consti law 1 syllabus

University of the Philippines COLLEGE OF LAW Diliman, Quezon City Law 121 Constitutional Law I First Semester, AY 2013-2014 Prof. Gwen Grecia-de Vera

*Optional reading. **May be read as excerpts in V.V. Mendoza, JUDICIAL REVIEW OF CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS: CASES AND MATERIALS. I. Constituent Power and Constitutional Interpretation

A. Popular sovereignty and its collective powers 1. 2. 3. 4.

Constituent power Electoral power Legislative power through initiative and referendum Power of Recall

B. Amending or Revision Process 1. In general Del Rosario v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 367 Imbong v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 28* Lambino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006 Santiago v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 127325, March 19, 1997* 2. Proposals a. By congress as Constituent Assembly Almario v. Alba, 127 SCRA 69* Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 Occena v. Commission, 104 SCRA 1 Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774 b. By Constitutional Convention Tan v. Macapagal, 43 SCRA 677 c. By Peoples Initiative Lambino v. COMELEC, supra. Santiago v. COMELEC, supra. d. By the President during Emergency Sanidad v. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 33 3. Submission of Proposed Amendments 1

BLOCK A

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Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 Planas v. COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105* UNIDO vs. COMELEC, 104 SCRA 17* 4. Ratification Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30* C. Constitutional Interpretation Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284 Francisco, Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol, 415 SCRA 44, 126-129 Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, 267 SCRA 408

II. Three Departments of Government

A. 1.

CONGRESS Composition, Qualifications, and Term of Office

a. b.

Senate - Art. VI, 2-4 House of Representatives - Art. VI, 5-8; Art. IX-C, 6-8; Art. XVIII, 7 Dimaporo v. Mitra, 202 SCRA 779

i. Apportionment and Reapportionment

2.

Bagabuyo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 176970, July 16, 2008 Aquino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 189793, April 7, 2010 Mariano v. COMELEC, 240 SCRA 211* Aquino v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400* ii. Party List Representatives See Republic Act No. 7941 Atong Paglaum, Inc. v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 203766, April 2, 2013 Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT) v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 179271, April 21, 2009, Resolution dated July 8, 2009 Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. COMELEC, G.R. 190582, April 8, 2010

Election

a. b.

Regular election - Art. VI, 8 Special election - Art. VI, 9

3. Salaries, Privileges and Disqualification a. Salaries Art. VI, 10

4.

PHILCONSA v. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300* Ligot v. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823*

b. Freedom from arrest Art. VI, 11, Revised Penal Code, Art. 145

Martinez v. Morfe, 44 SCRA 22 People v. Jalosjos, G.R. Nos. 132875-76, February 3, 2000

c. Speech and Debate Clause Art. VI, 11 Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876 Pobre v. Defensor-Santiago, A.C. No. 7399, August 25, 2009

d. Disqualifications and other prohibitions Art. VI, 13-14 Flores v. Drilon, 223 SCRA 563 Liban v. Gordon, G.R. 175352, January 18, 2011

e. Duty to disclose Art. VI, 12 and 20, Art. XI, 17 Internal Government of Congress Art. VI, 16

a. Election of Officers Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, November 18, 1998

b. Quorum Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17

c. Rules of proceedings Osmena v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863* Pacete v. Secretary of Commission of Appointments, 40 SCRA 58* Arroyo v. De Venecia, August 14, 1997 Garcillano v. House of Representatives Committees on Public Information, Public Order and Safety, 575 SCRA 170 (on the publication of rules and declaration that the E- Commerce Act of 2000 does not make the Internet a medium for publishing laws, rules and regulations)

d. Power over members and right to sit Vera v. Avelino, 77 Phil 193*

e. Discipline of members Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil. 83* Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, April 19, 2001* De Venecia v. Sandiganbayan, February 2, 2002 (Resolution)*

f. Sessions Art. VI, 15 and 16(5); Art. VII, 10-11 and 18 (par. 2)

5.

