Construction Engineering and Management 1 Cost Benefits Structural Safety Architect Feasibility Assessment Feasibility Assessment of of architects architects Functional Aesthetic constructability maintainability
Construction Engineering and Management1
Cost
Benefits
Structural Safety
Architect
Feasibility AssessmentFeasibility Assessment of architects of architects
Functional
Aesthetic
constructability
maintainability
Construction Engineering and Management2
Design, should be provided the basic following requirements:
Functional requirements Communication requirements User needs and requirements Hygienic and comfort requirements Aesthetic requirements• Structural Safety Constructional requirements• Maintainability Economic requirements
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Time
Cash
Subs
Labor
Materials
Equipment
Resources
Elements of any Project (Resources)Elements of any Project (Resources)
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Time
Cash
Subs
Labor
Materials
Equipment
The Contract
Standards The Law
RelationshipsRelationships
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Others
Government
LaborContractors
Owners
Architects/Engineers
Banking/Financing
Agents
Contractors
MaterialSuppliers
ProjectManager
The ChallengeThe Challenge
(Architect)
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Project ManagementProject Management
• Project Management is the overall planning, control and coordination of a project from inception to completion aimed at meeting the client’s requirements and ensuring completion on time, within cost and to the required quality standards (Safety).
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Schedule
QualityBudget
ProjectManagement
Project Management Challenges
PlanningConstructionControlling
Arch.Struc.
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Planning
Funding
Design
Bid & Award
Construction
Operate
Project Life CycleProject Life Cycle
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Designer
Owner
Contractor
Project Participants
Owner Rep Authority
Surety
Project ParticipantsProject Participants
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Construction Engineering and Management11
Owner/client, is the one who sponsors the construction project and ultimately utilizes it. A client can be a public entity, or a private enterprise.
Government: Infrastructure development projects, such as roads, bridges, water supply and sewage systems, power plants, public transportation systems, etc.
Private (individual): Residential house, office building.
Private (company): Construction for investment goals. For example commercial office and shopping complexes, and multi-unit residential buildings.
Owner/ClientOwner/Client
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Designer (architect/engineer) conducts the initial feasibility study and prepares the complete design of the facility.
Design Process
Proposal bythe client
Proposal bythe client
ArchitecturalDesign
ArchitecturalDesign
EngineeringDesign
EngineeringDesign
Drawing andSpecificationsDrawing and
Specifications
Feedback
The architect and engineer can be from the same firm or from different firms.
DesignerDesigner
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Architect-Engineering (A/E) Companies
Employ both architects and engineers.
Complete design services under one roof.
May provide construction management (CM) service.
Separate Architect and Engineer
Owner selects the architectural and engineering firms based on their individual competencies.
Suitable for large-scale projects that require specialized skills in both fields
The firms that are only involved in engineering designs are called consulting engineers.
DesignerDesigner
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The term constructor is used to include both contractors and specialty contractors or subcontractors, who build the facility.
General Contractor: A general contractor (GC) takes the sole responsibility to construct the facility. The GC in turn may hire several subcontractors depending on specialty.
Specialty contractor or Sub-contractor: One who is appointed by the GC or sometimes by the owner for a particular task, e.g. temporary works, excavations, piling work. May or may not be in privity with the owner.
Construction Manager at Risk: In many ways similar to general contracting.
ConstructorConstructor
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Project Team (Options)
• Conventional Setup• Owner + Designer• Owner + Contractor• Designer + Contractor• Design-Build-Operate
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Owner
Architect/Engineer General Contractor
SubSub Sub
Field observations
Owner
Architect/Engineer General Contractor
SubSub Sub
Field observations
Conventional Setup
Project TeamsProject Teams
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Owner + DesignerOwner
Architect/Engineer
General Contractor
SubSub Sub
Government: Public works department; roads and highways department
Private: Oil-drilling company
The construction work is awarded to one (GC) or sometimes several (prime) contractors. Usually such organizations have their own construction management staff to supervise the projects.
Project TeamsProject Teams
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Owner + Contractor
Owner/Contractor
SubSub Sub
Architect/Engineer
This form of project organization is limited to only real estate development. The owner-contractor entity is sometimes called a builder-developer, particularly in the USA.
