73 Chapter No. – III. Constitutional Provisions and Scheduled Tribes. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. The term scheduled tribes under the constitution 3.3. Constitutional Provisions and Scheduled Tribes. 3.4. Constitutional Guarantees. 3.5. Constitutional Safeguards for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of India. 3.6. Reservation in Services.
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73
Chapter No. – III.
Constitutional Provisions and Scheduled Tribes.
3.1. Introduction.
3.2. The term scheduled tribes under the constitution
3.3. Constitutional Provisions and Scheduled Tribes.
3.4. Constitutional Guarantees.
3.5. Constitutional Safeguards for Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes of India.
3.6. Reservation in Services.
74
Constitution of India 1949
( PREAMBLE )
Preamble – WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly
resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST
SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBPLIC and to secure to all its
citizens :
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote
among them all;
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and
unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUTENT ASSEMBLY this twenty – sixth
day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND
GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
75
Chapter No.-III
Constitutional Provisions and Scheduled Tribes.
3.1. Introduction:
The founding fathers of the constitution Bharatratna Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar were aware of the political, social and economic inequalities,
which existed in the country due to historical reasons. They were aware of
the prevailing miserable and appalling conditions of the scheduled Tribes
who had remained far behind and segregated from national life. It became
imperative, therefore, to adopt a policy of protective discrimination as an
equalizer to those who were too weak to compute with the advance section
of the society in the race of life. The constitutional provisions set fourth a
programs for the reconstruction and transformation of Indian society of a
firm commitment to raise the sunken status of the pathetically neglected and
disadvantages sections of our society.
The provisions visualized by founding fathers of our constitution
reflected their anxiety and emotion to bring the poor tribals at par with
the general social level and into the main stream of Indian political and
socio – economic life.
3.2. The term Scheduled Tribes under the Constitution.
The term, ‘Scheduled Tribes’ is of recent origin which came into
being with the birth of the Republication constitution of India on Jan.,
26,1950. Prior to that scheduled Tribes were variously termed as
“Aboriginals,” “Adivasis,” “Forest tribes,” “Hill Tribes,” and
“Primitive Tribes,” The term tribe came to be used in denotation of a
particular stage of socio-political evolution of a community of people
76
within a given territory and language area upto 1919, they were
included along with other categories of backward classes under the
head of “Depressed classes” should include-
a) criminal and wandering tribes.
b) aboriginal tribes.
c) untouchables.
The need for separating ‘aboriginal tribes’ from ‘Depressed
classes’ was badly realized by Indian French committee in 1919 and
consequently tribals were accorded a separate nomenclature. In 1931
census, the term “Primitive Tribes” was used to specify the tribal
population of India, who were till these termed ‘forest tribes’ or ‘hill
tribes.’ The 1941 census just mentions “tribes” all adjectives for the
first time being dropped to quality the tribes. Today under the
Constitution of India, the tribals are scheduled and are popularly
termed “Scheduled Tribes.”3(51)
Scheduled Tribes:
The term ‘Scheduled Tribes’ first appeared in the Constitution of
India. Article 366 (25) defined Scheduled Tribes as, “ Such tribes or
tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled
Tribes for the purposes of this constitution.”2
Article 342, which is reproduced below, prescribes procedure to
be followed in the matter of specification of scheduled tribes.
Sec. S.11 of Constitution (1st Amendment) Act,1951; S.29 and
Schedule of Constitution (7th Amendment) Act, 1956.
Scheduled Tribes-(Article-342):
1) The president may, after consultation with the Governor or
Rajpramukh of a State, by public notification, specify the tribes or
77
tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal
communities which shall for the purpose of this Constitution be
deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State.
2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of
Scheduled Tribes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any
tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal
community, but save a aforesaid notification issued under the said
clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.
Thus the first specification of Scheduled Tribes in relation to a
particular state/ union territory is by a notified order of the President,
after consultation with the State Governments concerned. These orders
can be modified subsequently only through an Act of Parliament.
Above Article also provides for listing of scheduled tribes State /
Union Territory wise and not on an all India basis.