g. Journal and Congressional Records Art. Vi, 16 (4) See discussion under legislative power Powers of Congress 3

a. Police power U.S. v. Pompeya, 31 Phil. 245* Lao Ichong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155* Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 People v. Siton, 600 SCRA 476* Ermita-Malate Motel and Motel Operators Assn. v. City Mayor, 20 SCRA 849

b. General plenary powers Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29, at 45-46

c. Legislative power (i) Substantive imitations

>Express substantive limitations Art. III; Art. VI, 25 and 28; Art. XIV4(3); Art. VI, 29-31 >Implied substantive limitations Prohibition against delegation of legislative powers

Criterion of valid delegation ABAKADA Guro Partylist v. Executive Secretary, 469 SCRA 14 U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil. 6* Solicitor General v. MMA, 204 SCRA 837* Undue delegation of legislative power Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 596 Proper delegation

o o o o o

(1) By express authority of the Constitution Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 210 SCRA 256 (2) Delegation to the President Art. VI, 23(2) Biraogo v. The Philippine Truth Commission, G.R. No. 192935, December 7, 2010 (3) Delegation to local governments Art. X, 2-3 Gancayco v. City Government of Quezon City, G.R. No. 177807, October 11, 2011* Social Justice Society (SJS) v. Atienza, G.R. No. 156052, February 13, 2008 (4) Delegation of power to carry out defined policy according to prescribed standards Edu v. Ericta, October 24, 1970* Osmena v. Orbos, 220 SCRA 703 (5) Promulgation of rules and regulations

Prohibition against passage of irrepealable laws 4

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(ii) Procedural limitations Art. VI, 26-27

d. Question hour Art. VI, 22 e. Legislative investigations Art. VI, 21

Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29; 97 Phil 358 Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767* Senate v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006 Senate v. Madajucon, Romero v. Estrada, April 2, 2009

f. Act as board of canvassers for Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Art. VII, 4, par. 4

g. Call special election for President and Vice-President Art. VII, 10 h. Revoke or extend suspension of privilege of habeas corpus and declaration of martial

law Art. VII, 18

i. j. l.

Approve presidential amnesties Art. VII, 19 Confirm certain appointments Art. VIII, 9 (by Congress; Id. 16 by the Commission on Appointments) Daza vs. Singson, 180 SCRA 496* Coseteng vs. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377* Guingona vs. Gonzalez, 214 SCRA 789 * Concur in treaties - Art. VII, 21 (through the Senate)

6.

Sombilon v. Romulo, February 1, 2009 m. Declaration of war and delegation of emergency powers Art. VI, 23 n. Be judge of presidents physical fitness Art. VII, 11 (par. 4) o. Power of impeachment Art. XI, 2-3 p. Amendment or revision of the Constitution Art. XVII

The Legislative Process a. Requirements as to bills

(i) (ii)

As to title Review BANAT Partylist v. COMELEC, supra. Lidasan v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 496 Requirements as to certain laws

Appropriation laws

Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221 Power of taxation and requirement as to tax laws Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

First Lepanto Ceramic v. Court of Appeals, 237 SCRA 519* b. Procedure for the passage of bills c. The Presidents veto power

Bolinao Electronics Corp. v. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486 Gonzales v. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452 Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506

d. Legislative veto Macalintal v. COMELEC, 405 SCRA 719

e. Effectivity of laws

f. Journal and Congressional Records Review Mabanag v. Lopez Vito on the enrolled bill doctrine See dissenting of J. Puno in Arroyo v. De Venecia, supra. Casco (Phil.) Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714* Morales v. Subido, 27 SCRA 131*

7. B.

Electoral Tribunal EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

1. The President

a. Singular Executive Villena v. Secretary, 67 Phil. 451* Ang-Angco v. Castillo, 9 SCRA 619* b. Qualifications, election, term and oath - Art. VII, 2, 4 and 5 Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, June 7, 2001 c. Privilege and salary - Art. VII, 6 d. Prohibitions - Art. VII, 13 Funa v. Ermita, G.R. No. 184740, February 11, 2010 e. Exceptions to prohibition from holding another office 6

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(Vice-President as member of the cabinet; Secretary of Justice as member of the Judicial and Bar Council) CLU v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 Dela Cruz v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 138489, November 29, 2001

