1 Delaware Valley Association of Structural Engineers April 10, 2013 MR CE Foundation Engineering since 1910 EXCAVATION SUPPORT CONSTRUCTION IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: CHALLENGES and SOLUTIONS Domenic D’Argenzio, PE, Senior Associate Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers New York, New York Presented to: DELAWARE VALLEY ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS April 10, 2013 Delaware Valley Association of Structural Engineers April 10, 2013 MR CE Foundation Engineering since 1910 Factors that Determine Selection of Excavation Support Excavation Support Wall Types Wall Lateral Support Systems Waterproofing Inspection & Monitoring Relative Costs Example Projects Lecture Overview: Excavation Support Construction Delaware Valley Association of Structural Engineers April 10, 2013 MR CE Foundation Engineering since 1910 Excavation Support Construction How is Excavation Support Defined? Temporary or permanent structure that will retain the lateral forces from soils and/or water in order to permit excavation for, and construction of underground permanent structures Brace Load Water Pressure Soil Pressure Excavation Support Wall Delaware Valley Association of Structural Engineers April 10, 2013 MR CE Foundation Engineering since 1910 Excavation Support Construction When is Excavation Support Needed? Wedge geometry is defined by soil properties 45°‐Ø/2 45° Excavation support is required when it is not practical to provide sloped sides that fit safely within the available work space Delaware Valley Association of Structural Engineers April 10, 2013 MR CE Foundation Engineering since 1910 Excavation Depth and Width Soil and Rock Conditions Groundwater Level Proximity to existing structures / roadways Service Life: temporary / permanent Relative Costs Factors that Determine Wall Type Selection Excavation Support Construction Delaware Valley Association of Structural Engineers April 10, 2013 MR CE Foundation Engineering since 1910 Excavation Support Wall Types Excavation Support Construction
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CONSTRUCTION Excavation Construction Excavation …Excavation Support Systems. 5 ... Excavation Support Construction Excavation TABLE Site Condition Timber Sheeting SP & Lagging Sheet
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Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
EXCAVATION SUPPORT CONSTRUCTIONIN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS:CHALLENGES and SOLUTIONS
Domenic D’Argenzio, PE, Senior AssociateMueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers New York, New York
Presented to:DELAWARE VALLEY ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
April 10, 2013
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Factors that Determine Selection of Excavation Support
Excavation Support Wall Types
Wall Lateral Support Systems
Waterproofing
Inspection & Monitoring
Relative Costs
Example Projects
Lecture Overview:Excavation Support Construction
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support ConstructionHow is Excavation Support Defined?
Temporary or permanent structure that will retain the lateral forces from soils and/or water in order to permit excavation for, and construction of underground permanent structures
Brace Load
Water Pressure
Soil Pressure
Excavation Support Wall
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support ConstructionWhen is Excavation Support Needed?
Wedge geometry is defined by soil properties 45°‐Ø/2 45°
Excavation support is requiredwhen it is not practical to providesloped sides that fit safely withinthe available work space
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Depth and Width
Soil and Rock Conditions
Groundwater Level
Proximity to existing
structures / roadways
Service Life: temporary / permanent
Relative Costs
Factors that Determine Wall Type SelectionExcavation Support Construction
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Wall TypesExcavation Support Construction
2
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Timber Sheeting
Soldier Pile and Lagging
Steel Sheet Piles
Excavation Support ConstructionFlexible Wall Types
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
• Narrow Excavations• Depth < 20 feet• Above Water Table• Installed with hand tools
Flexible Wall Types: Timber Sheeting ‐ ApplicationsExcavation Support Construction
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
• Excavations < 50 ft.
• Above Water Table
• Granular or cohesive soils with stand‐up time for lagging installation
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Construction Inspection
Minimum tip elevation is achieved
Vertical alignment within specified tolerances
Steel sheet piles interlocked throughout installation
Bracing properly installed
Quality Control
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Construction Monitoring During Installation & Excavation
Vibrations
Existing Structure Settlement/Movement
Excavation Support Wall Movement
Ground Surface Cracks
Ground Heave/Settlement
Noise Levels
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Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Types and General Uses
Excavation Support Construction
TABLE
Site Condition Timber Sheeting
SP & Lagging
Sheet Piles Secant Piles
Slurry Walls
Depth 0-15’ Y Y Y N N
Depth 15-60’ N Y Y Y Y
Depth >60’ N N N Y Y
SOIL TYPE
GranularWeak ClayStiff ClayBoulder TillRock
YM MNN
YM YMM
YY MNN
YYMMN
YY YYY
Groundwater Present N N Y Y Y
Sensitive Utilities M M M Y Y
Sensitive Structures N M M Y Y
Vertical Load Capacity N M M Y Y
Suitable for Permanent Structure
N N Y Y Y
KEYY = YES M = MAYBE N = NO
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Relative Excavation Support Costs
Soldier Pile & Lagging• $30 to
$40 per sf
Steel Sheet Piling• $40 to
$50 per sf
Secant Pile Walls• $100 to
$125 per sf
Slurry Walls• $150
to $200 per sf
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Example Projects
Permanent Applications
Slurry WallNY Law School Manhattan, NY
Secant Piles Williams StreetManhattan, NY
Steel Sheet PilingNewtown Creek WWTP UpgradeBrooklyn, NY
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Slurry Wall: Top‐Down ConstructionNew York Law School, New York, NY
Excavation Support Construction
• 3’ thick x 106’ deep slurry wall • 65,000 sq ft of slurry wall• 44 LBE’s
Record for excavation support in Manhattan
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Slurry Wall: New York Law School