3.3. Constitutional Provisions and Scheduled Tribes.
Article 46 Promotion of educational and economic
interests of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes
and other weaker sections: - the state shall
promote with special care the educational and
economic interest of the weaker sections of the
people, and in particular of the scheduled castes
and the scheduled tribes and shall protect them
from social injustice and all forms of
exploitation.4(15)
Article 244 The scheduled and Tribal areas
78
Administration of scheduled areas and Tribal
areas: - 1) The provisions of the fifth schedule
shall apply to the administration and control of
the scheduled areas and scheduled tribes in any
state specified in part ‘A’ or ‘B’ of the first
schedule other than the state of Assam.
2) The provisions of the sixth schedule shall
apply to the administration of the tribal areas in
the state of Assam.5(82)
Article 330 Special provisions relating to certain classes-
Reservation of seats of scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes in the house of the people-
1) Seats shall be reserved in the house of the
people for –
a) The schedule caste.
b) The scheduled Tribes except scheduled tribes
in the tribal areas of Assam.
c) The scheduled tribes in the autonomous
districts of Assam.
2) The number of seats reserved in any state for
the scheduled castes or the scheduled tribes
under clause [I] shall bear, as nearly as may be,
the same proportion to the total number of
seats allotted to that state in the house of the
people as the population of the scheduled castes
in the state or of the scheduled tribes in the state
79
or part of the state, as the case may be, in
respect of which seats are so reserved, bears to
the total population of the state.6(114)
Article 332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies
of the state:--
1) Seats shall be reserved for the scheduled
castes and the scheduled tribes, except the
scheduled tribes in the tribunal areas of Assam,
in the Legislative Assembly of Every state
specified in part ‘A’ or part ‘B’ of the first
schedule.
2) Seats shall be reserved also for the
autonomous districts in the legislative Assembly
of the state of Assam.
3) The number of seats reserved for the
scheduled caste or Scheduled Tribes in the
legislative Assembly of any state under clause
[I] shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same
proportion to the total number of Seats in
Assembly as the population of The Scheduled
Castes in the state or of the Scheduled Tribes in
the state or part of the State, as the case may be,
in respect of Which seats are so reserved, bears
to the Total population of the state.
4) The number of seats reserved for an
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autonomous district in the legislative Assembly
of the state of Assam shall bear to the total
number of seats in that Assembly proportion not
less than the population of the district bears to
the total population of the state.
5) The constitution for the seats reserved for any
autonomous district of Assam shall not comprise
any area outside that district except in the case
of the constituency comprising the cantonment
and municipality.
6) No person who is not a member of
Scheduled Tribes of any autonomous District of
the state of Assam shall be Eligible for election
to the legislative Assembly of the state from any
constituency of that district except from the
Constituency comprising the cantonment and
municipality of shillong.7(114, 115)
Article 334 Reservation of seats and special representation
to cease after ten years- Not with standing any
thing in the foregoing provisions of this part, the
provisions of this Constitution relating to-
a) The reservation of seats for the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the
People and in the Legislative Assemblies of the
States; and
b) The representation of the Anglo – Indian
81
community in the House of the People and in
the Legislative Assemblies of the States by
nomination; shall cease to have effect on the
expiration of a period of ten years from the
commencement of this Constitution:
Provided that nothing in this article shall affect
any representation in the House of the People or
in the Legislative Assembly of a State until the
dissolution of the then existing House or
Assembly, as the case may be.7(115)
Article 335 Claims of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
to services and posts:- The claims of the
members of the scheduled castes and the
scheduled tribes shall be taken into
consideration, consistently with the maintenance
of efficiency of administration, in the making of
appointments to services and posts in connection
with the affairs of the union or of a state.8(116)
Article 338 Special officer for Scheduled Caste, Scheduled
Tribes etc:-
1] There shall be a special officer for the
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes to be
appointed by the president.
2) It shall be the duty of the special officer to
investigate all matters relating to the safeguards
provided for the Scheduled Castes and
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Scheduled Tribes under this Constitution and
report to the president upon the working of those
safeguards at such intervals as the president may
direct and the president shall cause all such
Reports to be laid before each house of
Parliament.