The design is usually performed by an outside A/E firm hired by the builder-developer
Project TeamsProject Teams
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Designer + Contractor
Owner
Design/Build Firm
Design forceConstruction
force
SubSub Sub
Design-build team.
Advantage: Improved coordination by combining two major functions of construction - design and building
Disadvantage: difficulty of obtaining competition between suppliers and the complexity of evaluating their proposals
Project TeamsProject Teams
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Design-Build-Operate
Owner
Designer/Builder/Operator
Design force
Contractor
Operator
Designer + Contractor + Operator + Financier.
Turnkey projects.
Advantage: Operation needs incorporated in design. No cash outlet for owner.
Disadvantage: limited competition, long term contract.
Financier
Project TeamsProject Teams
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…and where is the money coming from?
General Revenue: Capital improvement and/or operating budgets of public agencies as approved by the legislative body and funded with tax revenue.
Trust Funds: Funds created by special taxes (such as gasoline) that can only be used in accordance with the trust guidelines (highway construction).
Bonds: Commercial paper sold in the financial markets.
Banks: Commercial loans secured by an interest in the property.
The proverbial mattress
FinancingFinancing
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Project Life CycleProject Life Cycle
Linear Nature of the Project Life Cycle
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Quality
Schedule
Scope
Risk
Project
Budget
Communication
Interaction
Coordination
The ProjectThe Project
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Cost
Benefits
Consequences
Alternatives
Feasibility AssessmentFeasibility Assessment
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Feasibility AssessmentFeasibility Assessment
• Determination of whether the solution to a problem is suitable, acceptable, and attainable.– Engineering FeasibilityEngineering Feasibility– Economic FeasibilityEconomic Feasibility– Financial FeasibilityFinancial Feasibility– Social and Political FeasibilitySocial and Political Feasibility– Environmental FeasibilityEnvironmental Feasibility
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Feasibility AssessmentFeasibility Assessment
• Engineering Feasibility– The proposed system must be capable
of performing its intended function.– Conventional design analysis procedures
can be used to assess engineering feasibility.
– In addition, the construction or implementation of the system must be possible.
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• Economic Feasibility– A proposed system is economically
feasible if the total value of the benefits that result from the system exceed the costs that result from the system.
– Economic feasibility depends on engineering feasibility because a system must be capable of producing the required output in order to produce benefits.
Feasibility AssessmentFeasibility Assessment
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Feasibility AssessmentFeasibility Assessment
• Financial Feasibility– The owner must have sufficient funds to
pay for project before the proposed system is considered to be financially feasible.
– Financial feasibility may or may not be related to economic feasibility. (fulfill non-economic goals).
– It is also possible that an economically feasible project is financially infeasible because the owner is not able to obtain enough money to implement the system.
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• Social and Political Feasibility– Political and social feasibility is assured if the
required political approval can be obtained and if the potential users of the system will respond favorably to system implementation.
– Usually, political support is gained after evidence of engineering and economic feasibility has been presented. However, political pressure may be quite strong for a specific system even if it is economically infeasible.
– Groups that feel that they are adversely affected often oppose economically feasible systems because non-economic factors have not received sufficient emphasis.
Feasibility Assessment
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Feasibility Assessment
• Environmental Feasibility– It involves the assessment of the environmental
consequences of the proposed system.– Because of the increased societal concern
about potential short and long term influences on the environment, the development and implementation of most engineering systems of any magnitude require formal study of the expected environmental consequences if the project is implemented. This study results in what is known as an environmental impact statement.
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Project Life
• Physical Life– The physical life of a system ends when
it can no longer physically perform its intended function.
– The physical life of a building does not end if the building is converted from a hotel to a museum. Its physical life ends when it can no longer provide shelter or support the loads sustained in the use of the building.
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Project Life
• Economic Life– The economic life of a system ends when the
incremental benefit from continuing operation of the system no longer exceeds the incremental costs of continuing operation.
– This point usually occurs when the annual operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR) costs equal or exceed the annual benefits from the system.
– Since a program of regular maintenance and periodic replacement of worn parts may extend the physical life of a system almost indefinitely, the economic life is usually shorter than the physical life.