2. Powers and Functions of the President

a. Executive Power

(i) Power to execute laws Art. VII, 1 and 17

Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141

(ii) Control and supervision over the executive branch of the government - Art. VII, 17

Lacson-Magallanes Co., Inc. v. Pano, 21 SCRA 895 Buklod ng Kawaning EIIB v. Executive Secretary, 360 SCRA 718 Pichay v. Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary for Legal Affairs, G.R. No. 196425, July 24, 2012

(iii)General supervision of local governments and autonomous regions - Art. X, 4, 16

Pimentel v. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201* Ganzon v. Court of Appeals, 200 SCRA 271*

(iv)Power of appointment

With consent of Commission on Appointments Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 Bautista v. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160* Quintos-Deles v. Commission on Appointments, 177 SCRA 254* Manalo v. Sistoza, August 11, 1999

Limitations on appointing power of the President - Art. VII, 13 and 15 Aytona v. Castillo, 4 SCRA 1* Jorge v. Mayor, 10 SCRA 331* Quisimbing v. Tajanglangit, 10 SCRA 446*

Interim or recess appointments Art. VI, 19 Art. VII, 16

Temporary designations Administrative Code of 1987, Bk. III, 17

b. Powers over Legislation

(i) Veto

(ii) Delegated decree authority Emergency powers - Art. VI, 23(2) Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 368 Review concept of emergency in David v. Arroyo, supra. (iii) Integrative powers

c. Special Powers -

(i) Powers as Commander-in-Chief - Art. VII, 18; Art. III, 13; Art. VIII, 1, par. 2

Gudani & Balutan v. Senga, G.R. No. 170165, August 15, 2006 Lansang v. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 Burgos v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 183712, July 5, 2011 IBP v. Zamora, infra. Lacson v. Perez, 357 SCRA 756 Sanlakas v. Angelo Reyes, G.R. No. 159085, February 3, 2004 David v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, infra. Datu Zaldy Uy Ampatuan, et al. v. Hon. Ronaldo Puno, et al., G.R. No. 190259, June 7, 2011

(ii) Executive clemencies Art. VII, 19 Art. IX-C, 5

(iii) Diplomatic powers Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans - Art. VII, 20; Art. XII, 21; Rep. Act No. 4860 Power over foreign affairs Recognition of foreign states Conduct of foreign relations Pimentel vs. Office of Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158088, July 6, 2005 Phil. International Trading Corp. vs. Angeles, 263 SCRA 421 Settlement of disputes with foreign powers Treaty-making - Art. VII, 21 Executive Agreements BAYAN vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. no. 138570, October 10, 2000. See J. Punos Dissenting Opinion 8

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Negotiate Province of North Cotabato v. GRP, 568 SCRA 402

Deportation of undesirable aliens d. Residual Power Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668; 178 SCRA 760

3. Prohibitions and Immunity

(i) (ii)

Immunity from suit In re Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 Beltran vs. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393 Nixon vs. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731* Clinton vs. Jones, 117 S. Ct. 1636* Executive Privilege

Neri vs. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations (Blue Ribbon Committee), G.R. No. 180643, March 25, 2008; Read CJ Punos Dissenting Opinion AKBAYAN v. Aquino, G.R. No. 170516, July 16, 2008 4. Succession

Constructive Resignation Estrada vs. Desierto, 353 SCRA 108; Resolution on the Motion for Reconsideration, 356 SCRA 108 The Vice President - Art. VII, 3-5, 6 and 9; Art. XI, 2-3 Right of succession and membership in Cabinet - Art. VII, 8, 11, and 3, par. 2 Estrada v. Arroyo, 353 SCRA 452, 356 SCRA 108 5. Removal

C. JUDICIARY

1. Judicial Power Art. VIII, section 1 All courts can exercise judicial power Ynot v. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 2. Supreme Court

a. Jurisdiction - Article 8, 5(2)(d)

b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l.