3) In this article, references to the Scheduled
Caste and Scheduled Tribes shall be construed
as including references to such other backward
classes as the president may, on receipt of the
report of a commission appointed under clause
[I] of article 340, by order specify and also to
the Anglo Indian community.9(116,117).
Article 339 Control of the union over the Administration of
Scheduled Areas and the Welfare of Scheduled
Caste and Scheduled Tribes:-
1) The president may at any time and shall at the
expiration of ten years from the commencement
of this constitution by order appoint a
commission to report on the administration of
the scheduled areas and the welfare of the
Scheduled Tribes in the states specified in part
A and B of the first schedule.
The order may define the composition,
powers and procedure of the commission and
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may contain such incidental or ancillary
provisions as the president may consider
necessary or desirable.
2) The executive power of the union shall
extend to the giving of directions to any such
state as to the drawing up and execution of
schemes specified in the direction to be
essential for the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes
in the State. 9(117).
Article 340 Appointment of a commission to investigate the
condition of backward classes:-
1) The president may by order appoint a
commission consisting of such persons as he
thinks fit to investigate the conditions of socially
and educationally backward classes within the
territory of India and the difficulties under
which they labour and to make
recommendations as to the steps that should be
taken by the union or any state to remove such
difficulties and to improve their condition and as
to the grants that should be made for the purpose
by the union or any state and the conditions
subject to which such grants should be made,
and the order appointing such commission shall
define the procedure to be followed by the
commission.
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2) A commission so appointed shall investigate
the matters referred to them and present to the
president a report setting out the facts as found
by them and making such recommendations as
they think proper.
3) The president shall cause a copy of the report
so presented together with a memorandum
explaining the action taken thereon to be laid
before each house of parliament.9(117).
Article
341
Scheduled Castes:-
1) The president may, after consultation with the
Government or Rajpramukh of a state, by public
notification, specify the castes, races or tribes or
parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes
which shall for the purpose of this constitution
be deemed to be scheduled castes in relation to
that state.
2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude
from the list of scheduled castes specified in a
notification issued under clause [i] any caste,
race or tribe, but save as aforesaid a notification
issued under the said clause shall not be varied
by any subsequent notification.10(117, 118).
342 Scheduled Tribes:-
1)The president may, after consultation with the
85
Governor or Rajpramukh of a state, by public
notification specify the tribes or tribal
communities or parts of or groups within tribes
or tribal communities which shall for the
purposes of this constitution be deemed to be
scheduled tribes in relation to that state.
2) parliament may by law include in or exclude
from the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in a
notification issued under clause [i] any tribe or
tribal community or part of or group within any
tribe or tribal community, but save a aforesaid a
notification issued under the said clause shall
not be varied by any subsequent
notification.10(118)
3.4- Constitutional Guarantees: --
For the protection, socio-economic and political development
of scheduled Tribes, the constitution of India guarantees:-
A. Social:
Article 14 Equality before law.
Article 15(4) The state to make special provisions for the
advancement of any socially and educationally
backward classes of citizens or for the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes .
Article 16 Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters
relating to employment or appointment to any
86
office under the state.
16(4A) The state to make provisions in matters of
promotion to any class or classes of posts in the
services in favour of the Scheduled Castes and
the Scheduled Tribes.
Article 338 A national commission for Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribes to investigate, monitor
and evaluate all matters relating to the
constitutional safeguards provided for the
Scheduled castes and the Scheduled Tribes
in the states.
Article 339 Appointment of a Commission to report on the
administration of the Scheduled Areas and the
welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in the states.
Article 340 Appointment of a commission to investigate the
conditions of socially and educationally
backward classes and the difficulties under
which they labour and to make
recommendations to remove such difficulties
and to improve their conditions.
Article 342 To specify the tribes or tribal communities to be
scheduled tribes.2
B *Economic:
Article 46 The state to promote with special care the
educational and economic interest of the weaker
sections of the people, and in particular, of the
87
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and
protect them from social injustice and all forms
of exploitation.
Article 275[i] Grant-in-aid from the consolidated fund of India
each year for promoting the welfare of
Scheduled Tribes and administration of
Scheduled Areas.
