CONSTRUCTION Housing 1 6.02. Starting Out Building standards are set by: 1) State Agency 2) Federal Agency 3) Local Agency.

CONSTRUCTION

Housing 1

6.02

Starting OutStarting Out

Building standards are set by:Building standards are set by:

1)1) State AgencyState Agency

2)2) Federal AgencyFederal Agency

3)3) Local AgencyLocal Agency

The FoundationThe FoundationThe foundation is the The foundation is the

underlying base and underlying base and support of a home. It support of a home. It consists of the consists of the footingfooting (a (a continuous concrete base continuous concrete base that supports the that supports the foundation walls below foundation walls below ground level. (p259) ground level. (p259) Foundation walls are made Foundation walls are made from poured concrete or from poured concrete or concrete block.concrete block.

The foundation has to be The foundation has to be waterproofed. waterproofed. Waterproofing material Waterproofing material (black plastic) is applied on (black plastic) is applied on the outer face of the the outer face of the foundation. foundation.

There are three types of foundation There are three types of foundation constructions:constructions:

1)1) BasementBasement

2)2) Crawl Space : 18”-24” between the Crawl Space : 18”-24” between the foundation and groundfoundation and ground

3)3) SlabSlab : poured concrete @ 4” thick. Usually : poured concrete @ 4” thick. Usually found in warmer climates, parts of the found in warmer climates, parts of the plumbing and heating systems are often plumbing and heating systems are often put in place before the concrete is pouredput in place before the concrete is poured

The FrameThe Frame

The Frame is the The Frame is the skeleton of the skeleton of the housing structure. It housing structure. It supports the wall supports the wall and roof materials. and roof materials. If not properly If not properly constructed, the constructed, the roof may sag or roof may sag or collapse.collapse.

The Floor FrameThe Floor FrameThe first piece of floor The first piece of floor

frame attached to frame attached to the foundation is the foundation is the the sill platesill plate. The . The floor frame consists floor frame consists of of girders, girders, (major (major support beams that support beams that support the floor support the floor joists) joists) joists, joists, (floor (floor joists are nailed to joists are nailed to header joists at header joists at max. intervals of max. intervals of 20”.) and 20”.) and sub-sub-flooring: rough flooring: rough flooring made from flooring made from plywoodplywood

The Wall FrameThe Wall Frame The wall frame is The wall frame is

built on top of the built on top of the floor frame. It floor frame. It supports the supports the ceiling, upper ceiling, upper floors, and roof. The floors, and roof. The frame consists of frame consists of vertical vertical studs studs (vertical wall (vertical wall framing members) framing members) placed every 16-placed every 16-24” apart. Can be 24” apart. Can be wood, steel or any wood, steel or any other manufactured other manufactured productproduct

WALLSWALLS

HeaderHeader: small built up beams that carry : small built up beams that carry the load of the structure above the doors the load of the structure above the doors and windowsand windows

Studs are attached at the top & bottom to Studs are attached at the top & bottom to horizontal members called horizontal members called PLATESPLATES..

Single sole plateSingle sole plate: supports the wall at : supports the wall at bottombottom

Double top plateDouble top plate: supports the ceiling joist : supports the ceiling joist and roof and roof

The Ceiling FrameThe Ceiling FrameWhen beginning to frame When beginning to frame

the roof the series of the roof the series of beams that would be beams that would be constructed first is the constructed first is the ceiling joists ceiling joists (horizontal (horizontal beams that act as floor beams that act as floor joists for second and joists for second and attic floors). On most attic floors). On most roofs the roofs the rafters rafters (parallel beams that (parallel beams that support the weight of support the weight of the roof) hang past the the roof) hang past the edge of the exterior edge of the exterior wall to provide the wall to provide the overhang, which overhang, which prevents water from prevents water from running down the walls. running down the walls.