Congressional Power over the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court - Art. VIII, 2, par.1, Art. VI, 30 En banc vs. Division - Art. VIII, 4 Manotok v. Barque, G.R. Nos. 162335 and 162605, December 8, 2008 Composition - Art. VIII, 4 Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil 297 * De Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, March 17, 2010 and April 20, 2010 Judicial and Bar Council: Appointments and Qualifications Art. VIII, 7(1), 8, 9 Chavez v. JBC, G.R. No. 202242, July 17, 2012 Salary Art. VIII 10; Art XVIII 17 Security of Tenure Art. VIII 2, par.2 and 11 De la Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294 Removal - Art. VIII, 11; Art. XI, 2 Requirements as to Decisions Art. VIII, 13-14 Oil & Gas Nature Corporation v. CA, 315 SCRA 296, at 307-308 Mandatory period for deciding cases Art. VIII 15; Art. VII, 18 par. 3; Art. XVIII, 12-14 Presidential Electoral Tribunal Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, June 7, 2011 Administrative powers Art. VIII, 5 (3) (4) (6) and 11 1. Supervision of lower courts Maceda v. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464 In re Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001 2. Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest 3. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice 4. Appointment of officials and employees of the entire judiciary

of 5. Promulgate rules concerning the enforcement and protection constitutional rights

6. Promulgate rules concerning pleading, practice and procedure 7. Admission to the practice of law 8. Integration of the bar 9. Legal assistance to the underprivileged

m. No quasi-judicial and administrative work for judges -Art. VIII, 12 Manila Electric Co. v. Pasay Trans Co., 57 Phil. 600 In re Judge Rodolfo Manzano, 166 SCRA 246

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n. o. p.

Fiscal autonomy Report on the Judiciary Art. VIII, 16 Automatic release of appropriation for the Judiciary Art. VIII, 3.

III. Judicial Review A. Definition, Nature, Principles Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137** Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139** B. Justiciable and Political Question Avelino v. Cuenco, supra. Miranda v. Aguirre, 314 SCRA 603 C. Requisites of Judicial Review

David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006

1. Actual Case or Controversy a. Prematurity b. Mootness vs. Ripeness David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, supra. Gonzales v. Narvasa, 337 SCRA 733 c. Exceptions to the Mootness rule David, et al. v. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, supra.

2. Earliest Opportunity ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation v. Phil. Multi-Media Inc., G.R. No. 175769, January 19, 2009 Serrano v. Gallant Maritime Services Inc., G.R. No. 167614, March 24, 2009

3. Standing of a Party David, et al. vs. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, supra. 1. Standing vs. Real-Party-in-Interest 2. Types of Standing a. Citizen b. Associational IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000** c. Taxpayers ITF v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 159139, January 13, 2004 Jumamil v. Cafe, G.R. No. 144570, September 2005 d. Voters 11

e. Legislative f. Governmental

g. Standing jus tertii 4. Constitutionality is the very lis mota of the case Arceta v. Mangrobang, G.R. No. 152895, June 15, 2004 Yap v. Thenamaris Ships Management and Intermare Maritime Agencies, Inc., G.R. No. 179532, May 30, 2011 Barangay Captain Beda Torrecampo v. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, et al., G.R. No. 188296, May 30, 2011

5. Effect of Declaration of Unconstitutionality Planters Products Inc. v. Fertiphil Corporation, G.R. No. 166006, March 14, 2008

IV. The Constitutional Commissions A. Civil Service Commission 1. Scope of the civil service - Art. IX-B, 2(1); Art. XII, 16 a. Terms and conditions of employment in the Civil Service (1) Oath of allegiance - Art. IX-B, 4; Art. XI, 18 (2) Merit System a. Appointment of lameducks b. Ban on partisan political activities - Art. IX-B, 7; Art. VII, 13; Art. VI, 13; Art. VIII, 8(1)(3) and (12); Art. IX-A, 2 CLU v. Executive Secretary, supra. Flores v. Drilon, supra. (3) Standardization of pay and ban on double compensation Art. IX-B, 5 and 8 Revs. Adm. Code of 1987, 17(2) (4) Ban on partisan political activities - Art. IX-B, 2(4) Compare with Art. XVI, 5(3) as to members of the AFP (5) Removal or suspension only for cause - Art. IX-B, 2(3)

(6) Right of self-organization - Art. III, 8; Art. IX-B, 2(5) (7) Right to strike 2. Review of decisions of the CSC - Art. IX-A, 7 12