Article 335 The claims of the members of the Scheduled
Tribes in the appointment to services and posts
in connection with the affairs of the union or of
a state to be taken into consideration consistent
with the maintenance of efficiency of
administration.
C *Political:
Article 244(c) Through the fifth Scheduled the administration
and control of Scheduled Areas and the
Scheduled Tribes in any state, other than the
states of Assam Meghalaya, Tripura and
Mizoram by ensuring submission of Annual
Report by the Governors to the president of
India regarding the Administration of the
Scheduled Areas and setting up of a Tribal
Advisory council to advise on such matters
pertaining to the welfare and advancement of the
Scheduled Tribes.
Article 244(21) Special provisions through the sixth scheduled
88
for the administration of Tribal Areas in the
states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and
Mizoram by designating certain Tribal Areas as
Autonomous Districts and Autonomous
Councils and Regional Council.
Article 330 Reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes
and the Scheduled Tribes in the house of the
people.
Article 332 Reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes
and the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative
Assemblies of the state.
Article 243-D Reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes
and the Scheduled Tribes in every Panchayat.
Extention of the 73rd and 74th Amendments
of the constitution to the Scheduled Areas –
through the Panchayat (Extension to the
Scheduled Areas) Act 1956- to ensure effective
participation of the tribals in the process of
planning and decision making.2
3.5. Constitutional Safeguards for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes of India.
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, according to the
1981 census, about 23.51 per cent of the total population of the country
excluding Assam. Their habitation are generally scattered in parts of
villages or small villages all over the country. It is a category, which
comprises a number of communities hierarchically ranked. They are
89
economically dependent, educationally backward and socially the
worst sufferers. Due to this spirit apart from various constitutional
safeguards a number of voluntary organizations started providing
various facilities for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for their
upliftment.
Undoubtedly the efforts were directed towards the formation of a
social structure based on socialism, democracy, social justice and
egalitarian values. However, the outcome of all these efforts was not
as desired. Even after a period of forty-one years of our independence,
it is now widely being experienced that caste discrimination, traditional
disabilities and intimidation of weaker sections by the caste Hindus are
still going on although their nature and expression are modified. It is,
therefore, necessary to first visualize, in short, the constitutional
safeguards and welfare measures provided to the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes and then to evaluate the extent of success achieved
due to these efforts, while the constitution has prescribed certain
protective measures and safeguards for these classes, the successive
five year plans have regarded their progress as a major objective of
national policy’s.12(57)
*Constitutional Safeguards:
The constitution prescribes protection and safeguards for the
scheduled castes and scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections
either specially or by the way of insisting on their general rights as
citizens with the objects of promoting their educational and economic
interests and of removing the social disabilities. The main safeguards
are:
90
1) The abolition of ‘untouchability’ and forbidding of its practice in
any form (Article 17).
2) The promotion of their educational and economic interests and
their protection from social injustice and all forms of exploitation
(Article 47).
3) The throwing open by law of Hindu religious institutions of a
public character to all classes and sections of Hindus (Article 25b).
4) The removal of any disability, restriction or condition with regard
to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public
entertainment or the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and
places of public resorts maintained wholly or partially out of state
funds or dedicated to the use of the general public [Article15 (2)].
5) The curtailment by law in the interest of any scheduled tribes of
the general rights of all citizens to move freely, settle in and
acquire properly [Article 19 (5)].
6) The forbidding or any denial of admission to educational
institutions maintained by the sate or receiving and out of state
funds [Article29 (2)].
7) Permitting the state to make reservation for the backward classes
in public services in case of inadequate representations and
requiring the state to consider the claims of the Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes in the making of appointments to public
services (Article 16 and 335).
8) Special representation in the Lok Sabha and State Vidhan Sabhas
to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes till 25th –Jan.-1990.
(Article 330, 332 and 334).
91
9) The setting up of tribes advisory councils and separate
departments in the states and the appointment of a special officer
at the center to promote their welfare and safeguard their interest
(Articles 164 and 338 and fifth schedule).