RidgeRidge: horizontal line at which 2 slopes : horizontal line at which 2 slopes of the roof meet, usually the highest of the roof meet, usually the highest point of the housepoint of the house

Roof truss/truss raftersRoof truss/truss rafters: group of : group of members forming a rigid triangular members forming a rigid triangular framework for the roof, often assembled framework for the roof, often assembled at a factory delivered to site, & attached at a factory delivered to site, & attached directly to double top platedirectly to double top plate

Finishing the ExteriorFinishing the ExteriorRough board called Rough board called

sheathing sheathing is applied is applied to the outside of the to the outside of the wall framing and roof. wall framing and roof. Sheathing is either Sheathing is either oriented strand board oriented strand board (OSB board) or (OSB board) or plywood.plywood. After After sheathing is up sheathing is up builders usually wrap builders usually wrap the home with heavy the home with heavy waterproof material. waterproof material. This creates a This creates a protective envelope protective envelope that keeps out water that keeps out water and moisture.and moisture.

Finishing the Exterior Cont..Finishing the Exterior Cont..Brick, wood, stucco, Brick, wood, stucco,

stone, and stone, and sidingsiding are are used to finish the used to finish the exterior of a house. exterior of a house. Wood Wood is commonly is commonly used for siding used for siding material but is material but is ranked as high ranked as high maintenance. maintenance. Aluminum Aluminum siding is siding is better because is better because is helps lower helps lower heating/cooling heating/cooling costs, is durable & costs, is durable & resists weather and resists weather and corrosion. Dents and corrosion. Dents and conducts electricity.conducts electricity.

Vinyl sidingVinyl siding is brittle and can crack or is brittle and can crack or break under extreme weather break under extreme weather conditions. Requires little conditions. Requires little maintenance and is durable.maintenance and is durable.

FiberglassFiberglass looks like wood shingles looks like wood shingles and comes in a variety of natural and comes in a variety of natural wood colors, requires no paintingwood colors, requires no painting

The RoofThe Roof

The roof protects the home’s interior The roof protects the home’s interior from the weather. from the weather. Light colored roofs Light colored roofs are popular in hot climates because are popular in hot climates because they keep the home coolthey keep the home cool. By . By reflecting sunlight, lighter roof colors reflecting sunlight, lighter roof colors can can reduce heat reductionreduce heat reduction 20-50%.20-50%.

Roofing materials.Roofing materials.

Shingles- are thin Shingles- are thin pieces of material pieces of material laid in overlapping laid in overlapping rows that cover rows that cover the roofthe roof. Asphalt . Asphalt shinglesshingles are the are the most widely used most widely used roofing material roofing material because of their because of their fire-resistant fire-resistant qualities and low qualities and low cost.cost.

Roofing materialsRoofing materials

Slate/TileSlate/Tile: used in areas of USA with hot : used in areas of USA with hot sun and little snow/rain. Made of heavy sun and little snow/rain. Made of heavy material and requires proper roof design to material and requires proper roof design to support the extra weight, expensive but support the extra weight, expensive but will last the lifetime of the home.will last the lifetime of the home.

MetalMetal: Aluminum & tin-plated steel in : Aluminum & tin-plated steel in sheet form. Cooper may also be used on sheet form. Cooper may also be used on the entire roof or as accent. Price will the entire roof or as accent. Price will depend on quality. depend on quality.

The ChimneyThe Chimney

A chimney has two parts: A chimney has two parts: 1) 1) FLUE- FLUE- vertical shaft vertical shaft

through which smoke and through which smoke and hot gases are carried to hot gases are carried to open air.open air.

2) 2) CAPCAP- the top of the - the top of the chimneychimney

Flashing Flashing (consists of strips of (consists of strips of sheet metal that is placed sheet metal that is placed around the chimney and around the chimney and other roof openings to other roof openings to prevent moisture from prevent moisture from leaking through the roof leaking through the roof openings. openings.

InsulationInsulationThe purpose of insulation The purpose of insulation

is to reduce the passage is to reduce the passage of heat through the of heat through the walls and roof. The walls and roof. The effectiveness of effectiveness of insulation depends on its insulation depends on its R value. The R value of R value. The R value of insulation is a measure insulation is a measure of the capacity to resist of the capacity to resist winter heat loss and winter heat loss and summer heat gain. The summer heat gain. The higher the R value the higher the R value the better the insulation.better the insulation.

Forms of InsulationForms of InsulationThe basic types include: The basic types include: 1)1) Flexible - comes in Flexible - comes in

blanket form made of blanket form made of fiber glassfiber glass

2)2) Loose fill – can be Loose fill – can be poured, blown in, or poured, blown in, or packed. The most packed. The most effective insulation for effective insulation for floors.floors.

