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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Application in Construction

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Why automate construction?

Labor efficiency is alarmingly low

Skilled workforce is vanishing

Work quality is low

Control of the construction site is insufficient and difficult

Accident rate at construction sites is high (> 400,000 / year in US)

Waste and trims are high (3 To 7 tons per average home; 40% of all materials used

worldwide are for construction)

Low income housing and emergency shelters are critical

Construction is the largest sector of almost all economies

All other products are fabricated automatically construction is still

largely a manual task

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Construction productivity decline

Labor productivity comparison for non-farm industries and construction industry

developed by Paul Teicholz

ConstructionProductivity index

Non-farm productivity index

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Edisons concrete houses

$175,000 for molds

More than 2000 pieces

500,000 pounds

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Automated construction in Japan

89 single task construction robots

11 different automated construction systems

Concrete Surface Treatment Robot

This robotabsorbsthe waterwhichremainsafterconcretehas beenset.

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Big-Canopy high-rise pre-cast concrete construction system.Used to construct the 26 storey pre-cast concrete 30,726m2Yachiyodai Condominium building in Japan.The system realized a60% reduction in labor requirementsfor the frame erection.

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Form work cost structure

Ties

Wales

Studs

Sheathing

Concrete footing

Brace

Reinforcement

53%

30%

10% 7% Formwork Labor

Concrete Materials

Formwork Materials

Concrete Labor

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

ICF Homes

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Concrete filling

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Insulation

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

SC

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Construction by Contour Crafting

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

What constitutes construction cost?

Portion Due to If Automated by CC

20%-25%Financing Short project length and control of

time to market will dramaticallyreduce this cost

25%-30% Materials Will be a wasteless process

45%-55% Labor Will be significantly reduced

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Cavities made with CC and filled with concrete

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Creating hollow depositions

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Embedding Reinforcement

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

A straight wall builder

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Full scale wall sections

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

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Conventional and CC forms

Form tie

Concrete

form

Tie washer

Sheathing Studs

Wales

Tie rod

Cone Spreader

Tie nut

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Conventional Structure Construction

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AdobestructuresAgeless comfort and beauty

House ofBrojerdiKashan

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Interior of anAdobe houseCalEarth Design

USC

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House made with vaults and domes

Interior of anAdobe houseCalEarth Design

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Ingenious methods

Manual construction of adobe form structures

using clay bricks (Source: Khalili, 2000)A vault structure made of clay bricks

(Source: Khalili, 2000)

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Viterbi School of Engineering .

Free-standing Objects / Industrial parts

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Supportless structures created byCC

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Adobe house Construction

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Extraterrestrial Construction

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Deployable CC

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Lunar Construction

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Road construction