10) Special provision for the administration and control of scheduled
and tribal areas (Article 244 and fifth and sixth scheduled). 11) Prohibition of traffic in human being and forced labour (Article
23).13(58)
3.6. Reservation in Services:
Article 335 of the constitution provides that the claims of the
members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes shall be taken in to
consideration, consistent with the maintenance of efficiency of
administration, in making appointment to posts and services in
connection with the affairs of the union or of a state. Article 16(4)
permits reservation in favour of citizens of backward classes, who may
not be adequately represented in services. In pursuance of these
Provisions, the government has made reservations for scheduled castes
and scheduled tribes in the services under their control.
For the scheduled castes, reservation is 15% of the vacancies for
which recruitment is made by open competition of all India basis and
16 2/3% of the vacancies to which recruitment is made on all India
basis otherwise than by open competition. For the Scheduled Tribes
the reservation is 7.5% in both cases.
Reservation in direct recruitment to Group C and D posts, which
normally attract candidates from a locality or region, is fixed in
92
proportion to population of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes
in the respective states and Union Territories.
Reservation is also made at 15% of the vacancies for the
Scheduled Castes and 7.5% for the Scheduled Tribes in promotion on
the result of the competitive examinations limited to departmental
candidates in Group B, C and D and in promotion by selection in
Group B, C and D and to the lowest rung of Group A in grades or
services to which direct recruitment, if any, does not exceed 66.2/3%.
Reservation had been provided for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes in promotion on the basis of seniority subject to fitness in Group
A, B, C and D posts in grades or services to which direct recruitment if
any, does not exceed 66 2/3%.
A number of recommendations were made regarding relaxation
of standards of suitability in posts by direct recruitment as well as
promotion on the posts of departmental examinations. The Government
has accepted following recommendations.
A) Scheduled Tribe candidates should not be compared in merit with
general candidates,
B) Lower minimum standard should be fixed for Scheduled Tribes in
examination for direct recruitment,
C) Relaxed standard should be applied for promotions/ confirmation
and in the Departmental Qualifying Examinations, which are
prescribed as the criteria for fitness of the candidates in respect of
promotions on the basis of seniority subject to fitness as well as on
the basis of selection.
The benefits of employment have also been extended to
Scheduled Tribe candidates in public Sector Undertakings. In the
93
matter of application of the scheme of reservation in the case of Public
Sector undertakings, the Government has accepted the following
recommendations of the Commissioner.
A) Introduction of reservation in posts and services under the Public
Sector Undertakings.
B) Appointment of Liaison officers in the Public Sector Undertakings.
C) Issue of a comprehensive draft directive by the Bureau of Public
Enterprise.
D) To implement reservation orders for Scheduled Tribes in
Apprenticeship Scheme.
E) Introduction of reservation in posts filled by promotion in the face
of opposition by the labour unions.
F) Opening of Scheduled Tribes Cells in the Public Sector
Undertakings.
G) Adoption of all instructions issued by the Government of India in
the matter of reservation and other concessions etc. for Scheduled
Tribes in the services under the Public Sector Undertakings.
H) To conduct training courses for fresh graduates belonging to
Scheduled Tribes candidates having aptitude and flair of
stenography.
I) Reduction of the amount of surety bonds in favour of Scheduled
Tribes candidates at the time of entry into service.
J) Associating of senior Scheduled Tribe officers in the meetings of
the D. P. C. / Selection Boards.
K) Preparation of a larger panel of Scheduled Tribe candidates so that
in the event of a person declining the offer the next man on the
panel could be offered the post.
94
The representation of Scheduled Tribes in Central Government
service as on 1st January 1983.
Table No.-3.1
Scheduled Tribes representation in Central Government.
Groups (Class) No. of Employees
Scheduled Tribes
% of Scheduled
Tribes to total A (Class I) 53,165 761 1.43
B (Class II ) 62,600 922 1.47
C ( Class III ) 21,28,746 88,149 4.14
D (Class IV )
(excluding
sweepers)
13,03,005 71,812 5.51
Total 35,47,516 1,61,644 4.56
All India services
IAS
IPS
4,236
2,198
181
77
4.27
3.50
(Source:-Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes of India, 1994, P.68)
II) Administration of Scheduled and Tribal areas.
III) Welfare and Advisory Agencies.
IV) Parliamentary Committee.
