We encourage you to use a framework when writing learn- ing outcomes. Bloom and colleagues (1956) created three learning taxonomies (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor) as a way to understand how learning happens. For example, cognitive complexity can be understood as six levels or processes which lead to greater cognitive complexity. The six processes were reframed in 2001 (Anderson, 2001), but the concept of ordering cognitive complexity remains the foundation of the framework. Bloom’s taxonomy can be particularly useful for develop- ing critical thinking on a topic. The concept of a pyramid is intended to show how cognitive processes build on prior knowledge. Higher order functioning can only occur if there is a foundation. It is recommended that course learn- ing outcomes include more than one of Bloom’s orders, depending on the nature of the course. Constructing Learning Outcomes References Bloom, B. S. (1956).Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I:The Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay Co Inc. Anderson, L.W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds.). (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objec- tives. New York: Longman.