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3. Fiscal autonomy - Art. IX-A, 5

B. Commission on Elections See Macalintal v. COMELEC, supra.

1. Composition and qualifications of Commissioners - Art. IX-C, 1(1); Art. VII, 13, par. 2 See Cayetano v. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210

2. Appointment and term of office of Commissioners; Rule against reappointment - Art. IX, 1(2) Brillantes v. Yorac, 192 SCRA 358 *

3. Powers and functions of the COMELEC - Art. IX-C, 2

Enforce election laws - Art. IX-C, 2(1)

Decide administrative questions pertaining to election, except the right to vote

Petition for inclusion and exclusion of voters - Art. IX-C, 2(6)

Prosecute election law violators - Art. IX-C, 2(6)

Recommend pardon, amnesty, parole or suspension of sentence of election law violators - Art. IX-C, 5

Deputize law enforcement agents and recommend their removal - Art. IX-C, 2(4)(8) Tan v. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 353*

Registration of political parties, organizations and coalitions and accreditation of citizens arms - Art. IX-C, 2(5)

Registration under party-list system - Art. IX-C, 6-8; Art. VI, 5(2); Art. XVIII, 7

Regulation of public utilities and media information - Art. IX, 4 and 9

Decide election contests - Art. IX-C, 2(2) and (3); RA. 7166, 22

4. Rule-making - Art. IX-A, 6; Art. IX-C, 3

5. Other functions - Art. IX-A, 8

6. Act as National Board of Canvassers for senators

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7. Review of COMELEC decisions, orders and resolutions- Art. IX-C, 2(2); Art. IX- A, 7


C. Commission on Audit Art. IX-D Art. VII, 12, par. 2 Art. VII, 12, par. 2 Art. XVIII, 17 Art. IX-A, 2, 5-8 Art. XI, 2 Art. VI, 20

V. Other Agencies of the Government

A. Office of the Special Prosecutor Art. XI, 7 Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, 160 SCRA 843

B. Central Monetary Authority Art. XII, 20-21

C. Economic and Planning Agency: NEDA Art. XII, 9-10 Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, supra.

D. National Commissions

VI. Accountability of Public Officers

A. Public office as a public trust - Art. XI, 1; Id., 18; Art. IX-B, 4 See Rep. Act No. 6713 (Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees)

B. Disclosure of assets, liabilities and net worth - Art. XI, 17

C. Ban on financial accommodations - Id., 16

D. Agencies for insuring public accountability

1. Congress-Impeachment - Art. XI, 2-3 Francisco, Jr. v. Nagmamalasakit ng mga Manananggol ng mga Manggagawang Pilipino, Inc., supra. Gutierrez v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 193459, February 15, 2011

2. Sandiganbayan - Art. XI, 4 3. Ombudsman - Art. XI, 5-6, 8-14 4. Office of Special Prosecutor - Art. XI, 7 E. Actions to recover unlawfully acquired property do not prescribe - Art. XI, 15

VII. Fundamental Principles and State Policies

A. Preamble: Nature, purpose and aims B. Principles 1. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism a. Direct and Indirect Democracy b. Representation and renovation c. Accountability to the people d. Rule of the Majority e. The Rule of Law - Article II, Section 1 (sovereignty resides in the people); Article V 2. Adherence to International Law - Article II, Section 2, 7 & 8 (independent foreign/nuclear- free policy) a. Renunciation of War - Article VI, Section 23 (1) b. Adoption of International Law c. Adherence to policy of peace, freedom, amity 3. Supremacy of Civilian Authority Article II, Section 3 Article VII, Section 18 Article XVI, Section 5(4) Article XVI, Section 5(2) 4. Government as protector of People & People as Defenders of the State - Article II,

Sections 4 and 5 5. Separation of Church and State

Article II, Section 6 Article III, Section 5 (freedom of religion clause) Article IX-C, 2(5) (political party ban on sects) Article VI, Section 5(2) (no sectoral representation from religious sector) Exceptions: Article VI, Section 28(3) (tax exemption of churches) Id., Section 29(2) (no appropriation for sects; exemptions) Article XIV, Section 3(3) (optional religious instruction) Id., Section 4(2) (Filipino ownership for schools, except religious groups and mission boards) 15