Excavation Support Construction
• Site = 200 x 100’• 4 Basement Levels• Adjacent Buildings on Spread Footings• Adjacent Subway• 60 ft Excavation
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Slurry Wall: New York Law SchoolExcavation Support Construction
Glacial Sand
Load Bearing Elements
36 Inch Slurry Wall
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Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Slurry Wall: New York Law School: Top Down Construction
Excavation Support Construction
• Foundation walls & column foundations installed prior to excavation• Slurry walls are permanent foundation walls• Permanent slabs provide lateral support for walls during excavation• Excavation performed through openings in floor slabs
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Slurry Wall: New York Law SchoolExcavation Support Construction
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Slurry Wall: New York Law SchoolExcavation Support Construction
Guide walls adjacent to buildings
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Slurry Wall: New York Law SchoolExcavation Support Construction
Congested SiteDelaware Valley Association of Structural Engineers
April 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Cage delivered by truck Lowering cage
Slurry Wall: New York Law School
Excavation Support Construction
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Slurry Wall: New York Law School
Excavation Support Construction
Soil removal through slab opening
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Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Slurry Wall: New York Law School
Excavation Support Construction
Soil removal through slab opening
Superstructure construction
above underground
space
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
New York Law School: Advantages of Slurry Wall
Excavation Support Construction
Shortened construction schedule:Top‐down construction eliminated temporary excavation support walls and bracing
Reduced risk of damage to existing adjacent tunnels and buildings
Groundwater cutoff: underslab drainage system; no pressure slab required
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Williams Street, NY, NY ‐ Secant Pile Wall
‐ Buildings on 2 sides‐ Supported on timber piles‐ Adjacent to subway‐ 2 Basement Levels
Fill (10 ft)Groundwater (12 to 25 ft)Silt (20 ft)Till (5 to 10 ft)Rock (40 ft below grade)
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction William Street, NY, NY – Secant Pile Wall
Buried obstructions
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Williams Street, NY, NY – Secant Pile Wall
Trimming of existing brick foundation wall
Cast in place concrete footing for guide wall installation
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Williams Street, NY, NY ‐ Secant Pile Wall
Guide wall installation
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Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Williams Street, NY, NY ‐ Secant Pile Wall
Secant pile wall drilling against adjacent building wall
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Williams Street, NY, NY ‐ Secant Pile Wall
Core beam installation
Down the hole hammer
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Williams Street NY, NY – Secant Pile Wall
Key cut in secant pile wall for floor slab installation
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Williams Street, NY, NY – Secant Pile Wall
Raker Bracing against buildingTieback Bracing
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Williams Street, NY, NY – Secant Pile Wall
Capillary Waterproofing Applied to Interior Surface of Secant Pile Wall
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Steel Sheet Piling in Urban EnvironmentNewtown Creek WWTP Upgrade, Brooklyn NY
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Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Steel Sheet Piling ‐ Newtown Creek WWTP, Brooklyn NY
N
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Steel Sheet Piling ‐ Newtown Creek WWTP, Brooklyn NY
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Steel Sheet Piling ‐ Newtown Creek WWTP, Brooklyn NY
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Steel Sheet Piling ‐ Newtown Creek WWTP, Brooklyn NY
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Steel Sheet Piling ‐ Newtown Creek WWTP, Brooklyn NY
Rakers to Mat Foundation
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Steel Sheet Piling ‐ Newtown Creek WWTP, Brooklyn NY
Excavation adjacent to existing tanks supported on timber piles
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Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavation Support Construction Steel Sheet Piling ‐ Newtown Creek WWTP, Brooklyn NY
Cross Lot Bracing
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavating below bearing level of adjacent structures without
underpinning or installing rigid excavation support walls
Excavation Support Construction Situations To Avoid When Selecting Excavation Support Wall Types
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavating below bearing level of adjacent structures without
underpinning or installing rigid excavation support walls
Driving piles with impact or vibratory hammer in granular soils adjacent to existing structures
Excavation Support Construction Situations To Avoid When Selecting Excavation Support Wall Types
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavating below bearing level of adjacent structures without
underpinning or installing rigid excavation support walls
Driving piles with impact or vibratory hammer in granular soils adjacent to existing structures
Installing soil‐anchors below existing structures
Excavation Support Construction Situations To Avoid When Selecting Excavation Support Wall Types
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
Excavating below bearing level of adjacent structures without underpinning or installing rigid excavation support walls
Driving piles with impact or vibratory hammer in granular soils adjacent to existing structures
Installing soil‐anchors below existing structures
Widespread dewatering where fill placed over organic soils
Excavation Support Construction Situations to Avoid in Excavation Support Wall Selection
Delaware Valley Association of Structural EngineersApril 10, 2013
MR CE
Foundation Engineering since 1910
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