3)3) Foam- pumped through Foam- pumped through a tube and expands a tube and expands after application to fill after application to fill in the cracks and in the cracks and crevices. crevices.

WindowsWindows

Sash- frame work that Sash- frame work that surrounds the glasssurrounds the glass

Muntins- the strips Muntins- the strips that hold individual that hold individual small pieces of glass small pieces of glass within the sash.within the sash.

Frame- surrounds and Frame- surrounds and holds the sashes. holds the sashes.

*Refer to (p 271)*Refer to (p 271)

WiringWiring

Wiring should be Wiring should be checked every 5 yearschecked every 5 years to reduce to reduce concern about electrical fire.concern about electrical fire.

Current building codes require that wall receptacles, Current building codes require that wall receptacles, or outlets, include a ground wire/ground fault (an or outlets, include a ground wire/ground fault (an electricalelectrical conductor that is connected to the conductor that is connected to the earth). earth).

The ground wire provides protection in case there is The ground wire provides protection in case there is an abnormal flow of electric current. an abnormal flow of electric current. Ground fault Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) circuit interrupters (GFCI) are receptacles that are receptacles that guard against electrical shock.guard against electrical shock.

A panel boxA panel box also called a service entrance or fuse also called a service entrance or fuse box, is a device that controls the distribution of box, is a device that controls the distribution of the electricity to the home wiring system.the electricity to the home wiring system.

Heating and Cooling SystemsHeating and Cooling SystemsHVAC- Heating, Ventilation, Air ConditionHVAC- Heating, Ventilation, Air Condition

Air conditioners cool and circulate air and they Air conditioners cool and circulate air and they also remove excess moisture from the air.also remove excess moisture from the air.

There are 2 main types: There are 2 main types:

1)1) Room A/CRoom A/C - enclosed in a cabinet that fits - enclosed in a cabinet that fits into a window or wall.into a window or wall.

2)2) Central A/C-Central A/C- located outside the home, that located outside the home, that with the help of the furnace blower and with the help of the furnace blower and ducts, supplies cool air to reach the rooms.ducts, supplies cool air to reach the rooms.

Types ofTypes of Portable heating and coolingPortable heating and cooling

1)1) FanFan

2)2) Plug in heaterPlug in heater

Heating and Cooling Systems Heating and Cooling Systems Cont…Cont…

Heating SystemsHeating Systems Forced air systemForced air system -air is warmed by a furnace, then -air is warmed by a furnace, then

propelled by a blower through ducts to registers in propelled by a blower through ducts to registers in each room.each room. Provides the fastest method of raising Provides the fastest method of raising room temperature.room temperature.

Radiant heat system- Radiant heat system- heating elements- either hot heating elements- either hot water piping or electric wiring- are hidden in the water piping or electric wiring- are hidden in the floor, ceiling, or baseboards. Heat radiates from floor, ceiling, or baseboards. Heat radiates from elements.elements.

Heat pump- Heat pump- uses an electric refrigeration unit to uses an electric refrigeration unit to heat and cool a living space. The refrigeration unit heat and cool a living space. The refrigeration unit contains a compressor, circulating fluid contains a compressor, circulating fluid (refrigerant), and two heat exchangers. It operates (refrigerant), and two heat exchangers. It operates by removing heat form air or water. In cold by removing heat form air or water. In cold weather, heat is removed form outside air and weather, heat is removed form outside air and pumped into the house. In warm weather heat is pumped into the house. In warm weather heat is removed from the air inside the house and is removed from the air inside the house and is pumped outside. pumped outside.

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Life on the AmazonLife on the Amazon

ResourcesResources

Housing DecisionsHousing Decisions, pages 196-211, pages 196-211 Housing and InteriorsHousing and Interiors, pages 215-239, pages 215-239 www.lowes.comwww.lowes.com www.homedepot.comwww.homedepot.com www.hometime.comwww.hometime.com www.thisoldhouse.comwww.thisoldhouse.com www.architecture.about.comwww.architecture.about.com www.oldhouseweb.comwww.oldhouseweb.com

Copyright ©2007, ABCD, All rights reserved.Copyright ©2007, ABCD, All rights reserved.