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C. Policies

1. Independent foreign policy and a nuclear-free Philippines - Article II, Sections 7-8; Article XVIII, Sections 4 and 25 (on foreign military bases)

Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000* Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002*

2. A just and dynamic social order Preamble; Article II, Section 9

a. The promotion of social justice i. Social justice defined - Art. XIII, 1

Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726

ii. Aspects of social justice 1. Labor Art.2, 18; Art. XIII, 3

a. The right of government workers to form unions - Article III, Section; Article IX-B, Section 2(5)

2. Agrarian and natural resources reform Art. 2, 2; Art. XIII, 4-8 See Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (Rep. Act No. 6657 and Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987) Assn. of Small Landowners in the Philippines v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 175 SCRA 343

iii. Urban land reform and housing - Art. XIII, 9-10; See P.D. No. 1517, June 11, 1978

iv. Health - Art. XIII, 11-13

v. Women Art. 2, 14; Art. XIII, 14

vi. Peoples organizations Art. 2, 23; Art. XIII, 15-16

b. Respect for human dignity and human rights - Article XIII, Sections 17-19; Article II, Section 11; Article XVI, Section 5(2)

c. The priority of education, science, technology, arts, culture & sports - Article II, Section 17

i. Education 1. Right to education - Art. XIV, 1

Villar v. TIP, 135 SCRA 706* Tangonan v. Cruz-Pano, 137 SCRA 245 *

2. Educational mandate of the state - Art. XIV, 2 and 5 Tablarin v. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370 * University of the Philippines v. Ayson, 176 SCRA 571*

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Alcuaz v. PSBA, 178 SCRA 135 *

3. The educational system - Art. XIV, 3-4

ii. Language - Art. XIV, 6-9 iii. Science and technology -Art. XIV, 10-13 iv. Arts and culture - Art. XIV, 14-18 v. Sports - Art. XIV, 19

d. Promotion of health and ecology - Article II, Sections 15-16; Article XIII, Sections 11-13

Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792

3. The family as basic autonomous social institution - Article II, Section 12; Article XV (The Family); Article II, Section 13; Family Code, Article 1

a. Protection of the Unborn b. Natural Right and Duty of Parents

4. A self-reliant and independent economic order - Article II, Sections 19 20 : National Economy and Patrimony - Art. XII, 1 Tanada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997 Bureau of Fisheries v. COA, G.R. No. 173088, June 25, 2008

a. Natural Resources - Art. XII, 2-5 and 7 La Bugal-BLaan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, December 2004

b. Private lands 1. Citizenship requirement - Art. XII, 7; 1973 Const., Art. XVII, 11

2. Exception (a) Acquisition by legal succession

Ramirez v. Vda. de Ramirez, 111 SCRA 704* (b) Acquisition by former natural born citizen - Art. XII, 8

3. Agrarian reform - Art. XIII, 4-8

4. Urban land reform and housing - Art. XIII, 9-10

c. Lease to foreigners of private lands valid Smith, Bell & Co. v. Register of Deeds, 96 Phil. 53* NCC, Art. 1643

d. Regulation of economic activities

1. Rationale - Art. XII, 6 and 12-13

2. Organization and regulation of private corporations - Art. XII, 16

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3. Operation of public utilities - Art. XII, 11 and 17 Gamboa v. Teves, G.R. No. 176579, June 28, 2011, Resolution dated October 9, 2012

4. On mass media and advertising industry - Art. XVI, 10-11

5. Practice of professions - Art. XII, 14

6. State operation of private enterprises - Art. XII, 17-18 Agan v. PIATCO, May 5, 2003

7. Monopolies, combinations, and unfair competition - Art. XII, 19 PPA v. Mendoza, 138 SCRA 632

8. Money, banking and credit - Art. XII, 20-21

9. Cooperatives - Art. XII, 15

5. Communication and information in nation-building Article II, Section 24; Article XVI, Sections 10 11; Article XVIII, Section 23