V) Welfare Departments in States.
VI) Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes in Educational and Technical Institutions.
VII) Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes candidates in Post Graduate Classes.
VIII) Removal of Untouchability.
95
IX) Voluntary Organizations.
X) Welfare Schemes.
XI) Coaching and allied schemes for Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribe Candidates.
XII) Post - matric scholarships for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes students.
XIII) Girls Hostels Scheme for Scheduled Castes.
XIV) Research and Training.
XV) Book Bank Scheme for S.C and Scheduled Tribe Students.
XVI) Pre – Matric Scholarship.
XVII) Special Central Assistance, etc.2
In this way efforts are put in relation to the above topic to dot
down the articles mentioned in the Indian constituion for the economic,
social, cultural and political development of Scheduled Tribes. In the
next topic efforts are made to study the social condition, cultural life
and economic status of the Scheduled Tribes. And the magnitude of
their development in the respective fields in the present era.
References:
1. Gomango Giridhar, “Consitutional Provisions for the Scheduled
Caste and the Scheduled Tribes,” Himalaya Publishing House,
Girgaon Mumbai, (1992).
2. http://tribal.nic.in/chapter1.html
3. Mehata P.L., “Constitutional Protection to Scheduled Tribes in
India,” [Retrospect and prospect], H.K. Publishers and Distributors,
Delhi, (1991), P.51.
96
4. Mehata S.M., “Constitution of India and Amendment Acts,” Deep
and Deep publications, New Delhi, (1990), P.15.
5. Ibid, P.82.
6. Ibid, P.114.
7. Ibid, P.115.
8. Ibid, P.116.
9. Ibid, P. 116,117.
10.Ibid, P. 117, 118.
11.“The Constitution of India,” published by Government of India with
Government of Maharashtra, (1988), (marathi edition).
12. Upadhyay H.C., “Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Teibes in India,”
Anmol publications, New Dehli, (1991), P.57.
13. Ibid. P.58.
97
Topic No. IV.
Social and Economical Development of Scheduled Tribes in
Thane District.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2. An overview / development of Scheduled Tribes.
4.3. The setting.
4.4 Material culture / social development.
4.5. The constitution of India guarantees for the protection, social
development of Scheduled Tribes.
4.6. Political development.
4.7. The constitution of India guarantees for the protection, political
development of Scheduled Tribes.
4.8. Economic development.
4.9. Economic life and Concept of economic development.
4.10. The constitution of India guarantees for the protection,
economical development of Scheduled Tribes.
4.11. Landholding pattern.
4.12. Decadal variation in Scheduled Tribes population.
4.13. Sex Ratio of Scheduled Tribes by tahsil for total
Rural and urban.
4.14. Education / literacy of tribal and non-tribal students in Thane
district.
4.15. Tribal households in below poverty line.
98
Chapter No. IV.
Social and Economical Development of Scheduled Tribes in
Thane District.
4.1. Introduction:
This chapter highlights, on the meaning of development, the
constitution of India guarantees for the protection, Social, Economical
and Political development of Scheduled Tribes, Social and economical
life of scheduled tribes, landholding pattern, education, literacy,
income sources, expenditure pattern etc. among Scheduled Tribes in
Thane district.
The Tribals constitute a significant portion of the population.
Development of an economy is positively related to the tribals – their
social, cultural and the economic development. Social and economic
developments are interlinked. Social conditions and customs naturally
affect the economic conditions and vice-versa. If there is an importance
to the social condition it is bound to have a good effect on the
economic conditions. The researchers have tried to explain how Tribal
Development is a serious impediment to an individual growth and to
social and economic development of the nation.
In the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America,
development requires social and cultural change as well as economic
growth, which have a reciprocal relationship. Hence development
means change plus growth. From this point of view development of
persons – men or women – in turn means awareness. Awareness
includes self-awareness, awareness of what is going on within and of
the world around us, awareness of our own feelings and needs,
awareness of the impact that the world around us has on us, and the
99
impact that we have or could have on the world, and in this inter-action
of the world as well as house blocking growth.1(25).
4.2. Development of Scheduled Tribes- An overview:
Scheduled Tribes are designated by several popular names like