footing preparation.blinding will form a good clean surface for footing preparation.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

10 10 Bitumen paint is applied to bottom of footing (top of blinding) Bitumen paint is applied to bottom of footing (top of blinding) to protect to protect concrete from deterioration by ground water.concrete from deterioration by ground water.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

11 11 Footing reinforcement is assembled at onsite steel workshop, andFooting reinforcement is assembled at onsite steel workshop, and is finally is finally placed at its locationplaced at its location

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

12 12 Footing reinforcement in its final location with concrete spacerFooting reinforcement in its final location with concrete spacers used for bottom cover. s used for bottom cover. Formwork is properly braced to prevent opening of formwork underFormwork is properly braced to prevent opening of formwork under the pressure of concrete.the pressure of concrete.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

13 13 Column starter reinforcement is placed and properly tied.Column starter reinforcement is placed and properly tied.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

14 14 A group of footings are being finalized for casting. Column starA group of footings are being finalized for casting. Column starter ter reinfreinf. is placed and properly tied. . is placed and properly tied. Again note formwork is properly braced to prevent opening of forAgain note formwork is properly braced to prevent opening of formwork under the pressure of concrete.mwork under the pressure of concrete.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

15 15 Concrete vibrator (1.5 inch / 40 mm diameter)Concrete vibrator (1.5 inch / 40 mm diameter)

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

16 16 ReadyReady--mix Concrete is dispatched to site in mixer trucks, and is pumpemix Concrete is dispatched to site in mixer trucks, and is pumped to d to its final location by a concrete pump truckits final location by a concrete pump truck

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

17 17 Concrete is poured into the footing forms with a pump and consolConcrete is poured into the footing forms with a pump and consolidated with idated with the vibratorthe vibrator

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

17 17 After casting of footings, formwork is removed and reused for neAfter casting of footings, formwork is removed and reused for next group of footings.xt group of footings.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

19 19 Column stubs are prepared for casting. Stubs are used to maintaiColumn stubs are prepared for casting. Stubs are used to maintain column n column squarenesssquareness and alignmentand alignment

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

20 20 Column Starters are Column Starters are castedcasted to level of ground beams.to level of ground beams.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

21 21 Bitumen paint is applied to sides and top of footings and columnBitumen paint is applied to sides and top of footings and column necks necks below ground. Top of column necks will be the start of ground bebelow ground. Top of column necks will be the start of ground beams.ams.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

22 22 Site in backfilled and compacted with hand rollers.Site in backfilled and compacted with hand rollers.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

23 23 Site is backfilled to level of bottom of ground beams. Only part of column necks are still exposed.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

24 24 Blinding for ground beams is prepared and casted

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

25 25 Ground beam reinforcement is assembled on site.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

26 26 Ground beam reinforcement is assembled on site. Note the larger amounts of reinforcement located at the negative and positive moment locations.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

27 27 Formwork is then prepared for the ground beams.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

28 28 Alternately, formwork is prepared first. Then reinforcement is completely assembled on top of the formwork, and is later lowered to its final position inside the forms

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

29 29 The reinforcement is completely assembled on top of the formwork, and is later lowered to its final position inside the forms

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

30 30 Since bars are only 12 meters long, sometimes it is necessary to splice bars to obtain longer bars. A lap splice, shown above, is usually used.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

31 31 A joint between two crossing beams and a column at ground beam level. Note that reinforcement must clear each other and adequate space must remain for proper

consolidation of concrete.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

32 32 After casting of ground beams, forms are removed, and bitumen paint is applied to sides of beams

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

33 33 Select backfill is used for filling between ground beams. Then polytenesheets are laid, followed by ground slab reinforcement

with concrete block spacers to provide cover.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

34 34 Next, column stubs are casted, column reinforcement between ground level and first floor is assembled, column forms are erected, and ground floor columns

are casted. Note column bars tying and lapping detail.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

35 35 Curing of concrete is essential at all stages. In this case, columns are wrapped with burlap and wetted several times a day. Top of columns at this stage is the soffit of first floor

beams.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

36 36 Cast insitu staircases are casted to first floor level. Note the extra beams required at intermediate landings.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

37 37 Staircase reinforcement

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

38 38 Soffit of beams formwork is prepared. Wood extending beyond beam soffitwill be used for a platform.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

39 39 Jacks are used to support the formwork for the beams and the platform

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

40 40 Reinforcement is assembled in its final location with one side of formwork erected. Other side is left open for tying of reinforcement and for inspection. Later,

the other side of formwork is erected.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

41 41 Placing of reinforcement.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

42 42 Alternately, the two sides of formwork are assembled, and reinforcement is assembled on top of the formwork. After reinforcement is completed, it is lowered to its final position

inside the forms. Note the side platform used for concreting and for inspection.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

43 43 Beam reinforcement is assembled on site. Note the larger amounts of reinforcement located at the negative and positive moment locations.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

44 44 Again, note the larger amounts of reinforcement located at the negative and positive moment locations

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

45 45 Again, note the larger amounts of reinforcement located at the negative and positive moment locations

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

46 46 Again, note the larger amounts of reinforcement located at the negative and positive moment locations

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

47 47 After reinforcement is completely assembled and lowered into its final position, formwork is tied and braced at its top.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

48 48 Beam reinforcement inside forms

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

49 49 A joint between two crossing beams and a column. Note that reinforcement must clear each other and adequate space must remain for proper consolidation of concrete.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

50 50 Another view of joint.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

51 51 Different areas of one building may be at different stages of construction

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

52 52 After beams are casted and cured, hollow core slabs are erected.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

53 53 After beams are casted and cured, hollow core slabs are erected.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

54 54 After beams are casted and cured, hollow core slabs are erected.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

55 55 Next level column are being casted after erection of hollow core slabs.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

56 56 Then, the next level columns, beams, and slabs are constructed in the same manner, until the roof slab is erected.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

57 57 Hollow core slabs are erected at roof level

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

58 58 Where a cast insitu slab is to be used, a similar procedure is used of preparing the beam reinforcement on top of the formwork. However, formwork for slab is also supplied.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

59 59 After completion of beam reinforcement, it is lowered into its fAfter completion of beam reinforcement, it is lowered into its final position, inal position, and slab reinforcement is tied.and slab reinforcement is tied.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

60 60 Beams and slab bottom reinforcement in positionBeams and slab bottom reinforcement in position.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

61 61 In this case, the beams form a twoIn this case, the beams form a two--way grid covered with a cast way grid covered with a cast insituinsitu slab. It slab. It is referred to as waffle slab.is referred to as waffle slab.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

62 62 Sometimes openings may be required in beams for electric cable trays

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

63 63 Or sometimes beams must be raised, or recessed.Or sometimes beams must be raised, or recessed.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

64 64 Or cutout for Air conditioning vents.Or cutout for Air conditioning vents.Careful planning with other trades is a must.Careful planning with other trades is a must.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

65 65 Sometimes, architect’s demands are very challenging. Here, seven meter cantilevers shown.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

66 66 Solution… 0.25 m x 1.6 m deep beam and proper reinforcement solve the problem

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

67 67 And extra large columns (0.5m x 1m) used to reduce excessive deflections.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

68 68 Or, when a 23 m x 23m clear spans are required

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

69 69 Solution … a 1.2 deep waffle slab is used.

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain

70 70 Waffle slab reinforcement

Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building Construction of Reinforced Concrete Building –– November 2005 November 2005 –– By Dr. Hussain By Dr. Hussain ShanaShana’’ahahCollege of Engineering College of Engineering –– University of Bahrain University of Bahrain –– Kingdom of BahrainKingdom of Bahrain