6. Autonomy of local governments Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, December 3, 2002

7. Recognition of rights of indigenous cultural communities Article II, Section 22 Article VI, Section 5(2) Article XII, Section 5 Article XIII, Section 6 Article XIV, Section 17 Article XVI, Section 12 See R.A. No. 8371 (1997), The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act

8. Honest Public Service and Full Public Disclosure Article II, Section 27 Article XI, Sections 4,5,6 (Ombudsman) Article II, Section 28 (full public disclosure) Article XI, Section 17 (statement of assets/liabilities) Article VII, Section 12 (president's health) Article VII, Section 20 (publication of loan applications) Article XII, Section 21 (make public foreign loans) Article XII, Section 2(5) (contracts with foreign groups) Article VII, Sections 12,20 (conflict of interest/books of account) Article IX-D, Section 4 (COA annual report) Article III, Section 7 (right to information)

Valmonte v. Belmonte, supra. Chavez v. Public Estates Authority, G.R. No. 133250, July 9, 2002

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IDEALS v. PSALM, G.R. No. 192088, October 9, 2012

VIII. Citizenship and Suffrage

Citizenship

A. Definition

B. Importance of Citizenship Elizabeth Lee v. Director of Lands, G.R. No. 128195, October 3, 2001*

C. Modes of Acquiring Citizenship

D. Who are Philippine Citizens - Article IV, Section 1

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of adoption of the 1987 Constitution: 2. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens 3. Those who elect Philippine Citizenship 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

E. Natural Born Citizens - Article IV, Section 2

1. Advantages of natural born citizens Article XII, Section 8 Article VII, Sections 2 & 3 Article VI, Sections 3 & 6 Article VIII, Section 7 (1) Article XI Section 8 Art. IX-B Section 1(1) Art. IX-C Section 1(1) Art. IX-D Section 1(1) Article XII, Section 20 Article XIII, Section 17 (2)

2. Who are Natural Born Citizens a. Those whose fathers and mother are citizens. b. Those who elect Filipino citizenship c. Former natural born citizens who reacquire citizenship by repatriation

Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004 Bengzon v. HRET, 357 SCRA 545 In re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999 Co v. HRET, 199 SCRA 692

F. Naturalization 1. By Judicial Proceeding 2. By Administrative Proceeding (R.A. No. 9138)

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3. By Direct Act of Congress 4. Denaturalization

G. Loss of Citizenship - Article IV, Section 3 Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002* H. Reacquisition of Citizenship - See Com. Act. No. 63, Section 1(2) Frivaldo v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727* Angat v. Republic, GR. No. 132244, September 14,1999* I. Dual Citizenship J. Dual Allegiance - Article IV, Sections 4 & 5; (See Sec. 40, R.A. 7160, Local Govt. Code) Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630 Sobejana-Condon v. COMELEC, G.R. 198742, August 10, 2012

Suffrage - Article V Material points of: Macalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 157013, July 10, 2003 Akbayan-Youth v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318

University of the Philippines COLLEGE OF LAW Diliman, Quezon City Law 121 Constitutional Law I First Semester, AY 2013-2014 Prof. Gwen Grecia-de Vera

*Optional reading. **May be read as excerpts in V.V. Mendoza, JUDICIAL REVIEW OF CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS: CASES AND MATERIALS. I. Constituent Power and Constitutional Interpretation

A. Popular sovereignty and its collective powers 1. 2. 3. 4.

Constituent power Electoral power Legislative power through initiative and referendum Power of Recall

B. Amending or Revision Process 1. In general Del Rosario v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 367 Imbong v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 28* Lambino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006 Santiago v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 127325, March 19, 1997* 2. Proposals a. By congress as Constituent Assembly Almario v. Alba, 127 SCRA 69* Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 Occena v. Commission, 104 SCRA 1 Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774 b. By Constitutional Convention Tan v. Macapagal, 43 SCRA 677 c. By Peoples Initiative Lambino v. COMELEC, supra. Santiago v. COMELEC, supra. d. By the President during Emergency Sanidad v. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 33 3. Submission of Proposed Amendments 1

BLOCK C